St Nazaire Raid - Knowledge (XXG)

2640: 2201: 2540: 2278: 1940: 2441: 514: 446: 277: 265: 253: 2849: 173: 403: 63: 1747: 300: 209: 197: 1645: 2172:) started their bombing runs. The bombers had to stay above 6,000 feet (1,800 m) and were supposed to remain over the port for 60 minutes to divert attention toward themselves and away from the sea. They had orders to only bomb clearly identified military targets and to drop only one bomb at a time. As it turned out, poor weather with full cloud cover over the port meant that only four aircraft bombed targets in St Nazaire. Six aircraft managed to bomb other nearby targets. 2365: 2716: 1543:(SOE) were approached to see if its agents could destroy the dock gates. They decided that the mission was beyond their capabilities because the weight of explosives required would have needed too many agents to carry them. The Royal Navy was also unable to mount an operation, as St Nazaire is 8 km (5.0 mi) up the Loire estuary. Any naval ships large enough to cause sufficient damage would be detected well before they were within range. 374: 2510: 228: 158: 1895:, in ML 192, 262, 267, 268, 156 and 177 would land at the old entrance to the St Nazaire basin. Its objectives were to destroy the anti-aircraft positions in the area and the German headquarters, to blow up the locks and bridges at the old entrance into the basin and then to guard against a counterattack from the submarine base. Group Three was under the command of Major William 'Bill' Copland, who was also the commandos' 2297:– 'The Laird' – and his 14-man kilted assault troop were tasked with knocking out two pump-house roof-top gun emplacements high above the quayside and securing a bridge to provide a route for the raiding parties to exit the dock area. Roy and Sgt Don Randall used scaling ladders and grenades to accomplish the former, and a head-on rush to secure the bridge and form a bridgehead that enabled Captain Bob Montgomery and Lt 1409:, 400 km (250 mi) from the nearest British port. In 1942, it had a population of 50,000. The St Nazaire port has an outer harbour known as the Avant Port, formed by two piers jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean. This leads to two lock gates before the Bassin de St Nazaire. These gates control the water level in the basin so that it is not affected by the tide. 1623:, and information on the coastal artillery nearby was provided by the War Office's Military Intelligence branch. Intelligence about the dock itself came from pre-war technical journals. The Naval Operational Intelligence Centre selected the route and timing for the raid based on intelligence about the location of minefields and German recognition signals gleaned from 1488: 1585:

the raid. It would be packed with explosives and rammed into the dock gates. Commandos on board would then disembark and use demolition charges to destroy nearby dock installations, searchlights and gun emplacements. The destroyer would then be blown up. At the same time the RAF would undertake diversionary air raids in the area.

1363:, accompanied by 18 smaller craft, crossed the English Channel to the Atlantic coast of France and rammed into the Normandie dry dock south gate. The ship had been packed with delayed-action explosives, well hidden within a steel and concrete case, that detonated later that day, putting the dock out of service until 1948. 2192:

heightened state of alert. The harbour defence companies and ships' crews were ordered out of the air raid shelters. During all this an estuary lookout boat reported seeing some activity out at sea, so Mecke began suspecting some type of landing and ordered extra attention to be paid to the approaches to the harbour.

2530:

When they reached the open sea the smaller calibre guns were out of range and stopped firing but the heavier artillery continued to engage them. The boats were about 4 miles (6.4 km) off-shore when the last German salvo straddled them and killed Savage, who was still at his gun. He was awarded a

2372:

Most of the unarmoured wooden MLs had been destroyed on the run in and were burning. The first ML in the starboard column was the first boat to catch fire. Her captain managed to beach her at the end of the Old Mole. Some starboard boats managed to reach their objective and disembark their commandos.

1887:

gun positions around the southern quays. They were then to move into the old town and blow up the power station, bridges and locks for the new entrance into the basin from the Avant port. The capture of the mole was a major objective, as it was to be the embarkation point for the evacuation after the

2762:

were awarded for the raid, including Victoria Crosses awarded to Lieutenant Commander Beattie, Lieutenant Colonel Newman and Commander Ryder and posthumously to Sergeant Durrant and Able Seaman Savage. Distinguished Service Orders were awarded to Major William Copland, Captain Donald Roy, Lieutenant

2416:

One commando was remarking how pretty the tracer fire, red and green, was. A moment later one blew the back of his head out. I was down below with my tin hat because by now the bullets were going through (the boat) and out the other side. If I wanted to get about I had to crawl on my hands and knees

1803:

Wynn's boat was offered for the raid at the last moment. The MTB consumed a lot of petrol and was capable of only two speeds: a slow 6 knots and a fast 33 knots. The flaw meant the MTB could only progress by leap frogging and waiting. It was clear she would need a tow if taken in that condition. The

2679:

Just before the Campbeltown exploded, Sam Beattie was being interrogated by a German naval officer who was saying that it wouldn't take very long to repair the damage the Campbeltown has caused. Just at that moment, she went up. Beattie smiled at the officer and said, 'We're not quite as foolish as

2655:

detonated at noon on 28 March 1942, and the dry dock was destroyed. Reports vary on the fate of the two tankers that were in the dock; they were either swept away by the wall of water and sunk, or swept to the far end of the dock, but not sunk. A party of 40 senior German officers and civilians who

1903:, destroy the dock's water-pumping and gate-opening machinery and the nearby underground fuel tanks. All three groups were subdivided into assault, demolition, and protection teams. The assault teams would clear the way for the other two. The demolition teams carrying the explosive charges only had 1737:

Two of her four funnels were removed, and the forward two were cut at an angle to resemble those of a German destroyer. The bow was packed with 4.5 tons of high explosives, which were set in concrete. It was decided that the explosive charge would be timed to detonate after the raiders had left the

1584:

The purpose of the raid was to destroy the Normandie dock, the old gates into the Bassin de St Nazaire with the water pumping machinery and other installations and any U-boats or other shipping in the area. The initial Combined Operations plan required one specially lightened destroyer to carry out

1366:

A force of commandos landed to destroy machinery and other structures. German gunfire sank, set ablaze, or immobilized virtually all the small craft intended to transport the commandos back to England. The commandos fought their way through the town to escape overland but many surrendered when they

2331:

Lt Col Newman aboard the MGB need not have landed, but he was one of the first ashore. One of his first actions was to direct mortar fire onto a gun position on top of the submarine pens that was causing heavy casualties among the commandos. He next directed machine-gun fire onto an armed trawler,

1819:

for flotilla details). These four boats were also armed with two torpedoes each. Instead of transporting the commandos, these boats were to engage any German shipping found in the estuary. All the MLs had a 500 imperial gallons (2,300 litres) auxiliary fuel tank fixed to the upper deck to increase

1606:

to transport the commandos and evacuate them afterwards. Approval for the mission, codenamed Operation Chariot, was given on 3 March 1942. Using a French ship would involve using the Free French forces and increase the number of people aware of the raid. Consequently, it was decided the navy would

2522:

Ryder could see no ships other than seven or eight burning MLs. He then realised that the landing places at the Old Mole and the entrance to the basin had both been recaptured by the Germans. There was nothing more they could do for the commandos, so they headed out to sea. On their way they were

2264:

cleared the end of the Old Mole, cut through anti-torpedo netting strung across the entrance and rammed the dock gates, striking home at 01:34, three minutes later than scheduled. The force of the impact drove the ship 33 feet (10 m) onto the gates, crushing 36 ft (11 m) of the bow

2492:

was firmly stuck in the dock. Some of her surviving crewmen were being taken on board the MGB. Ryder returned to the boat and ordered the MTB to carry out its alternative task and torpedo the lock gates at the old entrance to the basin. After a successful torpedo attack, Ryder ordered the MTB to

1535:

Combined Operations examined several options while planning the destruction of the dock. At this stage of the war the British government still tried to avoid civilian casualties. This ruled out a bombing attack by the RAF, which at the time did not possess the accuracy needed to destroy the dock

2259:

was hit several times and increased her speed to 19 kn (35 km/h). The helmsman on her bridge was killed, and his replacement was wounded and replaced as well. Blinded by the searchlights, Beattie knew they were close to their objective. Still under heavy fire, the MGB turned into the

2191:

Mecke. At 00:00 on 28 March, he issued a warning that there might be a parachute landing in progress. At 01:00 on 28 March, he followed up by ordering all guns to cease firing and searchlights to be extinguished in case the bombers were using them to locate the port. Everyone was placed on a

2531:

posthumous Victoria Cross for his exploits. His citation recognised both Savage and the bravery of "many others, unnamed, in Motor Launches, Motor Gun Boats and Motor Torpedo Boats who gallantly carried out their duties in entirely exposed positions against Enemy fire at very close range."

2730:

The explosion put the dry dock out of commission for the remainder of the war. The St Nazaire raid had been a success, but at high cost: of the 612 men of the Royal Navy and commandos who took part in the raid, only 228 men returned to England. Five commandos escaped via neutral Spain and

2355:

attempted to get through the narrow streets of the town and into the surrounding countryside, but were eventually surrounded. When their ammunition was expended, they surrendered. Not all the commandos were captured, as five men reached neutral Spain and eventually returned to England.

2471:. Durrant returned fire, aiming for the torpedo boat's bridge. He was wounded again but remained at his gun even after the German commander asked for their surrender. He fired many drums of ammunition until the ML was boarded. Durrant died of his wounds and, on the recommendation of 2304:

They lost four men in this action. The fifth team also succeeded in completing all their objectives, but almost half their men were killed. The other two commando groups were not as successful. The MLs transporting Groups One and Two had almost all been destroyed on their approach.

2224:

scraping the bottom twice. Each time she pulled free, and the group proceeded toward the harbour in darkness. They had come within about eight minutes' passage from the dock gates when, at 01:22, the entire convoy was illuminated by searchlights on both banks of the estuary. A

1662:

The revised Combined Operations plan required one destroyer to ram the dock gates and a number of smaller craft to transport the commandos. The Royal Navy would therefore provide the largest contingent for the raid, under the overall command of the senior naval officer,

2559:. The destroyers turned toward them and opened fire at a range of 7 nmi (8.1 mi; 13 km). After ten minutes the German boats turned away, making smoke. The destroyers sighted the MGB and two accompanying MLs soon after and transferred their casualties to 1554:

was due in March 1942 which would allow a light ship to pass over the sand banks in the estuary and approach the docks, bypassing the heavily defended dredged channel. In one early plan, the planners designed a raid to approach the docks with only motor launches.

2247:

replied: "Ship being fired upon by friendly forces". The deception gave them a little more time before every German gun in the bay opened fire. At 01:28, with the convoy 1 mile (1.6 km) from the dock gates, Beattie ordered the German flag lowered and the

1412:

Beyond the basin is the larger inner dock called the Bassin de Penhoët, which can accommodate ships up to 10,000 tons. There is also an old entrance to the Bassin de St Nazaire midway along the Bassin de St Nazaire. Immediately upstream of this lies the

2493:

leave. On their way out of the estuary they stopped to collect survivors from a sinking ML and were hit and set on fire. Back at the docks the MGB had positioned itself in mid-river to engage enemy gun emplacements. The forward 2 pounder was manned by

1983:

The harbour defence companies were responsible for local defence and for the security of the ships and submarines moored in the harbour. These companies and the harbour defence boats used to patrol the river were under the command of Harbour Commander

2600:. The Atlantic weather conditions deteriorated. Amid concerns about the growing German threat and the realisation that the damaged small ships would not be able to keep up, Commander Sayer ordered the crews off the smaller boats and had them sunk. 1618:

Combined Operations Headquarters worked closely with several intelligence organisations to plan the raid. The Naval Intelligence Division compiled information from a variety of sources. A detailed plan of the town of St Nazaire was provided by the

1742:

before abandoning the ship. Should she become disabled or sunk before getting to the dock, four motor launches had been detailed to take off the crew and put the commandos ashore. The charge would be reset to explode after the last boat had left.

2914:, Pennsylvania, US at the end of the Second World War. In 1988 the people of Campbelltown voted to lend the bell to the new ship for as long as she remained in Royal Navy service. The bell was returned to the town on 21 June 2011 when HMS 2436:

it was hit and its steering damaged. It took ten minutes to repair the steering. The boat turned and started in the other direction, opening fire on an armed trawler in passing. Return fire from the trawler set the boat's engine on fire.

1631:

patrols compiled by the Air Ministry's Air Intelligence Branch. When all the plans had been pulled together and the timing worked out, the main part of the raid was expected to last no longer than two hours. The commandos and crew from

1930:

in France, his duties had included determining how to disable the French dockyards if they were captured. One of the dockyards he had studied was St Nazaire, and he had submitted a report detailing how to put the dock out of action.

1559:

and his colleagues immediately rejected this plan. Their opposition to the plan was strong. They argued, "they'll never reach the shore..." They concluded, "no destroyer, no operation." The approach was also too shallow for an

2706:

uniforms for British uniforms, opened fire, killing some of them. The Germans also thought that some commandos were still hiding in the town, and made a street by street search, during which some townspeople were also killed.

2620:

but a Junkers Ju 88 appeared overhead at 07:30 and approached them at low level for a closer look. The ships opened fire, hit the Junkers in the cockpit and the aircraft crashed into the sea. The next aircraft to appear was a

4876: 1971:

The brigade was equipped with 43 anti-aircraft guns ranging in calibre from 20 to 40 mm. These guns had a dual role as both anti-aircraft and coastal defence weapons. Many were in concrete emplacements on top of the

1800:, had two objectives: If the outer Normandie dock gates were open, she had to torpedo the inner dock gates. If the gates were closed she would instead torpedo the gates at the old entrance into the St Nazaire basin. 2417:

and I was lucky nothing came through at my level. We couldn't get in (to the objective) and all of a sudden the wounded started coming down. By then all our guns had jammed and most of the other ships were on fire.

5636: 1427:, this dock was the largest dry dock in the world when it was completed in 1932. The "Old Mole" jetty juts into the Loire halfway between the southern pier of the Avant Port and the old entrance into the basin. 2056:

Herbert Sohler respectively, were permanently based in the port. It is not known how many submarines were present on the day of the raid. The submarine base had been inspected by the U-boat Commander in Chief,

703: 2504:

The rate of supporting fire had evidently been felt, and the commandos in the area of the Tirpitz dock had undoubtedly overcome the resistance in that area. There was an appreciable slackening in the enemy's

3384: 2068:, the day before the raid. He asked what they would do if the base were subjected to an attack by British Commandos. Sohler replied that "an attack on the base would be hazardous and highly improbable." 2332:

which was forced to withdraw upriver. Newman organised a defence that succeeded in keeping the increasing numbers of German reinforcements at bay until the demolition parties had completed their tasks.

2820:

and special attention was given to ports to prevent any repeat of the raid. By June 1942, the Germans began using concrete to fortify gun emplacements and bunkers in quantities previously only used in

5621: 4869: 1577: 5656: 2465:, engaged gun and searchlight positions on the run in. He was wounded but stayed with his gun. The ML reached the open sea but was attacked at short range by the German torpedo boat 2252:

raised. The intensity of the German fire seemed to increase. The guard ship opened fire and was quickly silenced when the ships in the convoy responded, shooting into her as they passed.

2377:, the leading boat in the port column, got to within 10 feet (3 m) of the mole in the face of heavy direct fire and hand grenades before being set on fire. The crew were rescued by 4357: 1811:(ML) were assigned from the 20th and 28th Motor Launch flotillas. These boats were re-armed with two Oerlikon 20 mm guns mounted forward and aft to complement their twin 0.303-in 4885: 4862: 696: 2108:. Both crews were taken off and the ships sunk for fear they might report the composition and location of the convoy. At 17:00 the convoy received a signal from Commander-in-Chief 1714:

to get over the sand banks in the estuary. This was achieved by completely stripping all her internal compartments. The dockyard removed her three 4-inch (102 mm) guns,

2614:

reached the rendezvous and waited until 10:00 for the destroyers to appear. Having already been attacked once, they moved further out into the Atlantic to try to avoid the

2639: 2200: 1417:, between the Bassin de St Nazaire and the Loire, with its southern end giving on to the Loire and the northern end facing into the Bassin de Penhoët. Built to house the 689: 2539: 2027:('minesweeper'), the last being the guard ship for the port. On the night of the raid there were also four harbour defence boats and ten ships from the 16th and 42nd 1528:, she was damaged en route and needed repairs. They came to the conclusion that if the dock at St Nazaire were unavailable, the Germans were unlikely to risk sending 1476:, also damaged, ordered her consort to proceed independently while she headed for the French port of St Nazaire, which was the only port on the Atlantic coast with a 2293:

group. Three demolition teams were tasked with destroying the dock pumping machinery and other installations associated with the dry dock caisson gates. The Captain

1959:, all positioned to guard the coastal approaches. The heavy guns were supplemented by the guns and searchlights of the 22nd Naval Flak Brigade under the command of 1307: 3472: 2860:

presented to the commandos after the war. The survivors formed their own association, the St Nazaire Society, which is a registered charity in the United Kingdom.

2089:

of three lanes, with the destroyers in the middle. On arrival at St Nazaire the portside MLs were to head for the Old Mole to disembark their commandos, while the

1592:

they refused to support it. The certain loss of one or both destroyers to eliminate the dry dock was out of the question. They suggested they could provide an old

5646: 5641: 1939: 1734:

and wheelhouse were given extra armour-plate protection, and two rows of armour were fixed along the sides of the ship to protect the commandos on the open deck.

2093:

lane would make for the old entrance to the basin to disembark theirs. Not having the range to reach St Nazaire unaided, the MTB and MGB were taken under tow by

5611: 2780: 2772: 2277: 5585: 2335:

Some 100 commandos were still ashore when Newman realised that evacuation by sea was no longer possible. He gathered the survivors and issued three orders:

2145:. The rest of the MLs formed two columns on either side and astern of the destroyer, with the MTB bringing up the rear. The first casualty of the raid was 1947:

The Germans had around 5,000 troops in the immediate area of St Nazaire. The port was defended by the 280th Naval Artillery Battalion under the command of

1271: 1002: 98: 2381:, one of the torpedo MLs which had been looking for targets of opportunity such as the two large tankers reported to be in the harbour. The commanders of 1927: 1785:) was the headquarters ship for the raid, with Commander Ryder and the commanding officer of the commandos on board, Lieutenant-Colonel A. C. Newman. A 3063:

Called torpedo boats by the Germans, they were the equivalent in firepower to a small destroyer; indeed, Allied forces referred to them as destroyers.

4600: 4201: 2004:. The division had no troops based in the town, but some were garrisoned in villages nearby and would be able to respond to any attack on the port. 1880: 1607:

have to provide a ship of their own. The RAF complained that the raid would draw heavily on their resources and the number of aircraft assigned by

2628:

which attempted to bomb the ships but left after being damaged by machine-gun fire. The MLs eventually reached England unaided the following day.

2133:

The convoy reached a position 65 nautical miles (120 km; 75 mi) off St Nazaire at 21:00 and changed course toward the estuary, leaving

2592:

which had arrived in the area earlier. Both aircraft crashed into the sea. Other German planes arrived but were driven off by Beaufighters and

1481: 853: 4801: 4782: 4717: 4365: 2828:

in August 1942, calling for the construction of 15,000 bunkers by May 1943 to defend the Atlantic coast from Norway to Spain. The battleship

1266: 742: 1524:

escaped the naval blockade and reached the Atlantic. They decided the only port able to accommodate her was St Nazaire, especially if, like

5651: 4835: 4821: 3700: 4155: 1830:

would leave before the rest of the convoy and be in position to act as a navigational beacon to guide the convoy into the Loire estuary.

5163: 2440: 2255:

By now all the ships in the convoy were within range to engage targets ashore and were firing at the gun emplacements and searchlights.

2113: 1993: 526: 2432:, another torpedo-armed boat, moved up and down the river at high speed to draw German fire away from the landings. Soon after passing 5303: 4387: 1797: 1120: 770: 4328: 5170: 4760: 4738: 4695: 4676: 4655: 4636: 4617: 4585: 4566: 4547: 1883:

Hodgeson, Group One traveling in ML 447, 457, 307, 443, 306 and 446 had the objectives of securing the Old Mole and eliminating the

1678: 819: 2735:

with the help of French citizens and took a ship to England; 169 men were killed (105 RN and 64 commandos) and another 215 became

2351:

Newman and Copland led the charge from the old town across a bridge raked by machine gun fire and advanced into the new town. The

2182:, which dived and later reported the British ships as moving westward, further complicating the German understanding of the raid. 5114: 4917: 2992: 1821: 1517: 1319: 4306: 2759: 2696:, which were on a delayed fuse setting, exploded at the old entrance into the basin. This raised alarms among the Germans. The 1383: 5443: 4210: 1723: 2788: 2664:

could still be seen inside the dry dock months later when RAF photo reconnaissance planes were sent to photograph the port.

5631: 5520: 4065: 3034: 2028: 756: 4629:

Allied Coastal Forces of World War II: Fairmile Designs and US Submarine Chasers of Allied Coastal Forces of World War II

3461: 5565: 5310: 4748: 4280: 4061: 3916: 1977: 1540: 1431: 1224: 713: 519: 2922: 2768: 2764: 2390: 2165: 1658:

gun mountings. Two of her funnels have been removed, with the remaining two cut at an angle to simulate a German ship.

1620: 1057: 812: 600: 1615:

further complicated matters when he ordered that bombing should only take place if targets were visually identified.

1069: 463: 2941:

has been announced as part of the new "Inspiration class" of frigates for the Royal Navy, announced on 19 May 2021.

5606: 5081: 2911: 2466: 1445: 1439: 1333: 1239: 1234: 1204: 1096: 928: 485: 50: 4413: 2563:. Not expecting any more boats to arrive, they headed for home. Just after 09:00 the Hunt-class escort destroyers 5289: 1779: 1700: 1502: 1327: 1103: 843: 826: 807: 732: 4495:"HMS ML 443 (ML 443) of the Royal Navy – British Motor Launch of the Fairmile B class – Allied Warships of WWII" 2647:

after the raid. Note the shell damage in the hull and upper works, and the German personnel on board the vessel.

2313:

had managed to reach the gates at the old entrance to the basin. That team succeeded in planting charges on two

1394:

awarded to the commandos. The operation has been called "the greatest raid of all" in British military circles.

2979: 1597: 1451: 1167: 848: 802: 2675:

being distilled away. As the morning progressed, more and more captured comrades joined him in the German HQ.

2141:

as a sea patrol. The convoy adopted a new formation with the MGB and two torpedo MLs in the lead, followed by

1875:

The commandos were divided into three groups: One and Two would travel in the 12 MLs, while Three would be in

2801:

was furious that the British had been able to sail a flotilla of ships up the Loire unhindered and he sacked

1879:. Half the commandos would be in the motor launches, alongside the explosive destroyer. Under the command of 458: 5626: 5387: 2792: 2523:

continuously illuminated by German searchlights and were hit at least six times by the German guns. Passing

1997: 1908: 1845: 1837: 1808: 1229: 1062: 1052: 877: 393: 232: 1699:. She had come into RN service in 1940 as one of 50 destroyers transferred to the United Kingdom under the 5616: 5107: 2622: 2479: 2176: 1681: 1664: 1276: 892: 882: 867: 62: 2929:

In memory of the Royal Navy Sailors and Army Commandos killed in the raid on St Nazaire on 28 March 1942

473: 5546: 5324: 4966: 2896: 2497: 2393:

for their bravery. The rest of the port column had been destroyed or disabled before reaching the mole.

1955:

Edo Dieckmann. The battalion was composed of 28 guns of various calibres from 75 mm to 280 mm

1919: 1774:, which would accompany the force to and from the French coast and remain out at sea during the raid. A 1727: 1689: 1671: 1655: 1648: 1561: 1501:

Britain's Naval Intelligence Division first proposed a commando raid on the dock in late 1941. When the

1357: 1148: 1086: 964: 916: 312: 4648:

The Greatest Raid of All: Operation Chariot and the Mission to Destroy the Normandie Dock at St Nazaire

2551:

At 06:30 the five German torpedo boats that the convoy had evaded the previous day were sighted by HMS

2116:

were in the area. Two hours later another signal informed them that another two Hunt-class destroyers,

30:"Operation Chariot" redirects here. For the proposed construction of a harbour by nuclear weapons, see 2848: 2289:

now disembarked. These comprised two assault teams, five demolition teams with their protectors and a

1848:

headquarters used the raid to provide experience for their other units and 92 men were drawn from Nos

1654:

being converted for the raid. There are twin lines of armour plate down each side of the ship and the

5492: 5457: 5296: 5247: 4910: 4896: 2544: 2124: 2047: 1769: 1758: 1261: 1156: 990: 872: 787: 777: 594: 434: 429: 357: 328: 281: 3072:

The total awards for the crews of the small boats were 44 decorations and 19 Mentions in Dispatches.

2368:

MTB 74 had her torpedo tubes mounted on the forecastle so they could be fired over anti-torpedo nets

5532: 5506: 5464: 5415: 5401: 5338: 5331: 5177: 5086: 5050: 5036: 4973: 4903: 4839: 4186: 2837: 2692:

workers were assigned to clean up the debris and wreckage. On 30 March at 16:30 the torpedoes from

2589: 2117: 2036: 2032: 1987: 1556: 1487: 1219: 1181: 1134: 1127: 1091: 1026: 911: 792: 606: 468: 424: 419: 414: 4029: 3820: 3206: 5539: 5408: 5373: 5317: 5282: 5240: 5233: 5219: 5205: 5149: 5121: 5100: 5093: 5074: 5062: 4987: 4931: 4854: 4034: 3901: 3825: 3211: 2986: 2752: 2719: 2488:

After the commando headquarters group had landed, Commander Ryder went to check for himself that

2294: 2169: 2158: 2082: 1834: 1824: 1786: 1762: 1696: 1608: 1414: 1299: 1244: 1038: 1031: 969: 902: 887: 748: 588: 350: 336: 320: 4818: 2671:

was meant to have detonated at 04:30, the delay caused, he believes, by some of the acid in the

2042: 1950: 1746: 1374:

Of the 612 men who undertook the raid, 228 returned to Britain, 169 were killed and 215 became

5580: 5560: 5553: 5525: 5513: 5499: 5394: 5345: 5268: 5261: 5226: 5198: 5128: 5067: 5029: 4980: 4959: 4952: 4924: 4797: 4778: 4756: 4734: 4713: 4705: 4691: 4672: 4651: 4632: 4613: 4581: 4562: 4543: 4206: 4165: 2971: 2687: 2236: 1965: 1914:

The commandos were aided in their planning for the operation by Captain Bill Pritchard of the

1896: 1750: 1731: 1644: 1612: 1589: 1315: 1195: 1188: 1162: 1141: 1045: 942: 897: 797: 257: 2571:

arrived, sent by Commander-in-Chief Plymouth. Shortly after this the ships were spotted by a

5471: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5380: 5366: 5254: 5142: 5043: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4938: 3896: 2736: 2672: 1904: 1815:. At the last minute another four MLs were assigned from the 7th Motor Launch flotilla (see 1576: 1547: 1174: 1113: 1074: 860: 831: 576: 4391: 5485: 5478: 5450: 5212: 5191: 5184: 5156: 4945: 4825: 4070: 3869: 3704: 3467: 2945: 2934: 2903: 2597: 2593: 2290: 2105: 1915: 1869: 1513: 1375: 1343: 1214: 1079: 959: 921: 836: 408: 236: 217: 213: 31: 3985: 2153:

directed her navigation beacon out to sea to guide the convoy in. At about the same time

1378:. German casualties included over 360 dead, some of whom were killed after the raid when 4597:

United States Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations, Cross-Channel Attack

5275: 3132: 3020: 2857: 2784: 2776: 2715: 2514: 2482: 2458: 2161:

in an attempt to deceive any German lookouts into thinking she was a German destroyer.

2065: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1794: 1775: 1624: 1391: 1387: 997: 782: 737: 582: 386: 344: 269: 163: 4610:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

2667:

According to Captain Robert Montgomery (Royal Engineers, attached to No. 2 Commando),

5600: 5359: 4770: 4728: 3107: 3024:

account of the raid the Admiralty states there were 353 Royal Navy and 268 Commandos.

2817: 2804: 2585: 2298: 2016: 2015:(German navy) had at least three surface ships in the Loire estuary: a destroyer, an 1973: 1923: 1884: 1568:

could be lightened it might have a draft shallow enough to enable it to get through.

1108: 933: 763: 671:

when she exploded. The numbers of German troops killed during the raid are not known.

630: 624: 501: 4494: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3054:

The brigade had three battalions, the 703rd, 705th, and 809th Naval Flak Battalions.

2031:

berthed in the basin, while two tankers were berthed inside the Normandie dock. The

4284: 3920: 3042: 2825: 2809: 2798: 2249: 2022: 2010: 1719: 1711: 1667: 1636:

were to board the motor launches at the Old Mole jetty and then make their escape.

1603: 1491: 1435: 1421: 1382:

exploded. To recognise their bravery, 89 members of the raiding party were awarded

983: 451: 379: 201: 178: 92: 54: 2509: 3960: 3708: 3492: 3490: 2212:, and the German anti-aircraft gun position on the roof of the building at right. 5352: 5057: 2965: 2821: 2572: 2494: 2226: 2060: 1956: 1738:

harbour. To prevent the Germans towing her away, the crew would open the ship's

1593: 1551: 1418: 1209: 1012: 492: 17: 2364: 2149:, which had developed engine trouble and was abandoned. At 22:00 the submarine 1480:

able to accommodate a ship of her size. She was intercepted by the British and

681: 4849: 4830: 4666: 4559:

Storming St. Nazaire: the Gripping Story of the Dock-Busting Raid, March, 1942

4463: 4361: 4336: 3388: 3038: 2744: 2235:

replied in a coded response obtained from a German trawler boarded during the

1892: 1812: 1509: 1402: 1339: 1311: 1303: 949: 726: 305: 88: 4465:

Jeremy Clarkson's the Greatest Raid of All – the Full documentary | North One

2906:, was launched on 7 October 1987. She carried the ship's bell from the first 113: 100: 4438: 4160: 2863:

A memorial to the raid erected in Falmouth bears the following inscription:

2732: 2462: 2090: 1628: 1565: 1368: 1354: 1347: 1256: 4144:. Warships in Profile Vol.1. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 117. 2910:, which had been rescued during the raid and been presented to the town of 2763:

T. Boyd and Lieutenant T. D. L. Platt. Other decorations awarded were four

2185:

The unusual behaviour dropping bombs one by one from the bombers concerned

1844:

would provide the largest commandos contingent, 173 men, for the raid. The

3174:

Note: ML 443 was sunk off Anzio in July 1944. Lt Platt's boat was ML 447

1804:

flawed boat brought disapproval, necessitating last-minute modifications.

2740: 2625: 2455: 2352: 2314: 2109: 1477: 1458: 1323: 954: 2660:

were killed. In total, the explosion killed about 360 men. The wreck of

2813: 2001: 1739: 1715: 2925:

were dedicated to the men of the raid. The seat bears the inscription:

2816:(Commander in Chief West). The raid refocused German attention on the 2748: 2086: 2000:

unit responsible for the defence of the coast between St Nazaire and

2702:

workers ran away from the dock area. German guards, mistaking their

4844: 3385:"HMS Campbeltown Commemorates the Raid on St Nazaire 28 March 1942" 2424:, the launch that had successfully taken off some of the crew from 2208:

wedged in the dock gates. Note the exposed forward gun position on

3080:

Organisation of the Motor Launch Flotillas of the St Nazaire Raid

2847: 2836:

to threaten Allied shipping until she was destroyed by the RAF in

2833: 2714: 2703: 2638: 2538: 2508: 2439: 2363: 2276: 2217: 2199: 1938: 1745: 1643: 1575: 1486: 1406: 1322:

on 28 March 1942. St Nazaire was targeted because the loss of its

2824:. Hitler laid out new plans in a meeting with Armaments Minister 2309:

was the only boat to land its commandos on the Old Mole and only

2130:, had been dispatched at full speed to join the convoy's return. 1710:

for the raid took ten days. She had to be lightened to raise her

1611:

dwindled during the planning of the raid. British Prime Minister

1516:(RAF) were already drawing up plans to attack her. Planners from 1326:

would force any large German warship in need of repairs, such as

1310:

during the Second World War. The operation was undertaken by the

2527:, they ordered her to follow and made smoke to hide both boats. 4858: 4599:. Washington: Defense Dept., Army, Center of Military History. 2239:

in 1941. A few bursts were fired from a shore battery and both

685: 4819:

After action report by Commander Ryder; includes detailed maps

4794:

Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship

2949: 2324:

had continued past the dock and was engaging targets upriver,

636: 138:

Normandie dry dock rendered inoperable for the rest of the war

2401:

were set on fire, and all but six of their men were killed.

5637:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

2454:

also came under heavy fire when it arrived near the port.

2328:

appeared to be out of control and was running in circles.

2085:, Cornwall, at 14:00 on 26 March 1942. They formed into a 1338:, to return to home waters by running the gauntlet of the 4612:. Vol. II. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1730:

were installed on mountings raised above deck level. The

4710:

Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos

2164:

At 23:30 on 27 March, five RAF squadrons (comprising 35

1911:, were to defend them while they completed their tasks. 1722:

from the deck and replaced the forward gun with a light

1688:

was a First World War destroyer and had previously been

1298:

was a British amphibious attack on the heavily defended

4523:(1st ed.). London: Country Life Ltd. pp. P55. 3872:

Herbert Reginald Dyer Oral History, Imperial War Museum

3870:

https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80010739

2755:

cemetery, 13 km (8.1 mi) west of St Nazaire.

2389:, Lieutenants T Boyd and T D L Platt, were awarded the 2343:

Not to surrender until all our ammunition is exhausted;

2216:

At 00:30 hours on 28 March the convoy crossed over the

366:

20th Motor Launch flotilla (Four Motor Launch gunboats)

363:

7th Motor Launch flotilla (Three Motor Launch gunboats)

4836:

I Was There! – We Went With the Raiders to St. Nazaire

4753:

The Green Beret: the Story of the Commandos, 1940–1945

4156:"Campbeltown pays tribute to the Greatest Raid of All" 2832:

never entered the Atlantic. She remained in Norwegian

2265:

forward of the demolition charge cemented belowdecks.

5622:

Military operations of World War II involving Germany

2739:(106 RN and 109 commandos). They were first taken to 1918:, who had pre-war experience as an apprentice in the 4850:

Jeremy Clarkson, interviews with surviving commandos

3215:(Supplement). 30 September 1947. pp. 4633–4640. 1342:

of the Royal Navy and other British forces, via the

4205:(2005 ed.). London: Ebury Press. p. 187. 1907:for self-defence; the protection teams, armed with 1670:. The ship selected to ram into the dock gates was 1550:force could accomplish the task. An unusually high 5657:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom 4831:St Nazaire: Operation Chariot, Combined Operations 3460: 1922:dockyards and whose father was the dock master of 2956:, featuring interviews with surviving commandos. 4792:Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). 4414:"New 'Inspiration Class' Type-31 warships named" 3033:Motor Launches were normally armed with a 47 mm 2751:. The fallen British raiders were buried at the 1833:The man selected to lead the Commando force was 1367:ran out of ammunition or were surrounded by the 4038:(Supplement). 15 June 1945. pp. 3172–3172. 3829:(Supplement). 15 June 1945. pp. 3171–3172. 3146:ML 270 Lieutenant Charles Stuart Bonshaw Irwin 2866: 2677: 2320:There were only two other MLs in the vicinity: 2175:At around 02:00, the convoy was sighted by the 360:flotilla (Eight Fairmile Motor Launch gunboats) 43: 4886:British Commando raids of the Second World War 3765: 3665: 3663: 3496: 3305: 2954:Jeremy Clarkson: The Greatest Raid of All Time 1508:was declared operational in January 1942, the 4870: 2301:and their demolition teams to exit the area. 2081:The three destroyers and 16 small boats left 1899:. It was to secure the immediate area around 697: 8: 4439:"Jeremy Clarkson: Greatest Raid of All Time" 3249: 3247: 3245: 2921:On 4 September 2002, a tree and seat at the 2802: 2697: 2685: 2615: 2576: 2186: 2058: 2051: 2040: 2020: 2008: 1985: 1960: 1948: 1807:To assist in transporting the commandos, 12 5586:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall 4877: 4863: 4855: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 2428:, was sunk on her way out of the estuary. 2408:Thomas O'Leary, the wireless operator for 2346:Not to surrender at all if we can help it. 1390:. After the war, St Nazaire was one of 38 704: 690: 682: 40: 27:British amphibious attack of 28 March 1942 4733:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 4580:. Campaign Series No 92. Oxford: Osprey. 4578:St. Nazaire 1942: The Great Commando Raid 2584:The next German aircraft on the scene, a 4202:Forgotten Voices of the Second World War 3891: 3889: 3887: 3078: 2722:months after the raid. The wreck of HMS 2220:at the mouth of the Loire estuary, with 1976:and other dockside installations of the 1891:Group Two, under the command of Captain 654: 652: 4117: 4115: 4056: 4054: 3847: 3845: 3794: 3792: 3686: 3684: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3182: 3011: 2104:The convoy next encountered two French 1536:without serious loss of civilian life. 1520:were looking at potential scenarios if 648: 237: 218: 3961:"Centenary of 'Spitfires of the Seas'" 3815: 3813: 3261: 3259: 3018:Sources differ on the numbers. In the 2340:To do our best to get back to England; 2281:Commando prisoners under German escort 5647:Amphibious operations of World War II 5642:Military history of the Bay of Biscay 4390:. St. Nazaire Society. Archived from 4283:. St. Nazaire Society. Archived from 4189:, collections reference number: C3398 3226: 3224: 3222: 3153: 1546:The planners then examined whether a 7: 4608:Hinsley, F. H.; et al. (1981). 4561:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4281:"Homepage of the St Nazaire Society" 3919:. St Nazaire Society. Archived from 3471:. No. 28 October 1998. London. 1757:Other naval units involved were two 5612:World War II British Commando raids 4261:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 326 4225:Zetterling, & Tamelander, p. 86 2852:The St Nazaire memorial at Falmouth 2758:To recognise their achievement, 89 2461:of No. 1 Commando, manning the aft 1943:German 20 mm anti-aircraft gun 1588:When the plan was presented to the 4796:. Havertown: Casemate Publishers. 4755:. Sevenoaks: New English Library. 4048:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 83 4010:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 84 3786:"Storming St. Nazaire" J G Dorrian 3756:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 74 3747:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 73 3559:Zetterling & Tamelander, p. 78 3151:ML 341 Lieutenant Douglas Briault 2877:THE SUCCESSFUL RAID ON ST. NAZAIRE 25: 4749:St. George Saunders, Hilary Aidan 4307:"Remembering the St Nazaire raid" 3986:"O'Leary, Thomas (IWM interview)" 2952:documentary on the raid entitled 2405:was blown up, with one survivor. 1564:, but the planners believed if a 4686:Moreman, Timothy Robert (2006). 4627:Lambert, John; Ross, Al (1990). 4388:"The National Memorial Aboretum" 3475:from the original on 24 May 2022 3163:ML 446 Lieutenant Dick Falconer 3140:ML 307 Lieutenant Norman Wallis 3125:ML 306 Lieutenant Ian Henderson 2993:Medal of Honor: European Assault 2879:28th MARCH 1942 168 WERE KILLED 2500:. Commander Ryder reported that 1640:Composition of the raiding force 1518:Combined Operations Headquarters 1320:Combined Operations Headquarters 667:Includes civilians on board HMS 512: 444: 401: 372: 298: 275: 263: 251: 226: 207: 195: 171: 156: 61: 4777:. Vol. I. Oxford: Osprey. 4671:. Alexandria: Time-Life Books. 4631:. Vol. I. London: Conway. 3459:Arthur, Max (28 October 1998). 2881:5 VICTORIA CROSSES WERE AWARDED 2726:is visible inside the dry dock. 2229:demanded their identification. 2039:U-boat flotillas, commanded by 1726:3-inch (76 mm) gun. Eight 1468:exploded and sank; the damaged 658:Does not include aircraft crews 464:280th Naval Artillery Battalion 67:St Nazaire on the Loire estuary 4646:Lucas Phillips, C. E. (1958). 4164:. 4 April 2001. Archived from 4142:HMS Campbeltown (USS Buchanan) 3168:ML 457 Lieutenant Tom Collier 3158:ML 443 Lieutenant T D L Platt 3143:ML 268 Lieutenant Bill Tillie 2791:by France and another 51 were 1: 4521:The Battle of the Narrow Seas 3035:Ordnance QF 3 pounder Vickers 2873:FROM THIS HARBOUR 622 SAILORS 2856:St Nazaire was one of the 38 2773:Distinguished Service Crosses 2684:The day after the explosion, 2651:The explosive charges in HMS 1627:decryptions and knowledge of 4542:. Santa Barbara: Greenwood. 3905:. 19 May 1942. p. 2225. 3128:ML 267 Lieutenant E H Beart 2787:. Four men were awarded the 2781:Distinguished Service Medals 2769:Distinguished Conduct Medals 2765:Conspicuous Gallantry Medals 1926:. In 1940 while part of the 1541:Special Operations Executive 1432:Battle of the Denmark Strait 1405:is on the north bank of the 5652:March 1942 events in Europe 4595:Harrison, Gordon A (1951). 3701:"Campaign Diary March 1942" 3462:"Obituary: Lord Newborough" 3120:ML 160 Lieutenant Tom Boyd 3117:ML 262 Lieutenant Ted Burt 3114:ML 298 Lieutenant Bob Nock 3101:ML 192 Lieutenant Commander 3096:ML 447 Lieutenant Commander 3088:20th Motor Launch flotilla 3085:28th Motor Launch flotilla 2923:National Memorial Arboretum 2543:Remains of an unidentified 2478:s commander, was awarded a 2391:Distinguished Service Order 1928:British Expeditionary Force 1621:Secret Intelligence Service 601:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 5673: 4540:Hitler's U-boat Fortresses 4538:Bradham, Randolph (2003). 4062:St George Saunders, Hilary 3308:, Kindle location 862–870. 3091:7th Motor Launch flotilla 2885:DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF 2875:AND COMMANDOS SET SAIL FOR 1816: 1602:, and a flotilla of small 1580:The St Nazaire docks, 1942 1272:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 1267:Strategic Bombing Campaign 51:North West Europe Campaign 29: 5576: 4892: 4775:The Atlantic Wall: France 4688:British Commandos 1940–46 3941:St George Saunders, p. 96 3517:Lambert & Ross, p. 29 1978:St Nazaire submarine base 1809:Fairmile B Motor Launches 1701:destroyers-for-bases deal 1371:defending Saint-Nazaire. 723: 645: 557: 535: 506:Harbour Defence Companies 484:German torpedo boat 481:42nd Minesweeper flotilla 478:16th Minesweeper flotilla 392:Selected troops from the 290: 185: 148: 71: 60: 48: 4727:Neilands, Robin (2005). 4665:Miller, Russell (1981). 2980:Attack on the Iron Coast 2889:THE ST. NAZAIRE SOCIETY 2812:, chief of staff to the 1909:Thompson submachine guns 4557:Dorrian, James (1998). 4140:Wingate, John (1972) . 3768:, Kindle location 2419. 3499:, Kindle location 1211. 2793:mentioned in dispatches 2588:, was engaged by a RAF 1994:333rd Infantry Division 1846:Special Service Brigade 1724:quick-firing 12-pounder 1503:German battleship 1434:was fought between the 527:333rd Infantry Division 459:22nd Naval Flak Brigade 394:Special Service Brigade 4824:7 October 2011 at the 4712:. Verona: Read Books. 3253:Hinsley et al., p. 192 2931: 2892: 2853: 2803: 2727: 2698: 2686: 2682: 2648: 2616: 2577: 2548: 2519: 2507: 2448: 2419: 2369: 2349: 2282: 2213: 2187: 2177:German submarine 2059: 2052: 2041: 2021: 2009: 1986: 1961: 1949: 1944: 1789:(a 70 ft Vosper, 1754: 1682:Stephen Halden Beattie 1659: 1581: 1498: 1472:was forced to retire. 1450:and the British ships 1318:under the auspices of 1308:German-occupied France 186:Commanders and leaders 4519:Scott, Peter (1945). 3807:Dorrian, pp. 189, 258 3766:Lucas Phillips (1958) 3497:Lucas Phillips (1958) 3306:Lucas Phillips (1958) 2927: 2851: 2840:on 12 November 1944. 2718: 2642: 2542: 2512: 2502: 2498:William Alfred Savage 2443: 2414: 2367: 2337: 2317:moored in the basin. 2280: 2203: 2029:Minesweeper flotillas 1942: 1920:Great Western Railway 1759:Hunt-class destroyers 1749: 1647: 1579: 1562:infantry landing ship 1490: 965:Battle of Britain Day 558:Casualties and losses 5632:Explosions in France 4603:S/N 008-029-00287-6. 4287:on 14 September 2012 4199:Arthur, Max (2004). 3990:Imperial War Museums 3923:on 14 September 2012 2918:was decommissioned. 2444:German torpedo boat 2269:Disembarkation from 2196:Ramming the dry dock 2114:German torpedo boats 2048:Georg-Wilhelm Schulz 1728:20 mm Oerlikons 1679:Lieutenant Commander 1497:in its namesake dock 1430:On 24 May 1941, the 1262:Defence of the Reich 743:The Heligoland Bight 435:No. 150 Squadron RAF 430:No. 103 Squadron RAF 114:47.27500°N 2.19667°W 4840:The War Illustrated 4187:Imperial War Museum 3081: 2838:Operation Catechism 2590:Bristol Beaufighter 2159:German naval ensign 1557:John Hughes-Hallett 1532:into the Atlantic. 1251:Strategic campaigns 854:Ypres–Comines Canal 607:Bristol Beaufighter 474:7th U-boat flotilla 469:6th U-boat flotilla 425:No. 77 Squadron RAF 420:No. 58 Squadron RAF 415:No. 51 Squadron RAF 110: / 4845:St Nazaire Society 4706:Mountbatten, Louis 4690:. Oxford: Osprey. 4576:Ford, Ken (2001). 4484:Bradham, pp. 35–36 4368:on 5 December 2009 4109:Mountbatten, p. 90 4091:Mountbatten, p. 89 4035:The London Gazette 4019:Mountbatten, p. 85 3902:The London Gazette 3839:Mountbatten, p. 94 3826:The London Gazette 3657:Mountbatten, p. 76 3331:Mountbatten, p. 72 3239:Mountbatten, p. 71 3212:The London Gazette 3106:ML 156 Lieutenant 3079: 3037:gun forward, twin 2987:Donald William Roy 2854: 2753:La Baule-Escoublac 2728: 2656:were on a tour of 2649: 2575:floatplane of the 2549: 2520: 2449: 2370: 2295:Donald William Roy 2283: 2227:naval signal light 2214: 1945: 1835:Lieutenant Colonel 1787:motor torpedo boat 1755: 1697:United States Navy 1660: 1609:RAF Bomber Command 1582: 1499: 1415:Normandie dry dock 1300:Normandie dry dock 1277:Battle of Atlantic 589:Motor Torpedo Boat 351:Motor Torpedo Boat 119:47.27500; -2.19667 5607:Conflicts in 1942 5594: 5593: 5581:British Commandos 4803:978-1-935149-18-7 4784:978-1-84603-129-8 4771:Zaloga, Stephen J 4719:978-1-4067-5957-0 3172: 3171: 2887:THEIR COMRADES BY 2870:OPERATION CHARIOT 2743:and then sent to 2699:Organisation Todt 2688:Organisation Todt 2673:pencil detonators 2285:The commandos on 1966:Karl-Konrad Mecke 1897:second in command 1822:S-class submarine 1820:their range. The 1751:British Commandos 1613:Winston Churchill 1386:, including five 1332:, sister ship of 1316:British Commandos 1296:Operation Chariot 1285: 1284: 680: 679: 258:Karl-Conrad Mecke 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 5664: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4856: 4807: 4788: 4766: 4744: 4723: 4701: 4682: 4661: 4650:. Sapere Books. 4642: 4623: 4604: 4591: 4572: 4553: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4364:. Archived from 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4243:Harrison, p. 135 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4168:on 20 March 2007 4152: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4058: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3957: 3951: 3950:Neillands, p. 52 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3917:"Medals Awarded" 3913: 3907: 3906: 3893: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3817: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3707:. Archived from 3697: 3691: 3688: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3573: 3560: 3557: 3548: 3545: 3536: 3535:Neillands, p. 46 3533: 3527: 3526:Neillands, p. 49 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3381: 3368: 3365: 3346: 3343: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3287: 3278: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3217: 3216: 3203: 3190: 3187: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3016: 2808: 2777:Military Crosses 2737:prisoners of war 2701: 2691: 2643:Close up of HMS 2623:Blohm & Voss 2619: 2580: 2477: 2190: 2106:fishing trawlers 2064: 2055: 2053:Korvettenkapitän 2046: 2026: 2014: 1991: 1988:Korvettenkapitän 1964: 1954: 1793:), commanded by 1388:Victoria Crosses 1376:prisoners of war 1114:Atlantic Pockets 718: 714:Western Front of 706: 699: 692: 683: 672: 665: 659: 656: 577:prisoners of war 518: 516: 515: 450: 448: 447: 407: 405: 404: 378: 376: 375: 304: 302: 301: 280: 279: 278: 268: 267: 266: 256: 255: 254: 239: 231: 230: 229: 220: 212: 211: 210: 200: 199: 198: 181: 177: 175: 174: 166: 162: 160: 159: 134:British victory 125: 124: 122: 121: 120: 115: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 73: 72: 65: 41: 32:Project Chariot 21: 18:St. Nazaire Raid 5672: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5572: 4888: 4883: 4826:Wayback Machine 4815: 4810: 4804: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4763: 4747: 4741: 4730:The Dieppe Raid 4726: 4720: 4704: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4645: 4639: 4626: 4620: 4607: 4594: 4588: 4575: 4569: 4556: 4550: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252:Zaloga, pp. 7–9 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4074: 4064:(24 May 1943). 4060: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3992:. 24 April 1990 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3895: 3894: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3705:Royal Air Force 3699: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3629: 3625:Ford, pp. 29–30 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3595: 3590: 3579: 3574: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3468:The Independent 3458: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426:Dorrian, p. 106 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408:Dorrian, p. 118 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3366: 3349: 3344: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3312: 3304: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3220: 3205: 3204: 3193: 3189:Dorrian, p. 114 3188: 3184: 3180: 3102: 3097: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3032: 3028: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2962: 2946:Jeremy Clarkson 2904:Type 22 frigate 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2846: 2789:Croix de guerre 2785:Military Medals 2713: 2637: 2598:Coastal Command 2547:, 28 March 1942 2537: 2475: 2362: 2275: 2198: 2188:Kapitän zur See 2079: 2077:Outward journey 2074: 2043:Kapitänleutnant 1992:Kellerman. The 1962:Kapitän zur See 1951:Kapitän zur See 1937: 1916:Royal Engineers 1780:Fairmile C type 1677:, commanded by 1642: 1574: 1514:Royal Air Force 1470:Prince of Wales 1454:Prince of Wales 1400: 1344:English Channel 1292:St Nazaire Raid 1288: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1008:St Nazaire Raid 960:The Hardest Day 827:Fort Eben-Emael 813:Rotterdam Blitz 771:The Netherlands 719: 715: 712: 710: 676: 675: 666: 662: 657: 650: 641: 611: 550: 531: 513: 511: 509: 445: 443: 439: 409:Royal Air Force 402: 400: 373: 371: 369: 299: 297: 286: 276: 274: 264: 262: 252: 250: 244: 233:Augustus Newman 227: 225: 214:Stephen Beattie 208: 206: 196: 194: 172: 170: 169: 157: 155: 154: 118: 116: 112: 109: 104: 101: 99: 97: 96: 95: 66: 44:St Nazaire Raid 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5670: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5627:1942 in France 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4833: 4828: 4814: 4813:External links 4811: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4789: 4783: 4767: 4761: 4745: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4702: 4696: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4592: 4586: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4548: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4511: 4486: 4477: 4455: 4430: 4405: 4394:on 11 May 2003 4379: 4349: 4320: 4298: 4272: 4270:Moreman, p. 94 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4211: 4191: 4179: 4147: 4132: 4123: 4111: 4102: 4100:Bradham, p. 44 4093: 4084: 4050: 4041: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3977: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3908: 3883: 3881:Dorian, p. 143 3874: 3862: 3853: 3851:Bradham, p. 41 3841: 3832: 3809: 3800: 3798:Bradham, p. 40 3788: 3779: 3770: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3711:on 6 July 2007 3692: 3690:Moreman, p. 68 3680: 3671: 3659: 3650: 3648:Bradham, p. 31 3641: 3639:Bradham, p. 39 3627: 3618: 3616:Moreman, p. 66 3609: 3593: 3591:Bradham, p. 38 3577: 3575:Bradham, p. 37 3561: 3549: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3486: 3451: 3449:Bradham, p. 36 3437: 3435:Dorrian, p. 91 3428: 3419: 3417:Dorrian, p. 41 3410: 3401: 3369: 3367:Bradham, p. 34 3347: 3345:Bradham, p. 33 3333: 3324: 3310: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3241: 3232: 3218: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133:Sub Lieutenant 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3103:Bill Stephens 3099: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3026: 3021:London Gazette 3010: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2867: 2865: 2858:battle honours 2845: 2842: 2720:Normandie Dock 2712: 2709: 2636: 2630: 2536: 2535:Return journey 2533: 2515:Motor Gun Boat 2483:Victoria Cross 2459:Thomas Durrant 2361: 2358: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2274: 2267: 2197: 2194: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 1974:submarine pens 1936: 1933: 1842:No. 2 Commando 1838:Charles Newman 1795:Sub-Lieutenant 1776:motor gun boat 1641: 1638: 1604:motor launches 1573: 1570: 1399: 1396: 1392:battle honours 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1072: 1070:Hürtgen Forest 1067: 1060: 1055: 1053:Siegfried Line 1050: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1003:Commando Raids 1000: 998:Baedeker Blitz 995: 988: 975: 974: 967: 962: 957: 952: 939: 938: 937: 936: 926: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 834: 829: 816: 815: 810: 805: 803:The Grebbeberg 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 767: 766: 753: 752: 745: 740: 735: 724: 721: 720: 711: 709: 708: 701: 694: 686: 678: 677: 674: 673: 660: 647: 646: 643: 642: 640: 639: 633: 627: 621: 618: 617:Normandie dock 614: 612: 610: 609: 603: 597: 595:Motor Launches 591: 585: 583:Motor Gun Boat 579: 573: 570: 563: 560: 559: 555: 554: 551: 549: 548: 545: 544:346 Royal Navy 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 530: 529: 523: 508: 507: 504: 498: 490: 482: 479: 476: 471: 466: 461: 455: 440: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 390: 389: 387:No. 2 Commando 383: 368: 367: 364: 361: 354: 348: 345:Motor Gun Boat 342: 334: 326: 318: 309: 293: 292: 291:Units involved 288: 287: 285: 284: 272: 270:Herbert Sohler 260: 247: 245: 243: 242: 223: 204: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 167: 164:United Kingdom 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 131: 127: 126: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5669: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Saint-Nazaire 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4762:0-450-01007-4 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4740:0-253-34781-5 4736: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4697:1-84176-986-X 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4678:0-8094-3401-6 4674: 4670: 4669: 4668:The Commandos 4663: 4659: 4657:9781800550643 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4638:0-85177-519-5 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4619:0-11-630934-2 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4587:1-84176-231-8 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4568:1-55750-849-6 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4549:0-275-98133-9 4545: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358:"Ship's Bell" 4353: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4121:Bradham p. 42 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108:Leslie Fenton 3105: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3043:depth charges 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2890: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:Atlantic Wall 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2805:Generaloberst 2800: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586:Junkers Ju 88 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2299:Corran Purdon 2296: 2292: 2288: 2279: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2017:armed trawler 2013: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1941: 1935:German forces 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1924:Cardiff Docks 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1885:anti-aircraft 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:depth charges 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482:sunk en route 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1353:The obsolete 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1109:Colmar Pocket 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1064:Market Garden 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 993: 989: 987: 986: 982: 981: 980: 979: 973: 972: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 944: 935: 934:Haddock Force 932: 931: 930: 927: 925: 924: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 906: 905: 901: 900: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 863: 862: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 839: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 822: 821: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 773: 772: 765: 764:Schuster Line 762: 761: 760: 759: 758: 751: 750: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 728: 722: 717: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 687: 684: 670: 664: 661: 655: 653: 649: 644: 638: 634: 632: 628: 626: 625:Junkers Ju 88 622: 619: 616: 615: 613: 608: 604: 602: 598: 596: 592: 590: 586: 584: 580: 578: 574: 571: 569: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 552: 547:265 Commandos 546: 543: 542: 540: 539: 534: 528: 525: 524: 522: 521: 505: 503: 502:armed trawler 499: 497: 495: 491: 489: 488: 483: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 441: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410: 398: 397: 396: 395: 388: 385: 384: 382: 381: 365: 362: 359: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 341: 340: 335: 333: 332: 327: 325: 324: 319: 317: 316: 311: 310: 308: 307: 295: 294: 289: 283: 273: 271: 261: 259: 249: 248: 246: 240: 234: 224: 221: 215: 205: 203: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 180: 168: 165: 153: 152: 147: 137: 136: 135: 132: 129: 128: 123: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 79:28 March 1942 78: 75: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5566: 5561:Twin Pimples 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5521:Sidi Haneish 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5109:Cold Comfort 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5082:Litani River 5075: 5068: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4897: 4793: 4774: 4752: 4729: 4709: 4687: 4667: 4647: 4628: 4609: 4596: 4577: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4498: 4489: 4480: 4469:, retrieved 4464: 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4442: 4433: 4421:. Retrieved 4417: 4408: 4396:. Retrieved 4392:the original 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4366:the original 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4330: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4301: 4289:. Retrieved 4285:the original 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4200: 4194: 4182: 4170:. Retrieved 4166:the original 4159: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4126: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4075:. Retrieved 4069: 4066:"St Nazaire" 4044: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3989: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3921:the original 3911: 3900: 3877: 3865: 3856: 3835: 3824: 3803: 3782: 3773: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3738:Miller p. 38 3734: 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3709:the original 3695: 3674: 3653: 3644: 3621: 3612: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3477:. Retrieved 3466: 3454: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3327: 3235: 3210: 3185: 3173: 3135:Mark Rodier 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041:aft, and 12 3029: 3019: 3014: 2991: 2978: 2970: 2953: 2948:presented a 2943: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2915: 2912:Campbelltown 2907: 2898: 2894: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2829: 2826:Albert Speer 2810:Carl Hilpert 2799:Adolf Hitler 2797: 2757: 2729: 2723: 2693: 2683: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2632: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2583: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2545:Motor Launch 2529: 2524: 2521: 2513: 2503: 2489: 2487: 2472: 2467: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2286: 2284: 2270: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250:White Ensign 2244: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2080: 2023:Sperrbrecher 2011:Kriegsmarine 2006: 1982: 1970: 1957:railway guns 1946: 1913: 1900: 1890: 1876: 1874: 1832: 1826: 1806: 1802: 1798:Michael Wynn 1790: 1782: 1770: 1764: 1756: 1736: 1707: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1673: 1668:Robert Ryder 1661: 1650: 1633: 1617: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1545: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1429: 1423: 1411: 1401: 1379: 1373: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1334: 1328: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1250: 1249: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1155: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1097: 1080: 1063: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1020: 1019: 1007: 991: 984: 977: 976: 970: 941: 940: 922: 903: 859: 858: 837: 818: 817: 769: 768: 755: 754: 747: 725: 716:World War II 668: 663: 567: 553:5,000 troops 510: 494:Sperrbrecher 493: 486: 452:Kriegsmarine 442: 399: 391: 380:British Army 370: 358:Motor Launch 338: 330: 322: 314: 296: 282:Georg Schulz 202:Robert Ryder 149:Belligerents 133: 55:World War II 49:Part of the 36: 5548:Thistledown 5326:Houndsworth 4968:Abercrombie 4504:18 November 4331:Campbeltown 4234:Ford, p. 89 4130:Ford, p. 85 4030:"No. 37134" 3897:"No. 35566" 3860:Ford, p. 88 3821:"No. 37134" 3777:DWR Diaries 3729:Ford, p. 38 3678:Ford, p. 36 3669:Ford, p. 84 3607:Ford, p. 29 3547:Ford, p. 17 3508:Ford, p. 25 3322:Ford, p. 14 3289:Ford, p. 15 3277:Ford, p. 13 3265:Ford, p. 10 3207:"No. 38086" 2966:Bill Etches 2939:Campbeltown 2916:Campbeltown 2908:Campbeltown 2899:Campbeltown 2822:U-boat pens 2760:decorations 2724:Campbeltown 2680:you think!' 2669:Campbeltown 2662:Campbeltown 2658:Campbeltown 2653:Campbeltown 2645:Campbeltown 2633:Campbeltown 2573:Heinkel 115 2495:Able Seaman 2490:Campbeltown 2434:Campbeltown 2426:Campbeltown 2360:Small ships 2287:Campbeltown 2273:and the MLs 2271:Campbeltown 2262:Campbeltown 2260:estuary as 2257:Campbeltown 2241:Campbeltown 2237:Vågsøy raid 2222:Campbeltown 2210:Campbeltown 2206:Campbeltown 2170:Wellingtons 2157:raised the 2155:Campbeltown 2143:Campbeltown 2095:Campbeltown 2066:Karl Dönitz 2061:Vizeadmiral 1998:German Army 1901:Campbeltown 1877:Campbeltown 1872:Commandos. 1708:Campbeltown 1706:Converting 1686:Campbeltown 1674:Campbeltown 1651:Campbeltown 1634:Campbeltown 1596:destroyer, 1594:Free French 1552:spring tide 1447:Prinz Eugen 1419:ocean liner 1384:decorations 1380:Campbeltown 1360:Campbeltown 1150:Blockbuster 1058:Netherlands 1013:Dieppe Raid 808:Afsluitdijk 733:River Forth 669:Campbeltown 568:Campbeltown 520:German Army 315:Campbeltown 117: / 5601:Categories 5494:Roundabout 5459:Postmaster 5298:Gunnerside 5249:Fahrenheit 4912:Ambassador 4898:Abstention 4531:References 4362:Royal Navy 4337:Royal Navy 4212:0091897351 3389:Royal Navy 3230:Ford, p. 7 3098:F N Woods 3039:Lewis guns 2972:Gift Horse 2883:⸻ · ⸻ 2745:Stalag 133 2565:Brocklesby 2561:Atherstone 2553:Atherstone 2480:posthumous 2135:Atherstone 2127:Brocklesby 2112:that five 2099:Atherstone 1813:Lewis guns 1771:Atherstone 1510:Royal Navy 1403:St Nazaire 1398:Background 1340:Home Fleet 1312:Royal Navy 1304:St Nazaire 1157:Lumberjack 1027:Baby Blitz 992:Donnerkeil 950:Kanalkampf 873:Montcornet 778:Maastricht 757:Luxembourg 727:Phoney War 331:Atherstone 306:Royal Navy 102:47°16′30″N 89:St Nazaire 5534:Speedwell 5508:Saxifrage 5466:Partridge 5417:Narcissus 5403:Musketoon 5340:Infatuate 5333:Huckaback 5179:Driftwood 5165:Checkmate 5088:Candytuft 5052:Barricade 5038:Bulbasket 4975:Acid Drop 4905:Agreement 4499:uboat.net 4398:11 August 4313:11 August 4172:14 August 4161:Navy News 4077:15 August 3996:25 August 3970:25 August 3927:12 August 3479:11 August 3178:Citations 3006:Footnotes 2944:In 2007, 2897:HMS 2733:Gibraltar 2711:Aftermath 2617:Luftwaffe 2578:Luftwaffe 2569:Cleveland 2463:Lewis gun 2353:commandos 2125:HMS 2120:Cleveland 2118:HMS 2091:starboard 1888:mission. 1825:HMS 1817:Footnotes 1763:HMS 1716:torpedoes 1690:USS 1672:HMS 1665:Commander 1649:HMS 1629:Luftwaffe 1590:Admiralty 1566:destroyer 1512:(RN) and 1494:Normandie 1459:HMS 1452:HMS 1424:Normandie 1369:Wehrmacht 1358:HMS 1355:destroyer 1348:North Sea 1314:(RN) and 1257:The Blitz 1240:Nuremberg 1235:Heilbronn 1220:Frankfurt 1205:Paderborn 1183:Undertone 1136:Veritable 1129:Blackcock 1021:1944–1945 978:1941–1943 912:Abbeville 793:Rotterdam 788:The Hague 620:360 dead 572:169 dead 337:HMS 329:HMS 321:HMS 313:HMS 105:2°11′48″W 5541:Tarbrush 5410:Myrmidon 5375:Keystone 5319:Hawthorn 5305:Hardtack 5284:Gauntlet 5242:Freshman 5235:Frankton 5221:Exporter 5207:Deep Cut 5151:Crackers 5123:Colossus 5102:Claymore 5095:Chestnut 5076:Branford 5063:Hill 170 4989:Astrakan 4933:Aquatint 4822:Archived 4773:(2007). 4751:(1949). 4708:(2007). 4471:22 March 4448:22 March 4372:7 August 4342:7 August 4291:7 August 3965:BBC News 3715:7 August 3473:Archived 3394:6 August 2960:See also 2741:La Baule 2635:explodes 2626:seaplane 2557:Tynedale 2456:Sergeant 2315:tugboats 2166:Whitleys 2151:Sturgeon 2139:Tynedale 2110:Plymouth 2083:Falmouth 2072:The raid 1996:was the 1905:sidearms 1827:Sturgeon 1765:Tynedale 1740:seacocks 1692:Buchanan 1656:Oerlikon 1548:commando 1526:Bismarck 1492:SS 1478:dry dock 1474:Bismarck 1441:Bismarck 1422:SS 1335:Bismarck 1324:dry dock 1225:Würzburg 1104:2nd Alps 1098:Nordwind 1040:Chastity 1033:Overlord 985:Cerberus 971:Sea Lion 955:Adlertag 929:1st Alps 888:Boulogne 844:Gembloux 749:Wikinger 536:Strength 339:Sturgeon 323:Tynedale 84:Location 5567:Wallace 5555:Tombola 5527:Sunstar 5515:Savanna 5501:Rumford 5452:Opossum 5396:Manacle 5354:Jubilee 5347:Jaywick 5270:Foxrock 5263:Farrier 5228:Flipper 5200:Dunhill 5172:Chopper 5137:Chariot 5130:Cartoon 5069:Bristle 5031:Begonia 4982:Albumen 4961:Archway 4954:Amherst 4926:Archery 4443:BBC Two 3131:ML 177 2935:Type 31 2830:Tirpitz 2814:OB West 2783:and 15 2767:, five 2594:Hudsons 2412:, said: 2245:MGB 314 2233:MGB 314 2168:and 27 2002:Lorient 1881:Captain 1783:MGB 314 1712:draught 1695:in the 1599:Ouragan 1530:Tirpitz 1522:Tirpitz 1505:Tirpitz 1346:or the 1329:Tirpitz 1245:Hamburg 1215:TF Baum 1197:Varsity 1190:Plunder 1168:Cologne 1163:Remagen 1143:Grenade 1121:Germany 1087:Scheldt 1047:Dragoon 943:Britain 898:Dunkirk 820:Belgium 798:Zeeland 631:tankers 235: ( 216: ( 179:Germany 5473:Pistol 5438:Nicety 5431:Newton 5424:Nelson 5382:Loyton 5368:Kitbag 5291:Grouse 5256:Forfar 5144:Canuck 5116:Collar 5058:Bardia 5045:Brandy 5024:Batman 5017:Bigamy 5010:Biting 5003:Basalt 4996:Baobab 4940:Aflame 4919:Anklet 4800: 4781: 4759: 4737: 4716: 4694: 4675: 4654: 4635: 4616: 4584: 4565: 4546: 4423:19 May 4418:GOV.UK 4209: 2996:(game) 2983:(film) 2975:(film) 2933:A new 2895:A new 2844:Legacy 2834:fjords 2749:Rennes 2694:MTB 74 2612:ML 443 2608:ML 307 2604:ML 160 2525:ML 270 2473:Jaguar 2468:Jaguar 2452:ML 306 2446:Jaguar 2430:ML 269 2422:ML 177 2410:ML 446 2403:ML 268 2399:ML 262 2395:ML 192 2387:ML 447 2383:ML 160 2379:ML 160 2375:ML 457 2326:ML 269 2322:ML 160 2311:ML 177 2307:ML 457 2291:mortar 2218:shoals 2147:ML 341 2087:convoy 2019:and a 1868:, and 1840:; his 1791:MTB 74 1753:, 1942 1732:bridge 1625:Enigma 1438:ships 1436:German 1230:Kassel 1176:Gisela 1075:Aachen 904:Dynamo 893:Calais 878:Saumur 861:France 849:La Lys 832:Hannut 517: 487:Jaguar 449: 406: 377: 303: 176: 161: 130:Result 93:France 5487:Roast 5480:Rimau 5389:Maple 5312:Hardy 5214:Devon 5193:Defoe 5186:Dryad 5158:Chess 4947:Anglo 4329:"HMS 4309:. BBC 3001:Notes 2779:, 24 2775:, 11 2771:, 17 2704:khaki 2596:from 2505:fire. 2476:' 2179:U-593 1778:(the 1407:Loire 1092:Bulge 1081:Queen 923:Paula 917:Lille 883:Arras 868:Sedan 838:David 356:28th 5445:Noah 5277:Gaff 4798:ISBN 4779:ISBN 4757:ISBN 4735:ISBN 4714:ISBN 4692:ISBN 4673:ISBN 4652:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4582:ISBN 4563:ISBN 4544:ISBN 4506:2022 4473:2024 4450:2024 4425:2021 4400:2010 4374:2010 4344:2010 4315:2010 4293:2010 4207:ISBN 4174:2010 4079:2010 4071:Life 3998:2016 3972:2016 3929:2010 3717:2010 3481:2010 3396:2010 2937:HMS 2902:, a 2610:and 2567:and 2555:and 2397:and 2385:and 2243:and 2204:HMS 2137:and 2123:and 2097:and 2050:and 2035:and 2007:The 1893:Burn 1768:and 1718:and 1572:Plan 1539:The 1466:Hood 1461:Hood 1457:and 1444:and 1290:The 1210:Ruhr 783:Mill 738:Saar 637:tugs 575:215 566:HMS 76:Date 5361:J V 4601:GPO 2950:BBC 2747:at 2517:314 2037:7th 2033:6th 1306:in 1302:at 1294:or 593:13 496:137 347:314 238:POW 219:POW 53:of 5603:: 4838:, 4497:. 4441:. 4416:. 4360:. 4335:. 4158:. 4114:^ 4068:. 4053:^ 4032:. 3988:. 3963:. 3899:. 3886:^ 3844:^ 3823:. 3812:^ 3791:^ 3703:. 3683:^ 3662:^ 3630:^ 3596:^ 3580:^ 3564:^ 3552:^ 3540:^ 3489:^ 3465:. 3440:^ 3387:. 3372:^ 3350:^ 3336:^ 3313:^ 3294:^ 3282:^ 3270:^ 3258:^ 3244:^ 3221:^ 3209:. 3194:^ 2795:. 2606:, 2581:. 2485:. 2101:. 1980:. 1968:. 1870:12 1864:, 1860:, 1856:, 1852:, 1761:, 1703:. 1684:. 1484:. 1464:. 1350:. 651:^ 635:2 629:2 623:2 605:1 599:1 587:1 581:1 500:1 353:74 91:, 4878:e 4871:t 4864:v 4806:. 4787:. 4765:. 4743:. 4722:. 4700:. 4681:. 4660:. 4641:. 4622:. 4590:. 4571:. 4552:. 4508:. 4452:. 4427:. 4402:. 4376:. 4346:. 4333:" 4317:. 4295:. 4215:. 4176:. 4081:. 4000:. 3974:. 3931:. 3719:. 3483:. 3398:. 3045:. 1866:9 1862:5 1858:4 1854:3 1850:1 705:e 698:t 691:v 241:) 222:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index