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microcontrollers can also be made more tolerant of varied environmental conditions than the more powerful hardware needed for an operating system; this is possible because of the much lower clock frequency, pin spacing, lack of large data buses (e.g. DDR4 RAM modules), and limited transistor count allowance for wider design margins and thus the potential for more robust electrical and physical properties both in circuit layout and material choices.
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must be minimized; an operating system would add unacceptable complexity and uncertainty (examples include industrial operator safety interrupts, commercial airlines, medical devices, ballistic missile launch controls and lithium-battery charge controllers in consumer devices ). Resource limited
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Later standalone programs typically were provided for utility functions such as
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with the bootstrap procedure of the target processor – it runs on
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