Singapore English - Knowledge (XXG)

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taught as a second language. In Singapore, English is a "working language" that serves the economy and development and is associated with the broader global community. Meanwhile, the rest are "mother tongues" that are associated with the country's culture. Speaking Standard English also helps Singaporeans communicate and express themselves in their everyday life. In 2014, the Singaporean government made an announcement entitled "Speak Good English Movement brings fun back to Grammar and good English", where the strategies that would be used to promote their program in the following years were explained. Specifically, the government would release a series of videos demystifying the difficulty and dullness of the grammatical rules of the English language. These videos provide a more humorous approach to learning basic grammar rules. Singaporeans will now be able to practise the grammatical rules in both written and spoken English thanks to a more interactive approach.

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Singaporean children are brought up bilingual. They are introduced to Malay, Chinese, Tamil, or Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) as their native languages, depending on their families' ethnic backgrounds and/or socioeconomic status. They also acquire those languages from interacting with friends in school and other places. Naturally, the presence of other languages in Singapore has influenced Singapore English, something particularly apparent in Singlish.

262: 2876: 3056:, which has underlying high pitch but tends to be realised instead with a fall or leveling out in pitch. Yes-no questions are accompanied with rising pitch, as is the case in many other dialects of English. Rising pitch is also commonly used when there is non-final information at the end of an utterance, sometimes to indicate a non-final item in a list. 5821: 2929:) coincide with a mid level tone, or similar pitch contour between low and high levels. There is also a tendency for pitch contours to be accentuated near the start of a sentence and diminished towards the end, and for pitch to drop or level out at the end of declarative sentences. For example, in the phrase 1078:; Kiasu means "always wanting the best for oneself and willing to try hard to get it". In another journal, "Kiasu" is also defined as 'characterised by a grasping or selfish attitude arising from a fear of missing out on something' (usu. adj., definition from OED (Simpson and Weiner 2000); Hokkien kia(n)su). 3205:

As of 2015, English is the most commonly spoken language in Singaporean homes. One effect of mass immigration into Singapore since 2000, especially from China, has been an increase in the proportion of the population to whom English is a foreign language. The most recent trend in Singapore favours an

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Singaporeans vary their language according to social situations (Pakir 1991) and attitudes that they want to convey (Poedjosoedarmo 1993). Better educated Singaporeans with a "higher" standard of English tend to speak "Standard" Singapore English (the acrolect), whereas those who are less-educated or

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Both Singapore English and Singapore colloquial English are used with multiple accents. Because Singaporeans speak different ethnic mother tongues, they exhibit ethnic-specific features in their speech such that their ethnicity can be readily identified from their speech alone. The strength of one's

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in Singapore in 2000 in an attempt to replace Singlish with Standard English. This movement was made to show the need for Singaporeans to speak Standard English. Nowadays, all children in schools are being taught Standard English with one of the other official languages (Chinese, Malay, Tamil) being

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of the nation. The use of English as a global language for commerce, technology and science has also helped to expedite Singapore's development and integration into the global economy. Public schools use English as the main language of instruction, although students are also required to receive part

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clarifying that they are "not anti-Singlish", with their primary intention instead to ensure that Singaporeans are able to speak standard English first. A spokesperson was quoted as saying: "The presence of Singlish causes damage to standard English only when people do not have a good grounding in

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Despite strong criticisms of Singlish, linguist David Yoong has put forward the argument that "Singaporeans who subscribe to Singlish and have a positive attitude towards the code see Singlish as a language that transcends social barriers" and that the language can be used to "forge rapport and,

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Standard Singapore English is the standard form of English used in Singapore. It generally resembles British English and is often used in more formal settings such as the workplace or when communicating with people of higher authority such as teachers, bosses and government officials. Singapore

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The British established a trading post on the island of Singapore in 1819, and the population grew rapidly thereafter, attracting many immigrants from Chinese provinces and from India. The roots of Standard Singapore English derive from nearly a century and a half of British control. Its local

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in Singapore. Many families use two or three languages on a regular basis, and English is often one of them. The level of fluency in English among residents in Singapore also varies greatly from person to person, depending on their educational background, but English in general is nevertheless

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perhaps more importantly, the Singaporean identity". Sociolinguist Anthea Fraser Gupta also argues that Singlish and standard English can and do co-exist, saying that "there is no evidence that the presence of Singlish causes damage to standard English". This was followed by organisers of the

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L and H stand for lower and higher pitch respectively. M corresponds to mid level pitch, or a similar contour between low and high levels. Bolded letters correspond to where lexical stress falls in each word. Usually, words take on these pitch contours near or at the start of sentences and

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Although Standard Singapore English (SSE) is mainly influenced by British English and, recently, American English, there are other languages that also contribute to its use on a regular basis. The majority of Singaporeans speak more than one language, with many speaking three to four. Most

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Wider pitch range is associated with the introduction of a topic near the start of a sentence. Elsewhere in the sentence, differences in pitch are less prominent, so low, mid and high tones may collapse into roughly the same pitch level. Moreover, at the end of declarative sentences and

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in 1959 and independence in 1965, the Singaporean government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic prosperity. The use of English as the nation's first language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore; English operates as the

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Acrolect; there is no substantial difference from Standard British English (SBE), though there may be some features of pronunciation that indicate the speaker is Singaporean, such as use of a full vowel in unstressed syllables and a relatively monophthongal realisation of the FACE

4942: 3380:. The symbolic national language is Malay for historical reasons. All official signs, legislation and documents are required to be in English, although translations in the other official languages are sometimes included, though it is not necessary. Under the 3159:, have publicly declared that Singlish is a substandard variety that handicaps Singaporeans, presents an obstacle to learning standard English, and renders the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except another Singlish speaker. The country's third, 2455:

is generally uncommon in Singapore English. In a 2018 study examining the speech of 104 Singapore English speakers, linking R was used less than 20% of the time, and intrusive R was found to be extremely rare. The majority of speakers will drop the

1074:" are constantly used and adopted to SE vocabularies, to the point that Singaporeans are not necessarily aware of which language those words are from. Furthermore, the word "kiasu" has been used in the Singapore press since 2000 without being 955:

whose first language is not English tend to speak Singlish (the basilect). Gupta (1994) said that most Singaporean speakers systematically alternate between colloquial and formal language depending on the formality of the situation.

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Another interesting feature of Lee's songs is the (nonstandard) pronunciation of Singapore English speakers in playful use of features of Singaporean English that have strong cultural connotations, Dick Lee is successfully able to

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In writing, the spellings color, program and check (cheque), the form gotten and vocabulary such as garbage and faucet (tap) ... the notion of a native Singaporean English has been separated from that of a Singaporean 'standard' of

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ethnic mother tongue-accented English accent depends on factors like formality and their language dominance. Words from Malay, Chinese, and Tamil are also borrowed, if not code-switched, into Singapore English. For example, the

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Those who learnt English as a native language (sometimes as a sole native language, but usually alongside other languages) and use it as their dominant language (many people, mostly children born after 1965 to highly educated

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A wide range of foreign English dialects can be heard in Singapore. American and British accents are often heard on local television and radio due to the frequent airing of foreign television programmes.

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Singapore English is characterised by a unique intonational system where pitch tends to be slightly raised at the end of a word with lexical stress. According to one analysis, the rightmost syllable of a

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English is also the only medium of instruction in schools xcept in the elite Special Assistance Plan Schools, where some subjects are taught in the mother tongue. They currently only exist for Mandarin.

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Deterding, D. & Poedjosoedarmo, G. (2000). To what extent can the ethnic group of young Singaporeans be identified from their speech? In A. Brown, D. Deterding, & E. L. Low (Eds.).

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Unstressed initial syllables are often realised with shorter duration and lower intensity. There is also a tendency for the last syllable in an utterance to be lengthened or dragged out.

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among Malay and Indian Singaporeans and older speakers in general. Among Tamil Singaporeans, the trilled variant appears to be extremely rare in comparison to the approximant and tapped

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Starr, Rebecca Lurie (2019). "Cross-dialectal Awareness and Use of the Bath-Trap Distinction in Singapore: Investigating the Effects of Overseas Travel and Media Consumption".

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of their instruction in their mother tongue; placement in such courses is based on ethnicity and not without controversy. The standard Singaporean accent used to be officially

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advocated for English proficiency testing for immigrants seeking Singaporean citizenship. Polling data of native-born Singaporeans show broad support for the proposal.

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sound at the end of words and syllables is more common for women among Chinese and Indian Singaporeans and younger speakers in general, and that it is more common in

981:, as well as from various parts of Europe and from the United States of America. By 1900 Eurasians and other locals were employed as teachers. Apart from a period of 2490: 1017:

in Singapore suggests that a standard Singaporean pronunciation is emerging and is on the cusp of being standardised. Singaporean accents can be said to be largely

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Deterding, David (2000). "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /əʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore". In Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.).

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Deterding, David (2007a). "The Vowels of the Different Ethnic Groups in Singapore". In Prescott, David; Kirkpatrick, Andy; Martin, Isabel; Hashim, Azirah (eds.).

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Tan, Y.-Y. (2016). "The Americanization of the phonology of Asian Englishes: evidence from Singapore". In Gerhard Leitner; Azirah Hashim; Hang-Georg Wolf (eds.).

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Like most Commonwealth countries outside of Canada, the accents of most reasonably educated Singaporeans who speak English as their first language are similar to

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Moorthy, S.; Deterding, D. (2000). "Three or tree? Dental fricatives in the speech of educated Singaporeans". In Brown, A.; Deterding, D.; Low, E.-L. (eds.).

1013:. However, in recent decades, a standard Singaporean accent, quite independent of any external standard, including RP, started to emerge. A 2003 study by the 2573:

vowel, like most varieties of North American English. In the English spoken in Southern England and Australia, these words are usually pronounced with the

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In 2010, 52% of Chinese children and 26% of Malay children aged between 5 and 14 speak English at home, as compared to 36% and 9.4% respectively in 2000.

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Kwek, G. S. C.; Low, E.-L. (2020). "Emergent features of young Singaporean speech: an investigatory study of the labiodental /r/ in Singapore English".

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The proliferation of Singlish has been controversial and the use of Singlish is not endorsed by the government. Singapore's first two prime ministers,

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Kalaivanan, K.; Sumartono, F.; Tan, Y.-Y. (2020). "The Homogenization of Ethnic Differences in Singapore English? A Consonantal Production Study".

7811: 418: 2396:. Older Chinese Singaporeans are more likely to vocalise final "l"s, and Malay speakers are more likely to use clear "l"s in these environments. 5185: 8200: 7922: 7732: 3716: 3645: 3605: 3451: 973:

character seems to have developed early in the English-medium schools of the 19th and early-20th centuries, where the teachers often came from

769: 1943:, though younger speakers raise it to a lower height on average. While words with the raised vowel tend to end in voiced stop consonants like 7656: 7417: 7202: 5746: 5566: 5484: 4204: 3840: 1025: 3803: 681: 7554: 7437: 6510: 6395: 5905: 5863: 5733: 5367: 5326:

Low Ee Ling; Esther Grabe; Francis Nolan (2000). "Quantitative Characterizations of Speech Rhythm: Syllable-Timing in Singapore English".

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Words are not restricted to discrete level tones. One alternative analysis posits that high pitch is associated with the right edge of an

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English acts as the "bridge" among different ethnic groups in Singapore. Standard Singapore English retains British spelling and grammar.

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Suzanna Bte Hashim; Adam Brown (2000). "The and vowels in Singapore English". In Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.).

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such as "kanina" and "chee bai". Hence, it is commonly regarded with low prestige in the country and not used in formal communication.

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Those who regard English as a foreign language, have limited command of, and seldom speak the language (mostly the older age groups);

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Pitch contour of a declarative sentence in Singapore English, from Chong (2012). Here, aL and Ha mark the left and right edges of an

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Ng, E-Ching (2011). "Reconciling stress and tone in Singapore English". In Lawrence J. Zhang; Rani Rubdy; Lubna Alsagoff (eds.).

4816: 982: 812:. In Singapore, English is spoken in two main forms: Singaporean Standard English, which is indistinguishable grammatically from 7826: 7778: 7070: 6866: 5898: 5609: 4700: 2473: 2003: 1985: 1915: 1820: 1787: 1747: 1665: 1447: 1014: 479: 319: 4490:

Tan, R. S. K.; Low, E.-L. (2010). "How different are the monophthongs of Malay speakers of Malaysian and Singapore English?".

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Starr, Rebecca Lurie; Balasubramaniam, Brinda (2019). "Variation and change in English /r/ among Tamil Indian Singaporeans".

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Lim, Siew Siew; Low, Ee Ling (2005). "Triphthongs in Singapore English". In David Deterding; Adam Brown; Low Ee Ling (eds.).

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falling on stressed syllables. The gradual downwards movement of pitch towards the end of the sentence is represented by the

2518: 2513: 1895: 1801: 1769: 1758: 1733: 1676: 1565: 1494: 1461: 1421: 3044:, "high-pitched" syllables are weaker and often replaced with a drop or leveling out in pitch. For example, in the sentence 1135: 8117: 8089: 7927: 7850: 7715: 7427: 7120: 7082: 6109: 5968: 5541: 1018: 3210:(apparently as the Chinese population switches first to Mandarin, then to English) while the use of Malay slowly erodes. 1939:

merger in the speech of younger Singaporeans. Younger speakers are more likely than older speakers to raise the vowel in

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Acoustic merger between /e/ and /æ/ in Singapore English: insights into stylistic variation and sub-varietal difference

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153A Official languages and national language, Part XIII General Provisions, Constitution of the Republic of Singapore

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Ng, E-Ching (1 March 2012). "Chinese meets Malay meets English: origins of Singaporean English word-final high tone".

3890: 3744: 3172: 3164: 2097: 1612: 1596: 1358: 1344: 1037: 733: 576: 5515: 3419: 909:. Both Acrolect and Mesolect are regarded as Standard Singapore English, while Basilect is considered as Singlish. 8112: 7620: 7600: 7514: 7382: 7097: 6955: 6366: 6307: 3163:, has also said that Singlish should not be part of Singapore's identity. In addition, the government launched the 439: 8205: 8160: 8127: 8102: 8047: 8042: 8000: 7947: 7897: 7700: 7668: 7466: 7362: 6888: 6846: 6817: 6749: 6717: 6326: 3523: 2888: 1959: 1955: 1907: 3194:

Those who learnt English at school and can use it but have a dominant other language (many people, of all ages);

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Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion

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Hofbauer, Alexandra (2018). ""How many c(R)s do you have?" A look into postvocalic /r/ in Singapore English".

5882: 4943:"Negotiating social meanings in a plural society: Social perceptions of variants of /l/ in Singapore English" 8059: 8054: 7995: 7912: 7882: 7821: 7722: 7683: 7299: 7132: 6950: 6925: 2452: 2066: 893:

Singapore English can be classified into Singapore Standard English (SSE) and Singapore Colloquial English (

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or unaspirated in initial positions. Additionally, word-final voiceless stops may exhibit some degree of

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Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics

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Those who have no knowledge of English (extremely few people, most of whom were born before the 1940s);

997:. English served as the administrative language of the British colonial government, and when Singapore 6318: 4021:"CNA poll finds majority welcome English test to be part of Singapore citizenship application process" 8146: 7987: 7967: 7907: 7877: 7831: 7751: 7688: 7590: 7501: 6834: 6727: 6667: 6545: 6518: 6435: 6231: 6134: 4096: 3207: 3109: 3001:, the prefix is not treated as a separate unit with stress and is therefore not assigned high pitch. 2901: 2516: 2493: 2482: 2471: 2385: 2369: 2095: 2087: 2008: 2001: 1990: 1983: 1913: 1905: 1893: 1818: 1799: 1785: 1767: 1756: 1745: 1731: 1674: 1663: 1610: 1594: 1563: 1510: 1492: 1459: 1445: 1419: 1356: 1342: 1328: 1297: 1225: 1097: 924: 832: 828: 199: 112: 3723: 3652: 3612: 3573: 3458: 3197:

Those who learnt English at school and use it as their dominant language (many people, of all ages);

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While words generally follow the lexical incidence patterns of Southern British English accents, so

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Lim, Lisa (1996). "Prosodic patterns characterising Chinese, Indian, and Malay Singapore English".

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are both assigned high pitch. Prefixes with stress constitute their own phonological words, so the

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Chloé Diskin-Holdaway; Olga Maxwell; Canaan Zengyu Lan (2023). Radek Skarnitzl; Jan Volin (eds.).

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is now prevalent among younger speakers, and that it is more accurate to classify this variant of

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sound entirely at the end of words most of the time, even if the next word begins with a vowel.

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Tan, Y.-Y. (December 2012). "To r or not to r: Social correlates of /ɹ/ in Singapore English".

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increasing use of English as well as stability in the use of Mandarin at the expense of other

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are occasionally used in colloquial speech, and younger speakers are more likely to use them.

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in Singapore English are usually not released at the end of words, and voiceless stops can be

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homophones. This is generally more common in informal settings. Dental fricatives may undergo

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vowels are often shorter, so speakers may also rely on vowel length to distinguish words like

1618: 1330: 671: 636: 586: 566: 541: 506: 501: 475: 305: 5634: 1713:(which does not have the raised vowel). Taking this into account, speakers with the complete 1096:, though there are immediately noticeable differences. Singaporean accents are predominantly 8174: 7788: 7705: 7447: 7400: 7352: 7279: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7162: 7008: 6981: 6839: 6759: 6704: 6602: 6584: 6571: 6408: 6403: 6257: 6199: 6164: 6154: 6139: 6054: 5850: 5335: 5308: 5263: 5219: 5108: 5081: 5006: 4957: 4905: 4784: 4734: 4499: 4463: 4423: 4317: 4279: 4252: 4159: 4054: 3905: 3578: 2686: 2353: 2239: 2191: 2162: 2105: 2075: 1877:

only has the raised vowel for a minority of speakers. The vast majority of other words like

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Wee, Lian-Hee (2008). "Phonological patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong".

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federation, but this proved a short-lived alliance, largely due to ethnic rivalries. Since

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Lack of marking in verb forms (Regularisation); e.g. "He always go to the shopping centre."

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Tan, Chor Hiang; Gupta, Anthea Fraser (1992). "Post-vocalic /r/ in Singapore English".

3533:. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore. 2015 3377: 3369: 3184:

In 2010, speakers of English in Singapore were classified into five different groups:

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The NEXT-TEXT split in Singapore English: Comparing self-report and speech production

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Rubdy, Rani (2001). "Creative destruction: Singapore's Speak Good English movement".

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vowel is longer. Strong vowels tend to be longer in open syllables, so the vowels in

1124: 1004: 857: 721: 184: 132: 5613: 4550:, Singapore: Singapore Institute of Management/Oxford University Press, pp. 152-174. 2334:. For speakers who vocalise their "l"s, the "l" sound can be dropped entirely after 827:, over a third spoke English as their main language at home while almost half spoke 8079: 6945: 6793: 6672: 4546:

Bao Zhiming (1998) 'The sounds of Singapore English'. In J. A. Foley et al. (eds.)

3995:"Pritam Singh advocates for English test in Singapore citizenship, PR applications" 3152: 1120: 641: 233: 70: 5112: 4862:

The Sounds of English Around the World: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

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Low, Ee-Ling (2012). "Singapore English". In Low, Ee-Ling; Hashim, Azirah (eds.).

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Deterding, David (2005). "Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English".

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Pronunciation for English as an International Language: From Research to Practice

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do not have their vowels raised and continue to use the more common low-mid vowel

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in conversational speech. Any distinction is less likely between words ending in

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absence); e.g. "May I apply for car licence?" (Instead of saying "a" car licence)

366: 6082: 5339: 3503:"United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 3131: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2969: 2955: 2933: 2393: 2281: 2266: 2046:

are very similar and may overlap in vowel quality. Concerning vowel length, the

1998: 1644: 1075: 985:(1942–1945), Singapore remained a British colony until 1963, when it joined the 942: 870: 862: 189: 5267: 4454:

Tay, Mary W. J. (January 1982). "The Phonology of Educated Singapore English".

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English is Singapore's main and one of the four official languages, along with

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is high-pitched. In words where the prefix is unstressed or less salient, like

2523:, has also been reported. Across English dialects, this phenomenon is known as 374:

A speaker of Singapore English reading aloud part of a Knowledge (XXG) article.

6856: 6012: 5312: 4961: 4283: 3024:, in lieu of consistently high pitch. In this model, phonological words (e.g. 2339: 1811: 994: 881: 383: 5223: 4909: 4427: 4291: 4171: 3917: 3590: 3123:

However, Singlish has been used in several locally produced films, including

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Tone assignment only takes place within the scope of the phonological word.

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end in for some speakers, and for others. Other words without a preceding

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understood, spoken and written as the main language throughout the country.

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in Singapore English". In David Deterding; Adam Brown; Low Ee Ling (eds.).

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Use of particles like ah; lah, e.g. "Wait ah; Hurry lah, I need to go now!"

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Anthea Fraser Gupta, "Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English",

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Question tenses in an indirect form; e.g. "May I ask where is the toilet?"

6440: 6032: 5890: 5299:

Deterding, David (December 1994). "The intonation of Singapore English".

4073:"Speak Good English Movement brings fun back to Grammar and good English" 3101: 3095: 3041: 2416: 1087: 986: 906: 902: 898: 894: 817: 337: 325: 31: 5394:"Singlish Guide: 125 Phrases/Words That Define SG (Singaporean English)" 8122: 7377: 7372: 7182: 6528: 6455: 6450: 5798:"Latest census show more younger Singaporeans speaking English at home" 5085: 4591: 4321: 2304: 1067: 651: 333: 4778: 4517:

Jakob R. E., Leimgruber (2013). "Description: phonology and lexicon".

2384:

are similar-sounding. Vocalised "l"s are realised as high back vowels

1139:

Monophthongs of Singapore English on a normalised formant chart, from

7458: 6445: 6425: 6247: 3858:"Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1999" 2947:

is then realised with a less accentuated low–mid–high pitch contour.

978: 5285:. International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Melbourne, Australia. 5251: 5186:"A preliminary model of Singaporean English intonational phonology" 4923:

Hung, T. T. N. (1996). "Towards a phonology of Singapore English".

4601:

Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences

4346:

Communicating with Asia: The future of English as a global language

2128:, and remains a back vowel in words without a final consonant like 7520:

Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)

6149: 4150:

Sim, Jasper Hong (1 February 2019). "But you don't sound Malay!".

3779:. National Library Board, Singapore. 18 April 2008. Archived from 2874: 2335: 2117: 2031: 1134: 1071: 974: 4756:. Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics. pp. 93–99. 4564:. Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics. pp. 84–92. 3020:

can be realised with rising pitch starting from the low pitch in

938:

Generalised "is it" question tag; e.g. "You coming today, Is it?"

823:

Singapore is a cosmopolitan society. For example, in 2015, among

5283:

Variability in tonal realisation in Singapore English intonation

4386:

English in Southeast Asia: Literacies, Literatures and Varieties

3980:

English in Southeast Asia: Varieties, literacies and literatures

2884: 1304:. Speakers may maintain a length distinction, in which case the 60: 7462: 6322: 5894: 4837:

English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use

4542: 4540: 4538: 4090: 4088: 4086: 816:, and Singaporean Colloquial English, which is better known as 5561:. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 90–91. 2908:

is marked with higher pitch, while words with no stress (e.g.

5657:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02188798908547659

5047:

Lim, Lisa (2004). "Sounding Singaporean". In Lisa Lim (ed.).

4138:

The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation,

2611:

in informal or conversational speech, so it is distinct from

2200: 2108: 2078: 1313: 1260: 1217: 1175: 1161: 5817: 5815: 5703:

English in new cultural contexts: reflections from Singapore

5156:

Asian Englishes: Changing Perspectives in a Globalised World

4887:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4754:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4562:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4548:

English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore

3863:. United States: Georgetown University Press. Archived from 3116:. Many of such loan words include swear words, particularly 3071:, unlike British English, which is considered stress-timed. 348: 4811:. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). pp. 64–73. 3167:

in 2000 to encourage Singaporeans to speak proper English.

2356: 2206: 2177: 2171: 1390: 876:

English is the medium of communication among students from

4983:. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). pp. 43–53. 4388:. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 2–29. 1036:

The wide use of Singlish led the government to launch the

336:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

5516:"Quick Quick: 'Singlish' is out in re-education campaign" 2242: 1552: 1476: 1410: 1280: 1108:, so most speakers leave out the "r" sound in words like 5130:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 646. 3400:

utterances. Elsewhere, pitch contours are flattened out.

1685:. This raised vowel is found in several words including 1621:

and in open syllables, but is otherwise the same as the

4780:

The articulatory correlates of Singapore English vowels

3982:. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. 2707:

Stress-tone relationship in SgE according to Ng (2011)

2152:

do not differ significantly from their counterparts in

1951:, this split is not phonologically conditioned, unlike 5612:. Agence France-Presse. 30 August 1999. Archived from 5294: 5292: 3951:"Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English" 3717:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3646:"The Roles of Standard Singapore English and Singlish" 3606:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3452:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3104:

includes many discourse particles and loan words from

4839:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 35–54. 4783:(Master's thesis). Nanyang Technological University. 3677: 3675: 3673: 2689: 2627: 2295:, though many speakers will use a sound in the word 2168: 5584:"Singlish? Don't make it part of Spore identity: PM" 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4603:. Prague: Guarant International. pp. 3661–3665. 3531:

Statistics Singapore – General Household Survey 2015

2209: 2197: 1586:

has also been reported, but this is generally rare.

1244:

from the south of England. Unlike some varieties of

8088: 7986: 7849: 7750: 7643: 7567: 7500: 7345: 7298: 7253: 7233: 7145: 7061: 7054: 6972: 6904: 6758: 6703: 6692: 6685: 6630: 6593: 6570: 6509: 6471: 6394: 6385: 6374: 6365: 6300: 6240: 6175: 6108: 6053: 6046: 6005: 5986: 5951: 5935: 5928: 5837:Rachel Siew Kuang Tan; Ee-Ling Low (January 2010). 5281:Chong, Adam J.; German, James Sneed (August 2019). 4981:

English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus

4809:

English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus

2463:The most common and predominant realisation of the 2194: 2165: 1825:can be found in a small number of words, including 304: 290: 278: 273: 253: 248: 223: 167: 86: 76: 66: 56: 46: 41: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 4519:Singapore English: Structure, Variation, and Usage 4249:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3777:"What are some commonly misspelled English words?" 3552:Cavallaro, Francesco; Chin, Ng Bee (1 June 2009). 3141:, among others. Some local sitcoms, in particular 2038:vowel. Likewise, for many speakers, the vowels in 1647:have diverged into a separate group, so the words 5610:"Singapore to launch speak-good-English campaign" 5522:. Archived from the original on 25 September 2000 5301:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4314:An analysis of /r/ variation in Singapore English 1484:tends to be less centralised in vowel space. The 917:Mesolect; it has some features distinct from SBE 5705:. Singapore: Singapore Institute of Management. 5252:"Prominence and intonation in Singapore English" 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4348:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–134. 3832:The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore 2026:in Singapore English than in other accents like 5149: 5147: 5022: 5020: 4802: 4800: 4521:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–70. 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 3445: 3443: 2965:are analysed as separate words. Similarly, in 2224:is always a gliding vowel: , or . Within the 897:). The language consists of three sociolects; 7474: 6334: 5906: 5158:. Singapore: Pearson Longman. pp. 48–59. 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4124:Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Reading 3973: 3971: 3738: 3736: 2258:, are always pronounced with the diphthong . 2217:are normally broken down into two syllables. 2022:vowel is, on average, closer to the vowel in 1640:For nearly all speakers, some words from the 770: 8: 5352:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 5250:Chong, Adam J.; German, James Sneed (2023). 5128:Accents of English: Beyond the British Isles 5049:Singapore English: A grammatical description 4585: 4583: 4581: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 3956:. National Institute of Education, Singapore 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3554:"Between status and solidarity in Singapore" 3214:Language most frequently spoken at home (%) 2318:There are three prevalent variants of final 2303:sounds are alternatively realised as stops. 2272:is common at the start of syllables, making 7535:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 4936: 4934: 2592:in the past tense), so that it rhymes with 2203: 2174: 1031: 993:, Singapore has operated as an independent 7855: 7756: 7649: 7573: 7481: 7467: 7459: 7368:Comparison of American and British English 7237: 7058: 6766: 6700: 6689: 6391: 6382: 6371: 6341: 6327: 6319: 6050: 5932: 5913: 5899: 5891: 5425:. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 229. 5042: 5040: 5038: 5029:"Accents of English from Around the World" 5027:Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). 4864:. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. 4654: 4652: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4242: 4240: 3148:, also feature extensive use of Singlish. 3016:is analysed as a single accentual phrase, 1296:usually overlap and are both open central 1140: 777: 763: 390: 38: 5661:https://doi.org/10.1080/02188798908547659 5422:Using English: From Conversation to Canon 4788: 4220: 4218: 4216: 3572: 2915:) and unstressed initial syllables (e.g. 2342:and diphthongs with back vowels, so that 991:its expulsion from the Federation in 1965 7545:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 4992: 4990: 4975:Tan, Kah Keong (2005). "Vocalisation of 3889:Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. (January 2011). 3212: 3075:Foreign dialects of English in Singapore 2705: 2299:. For some Tamil bilinguals, word-final 869:and mixed-race Singaporeans are usually 4830: 4828: 4695:Starr, R. L.; Choo, A. (October 2019). 4316:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. 3411: 3392: 3090:Singapore Colloquial English / Singlish 2954:takes on a high–mid–high pitch contour 2102:vowel. According to Deterding (2007a), 1697:, and may be identical to the vowel in 1127:, and in reading than in conversation. 1032:Singapore's Speak Good English Movement 742: 488: 467: 431: 405: 398: 330:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 7784:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 5590:from the original on 21 September 2016 5582:Au Young, Jeremy (22 September 2007). 5533: 5370:. xinmsn Entertainment. Archived from 5345: 3856:Alatis, James E.; Tan, Ai-Hui (1999). 3524:"Chapter 3 Literacy and Home Language" 2478:, the standard variant worldwide. The 1670:, which differs from the low-mid vowel 1593:vowel has been described as near-open 381: 5212:International Journal of Bilingualism 5051:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3835:. United Kingdom: WBC Ltd, Bridgend. 3682:Deterding, David; Hvitfeldt, Robert. 3364:Other official languages in Singapore 3052:than it is on the second syllable of 2565:are pronounced with the open central 2431:. However, for some speakers, tapped 1931:split appears to be motivated by the 1617:and this tendency is stronger before 1609:may be longer and closer to cardinal 1288:do not sound the same. The vowels in 1045:Malay, Indian, and Chinese influences 945:; e.g. "My handwriting no good, lah." 751:Teaching English as a second language 7: 7438:Non-native pronunciations of English 5419:Mercer, Neil; Maybin, Janet (1996). 4196:New Englishes: The Case of Singapore 3180:English language trends in Singapore 2647:are sometimes realised with the lax 2551:like in some North American dialects 1467: 27:English language spoken in Singapore 5796:Musfirah, Hetty (18 January 2011). 5368:"Channel 5 on xinmsn Entertainment" 3100:Unlike Singapore Standard English, 1115:Studies suggest that realising the 889:Classification of Singapore English 3427:Singapore Department of Statistics 2939:, then rises to a higher level in 2467:sound in Singapore English is the 2417:realised as alveolar taps or flaps 2350:sound the same, and the diphthong 1774:. The raised vowel also occurs in 25: 5673:"Linguists speak up for Singlish" 5450:Mair, Victor (21 November 2006). 4860:Edwards, Jette G. Hansen (2023). 3993:Tang, Louisa (27 February 2023). 3046:I left all my things on the table 2508:. A rare and emergent variant of 1502:While most speakers will use the 1183:in open syllables. The vowels in 804:) is the set of varieties of the 7550:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 5514:Srilal, Mohan (28 August 1999). 5485:"A War of Words Over 'Singlish'" 5193:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 5011:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x 3910:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00262.x 3898:Language and Linguistics Compass 3583:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01580.x 3067:Singapore English tends towards 2685: 2553:, there are several exceptions. 2352: 2238: 2190: 2161: 2104: 2074: 2030:. At its most extreme, it is as 1548: 1472: 1406: 1386: 1309: 1276: 1256: 1213: 1171: 1157: 382:Problems playing this file? See 364: 260: 7530:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 7525:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 5483:Tan, Hwee Hwee (22 July 2002). 2633:, and is clearly distinct from 1900:. The exact realisation of the 1082:Overview of Singaporean accents 1015:National Institute of Education 861:among the ethnic groups of the 825:Singaporeans of Chinese descent 7540:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 7388:English-based creole languages 5655:10/2 (1989): 33–39. Online at 5653:Singapore Journal of Education 5452:"Wah piang eh! Si beh farnee!" 4635:. Edinburgh University Press. 4416:Journal of English Linguistics 4199:. Singapore University Press. 4097:"Singapore Colloquial English" 2500:is an uncommon realisation of 1195:As a general rule, words like 1191:are not included in this plot. 1151:vowel, and and , in red, are 841:Singaporeans of Indian descent 1: 8201:English language in Singapore 7428:List of English-based pidgins 5777:General Household Survey 2015 5113:10.1080/13488678.2020.1759249 4019:Tang, Louisa (3 April 2023). 3829:Gupta, Anthea Fraser (1994). 2697:, at least for some speakers. 2569:vowel instead of the rounded 923:Indefinite article deletion ( 82:Approx. 4 million (2020) 7555:Republic of Singapore (1965– 7423:Linguistic purism in English 5883:Resources in other libraries 2715:Multiple phonological words 2666:vowel, rather than the open 1978:may be realised with slight 1470:). Some studies report that 1363:are longer than the ones in 7978:Water supply and sanitation 6524:London & Thames Estuary 5340:10.1177/0023830900043004030 4140:(pp. 1–9). Singapore: SAAL. 3173:Speak Good English Movement 3165:Speak Good English Movement 2542:for example, is pronounced 2376:before a vocalised "l", so 1038:Speak Good English Movement 1024:In 2023, opposition leader 831:and the rest spoke various 734:List of dialects of English 8222: 7923:National Courtesy Campaign 7383:English as a lingua franca 5268:10.1016/j.wocn.2023.101240 5031:. University of Edinburgh. 4631:Deterding, David (2007b). 4227:York Papers in Linguistics 3093: 3078: 3048:, pitch is much higher on 2935:, pitch starts off low in 2651:vowel found in words like 2596:and no longer sounds like 1488:vowel is long and open-mid 1085: 959:Standard Singapore English 843:speak either English or a 440:English as a lingua franca 29: 18:Standard Singapore English 8140: 7858: 7759: 7652: 7576: 7363:Broad and general accents 7273:regional and occupational 7240: 7106: 7032: 6769: 6658: 6308:Singaporean Sign Language 5878:Resources in your library 5555:Deterding, David (2007). 5540:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5313:10.1017/S0025100300005077 4962:10.1017/S0047404522000173 4663:. Routledge. p. 55. 4284:10.2218/ls.v4i1.2018.2608 3978:Deterding, David (2007). 3949:Deterding, David (2003). 3802:Deterding, David (2007). 3485:Social History of English 3450:Harada, Shinichi (2009). 2714: 2712:Single phonological word 2711: 2423:and certain varieties of 1960:Pacific Northwest English 1625:vowel for many speakers. 1418:are seldom distinguished 1088:Singlish § Phonology 316: 255:Official language in 7657:Administrative divisions 7515:Early history (pre–1819) 7510:Archaeology in Singapore 5342:(inactive 22 June 2024). 5224:10.1177/1367006911403216 4910:10.1177/0023830920925510 4428:10.1177/0075424218819740 2469:postalveolar approximant 2392:with varying degrees of 2287:at the end of words, so 2228:lexical set, words like 1207:are pronounced with the 30:Not to be confused with 7822:Singapore Standard (SS) 5782:20 January 2017 at the 5184:Chong, Adam J. (2012). 4312:Kwek, G. S. C. (2018). 4059:10.1111/1467-971X.00219 2514:labiodental approximant 2453:linking and intrusive R 1655:do not rhyme. The word 1466:are kept distinct (see 394:Part of a series on the 243:Unified English Braille 138:Southeast Asian English 7918:Long hair in Singapore 6541:Received Pronunciation 5922:Languages of Singapore 5855:10.1075/eww.31.2.03tan 5697:Foley, Joseph (1998). 4739:10.1075/eww.26.2.04det 4504:10.1075/eww.31.2.03tan 4257:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0057 4193:Foley, Joseph (1988). 4103:. University of Hawaii 3138:Talking Cock the Movie 3081:Eurasians in Singapore 2896: 2580:Many speakers use the 2421:North American English 2322:in Singapore English: 1982:movement, or as short 1904:vowel ranges from mid 1468:§ Next–text split 1246:North American English 1192: 1094:Received Pronunciation 1066:" (finished), and the 999:gained self-government 682:San Andrés–Providencia 414:English-speaking world 353: 318:This article contains 7807:Proposed developments 6735:Multicultural Toronto 5639:30 March 2012 at the 5126:Wells, J. C. (1982). 4941:Hong, Jasper (2023). 4790:10.32657/10356/155448 4468:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay 4164:10.1075/eww.00023.sim 4101:University of Hawaiʻi 3691:Teaching and Learning 3079:Further information: 2878: 2702:Stress and intonation 2313:glottal reinforcement 2065:Studies suggest that 1138: 935:Basilect (Singlish); 512:Antiguan and Barbudan 352: 7586:Environmental issues 6896:Western Pennsylvania 5987:Indigenous languages 5256:Journal of Phonetics 4272:Lifespans and Styles 3483:Leith, Dick (1997). 3208:varieties of Chinese 3042:open-ended questions 2615:, which rhymes with 1808:I have read the book 1752:, but not the words 1537:, many will use the 845:South Asian language 833:varieties of Chinese 419:As a second language 200:Early Modern English 8196:Dialects of English 7943:Population planning 7928:National Day Parade 7764:Economic statistics 7433:Mid-Atlantic accent 7024:Trinidad and Tobago 6047:Immigrant languages 5328:Language and Speech 4950:Language in Society 4902:Language and Speech 4659:Low, E.-L. (2014). 3891:"Singapore English" 3745:"Singapore English" 3743:Leimgruber, Jakob. 3215: 3176:standard English". 3118:Hokkien profanities 2708: 2662:is the mid central 2429:New Zealand English 983:Japanese occupation 175:Proto-Indo-European 7933:No U-turn syndrome 7827:Telecommunications 7817:Singapore Exchange 7779:Monetary Authority 6956:Pennsylvania Dutch 5843:English World-Wide 5086:10.1111/weng.12357 4727:English World-Wide 4492:English World-Wide 4456:English World-Wide 4322:10.17863/CAM.27060 4152:English World-Wide 4079:on 10 August 2014. 3644:Harada, Shinichi. 3604:Harada, Shinichi. 3213: 2897: 2706: 2336:mid central vowels 2140:The diphthongs in 1659:has a raised vowel 1242:like most dialects 1193: 849:Malay Singaporeans 354: 8183: 8182: 8136: 8135: 8031:Singapore English 7845: 7844: 7746: 7745: 7733:Political parties 7679:Foreign relations 7639: 7638: 7456: 7455: 7341: 7340: 7141: 7140: 7050: 7049: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6889:Pacific Northwest 6750:Standard Canadian 6681: 6680: 6626: 6625: 6566: 6565: 6316: 6315: 6296: 6295: 5982: 5981: 5869:Singapore English 5864:Library resources 5748:978-981-08-7808-5 5568:978-0-7486-2544-4 5558:Singapore English 4633:Singapore English 4206:978-9971-69-114-1 4025:Channel News Asia 3999:Channel News Asia 3842:978-1-85359-230-0 3805:Singapore English 3388:Explanatory notes 3358: 3357: 3010:I joined the call 2906:phonological word 2873: 2872: 2607:sounds more like 2534:Lexical incidence 2512:, described as a 1817:The raised vowel 1724:will distinguish 1619:voiced consonants 790:Singapore English 787: 786: 460:Linguistic purism 445:European language 369: 344: 343: 326:rendering support 322:phonetic symbols. 143:Singapore English 42:Singapore English 16:(Redirected from 8213: 8206:City colloquials 8163: 8156: 8149: 7863:Communitarianism 7856: 7792: 7757: 7650: 7574: 7558: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7460: 7353:English language 7238: 7059: 7042:Falkland Islands 6941:General American 6914:African-American 6767: 6701: 6690: 6392: 6383: 6372: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6320: 6051: 6006:Creole languages 5993:Johor-Riau Malay 5933: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5858: 5825: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5751:. Archived from 5740: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5669: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5586:. AsiaOne News. 5579: 5573: 5572: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5491:. Archived from 5480: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5400:. 13 August 2017 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5247: 5236: 5235: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5181: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5005:(3–4): 480–501. 4994: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4777:Lin, J. (2021). 4774: 4768: 4767: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4722: 4705: 4704: 4692: 4675: 4674: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4628: 4605: 4604: 4598: 4587: 4576: 4575: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4533: 4532: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4487: 4472: 4471: 4451: 4432: 4431: 4411: 4400: 4399: 4381: 4360: 4359: 4341: 4326: 4325: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4092: 4081: 4080: 4075:. Archived from 4069: 4063: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3927:on 26 April 2016 3926: 3920:. Archived from 3895: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3756: 3750:. Archived from 3749: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3722:. Archived from 3721: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3688: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3657: 3651:. Archived from 3650: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3611:. Archived from 3610: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3576: 3558: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3528: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3457:. Archived from 3456: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3382:education system 3279:Chinese dialects 3216: 3006:accentual phrase 2931:I don’t remember 2881:accentual phrase 2709: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2669: 2665: 2654: 2630: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2522: 2499: 2488: 2477: 2391: 2375: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2069: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1996: 1989: 1977: 1973: 1954: 1919: 1911: 1899: 1892: 1824: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1773: 1762: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1701:, in which case 1700: 1680: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1643: 1624: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1577: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1516: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1303: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1150: 1146: 1141:Deterding (2007a 1106:Nigerian English 806:English language 779: 772: 765: 582:Falkland Islands 400:English language 391: 371: 370: 351: 312: 283: 266: 264: 263: 238:English alphabet 229: 92: 39: 21: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8179: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8132: 8084: 7982: 7963:Sex trafficking 7958:Public holidays 7903:Eat Frozen Pork 7841: 7790: 7742: 7635: 7563: 7556: 7496: 7487: 7457: 7452: 7337: 7294: 7249: 7229: 7137: 7133:Solomon Islands 7102: 7046: 7028: 6960: 6951:New York Latino 6926:American Indian 6906: 6900: 6761: 6754: 6695: 6677: 6663:Channel Islands 6654: 6622: 6589: 6562: 6505: 6467: 6377: 6361: 6347: 6317: 6312: 6292: 6236: 6171: 6104: 6042: 6001: 5978: 5947: 5924: 5919: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5836: 5833: 5831:Further reading 5828: 5820: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5784:Wayback Machine 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5758:on 3 March 2011 5755: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5677:www.asiaone.com 5671: 5670: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5641:Wayback Machine 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5616:on 22 June 2013 5608: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5433: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5344: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5163: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5101:Asian Englishes 5098: 5097: 5093: 5074:World Englishes 5071: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5046: 5045: 5036: 5026: 5025: 5018: 4999:World Englishes 4996: 4995: 4988: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4724: 4723: 4708: 4694: 4693: 4678: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4608: 4596: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4489: 4488: 4475: 4453: 4452: 4435: 4413: 4412: 4403: 4396: 4383: 4382: 4363: 4356: 4343: 4342: 4329: 4311: 4310: 4299: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4224: 4223: 4214: 4207: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4095:Gupta, Anthea. 4094: 4093: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4047:World Englishes 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3870:on 15 July 2014 3867: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3783:on 3 March 2012 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3757:on 3 March 2016 3754: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3729:on 2 June 2013. 3726: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3574:10.1.1.530.1479 3561:World Englishes 3556: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3487:. p. 209. 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3366: 3182: 3161:Lee Hsien Loong 3098: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3069:syllable timing 3062: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2628: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2536: 2449: 2366:monophthongised 2355: 2351: 2305:Stop consonants 2264: 2241: 2237: 2225: 2221: 2193: 2189: 2164: 2160: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2107: 2103: 2086:as a near-back 2077: 2073: 2067: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2023: 2019: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1890: 1796: 1782: 1742: 1728: 1709:, but not with 1698: 1671: 1660: 1641: 1638: 1622: 1606: 1602: 1601:. The vowel in 1590: 1575: 1574:. Usage of the 1560: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1533:and the prefix 1507: 1503: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1456: 1442: 1428:stop consonants 1409: 1405: 1402: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1353: 1339: 1325: 1312: 1308: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1147:represents the 1133: 1090: 1084: 1047: 1034: 970: 961: 943:copula deletion 891: 814:British English 783: 432:Advanced topics 389: 388: 380: 378: 377: 376: 375: 372: 365: 362: 355: 349: 324:Without proper 310: 279: 261: 259: 256: 249:Official status 241: 230: 225: 219: 170: 163: 93: 90:Language family 88: 79: 78:Native speakers 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8219: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8188: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7953:Public housing 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7694:Prime Minister 7691: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7616:Urban planning 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7395: 7393:Englishisation 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7300:Southeast Asia 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7215:South Atlantic 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7005: 7004: 6997:Cayman Islands 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6910: 6908: 6907:ethno-cultural 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6698: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6499:Stoke-on-Trent 6496: 6491: 6481: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6380: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6358:Modern English 6348: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6301:Sign languages 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6059: 6057: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5930: 5929:Main languages 5926: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5849:(2): 162–189. 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5811: 5788: 5769: 5747: 5725: 5712:978-0195884159 5711: 5689: 5664: 5644: 5627: 5601: 5574: 5567: 5547: 5506: 5495:on 3 July 2007 5475: 5465: 5454:. Language Log 5442: 5431: 5411: 5385: 5374:on 14 May 2013 5359: 5334:(4): 377–401. 5318: 5288: 5273: 5237: 5202: 5161: 5143: 5136: 5118: 5107:(2): 116–136. 5091: 5080:(4): 630–643. 5064: 5057: 5034: 5016: 4986: 4967: 4956:(4): 617–644. 4930: 4915: 4892: 4877: 4870: 4852: 4845: 4824: 4817: 4796: 4769: 4762: 4744: 4706: 4676: 4669: 4648: 4641: 4606: 4577: 4570: 4552: 4534: 4527: 4509: 4498:(2): 162–189. 4473: 4462:(2): 135–145. 4433: 4401: 4395:978-1847182241 4394: 4361: 4354: 4327: 4297: 4262: 4236: 4212: 4205: 4185: 4142: 4129: 4114: 4082: 4064: 4053:(3): 341–355. 4037: 4011: 3985: 3967: 3941: 3881: 3848: 3841: 3821: 3814: 3794: 3768: 3732: 3708: 3669: 3658:on 2 June 2013 3629: 3618:on 2 June 2013 3596: 3567:(2): 143–159. 3544: 3515: 3494: 3475: 3464:on 2 June 2013 3439: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3181: 3178: 3094:Main article: 3091: 3088: 3076: 3073: 3061: 3058: 2871: 2870: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2729:pitch contour 2727: 2724: 2723:pitch contour 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2671: 2656: 2638: 2625:is pronounced 2620: 2601: 2578: 2535: 2532: 2528:-labialization 2448: 2441: 2407:in words like 2332:vocalised "l"s 2263: 2260: 2137: 2134: 2120:in words like 2032:high and front 1970:The vowels in 1967: 1964: 1637: 1627: 1378:The vowels in 1132: 1129: 1125:function words 1083: 1080: 1046: 1043: 1033: 1030: 969: 966: 960: 957: 952: 951: 950: 949: 946: 939: 933: 932: 931: 928: 921: 915: 890: 887: 878:primary school 785: 784: 782: 781: 774: 767: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 745: 744: 740: 739: 738: 737: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:South Atlantic 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 491: 490: 486: 485: 484: 483: 470: 469: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 452: 450:Modern English 447: 442: 434: 433: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 408: 407: 403: 402: 396: 395: 379: 373: 363: 360:Speech example 358: 357: 356: 347: 346: 345: 342: 341: 328:, you may see 314: 313: 308: 302: 301: 296: 288: 287: 284: 276: 275: 274:Language codes 271: 270: 257: 254: 251: 250: 246: 245: 231: 227:Writing system 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 216: 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 205:Modern English 195:Middle English 180:Proto-Germanic 173: 171: 168: 165: 164: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 149: 148: 147: 146: 145: 96: 94: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 48: 47:Native to 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8218: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7662:Town Councils 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Urban renewal 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413:International 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7093:Torres Strait 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6828:North-Central 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6806:New York City 6804: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740:Ottawa Valley 6738: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6534:Multicultural 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494:Black Country 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6484:West Midlands 6482: 6480: 6479:East Midlands 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5997:Orang Seletar 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5800:. xinmsn news 5799: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5726: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5690: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5507: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5453: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5432:0-415-13120-0 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5412: 5399: 5398:guidesify.com 5395: 5389: 5386: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5218:(1): 83–100. 5217: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5137:0-521-28541-0 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5058:9789027248930 5054: 5050: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4871:9781108841665 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4846:9789027249029 4842: 4838: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4763:981-04-2598-8 4759: 4755: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4733:(2): 179–97. 4732: 4728: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4670:9780415725125 4666: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4642:9780748630967 4638: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4594: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4571:981-04-2598-8 4567: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4528:9781107027305 4524: 4520: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355:9781107477186 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4251:(218): 1–24. 4250: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158:(1): 79–108. 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3815:9780748625451 3811: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3795: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3654: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3476: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3428: 3421: 3420:"Census 2020" 3415: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Goh Chok Tong 3154: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3144:Phua Chu Kang 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2893:boundary tone 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2855:anticlockwise 2853: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2682: 2679: 2676:is sometimes 2675: 2672: 2661: 2658:The vowel in 2657: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2220:The vowel in 2218: 2214: 2188: 2182: 2159: 2156:. Words like 2155: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:further front 2113: 2099: 2091: 2083: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2033: 2029: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1912:to close-mid 1909: 1903: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1598: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1567: 1557: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517:in the words 1514: 1500: 1496: 1481: 1469: 1463: 1455: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1401: 1395: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1352: 1346: 1338: 1332: 1324: 1318: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1271: 1265: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1222: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1180: 1166: 1154: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121:content words 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:" (to eat), " 1061: 1057: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1005:lingua franca 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 967: 965: 958: 956: 947: 944: 940: 937: 936: 934: 929: 926: 922: 919: 918: 916: 912: 911: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 888: 886: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859: 858:lingua franca 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 760: 758: 757: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 741: 736: 735: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702:South African 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 481: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 410: 409: 404: 401: 397: 393: 392: 387: 385: 361: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 321: 315: 309: 307: 303: 300: 297: 295: 294: 289: 285: 282: 277: 272: 269: 258: 252: 247: 244: 239: 235: 232: 228: 222: 206: 203: 202: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185:Proto-English 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 172: 166: 144: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133:Asian English 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 124: 121: 120: 119: 118:Anglo-Frisian 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 109: 108:West Germanic 106: 105: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98:Indo-European 95: 91: 85: 81: 75: 72: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 52: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8161:Bibliography 8103:Coat of arms 8080:Singaporeans 8030: 8001:Architecture 7948:Prostitution 7898:Demographics 7716:Conscription 7701:Human rights 7669:Constitution 7327: 7198:South Africa 7193:Sierra Leone 6946:Miami Latino 6835:Philadelphia 6823:Inland North 6728:Newfoundland 6546:West Country 6360:by continent 6023:Chitty Malay 6018:Bazaar Malay 5958: 5868: 5846: 5842: 5802:. Retrieved 5791: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5753:the original 5734: 5728: 5716:. Retrieved 5702: 5692: 5680:. Retrieved 5676: 5667: 5652: 5647: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614:the original 5604: 5592:. Retrieved 5577: 5557: 5550: 5524:. Retrieved 5519: 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5493:the original 5488: 5478: 5468: 5456:. Retrieved 5445: 5436: 5421: 5414: 5404:11 September 5402:. Retrieved 5397: 5388: 5376:. Retrieved 5372:the original 5362: 5348:cite journal 5331: 5327: 5321: 5307:(2): 61–72. 5304: 5300: 5282: 5276: 5259: 5255: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5196: 5192: 5155: 5127: 5121: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5048: 5002: 4998: 4980: 4970: 4953: 4949: 4927:: 1429–1440. 4924: 4918: 4901: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4861: 4855: 4836: 4818:007-124727-0 4808: 4779: 4772: 4753: 4747: 4730: 4726: 4696: 4660: 4632: 4600: 4592: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4518: 4512: 4495: 4491: 4459: 4455: 4422:(1): 55–88. 4419: 4415: 4385: 4345: 4313: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4248: 4230: 4226: 4195: 4188: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4105:. Retrieved 4100: 4077:the original 4067: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4028:. Retrieved 4014: 4002:. Retrieved 3988: 3979: 3958:. Retrieved 3944: 3936: 3929:. Retrieved 3922:the original 3904:(1): 47–62. 3901: 3897: 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3865:the original 3851: 3831: 3824: 3804: 3797: 3785:. Retrieved 3781:the original 3771: 3759:. Retrieved 3752:the original 3724:the original 3711: 3699:. Retrieved 3694: 3690: 3660:. Retrieved 3653:the original 3620:. Retrieved 3613:the original 3599: 3564: 3560: 3547: 3535:. Retrieved 3530: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3497: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3459:the original 3430:. Retrieved 3426: 3414: 3395: 3367: 3359: 3204: 3183: 3169: 3153:Lee Kuan Yew 3150: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3099: 3084: 3066: 3063: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2889:pitch accent 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2562: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2525: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2480:alveolar tap 2464: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394:lip rounding 2381: 2377: 2347: 2343: 2319: 2317: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:sounds like 2288: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2250:sound, like 2233: 2229: 2219: 2186: 2157: 2139: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2017: 1999:monophthongs 1969: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1901: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1807: 1793: 1779: 1775: 1764: 1753: 1739: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705:rhymes with 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1501: 1453: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1399: 1379: 1377: 1375:on average. 1372: 1368: 1364: 1350: 1336: 1322: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1269: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1143::19). 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