3753:
617:
gives calculations for the mean densities of C, S, and M class asteroids as 1.38, 2.71, and 5.32 g/cm. (Here "C" included Tholen classes C, D, P, T, B, G, and F, while "S" included Tholen classes S, K, Q, V, R, A, and E). Assuming these values (rather than the present ~2 g/cm) is a better guess.
2395:
While these two albedos are correlated, the numerical factor between them depends in a very nontrivial way on the surface properties. Actual measurements of Bond albedo are not forthcoming for most asteroids because they require measurements from high phase angles that can only be acquired by
2337:
is a constant. If the day of the relevant observations is known, the distance from the Sun on that day can be obtained from sources such as the NASA orbit calculator, and corresponding temperature estimates at perihelion, aphelion, etc. can be derived from the above. expression
2632:
Some other information for large numbers of asteroids can be found at the
Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node. Up-to-date information on pole orientation of several dozen asteroids is provided by Doc. Mikko Kaasalainen, and can be used to determine
2251:
does this for 29 asteroids. These measurements are contingent for a particular day of observation. and the asteroid's surface temperature will change in a regular way depending on its distance from the Sun. From the Stefan-Boltzmann calculation above,
529:
Besides these estimations, masses can be obtained for the larger asteroids by solving for the perturbations they cause in each other's orbits, or when the asteroid has an orbiting companion of known orbital radius. The masses of the largest asteroids
2400:. Some complicated modelling of surface and thermal properties can lead to estimates of the Bond albedo given the geometric one, but this is beyond the scope of a quick estimate. It can be obtained for some asteroids from scientific publications.
1060:
2013:
837:
1813:
1468:
1332:
1728:
35:
are tabulated in the PDS, with the most reliable data being the syntheses labeled in the data tables. More recent determinations for several dozens of asteroids are collected at the web page of a
Finnish research group in
348:
2411:
shows that for bodies in the asteroid albedo range, the typical difference between Bond and geometric albedo is 20% or less, with either quantity capable of being larger. Since the calculated temperature varies as
2403:
For want of a better alternative for most asteroids, the best that can be done is to assume that the two albedos are equal, while keeping in mind the inherent inaccuracy present in the resulting temperature values.
23:, almost nothing is known apart from a few physical parameters and orbital elements. Some physical characteristics can only be estimated. The physical data is determined by making certain standard assumptions.
1581:
416:
2208:
742:
286:
1920:
891:
For irregularly shaped bodies, the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. The above formula then is only an approximation, as the calculations become more involved. The value of
608:
524:
2627:
223:
2288:
3640:
2107:
111:
2454:
77:
144:
2667:
1157:
2042:
1863:
2485:
The typical inaccuracy in calculated temperature from this source alone is found to be about 2%. This translates to an uncertainty of about Ā±5 K for maximum temperatures.
2369:(the proportion of total incoming power reflected, taking into account all directions), while the IRAS and MSX albedo data that is available for asteroids gives only the
1125:
950:
3673:
2480:
472:
2335:
2313:
2233:
1523:
1493:
1635:
451:
2574:
2554:
2390:
2367:
2130:
1837:
1605:
1177:
1103:
1083:
909:
881:
861:
659:
167:
542:. While these perturbations are tiny, they can be accurately measured from radar ranging data from the Earth to spacecraft on the surface of Mars, such as the
958:
1928:
750:
2047:
While this method gives a fairly good estimate of the average surface temperature, the local temperature varies greatly, as is typical for bodies without
1736:
3688:
3102:
1373:
1188:
1654:
3139:
3117:
1342:
If the body in question is a member of a close binary with components of comparable mass, the effect of the second body may also be non-negligible.
3294:
3279:
3202:
294:
3344:
3289:
3284:
3239:
3207:
3097:
554:
Apart from a few asteroids whose densities have been investigated, one has to resort to enlightened guesswork. See Carry for a summary.
3249:
3042:
1532:
356:
3693:
3301:
2141:
2761:
31:
For many asteroids, lightcurve analysis provides estimates of pole direction and diameter ratios. Pre-1995 estimates collected by
667:
2346:
There is a snag when using these expressions to estimate the temperature of a particular asteroid. The calculation requires the
3719:
2791:
Estimations of masses of the largest asteroids and the main asteroid belt from ranging to planets, Mars orbiters and landers
1816:
231:
2982:
3655:
3065:
2732:
1872:
2247:
Infra-red observations are commonly combined with albedo to measure the temperature more directly. For example, L.F. Lim
2059:
A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can be obtained by assuming that when the Sun is overhead, the surface is in
3087:
2944:
2916:
2687:
3665:
3333:
2673:
560:
480:
2582:
2498:
638:
3134:
3082:
2048:
1645:
176:
2663:
911:
at surface points closer to the center of mass is usually somewhat greater than at surface points farther out.
2258:
3015:
2884:
43:
These data can be used to obtain a better estimate of dimensions. A body's dimensions are usually given as a
3475:
3364:
3355:
3157:
3035:
2512:
840:
2069:
3678:
3092:
2516:
82:
2415:
1159:. The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration
50:
116:
3714:
3274:
2849:
2833:
2798:
2236:
1130:
2524:
2060:
2021:
1846:
3777:
3756:
3028:
1108:
933:
44:
2459:
1367:
is obtained by equating the mean incident and radiated heat power. The total incident power is:
3683:
3214:
3112:
2655:
924:
456:
40:
which is running a systematic campaign to determine poles and shape models from lightcurves.
3650:
2857:
2837:
2786:
2529:
2370:
1637:, the asteroid is spherical, it is on a circular orbit, and that the Sun's energy output is
1584:
2318:
2296:
2216:
1506:
1476:
3645:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3571:
3566:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3338:
3266:
3229:
3124:
3107:
2757:
2504:
1526:
1360:
627:
2063:
with the instantaneous solar radiation. This gives an average "sub-solar" temperature of
1614:
1355:
The simplest method which gives sensible results is to assume the asteroid behaves as a
435:
2853:
2802:
3234:
3187:
3177:
3075:
2765:
2559:
2539:
2392:
which characterises only the strength of light reflected back to the source (the Sun).
2375:
2352:
2115:
1822:
1590:
1162:
1088:
1068:
1055:{\displaystyle g_{\rm {centrifugal}}=-\left({\frac {2\pi }{T}}\right)^{2}r\sin \theta }
894:
866:
846:
644:
427:
170:
152:
3771:
3256:
3224:
3219:
3182:
3129:
2794:
2397:
2008:{\displaystyle T={{(1-A)L_{\odot }} \over {16\pi a^{2}\epsilon \sigma }}^{1 \over 4}}
832:{\displaystyle G\approx 6.674\times 10^{-11}\,{\rm {m^{3}\cdot s^{-2}\cdot kg^{-1}}}}
543:
147:
32:
2840:; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). "Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt".
1808:{\displaystyle \sigma \approx 5.67\times 10^{-8}\,{\rm {W\cdot m^{-2}\cdot K^{-4}}}}
3744:
3709:
3261:
3167:
1463:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {in} }={\frac {(1-A)L_{\odot }\pi r^{2}}{4\pi a^{2}}},}
1327:{\displaystyle g_{\rm {effective}}=g_{\rm {gravitational}}+g_{\rm {centrifugal}}}
927:, when one is away from the poles. The centripetal acceleration experienced at a
3724:
3306:
3172:
2986:
2659:
2408:
2347:
2044:, estimated from detailed observations of a few of the large asteroids is used.
1500:
1364:
2736:
1723:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {out} }=4\pi r^{2}\epsilon \sigma T^{4}{\frac {}{}},}
2634:
2508:
1866:
1608:
2948:
1648:, the radiated power (from the entire spherical surface of the asteroid) is:
3197:
3162:
2920:
2691:
2527:
are usually given by either the IRAS or MSX minor planet surveys. These are
1638:
1127:
is the latitude. Its magnitude is maximized when one is at the equator, and
2861:
3632:
3325:
3316:
3149:
3051:
2533:. Often, if there is no survey data, a rough average of 0.1 may be used.
1356:
928:
531:
343:{\displaystyle b=d\,\left({\frac {\nu }{\mu }}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}\,\!}
37:
20:
535:
1840:
1496:
920:
613:
However, density depends on the asteroid's spectral type. Krasinsky
3739:
2892:
2816:
2917:"IRAS Minor Planet Survey Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey"
2888:
2520:
2494:
1576:{\displaystyle L_{\odot }\approx 3.827\times 10^{26}\,{\rm {W}}}
539:
411:{\displaystyle c={\frac {d}{(\nu ^{2}\mu )^{\frac {1}{3}}}}\,\!}
3024:
3010:
2945:"Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) Infrared Minor Planet Survey"
2501:(MSX) minor planet survey is the usual source of the diameter.
2654:
Magnusson, Per (1989). "Pole determinations of asteroids". In
2203:{\displaystyle T_{ss}^{\rm {max}}={\sqrt {\frac {2}{1-e}}}\ T}
453:
can be estimated from the diameter and assumed density values
3020:
2243:
Temperature measurements and regular temperature variations
737:{\displaystyle g_{\rm {spherical}}={\frac {GM}{r^{2}}}\,\!}
923:
experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the
2793:. 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 18ā25 July 2004.
2576:
of a spherically symmetric body, the escape velocity is:
2315:
is the distance from the Sun on any particular day, and
2519:
at the PDS. Absolute magnitude is usually given by the
281:{\displaystyle a=d\,(\mu ^{2}\nu )^{\frac {1}{3}}\,\!}
47:, the axes of which are listed in decreasing order as
2585:
2562:
2542:
2462:
2456:, the dependence is fairly weak for typical asteroid
2418:
2378:
2355:
2321:
2299:
2261:
2219:
2144:
2118:
2072:
2024:
1931:
1875:
1849:
1825:
1739:
1657:
1617:
1607:
the asteroid's radius. It has been assumed that: the
1593:
1535:
1509:
1479:
1376:
1191:
1165:
1133:
1111:
1091:
1071:
961:
936:
897:
869:
849:
753:
670:
647:
563:
483:
459:
438:
359:
297:
234:
179:
155:
119:
85:
53:
2523:
minor planet survey or the MSX minor planet survey.
1915:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {in} }=R_{\mathrm {out} }}
3702:
3664:
3631:
3474:
3363:
3354:
3324:
3315:
3148:
3058:
2621:
2568:
2548:
2474:
2448:
2384:
2361:
2329:
2307:
2282:
2227:
2202:
2124:
2101:
2036:
2007:
1914:
1857:
1831:
1807:
1722:
1629:
1599:
1575:
1517:
1487:
1462:
1326:
1171:
1151:
1119:
1097:
1077:
1054:
944:
903:
875:
855:
831:
736:
653:
602:
518:
466:
445:
410:
342:
280:
225:for consistency, and obtains the three diameters:
217:
161:
138:
105:
71:
3011:The Planetary Data System (PDS) Small Bodies Node
2326:
2304:
2224:
1854:
1514:
1484:
1116:
941:
733:
515:
407:
339:
277:
214:
2132:is the average temperature calculated as above.
2135:At perihelion, the radiation is maximised, and
603:{\displaystyle \rho =2\,{\rm {g\cdot cm^{-3}}}}
519:{\displaystyle M={\frac {\pi abc\rho }{6}}\,\!}
432:Barring detailed mass determinations, the mass
2622:{\displaystyle v_{e}={\sqrt {\frac {2GM}{r}}}}
3036:
8:
2985:. PDS Asteroid/Dust Archive. Archived from
2947:. PDS Asteroid/Dust Archive. Archived from
2919:. PDS Asteroid/Dust Archive. Archived from
2735:. PDS Asteroid/Dust Archive. Archived from
538:can also be obtained from perturbations of
3360:
3321:
3043:
3029:
3021:
218:{\displaystyle d=(abc)^{\frac {1}{3}}\,\!}
2726:
2724:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2561:
2541:
2461:
2435:
2417:
2377:
2354:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2298:
2268:
2260:
2223:
2218:
2174:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2117:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2023:
1994:
1979:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1899:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1853:
1848:
1824:
1794:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1738:
1711:
1705:
1689:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1616:
1592:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1513:
1508:
1483:
1478:
1448:
1430:
1417:
1395:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1287:
1286:
1236:
1235:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1164:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1090:
1070:
1034:
1015:
967:
966:
960:
940:
935:
896:
868:
848:
818:
799:
786:
781:
780:
779:
770:
752:
732:
724:
710:
676:
675:
669:
646:
589:
575:
574:
573:
562:
514:
490:
482:
463:
458:
442:
437:
406:
392:
379:
366:
358:
338:
327:
313:
307:
296:
276:
265:
252:
244:
233:
213:
202:
178:
154:
126:
118:
102:
92:
84:
52:
2939:
2937:
2911:
2909:
2710:
2708:
2396:spacecraft that pass near or beyond the
2283:{\displaystyle T={\frac {c}{\sqrt {d}}}}
2823:to be published, accessed Dec. 20, 2013
2646:
3273:Outer Solar System, does not include
7:
2102:{\displaystyle T_{ss}={\sqrt {2}}T}
1085:is the rotation period in seconds,
2874:Icarus, Volume no. 173, 385 (2005)
2165:
2162:
2159:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1885:
1882:
1791:
1775:
1768:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1568:
1386:
1383:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
815:
811:
796:
783:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
586:
582:
576:
106:{\displaystyle \mu ={a \over b}\,}
14:
2762:"Masses of the Largest Asteroids"
2449:{\displaystyle (1-A)^{1 \over 4}}
1359:in equilibrium with the incident
919:On a rotating body, the apparent
79:. If we have the diameter ratios
72:{\displaystyle a\times b\times c}
3752:
3751:
3246:Between Earth and the main belt
2733:"Asteroid Densities Compilation"
1644:Using a greybody version of the
139:{\displaystyle \nu ={b \over c}}
3641:Asteroids visited by spacecraft
557:For many asteroids, a value of
2432:
2419:
1954:
1942:
1410:
1398:
1182:The effective acceleration is
1152:{\displaystyle \sin \theta =1}
1105:is the equatorial radius, and
389:
372:
262:
245:
199:
186:
146:from lightcurves, and an IRAS
1:
2821:Planetary & Space Science
2037:{\displaystyle \epsilon =0.9}
1858:{\displaystyle \epsilon \,\!}
863:is the mass of the body, and
1865:is the asteroid's infra-red
2674:University of Arizona Press
2497:minor planet survey or the
2489:Data and derived parameters
1120:{\displaystyle \theta \,\!}
945:{\displaystyle \theta \,\!}
3794:
2515:is usually taken from the
2499:Midcourse Space Experiment
2475:{\displaystyle A\approx p}
639:gravitational acceleration
637:For a spherical body, the
625:
425:
3735:
3689:Discovering observatories
2970:PDS Asteroid/Dust Archive
2342:Albedo inaccuracy problem
1817:StefanāBoltzmann constant
3071:Physical characteristics
2688:"Asteroid Spin Vectors"
2511:parameters at the PDS.
467:{\displaystyle \rho \,}
16:Astronomical parameters
3720:Asteroids in astrology
2862:10.1006/icar.2002.6837
2623:
2570:
2550:
2507:is usually taken from
2476:
2450:
2386:
2363:
2331:
2309:
2284:
2229:
2204:
2126:
2103:
2038:
2018:The standard value of
2009:
1916:
1859:
1839:is the temperature in
1833:
1809:
1724:
1631:
1601:
1577:
1519:
1489:
1464:
1328:
1173:
1153:
1121:
1099:
1079:
1056:
946:
905:
877:
857:
841:gravitational constant
833:
738:
655:
604:
520:
468:
447:
412:
344:
282:
219:
163:
140:
107:
73:
3275:distant minor planets
3135:PalomarāLeiden survey
3093:Gravitational keyhole
3016:NASA orbit calculator
2760:(November 30, 1999).
2676:. pp. 1180ā1190.
2624:
2571:
2551:
2517:Tholen classification
2477:
2451:
2387:
2364:
2332:
2330:{\displaystyle c\,\!}
2310:
2308:{\displaystyle d\,\!}
2285:
2230:
2228:{\displaystyle e\,\!}
2205:
2127:
2104:
2039:
2010:
1917:
1860:
1834:
1810:
1725:
1632:
1602:
1578:
1520:
1518:{\displaystyle a\,\!}
1490:
1488:{\displaystyle A\,\!}
1465:
1329:
1174:
1154:
1122:
1100:
1080:
1057:
947:
906:
878:
858:
834:
739:
656:
605:
521:
474:worked out as below.
469:
448:
413:
345:
283:
220:
164:
141:
108:
74:
3715:Asteroids in fiction
2983:"Asteroid Data Sets"
2968:Asteroid Taxonomies
2817:Density of asteroids
2768:on February 12, 2009
2583:
2560:
2540:
2536:For surface gravity
2525:Astronomical albedos
2482:values of 0.05ā0.3.
2460:
2416:
2376:
2353:
2319:
2297:
2259:
2217:
2142:
2116:
2070:
2022:
1929:
1873:
1847:
1823:
1737:
1655:
1646:StefanāBoltzmann law
1615:
1591:
1533:
1507:
1477:
1374:
1189:
1163:
1131:
1109:
1089:
1069:
959:
934:
895:
867:
847:
751:
668:
645:
561:
481:
457:
436:
357:
295:
232:
177:
153:
117:
83:
51:
2854:2002Icar..158...98K
2803:2004cosp...35.2014P
2714:Modeled asteroids.
2664:Mildred S. Matthews
2170:
2061:thermal equilibrium
1630:{\displaystyle 1-A}
1346:Surface temperature
446:{\displaystyle M\,}
3194:Interior to Earth
2619:
2566:
2546:
2472:
2446:
2382:
2359:
2327:
2305:
2280:
2225:
2200:
2145:
2122:
2099:
2034:
2005:
1912:
1855:
1829:
1805:
1720:
1627:
1597:
1573:
1515:
1485:
1460:
1324:
1169:
1149:
1117:
1095:
1075:
1052:
942:
901:
873:
853:
829:
734:
651:
610:has been assumed.
600:
516:
464:
443:
408:
340:
278:
215:
159:
136:
103:
69:
45:triaxial ellipsoid
19:For most numbered
3765:
3764:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3066:Notable asteroids
2656:Richard P. Binzel
2617:
2616:
2569:{\displaystyle r}
2549:{\displaystyle g}
2530:geometric albedos
2443:
2385:{\displaystyle p}
2362:{\displaystyle A}
2278:
2277:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2125:{\displaystyle T}
2094:
2002:
1992:
1832:{\displaystyle T}
1715:
1714:
1713:
1600:{\displaystyle r}
1455:
1363:. Then, its mean
1172:{\displaystyle g}
1098:{\displaystyle r}
1078:{\displaystyle T}
1028:
925:centripetal force
915:Centripetal force
904:{\displaystyle g}
876:{\displaystyle r}
856:{\displaystyle M}
730:
654:{\displaystyle g}
512:
404:
400:
335:
321:
273:
210:
173:of the diameters
162:{\displaystyle d}
134:
100:
3785:
3755:
3754:
3361:
3322:
3295:Neptune-crossers
3280:Jupiter-crossers
3267:Active asteroids
3203:Mercury-crossers
3103:Close approaches
3083:Impact avoidance
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2891:. Archived from
2885:"Orbit Diagrams"
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2834:Krasinsky, G. A.
2830:
2824:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2797:. p. 2014.
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2764:. Archived from
2758:Hilton, James L.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2728:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2690:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2677:
2651:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2371:geometric albedo
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2156:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1940:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1764:
1763:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1585:solar luminosity
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1545:
1544:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1499:(precisely, the
1495:is the asteroid
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1003:
1002:
1001:
951:
949:
948:
943:
910:
908:
907:
902:
882:
880:
879:
874:
862:
860:
859:
854:
838:
836:
835:
830:
828:
827:
826:
825:
807:
806:
791:
790:
778:
777:
743:
741:
740:
735:
731:
729:
728:
719:
711:
706:
705:
704:
660:
658:
657:
652:
609:
607:
606:
601:
599:
598:
597:
596:
525:
523:
522:
517:
513:
508:
491:
473:
471:
470:
465:
452:
450:
449:
444:
417:
415:
414:
409:
405:
403:
402:
401:
393:
384:
383:
367:
349:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
328:
326:
322:
314:
287:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
266:
257:
256:
224:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
203:
168:
166:
165:
160:
145:
143:
142:
137:
135:
127:
112:
110:
109:
104:
101:
93:
78:
76:
75:
70:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3731:
3698:
3660:
3619:
3470:
3350:
3311:
3290:Uranus-crossers
3285:Saturn-crossers
3188:Neptune trojans
3178:Jupiter trojans
3144:
3054:
3049:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2814:
2810:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2716:rni.helsinki.fi
2713:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2602:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2558:
2557:
2538:
2537:
2505:Rotation period
2491:
2458:
2457:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2374:
2373:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2317:
2316:
2295:
2294:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2215:
2214:
2180:
2140:
2139:
2114:
2113:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2020:
2019:
1975:
1957:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1894:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1845:
1844:
1821:
1820:
1790:
1774:
1752:
1735:
1734:
1701:
1685:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1613:
1612:
1589:
1588:
1555:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1527:semi-major axis
1505:
1504:
1475:
1474:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1413:
1397:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1361:solar radiation
1353:
1348:
1340:
1282:
1231:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1161:
1160:
1129:
1128:
1107:
1106:
1087:
1086:
1067:
1066:
1017:
1011:
1010:
962:
957:
956:
932:
931:
917:
893:
892:
889:
883:is its radius.
865:
864:
845:
844:
814:
795:
782:
766:
749:
748:
720:
712:
671:
666:
665:
643:
642:
641:at the surface
635:
630:
628:Surface gravity
624:
622:Surface gravity
585:
559:
558:
552:
492:
479:
478:
455:
454:
434:
433:
430:
424:
388:
375:
371:
355:
354:
309:
308:
293:
292:
261:
248:
230:
229:
198:
175:
174:
169:, one sets the
151:
150:
115:
114:
81:
80:
49:
48:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3694:Space missions
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3317:Classification
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:Earth-crossers
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:Venus-crossers
3205:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:Uranus trojans
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3140:Contact binary
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:dynamic method
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3005:External links
3003:
3000:
2999:
2974:
2961:
2933:
2905:
2876:
2867:
2838:Pitjeva, E. V.
2825:
2815:Benoit Carry,
2808:
2787:Pitjeva, E. V.
2778:
2749:
2720:
2704:
2679:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2565:
2545:
2513:Spectral class
2493:Data from the
2490:
2487:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2381:
2358:
2343:
2340:
2324:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2244:
2241:
2239:of the orbit.
2222:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2056:
2053:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1922:, one obtains
1908:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1852:
1828:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1596:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1512:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1338:Close binaries
1336:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1168:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1114:
1094:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
965:
939:
916:
913:
900:
888:
887:Irregular body
885:
872:
852:
824:
821:
817:
813:
810:
805:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
745:
744:
727:
723:
718:
715:
709:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
674:
650:
634:
633:Spherical body
631:
626:Main article:
623:
620:
595:
592:
588:
584:
581:
578:
572:
569:
566:
551:
548:
544:Viking landers
527:
526:
511:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
489:
486:
462:
441:
428:Dynamic method
423:
420:
419:
418:
399:
396:
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
351:
350:
334:
331:
325:
320:
317:
312:
306:
303:
300:
289:
288:
272:
269:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
237:
209:
206:
201:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
171:geometric mean
158:
133:
130:
125:
122:
99:
96:
91:
88:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
28:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3790:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Minor planets
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:small classes
3427:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:Asteroid belt
3255:
3251:
3250:Mars crossers
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Earth trojans
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Asteroid pair
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Earth-crosser
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2989:on 2006-09-28
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2972:. 2006-10-21.
2971:
2965:
2962:
2951:on 2006-09-02
2950:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2923:on 2006-09-02
2922:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2895:on 2000-08-17
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:(1): 98ā105.
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:Paris, France
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2739:on 2006-09-02
2738:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:. 2006-06-18.
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2694:on 2006-09-02
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2563:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2440:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:asteroid belt
2393:
2379:
2372:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2322:
2300:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2220:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2119:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2031:
2028:
2025:
1999:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1895:
1891:
1877:
1868:
1850:
1842:
1826:
1818:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1610:
1594:
1586:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1480:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1283:
1279:
1232:
1228:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1166:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1112:
1092:
1072:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1004:
963:
955:
954:
953:
937:
930:
926:
922:
914:
912:
898:
886:
884:
870:
850:
842:
822:
819:
808:
803:
800:
792:
787:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
725:
721:
716:
713:
707:
672:
664:
663:
662:
648:
640:
632:
629:
621:
619:
616:
611:
593:
590:
579:
570:
567:
564:
555:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
487:
484:
477:
476:
475:
460:
439:
429:
421:
397:
394:
385:
380:
376:
368:
363:
360:
353:
352:
332:
329:
323:
318:
315:
310:
304:
301:
298:
291:
290:
270:
267:
258:
253:
249:
241:
238:
235:
228:
227:
226:
207:
204:
195:
192:
189:
183:
180:
172:
156:
149:
148:mean diameter
131:
128:
123:
120:
97:
94:
89:
86:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
46:
41:
39:
34:
33:Per Magnusson
26:
24:
22:
3745:Minor planet
3710:Asteroid Day
3656:Colonization
3587:
3428:
3343:
3307:Exoasteroids
3262:Kirkwood gap
3173:Mars trojans
3163:Venus trojan
3150:Distribution
3070:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2977:
2969:
2964:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:the original
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2897:. Retrieved
2893:the original
2879:
2870:
2845:
2841:
2828:
2820:
2811:
2790:
2781:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:the original
2752:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:the original
2730:For example
2715:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:the original
2682:
2669:Asteroids II
2668:
2649:
2631:
2535:
2528:
2503:
2492:
2484:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2345:
2292:
2248:
2246:
2237:eccentricity
2212:
2134:
2111:
2058:
2046:
2017:
1732:
1643:
1609:absorptivity
1472:
1354:
1341:
1181:
1064:
918:
890:
746:
661:is given by
636:
614:
612:
556:
553:
528:
431:
42:
30:
18:
3725:occultation
3633:Exploration
3588:small types
2660:Tom Gehrels
2556:and radius
2348:Bond albedo
2049:atmospheres
1869:. Equating
1501:Bond albedo
1365:temperature
3674:Near-Earth
3215:Near-Earth
3198:Vulcanoids
2993:2006-10-21
2955:2006-10-21
2927:2006-10-21
2899:2006-06-18
2772:2009-09-05
2743:2006-10-21
2698:2006-10-21
2672:. Tucson:
2641:References
2635:axial tilt
2509:lightcurve
1867:emissivity
426:See also:
27:Dimensions
3778:Asteroids
3052:Asteroids
2467:≈
2426:−
2185:−
2026:ϵ
1989:σ
1986:ϵ
1973:π
1963:⊙
1949:−
1851:ϵ
1796:−
1788:⋅
1780:−
1772:⋅
1758:−
1750:×
1744:≈
1741:σ
1699:σ
1696:ϵ
1683:π
1639:isotropic
1622:−
1553:×
1547:≈
1542:⊙
1442:π
1424:π
1419:⊙
1405:−
1141:θ
1138:
1113:θ
1050:θ
1047:
1022:π
1008:−
938:θ
820:−
809:⋅
801:−
793:⋅
772:−
764:×
758:≈
591:−
580:⋅
565:ρ
506:ρ
494:π
461:ρ
386:μ
377:ν
319:μ
316:ν
259:ν
250:μ
121:ν
87:μ
64:×
58:×
21:asteroids
3772:Category
3757:Category
3356:Spectral
3302:Centaurs
3088:Tracking
2789:(2004).
2666:(eds.).
1357:greybody
929:latitude
532:2 Pallas
38:Helsinki
3703:Related
3651:Capture
3603:Ld-type
3567:X-group
3513:S-group
3484:C-group
3405:X-group
3373:C-group
3326:Orbital
3158:Trojans
3118:contact
2850:Bibcode
2799:Bibcode
2235:is the
2055:Maximum
1841:kelvins
1815:is the
1583:is the
839:is the
550:Density
536:4 Vesta
3646:Mining
3613:V-type
3608:O-type
3598:D-type
3593:T-type
3572:X-type
3543:S-type
3538:L-type
3533:K-type
3528:R-type
3523:Q-type
3518:A-type
3494:C-type
3489:B-type
3464:V-type
3459:R-type
3454:Q-type
3449:T-type
3444:J-type
3439:D-type
3434:A-type
3420:P-type
3415:E-type
3410:M-type
3400:S-type
3393:C-type
3388:G-type
3383:F-type
3378:B-type
3365:Tholen
3345:(list)
3339:Family
3230:Apollo
3125:Active
3108:Binary
2842:Icarus
2293:where
2249:et al.
2213:where
2195:
2112:where
1843:, and
1733:where
1587:, and
1497:albedo
1473:where
1065:where
921:weight
747:where
615:et al.
534:, and
3740:Comet
3666:Lists
3476:SMASS
3334:Group
3235:Atira
2409:table
1550:3.827
761:6.674
3684:Lost
3225:Amor
3220:Aten
3113:moon
3059:Main
2889:NASA
2521:IRAS
2495:IRAS
2407:The
1747:5.67
1525:its
1351:Mean
540:Mars
422:Mass
3504:Cgh
2858:doi
2846:158
2819:,
2032:0.9
1611:is
1503:),
1179:'.
1135:sin
1044:sin
952:is
3774::
3582:Xk
3579:Xc
3576:Xe
3559:Sl
3556:Sk
3553:Sr
3550:Sq
3547:Sa
3507:Cb
3501:Ch
3498:Cg
2936:^
2908:^
2887:.
2856:.
2844:.
2836:;
2723:^
2707:^
2662:;
2658:;
2637:.
2051:.
1970:16
1819:,
1754:10
1641:.
1561:26
1557:10
1529:,
843:,
775:11
768:10
546:.
113:,
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
2996:.
2958:.
2930:.
2902:.
2864:.
2860::
2852::
2805:.
2801::
2775:.
2746:.
2701:.
2614:r
2610:M
2607:G
2604:2
2597:=
2592:e
2588:v
2564:r
2544:g
2470:p
2464:A
2441:4
2438:1
2433:)
2429:A
2423:1
2420:(
2380:p
2357:A
2323:c
2301:d
2275:d
2271:c
2266:=
2263:T
2221:e
2198:T
2188:e
2182:1
2178:2
2172:=
2166:x
2163:a
2160:m
2154:s
2151:s
2147:T
2120:T
2097:T
2092:2
2087:=
2082:s
2079:s
2075:T
2029:=
2000:4
1997:1
1981:2
1977:a
1959:L
1955:)
1952:A
1946:1
1943:(
1936:=
1933:T
1907:t
1904:u
1901:o
1896:R
1892:=
1886:n
1883:i
1878:R
1827:T
1799:4
1792:K
1783:2
1776:m
1769:W
1761:8
1718:,
1707:4
1703:T
1691:2
1687:r
1680:4
1677:=
1671:t
1668:u
1665:o
1660:R
1625:A
1619:1
1595:r
1569:W
1538:L
1511:a
1481:A
1458:,
1450:2
1446:a
1439:4
1432:2
1428:r
1415:L
1411:)
1408:A
1402:1
1399:(
1393:=
1387:n
1384:i
1379:R
1319:l
1316:a
1313:g
1310:u
1307:f
1304:i
1301:r
1298:t
1295:n
1292:e
1289:c
1284:g
1280:+
1274:l
1271:a
1268:n
1265:o
1262:i
1259:t
1256:a
1253:t
1250:i
1247:v
1244:a
1241:r
1238:g
1233:g
1229:=
1223:e
1220:v
1217:i
1214:t
1211:c
1208:e
1205:f
1202:f
1199:e
1194:g
1167:g
1147:1
1144:=
1093:r
1073:T
1041:r
1036:2
1031:)
1026:T
1019:2
1013:(
1005:=
999:l
996:a
993:g
990:u
987:f
984:i
981:r
978:t
975:n
972:e
969:c
964:g
899:g
871:r
851:M
823:1
816:g
812:k
804:2
797:s
788:3
784:m
755:G
726:2
722:r
717:M
714:G
708:=
702:l
699:a
696:c
693:i
690:r
687:e
684:h
681:p
678:s
673:g
649:g
594:3
587:m
583:c
577:g
571:2
568:=
510:6
503:c
500:b
497:a
488:=
485:M
440:M
398:3
395:1
390:)
381:2
373:(
369:d
364:=
361:c
333:3
330:1
324:)
311:(
305:d
302:=
299:b
271:3
268:1
263:)
254:2
246:(
242:d
239:=
236:a
208:3
205:1
200:)
196:c
193:b
190:a
187:(
184:=
181:d
157:d
132:c
129:b
124:=
98:b
95:a
90:=
67:c
61:b
55:a
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