4724:
spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.
3873:
spectral radiance factor data are supplied for five pairs of nonfluorescent samples that are metameric matches. The colorimetric differences of the five pairs are computed for the test illuminant; the average of these differences is taken as the visible range metamerism index and is used as a measure of the quality of the test illuminant as a simulator for nonfluorescent samples. For fluorescent samples, the quality is further assessed in terms of an ultraviolet range metamerism index, defined as the average of the colorimetric differences computed with the test illuminant for three further pairs of samples, each pair consisting of a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent sample which are metameric under the standard illuminant.
2879:
1698:
1264:
1105:
2909:
5657:
2894:
65:
6697:
1413:
6707:
6071:
1148:
25:
759:(CCT) of 4874 K, while C represented average day light with a CCT of 6774 K. Unfortunately, they are poor approximations of any phase of natural daylight, particularly in the short-wave visible and in the ultraviolet spectral ranges. Once more realistic simulations were achievable, illuminants B and C were deprecated in favor of the D series.
1693:{\displaystyle x_{D}={\begin{cases}0.244063+0.09911{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+2.9678{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-4.6070{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&4000\ \mathrm {K} \leq T\leq 7000\ \ \mathrm {K} \\0.237040+0.24748{\frac {10^{3}}{T}}+1.9018{\frac {10^{6}}{T^{2}}}-2.0064{\frac {10^{9}}{T^{3}}}&7000\ \mathrm {K} <T\leq 25000\ \mathrm {K} \end{cases}}}
706:
2869:) fluorescent lamps with multiple phosphors, and higher CRIs. Finally, F10–F12 are narrow triband illuminants consisting of three "narrowband" emissions (caused by ternary compositions of rare-earth phosphors) in the R,G,B regions of the visible spectrum. The phosphor weights can be tuned to achieve the desired CCT.
115:
Illuminants A, B, and C were introduced in 1931, with the intention of respectively representing average incandescent light, direct sunlight, and average daylight. Illuminants D (1967) represent variations of daylight, illuminant E is the equal-energy illuminant, while illuminants F (2004) represent
2976:
The process of calculating the white point discards a great deal of information about the profile of the illuminant, and so although it is true that for every illuminant the exact white point can be calculated, it is not the case that knowing the white point of an image alone tells you a great deal
1252:
is intended to represent average daylight and has a correlated colour temperature of approximately 6500 K. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in
2791:
2773:
There are no actual daylight light sources, only simulators. Constructing a practical light source that emulates a D-series illuminant is a difficult problem. The chromaticity can be replicated simply by taking a well known light source and applying filters, such as the
Spectralight III, that used
1801:
has a CCT of 6504 K (noon light). This is because the value of the constants in Planck's law have been slightly changed since the definition of these canonical illuminants, whose SPDs are based on the original values in Planck's law. The same discrepancy applies to all illuminants in the D
4723:
A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard
Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants,
3872:
A method is provided for evaluating the suitability of a test source as a simulator of CIE Standard
Illuminants D55, D65, or D75. The Supplement, prepared in 1999, adds the CIE Illuminant D50 to the line of illuminants where the method can be applied to. For each of these standard illuminants,
159:
CIE standard illuminant A is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. Its relative spectral power distribution is that of a
Planckian radiator at a temperature of approximately 2856 K. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry
119:
There are instructions on how to experimentally produce light sources ("standard sources") corresponding to the older illuminants. For the relatively newer ones (such as series D), experimenters are left to measure to profiles of their sources and compare them to the published spectra:
2741:
2583:
2968:
If an image is recorded in tristimulus coordinates (or in values which can be converted to and from them), then the white point of the illuminant used gives the maximum value of the tristimulus coordinates that will be recorded at any point in the image, in the absence of
763:
Illuminant C does not have the status of CIE standard illuminants but its relative spectral power distribution, tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates are given in Table T.1 and Table T.3, as many practical measurement instruments and calculations still use this
1267:
Daylight locus in the CIE 1960 UCS. The isotherms are perpendicular to the
Planckian locus. The two sections of the daylight locus, from 4000–7000 K and 7000–25000 K, are color-coded. Note that the two loci are separated by a fairly even distance, of around
313:
2934:
LED-B1 through B5 defines LEDs with phosphor-converted blue light. LED-BH1 defines a blend of phosphor-converted blue and a red LED. LED-RGB1 defines the white light produced by a tricolor LED mix. LED-V1 and V2 define LEDs with phosphor-converted violet light.
546:
531:
124:
At present no artificial source is recommended to realize CIE standard illuminant D65 or any other illuminant D of different CCT. It is hoped that new developments in light sources and filters will eventually offer sufficient basis for a CIE
1910:
2065:
1099:
816:. The solutions are separated by a sheet of uncolored glass. The amounts of the ingredients are carefully chosen so that their combination yields a color temperature conversion filter; that is, the filtered light is still white.
2646:
2475:
2653:
2495:
2818:
tristimulus values, thus its chromaticity coordinates are (x,y)=(1/3,1/3). This is by design; the XYZ color matching functions are normalized such that their integrals over the visible spectrum are the same.
2376:
36:
about ISO 7589 standard illuminants; CIE indoor ID50 and ID65 illuminants; CIE FL3.1 through FL3.15 "new fluorescent" illuminants; CIE HP "high-pressure discharge" illuminants, all found with references in
2234:
2151:
5022:...it is standard for reference white to correspond to light having the spectral and/or colorimetric properties of CIE Illuminant D65 (except in Japan, where the standard white reference is 9300 K).
1772:
2601:
2430:
2293:
4354:
G. T. Winch; M. C. Boshoff; C. J. Kok & A. G. du Toit (April 1966). "Spectroradiometric and
Colorimetric Characteristics of Daylight in the Southern Hemisphere: Pretoria, South Africa".
191:
701:{\displaystyle S_{A}(\lambda )=100\left({\frac {560}{\lambda }}\right)^{5}{\frac {\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\times 560}}-1}{\exp {\frac {1.435\times 10^{7}}{2848\lambda }}-1}}.}
371:
2822:
Illuminant E is not a black body, so it does not have a color temperature, but it can be approximated by a D series illuminant with a CCT of 5455 K. (Of the canonical illuminants, D
953:
1253:
the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location.
434:
1850:
1302:
2386:, since all the relative SPDs have been normalized about this point. In order to match all significant digits of the published data of the canonical illuminants the values of M
418:
1351:
112:
for its French name) is the body responsible for publishing all of the well-known standard illuminants. Each of these is known by a letter or by a letter-number combination.
38:
1405:
6323:
4374:
The derived chromaticities were found to be much closer to the full radiator locus than those previously published, which had been obtained in the northern hemisphere.
755:
Illuminants B and C are easily achieved daylight simulations. They modify illuminant A by using liquid filters. B served as a representative of noon sunlight, with a
1855:
1197:
4196:
Kelly, Kenneth L. (August 1963). "Lines of
Constant Correlated Color Temperature Based on MacAdam's (u,v) Uniform Chromaticity Transformation of the CIE Diagram".
2596:
2425:
4499:
Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Antonio García-Beltrán; Juan L. Nieves (February 20, 1998). "Testing Linear Models on
Spectral Daylight Measurements".
1945:
979:
5107:
4096:
Judd, Deane B.; MacAdam, David L.; Wyszecki, Günter (August 1964). "Spectral
Distribution of Typical Daylight as a Function of Correlated Color Temperature".
827:
424:
was revised from 0.01438 m·K to 0.014388 m·K (and before that, it was 0.01435 m·K when illuminant A was standardized). This difference shifted the
3978:
Davis, Raymond; Gibson, Kasson S. (January 21, 1931). "Filters for the reproduction of sunlight and daylight and the determination of color temperature".
5117:
4790:
CIE has defined the color coordinates of several different white
Illuminants, but within Lumileds, CIE illuminant E is used for all color calculations
4536:
Hernández-Andrés, Javier; Javier Romero; Juan L. Nieves; Raymond L. Lee Jr (June 2001). "Color and spectral analysis of daylight in southern Europe".
4818:
4807:
2990:(CCTs) are given below. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are given for both the 2 degree field of view (1931) and the 10 degree field of view (1964).
6474:
5212:
1242:
s analysis with modern computational methods. In several of these studies, the daylight locus is notably closer to the Planckian locus than in Judd
536:
In order to avoid further possible changes in the color temperature, the CIE now specifies the SPD directly, based on the original (1931) value of c
105:
6328:
6464:
5693:
5144:
4965:
4712:
4428:
3958:
3861:
3834:
2986:
A list of standardized illuminants, their CIE chromaticity coordinates (x,y) of a perfectly reflecting (or transmitting) diffuser, and their
1132:) is the mean of all the SPD samples, which is the best reconstituted SPD that can be formed with only a fixed vector. The second vector (S
5066:
830:
Relative spectral power distribution of illuminant D and a black body of the same correlated color temperature (in red), normalized about
6540:
5164:
850:
4339:) functions have been linearly interpolated at 5 nm steps and for even finer step-size also a linear interpolation has been recommended
781:
and Kasson S. Gibson in 1931, have a relatively high absorbance at the red end of the spectrum, effectively increasing the CCT of the
2774:
filtered incandescent lamps. However, the SPDs of these sources deviate from the D-series SPD, leading to bad performance on the CIE
2301:
5514:
5015:
2736:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat}}}
2578:{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000}}\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat}}}
6485:
4154:
Tzeng, Di-Yuan; Berns, Roy S. (April 2005). "A review of principal component analysis and its applications to color technology".
2157:
1219:
by using Moon's spectral absorbance data of the Earth's atmosphere. The tabulated SPDs presented by the CIE today are derived by
2878:
2071:
6710:
6664:
5431:
4894:
143:
Index tests how well five sets of metameric samples match under the test and reference illuminant. In a manner similar to the
6480:
6469:
958:
1704:
4586:
4301:
4125:
Simonds, John L. (August 1963). "Application of Characteristic Vector Analysis to Photographic and Optical Response Data".
6741:
6545:
5557:
5192:
4736:
Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment".
3907:
Lam, Yuk-Ming; Xin, John H. (August 2002). "Evaluation of the quality of different D65 simulators for visual assessment".
2658:
2500:
96:
that is published. Standard illuminants provide a basis for comparing images or colors recorded under different lighting.
5111:
4989:
4702:
3948:
3851:
166:
3987:
3894:
3017:
2987:
2799:
2754:
1160:
1144:) corresponds to pink–green variation (across the locus) caused by the presence of water in the form of vapor and haze.
1137:
756:
308:{\displaystyle M_{e,\lambda }(\lambda ,T)={\frac {c_{1}\lambda ^{-5}}{\exp \left({\frac {c_{2}}{\lambda T}}\right)-1}}.}
3888:
Standard Method of Assessing the Spectral Quality of Daylight Simulators for Visual Appraisal and Measurement of Colour
2814:. It is useful as a theoretical reference; an illuminant that gives equal weight to all wavelengths. It also has equal
849:
By 1964, several spectral power distributions (SPDs) of daylight had been measured independently by H. W. Budde of the
6348:
6008:
5782:
4614:
3459:
2240:
1798:
1314:
866:
93:
69:
4923:
2908:
1797:, differ slightly from what their names suggest. For example, D50 has a CCT of 5003 K ("horizon" light), while
6550:
6137:
5686:
5567:
5293:
2993:
2992:
The color swatches represent the color of each white point, automatically calculated by Knowledge (XXG) using the
321:
526:{\displaystyle T_{new}=T_{old}\times {\frac {1.4388}{1.435}}=2848\ {\text{K}}\times 1.002648=2855.54\ {\text{K}}.}
6315:
6208:
5866:
5137:
5034:
174:
4877:
2893:
907:
6525:
6343:
5993:
5726:
5298:
160:
involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.
44:
6520:
6515:
6510:
4862:
4426:
Sastri, V.D.P. (January 11, 1976). "Locus of daylight chromaticities in relation to atmospheric conditions".
1821:
6577:
6530:
5661:
2962:
2417:
1354:
826:
6535:
5179:
4555:
4403:
Sastri, V.D.P.; Das, S.R. (March 1968). "Typical Spectral Distributions and Color for Tropical Daylight".
4287:
6459:
6214:
5758:
5679:
5288:
3787:
Displays simply use the white point of this standard illuminant; they do not emit the required spectrum.
3241:
3211:
3186:
3157:
2862:
1271:
858:
144:
5933:
5641:
4814:
4803:
376:
6432:
6115:
6103:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5584:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5130:
4547:
4508:
4437:
4065:
4037:
3011:
2958:
2826:
is the closest.) Manufacturers sometimes compare light sources against illuminant E to calculate the
2779:
2588:
2480:
2414:
2410:
1358:
1320:
1232:
1220:
1156:
886:
5599:
2790:
1435:
6147:
6079:
5624:
5589:
5562:
5077:
2866:
1364:
862:
4560:
4292:
1263:
130:
CIE, Technical Report (2004) Colorimetry, 3rd ed., Publication 15:2004, CIE Central Bureau, Vienna
6562:
5968:
5876:
5770:
5629:
5459:
5240:
4453:
3826:
1125:
898:
778:
140:
4650:
4380:
Das, S.R.; Sastri, V.D.P. (March 1965). "Spectral Distribution and Color of Tropical Daylight".
4056:
Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1964). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight".
4028:
Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Hodgkiss, D. (1963). "The spectral energy distribution of daylight".
882:
428:, changing the color temperature of the illuminant from its nominal 2848 K to 2856 K:
5636:
4645:
The coefficients differ from those in the original paper due to the change in the constants in
1104:
6672:
6625:
6222:
6037:
5976:
5928:
5861:
5856:
5834:
5763:
5504:
5255:
5202:
5011:
4961:
4708:
4573:
4524:
3954:
3857:
3830:
2950:
2949:
The spectrum of a standard illuminant, like any other profile of light, can be converted into
1905:{\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K}}\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380}}=6503.51\ {\text{K}}}
782:
4223:
Moon, Parry (November 1940). "Proposed standard solar-radiation curves for engineering use".
3269:
6620:
6615:
6595:
6590:
6353:
6120:
5998:
5948:
5943:
5915:
5881:
5871:
5741:
5499:
5464:
5273:
4953:
4745:
4565:
4516:
4476:
4445:
4414:
4391:
4365:
4297:
4232:
4205:
4163:
4136:
4107:
4073:
4045:
4010:
3924:
3916:
3220:
3165:
2843:
2811:
2775:
813:
136:
1170:
846:. They are difficult to produce artificially, but are easy to characterize mathematically.
6650:
6640:
6635:
6600:
6502:
6338:
6285:
6175:
6108:
5923:
5839:
5817:
5579:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5494:
5479:
5283:
5265:
4836:
4832:
4654:
3893:
Prepared by TC 1-53 "A Standard Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators".
2795:
2060:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ),}
1152:
1094:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )=S_{0}(\lambda )+M_{1}S_{1}(\lambda )+M_{2}S_{2}(\lambda ).}
425:
4646:
2865:(the CRI formula was chosen such that F4 would have a CRI of 51). F7–F9 are "broadband" (
182:
4551:
4512:
4441:
4069:
4041:
4001:
Condit, Harold R.; Grum, Frank (July 1964). "Spectral energy distribution of daylight".
1136:) corresponds to yellow–blue variation (along the locus), accounting for changes in the
43:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
6736:
6731:
6700:
6645:
6630:
6610:
6605:
6388:
6202:
6197:
6025:
6003:
5938:
5810:
5775:
5748:
3195:
843:
793:
4763:
4236:
1167:
By the time the D-series was formalized by the CIE, a computation of the chromaticity
792:
Each filter uses a pair of solutions, comprising specific amounts of distilled water,
64:
6725:
6585:
6170:
6056:
5981:
5958:
5898:
5822:
5805:
5711:
4594:. CGIV (European Conference on Colour Graphics, Imaging and Vision). pp. 437–442
4457:
4077:
4049:
878:
874:
805:
89:
4449:
1238:
Similar studies have been undertaken in other parts of the world, or repeating Judd
6420:
6383:
6376:
6182:
6165:
6157:
6098:
6090:
5953:
5797:
5572:
2970:
2827:
870:
842:
series of illuminants are designed to represent natural daylight and lie along the
5054:
In Japan, the chromaticity of studio monitors is adjusted to a D-white at 9 300 K.
1124:
In simpler terms, the SPD of the studied daylight samples can be expressed as the
6557:
6415:
6192:
6187:
6051:
6020:
5986:
5891:
5787:
5753:
5594:
5489:
5169:
5153:
3162:
2944:
2750:
2379:
961:
revealed that the SPDs could be satisfactorily approximated by using the mean (S
789:
that photographers and cinematographers use today, albeit much less convenient.
4801:
For commercial examples of calcium halophosphate fluorescents, see for example
4782:
6567:
6410:
6247:
6238:
6142:
6130:
6070:
5886:
5849:
5844:
5827:
5484:
4718:
3964:
3867:
3216:
2849:
F1–F6 "standard" fluorescent lamps consist of two semi-broadband emissions of
1147:
178:
6427:
6400:
6395:
5904:
5419:
5407:
5402:
5333:
5328:
4569:
3856:. 51.2-1999 (including Supplement 1-1999). Paris: Bureau central de la CIE.
2928:
2854:
2641:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned}}}
2470:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned}}}
786:
5351:
5343:
4682:
Wyszecki, Gunter (1970). "Development of New CIE Sources for Colorimetry".
4622:
4577:
4528:
4480:
4418:
4395:
4369:
4209:
4140:
4111:
4014:
3886:
2810:
Illuminant E is an equal-energy radiator; it has a constant SPD inside the
1781:
is the illuminant's CCT. Note that the CCTs of the canonical illuminants, D
24:
4465:
Dixon, E.R. (April 1978). "Spectral distribution of Australian daylight".
4275:
6682:
6405:
6013:
5474:
5469:
5397:
5392:
5323:
5313:
5250:
5187:
4957:
4704:
A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry
4520:
3853:
A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry
2861:. F4 is of particular interest since it was used for calibrating the CIE
2858:
2850:
2758:
2382:
SPDs, depicted in figure. The characteristic vectors both have a zero at
801:
2953:. The set of three tristimulus coordinates of an illuminant is called a
1818:—and can be "rectified" by multiplying the nominal color temperature by
1258:
ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998, CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry
6454:
5736:
5619:
5509:
4990:"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.470-6 - CONVENTIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS, p.16"
3929:
2872:
The spectra of these illuminants are published in Publication 15:2004.
2815:
797:
4749:
4667:
Schanda, János (2007). "3. CIE Colorimetry". In Schanda, János (ed.).
4495:
Analyses using the faster computation of the 1990s and 2000s include:
4167:
3920:
6677:
6280:
6270:
5308:
5245:
4538:
3273:
3021:
1140:
due to proportion of indirect to direct sunlight. The third vector (S
854:
809:
2782:
that can easily emulate the A, D, and E illuminants with high CRI.
735:, and the chromaticity coordinates using the standard observer are
711:
The coefficients have been selected to achieve a normalized SPD of
6305:
6300:
6290:
6260:
5731:
5702:
5443:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5387:
5368:
5363:
5303:
5197:
4302:
10.1002/1520-6378(200008)25:4<250::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-D
3953:. Publication 15:2004 (3rd ed.). CIE Central Bureau, Vienna.
3136:
2961:, then the white point can equivalently be expressed as a pair of
2789:
2765:
systems, truncates the CIE 1931 coordinates to x=0.3127, y=0.329.
2746:
1262:
1103:
825:
4249:
2394:
have to be rounded to three decimal places before calculation of
6295:
6275:
6255:
6125:
6042:
5380:
5318:
5278:
4467:
4405:
4382:
4356:
4127:
4098:
3703:
mixing of phosphor-converted blue LED and red LED (blue-hybrid)
3132:
2762:
5675:
5671:
5126:
3026:
2371:{\displaystyle S_{0}(\lambda ),S_{1}(\lambda ),S_{2}(\lambda )}
6371:
6265:
6030:
5534:
5375:
5356:
5122:
5067:"Guideline for Colorimetry for 1125/60 HDTV Production System"
5010:. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. p. 643.
18:
2927:
Publication 15:2018 introduces new illuminants for different
147:, the average difference between the metamers is calculated.
4783:"Optical Testing for SuperFlux, SnapLED and LUXEON Emitters"
4812: Method for making a calcium halophosphate phosphor or
2229:{\displaystyle M_{2}=(0.0300-31.4424x_{D}+30.0717y_{D})/M,}
1923:) that corresponds to those coordinates, the coefficients M
1686:
1248:
The CIE positions D65 as the standard daylight illuminant:
5035:"Recommendation BT.470-6: Conventional Television Systems"
2146:{\displaystyle M_{1}=(-1.3515-1.7703x_{D}+5.9114y_{D})/M,}
1407:. First, the chromaticity coordinates must be determined:
785:
to daylight levels. This is similar in function to a CTB
5654:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
1108:
Characteristic vectors of illuminant D; component SPDs S
5008:
Digital video and HDTV : algorithms and interfaces
2931:
types with CCTs ranging from approx. 2700 K to 6600 K.
5076:(in Japanese). 21 July 1998. p. 4. Archived from
1767:{\displaystyle y_{D}=-3.000x_{D}^{2}+2.870x_{D}-0.275}
2656:
2599:
2498:
2428:
2304:
2243:
2160:
2074:
1948:
1858:
1824:
1707:
1416:
1367:
1323:
1274:
1173:
982:
910:
549:
437:
379:
324:
194:
4823: Single component calcium halophosphate phosphor
4588:
Group theoretical investigations of daylight spectra
4585:
Thanh Hai Bui; Reiner Lenz; Tomas Landelius (2004).
139:, to assess the quality of daylight simulators. The
135:
Nevertheless, they do provide a measure, called the
6663:
6576:
6501:
6494:
6445:
6364:
6314:
6246:
6237:
6156:
6089:
6078:
5967:
5914:
5796:
5719:
5710:
5548:
5452:
5342:
5264:
5211:
5178:
5093:"D93: D93は9,305 K色温度であり、日本におけるモニタの基準白色として使用されている。"
4896:
Equivalent White Light Sources, and CIE Illuminants
4833:
Spectral power distribution of Illuminants Series F
4276:"Re-evaluation of daylight spectral distributions"
2735:
2640:
2577:
2469:
2370:
2287:
2228:
2145:
2059:
1904:
1844:
1766:
1692:
1399:
1345:
1296:
1191:
1093:
947:
700:
525:
412:
365:
307:
6324:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
4250:CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers
4181:Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (1964).
2977:about the illuminant that was used to record it.
2842:series of illuminants represent various types of
2778:. Better sources were achieved in the 2010s with
2648:and the corresponding XYZ tristimulus values are
1353:of a D series illuminant can be derived from its
2288:{\displaystyle M=0.0241+0.2562x_{D}-0.7341y_{D}}
318:At the time of standardizing illuminant A, both
4274:Kránicz, Balázs; Schanda, János (August 2000).
1250:
761:
157:
122:
5074:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
4929:
4903:
5687:
5138:
3821:Schanda, János (2007). "3: CIE Colorimetry".
2973:. It is called the white point of the image.
1199:for a particular isotherm was included. Judd
901:relation, later known as the daylight locus:
373:(which does not affect the relative SPD) and
366:{\displaystyle c_{1}=2\pi \cdot h\cdot c^{2}}
155:The CIE defines illuminant A in these terms:
8:
4671:. John Wiley & Sons. Appendix A, p. 74.
1163:) and representative illuminant coordinates
72:(SPDs) of CIE illuminants A, B, and C from
6706:
6498:
6243:
6086:
5716:
5694:
5680:
5672:
5145:
5131:
5123:
4615:"CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry"
4350:Studies from the 1960s and 1970s include:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3010:
3007:
2998:
1159:, along with isotherms (lines of constant
948:{\displaystyle y=2.870x-3.000x^{2}-0.275.}
885:analyzed these samples and found that the
420:were different. In 1968, the estimate of c
116:fluorescent lamps of various composition.
4925:CIE F-series Spectral Data, CIE 15.2:1986
4669:Colorimetry: understanding the CIE system
4559:
4291:
3942:
3940:
3928:
3823:Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
2722:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2671:
2657:
2655:
2600:
2598:
2564:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2513:
2499:
2497:
2429:
2427:
2353:
2331:
2309:
2303:
2279:
2263:
2242:
2215:
2206:
2190:
2165:
2159:
2132:
2123:
2107:
2079:
2073:
2039:
2029:
2007:
1997:
1975:
1953:
1947:
1897:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1752:
1736:
1731:
1712:
1706:
1678:
1658:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1579:
1573:
1555:
1532:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1453:
1447:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1388:
1375:
1366:
1328:
1322:
1279:
1273:
1172:
1128:of three, fixed SPDs. The first vector (S
1073:
1063:
1041:
1031:
1009:
987:
981:
965:) and first two characteristic vectors (S
933:
909:
865:, and S. T. Henderson and D. Hodgkiss of
774:Illuminant B was not so honored in 2004.
669:
656:
622:
609:
600:
594:
580:
554:
548:
515:
495:
476:
461:
442:
436:
402:
384:
378:
357:
329:
323:
273:
267:
246:
236:
229:
199:
193:
6475:International Commission on Illumination
4641:
4639:
3268:high-efficiency blue phosphor monitors,
1203:then extended the reconstituted SPDs to
1146:
167:CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry
106:International Commission on Illumination
63:
4183:Proceedings of the 15th Session, Vienna
3802:
3773:
2874:
1845:{\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2}}{1.4380}}}
6465:Color Association of the United States
4764:"CIE Illuminant Technology - Yujileds"
3485:D50 simulator, Sylvania F40 Design 50
3130:obsolete, average / North sky daylight
1231:. However, there is a proposal to use
5108:Selected colorimetric tables in Excel
5042:International Telecommunication Union
4429:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
4091:
4089:
4087:
3980:Precision Measurement and Calibration
3190:mid-morning / mid-afternoon daylight
3016:
3004:
3000:White points of standard illuminants
2857:activations in calcium halophosphate
7:
3724:mixing of red, green, and blue LEDs
2981:White points of standard illuminants
5044:. ITU. 30 November 1998. p. 16
4707:. Paris: Bureau central de la CIE.
873:, totaling among them 622 samples.
851:National Research Council of Canada
16:Theoretical source of visible light
6329:Blue–green distinction in language
4058:British Journal of Applied Physics
4030:British Journal of Applied Physics
3107:obsolete, direct sunlight at noon
2749:light, its coordinates are also a
1679:
1659:
1556:
1533:
1297:{\displaystyle \Delta _{uv}=0.003}
1276:
857:, H. R. Condit and F. Grum of the
14:
4225:Journal of the Franklin Institute
6705:
6696:
6695:
6486:International Colour Association
6069:
5656:
5655:
4738:Color Research & Application
4280:Color Research & Application
4156:Color Research & Application
3909:Color Research & Application
2907:
2892:
2877:
1919:To determine the D-series SPD (S
777:The liquid filters, designed by
413:{\displaystyle c_{2}=h\cdot c/k}
23:
5118:Light sources & Illuminants
1931:of the characteristic vectors S
1346:{\displaystyle S_{D}(\lambda )}
6481:International Color Consortium
6470:International Colour Authority
4878:"A Review of RGB color spaces"
4768:Yujileds - High CRI LED Leader
3508:cool white deluxe fluorescent
3462:simulator, daylight simulator
2365:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2212:
2174:
2129:
2088:
2051:
2045:
2019:
2013:
1987:
1981:
1965:
1959:
1394:
1368:
1340:
1334:
1186:
1174:
1085:
1079:
1053:
1047:
1021:
1015:
999:
993:
959:Characteristic vector analysis
566:
560:
223:
211:
1:
6546:List of Crayola crayon colors
4701:CIE Technical Report (1999).
4653:for the current version, and
4237:10.1016/S0016-0032(40)90364-7
3947:CIE Technical Report (2004).
3850:CIE Technical Report (1999).
2988:correlated color temperatures
1400:{\displaystyle (x_{D},y_{D})}
719:. The tristimulus values are
3988:National Bureau of Standards
2794:Illuminant E is beneath the
2755:correlated color temperature
1161:correlated color temperature
1138:correlated color temperature
757:correlated color temperature
70:spectral power distributions
6349:Traditional colors of Japan
6126:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
6009:Multi-primary color display
5783:Spectral power distribution
4621:. CIE. 1999. Archived from
3577:Philips TL83, Ultralume 30
3554:Philips TL84, Ultralume 40
3531:Philips TL85, Ultralume 50
2378:are the mean and first two
1315:spectral power distribution
867:Thorn Electrical Industries
733:) = (109.85, 100.00, 35.58)
94:spectral power distribution
88:is a theoretical source of
6758:
5568:Colour Index International
4952:, vol. CIE 015:2018,
4863:"Blackbody color datafile"
4078:10.1088/0508-3443/15/8/310
4050:10.1088/0508-3443/14/3/307
3895:ISO Standard 23603:2005(E)
3766:phosphor-converted violet
3745:phosphor-converted violet
2994:Color temperature template
2942:
2780:phosphor-coated white LEDs
2589:supplementary 10° observer
895:) chromaticity coordinates
6691:
6209:Color realism (art style)
6067:
5867:Evolution of color vision
5652:
5160:
5006:Poynton, Charles (2003).
4979:47 CFR § 73.682 (20) (iv)
4450:10.1088/0022-3727/9/1/001
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
175:spectral radiant exitance
6526:List of colors (compact)
6344:Color in Chinese culture
5994:Digital image processing
5727:Electromagnetic spectrum
5116:Konica Minolta Sensing:
4950:Colorimetry, 4th Edition
3682:phosphor-converted blue
3661:phosphor-converted blue
3640:phosphor-converted blue
3619:phosphor-converted blue
3598:phosphor-converted blue
3436:light white fluorescent
3084:incandescent / tungsten
2963:chromaticity coordinates
2418:chromaticity coordinates
1355:chromaticity coordinates
769:CIE, Publication 15:2004
6531:List of colors by shade
4570:10.1364/JOSAA.18.001325
3390:warm white fluorescent
3344:cool white fluorescent
6536:List of color palettes
4481:10.1364/JOSA.68.000437
4419:10.1364/JOSA.58.000391
4396:10.1364/JOSA.55.000319
4370:10.1364/JOSA.56.000456
4210:10.1364/JOSA.53.000999
4141:10.1364/JOSA.53.000968
4112:10.1364/JOSA.54.001031
4015:10.1364/JOSA.54.000937
2807:
2737:
2642:
2579:
2481:XYZ tristimulus values
2471:
2372:
2289:
2230:
2147:
2061:
1906:
1846:
1768:
1694:
1401:
1347:
1305:
1298:
1261:
1193:
1164:
1121:
1095:
949:
871:Enfield (north London)
835:
772:
745:) = (0.44758, 0.40745)
702:
527:
414:
367:
309:
171:
133:
81:
34:is missing information
6460:Color Marketing Group
6215:On Vision and Colours
6148:Tinctures in heraldry
5759:Structural coloration
3885:CIE Standard (2004).
3413:daylight fluorescent
3321:daylight fluorescent
2923:Illuminant series LED
2863:color rendering index
2798:, and roughly at the
2793:
2753:, corresponding to a
2745:Since D65 represents
2738:
2643:
2580:
2472:
2373:
2290:
2231:
2148:
2062:
1907:
1847:
1769:
1695:
1402:
1348:
1299:
1266:
1194:
1192:{\displaystyle (x,y)}
1150:
1107:
1096:
950:
859:Eastman Kodak Company
829:
703:
528:
415:
368:
310:
145:color rendering index
108:(usually abbreviated
67:
6742:Standard illuminants
6541:List of color spaces
6433:Tint, shade and tone
6316:Cultural differences
6131:Polychromatic colors
6116:Complementary colors
6104:Monochromatic colors
5585:Federal Standard 595
5165:List of color spaces
4958:10.25039/TR.015.2018
4521:10.1364/AO.37.000971
2957:. If the profile is
2844:fluorescent lighting
2705:
2654:
2597:
2547:
2496:
2426:
2415:CIE 1931 color space
2411:standard 2° observer
2302:
2241:
2158:
2072:
1946:
1856:
1822:
1705:
1414:
1365:
1359:CIE 1931 color space
1321:
1272:
1233:spline interpolation
1221:linear interpolation
1171:
980:
908:
547:
435:
377:
322:
192:
6521:List of colors: N–Z
6516:List of colors: G–M
6511:List of colors: A–F
4770:. 5 September 2023.
4552:2001JOSAA..18.1325H
4513:1998ApOpt..37..971H
4442:1976JPhD....9L...1S
4070:1964BJAP...15..947H
4042:1963BJAP...14..125H
3245:North sky daylight
3001:
2867:full-spectrum light
2834:Illuminant series F
2701:
2543:
1741:
1155:is depicted on the
897:followed a simple,
863:Rochester, New York
820:Illuminant series D
751:Illuminants B and C
86:standard illuminant
6568:List of web colors
6563:List of RAL colors
5969:Color reproduction
5934:Lüscher color test
5771:Color of chemicals
5110:, as published in
4861:Mitchell Charity.
3829:. pp. 37–46.
3827:Wiley Interscience
3367:white fluorescent
2999:
2951:tristimulus values
2808:
2769:Daylight simulator
2733:
2731:
2638:
2636:
2575:
2573:
2467:
2465:
2368:
2285:
2226:
2143:
2057:
1902:
1842:
1764:
1727:
1690:
1685:
1397:
1343:
1306:
1294:
1189:
1165:
1126:linear combination
1122:
1091:
945:
836:
779:Raymond Davis, Jr.
698:
523:
410:
363:
305:
82:
6719:
6718:
6659:
6658:
6441:
6440:
6233:
6232:
6223:Theory of Colours
6065:
6064:
5977:Color photography
5929:Color preferences
5872:Impossible colors
5862:Color vision test
5857:Color temperature
5835:Color calibration
5764:Animal coloration
5669:
5668:
4967:978-3-902842-13-8
4750:10.1002/col.10061
4714:978-92-9034-051-5
4260:in increments of
4168:10.1002/col.20086
3960:978-3-901906-33-6
3921:10.1002/col.10061
3863:978-92-9034-051-5
3836:978-0-470-04904-4
3770:
3769:
2828:excitation purity
1900:
1896:
1886:
1868:
1864:
1840:
1677:
1657:
1648:
1618:
1588:
1554:
1551:
1531:
1522:
1492:
1462:
1227:data set down to
783:incandescent lamp
693:
684:
640:
588:
518:
514:
498:
494:
484:
300:
287:
62:
61:
6749:
6709:
6708:
6699:
6698:
6499:
6365:Color dimensions
6354:Human skin color
6244:
6121:Analogous colors
6087:
6073:
5999:Color management
5916:Color psychology
5882:Opponent process
5798:Color perception
5717:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5659:
5658:
5645:
5274:RGB color spaces
5147:
5140:
5133:
5124:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:on 13 April 2013
5082:
5071:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4928:, archived from
4920:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4902:, archived from
4901:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:increments from
4842:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4717:. Archived from
4698:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4581:
4563:
4546:(6): 1325–1335.
4532:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4461:
4422:
4399:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4295:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4106:(8): 1031–1040.
4093:
4082:
4081:
4053:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3963:. Archived from
3944:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3847:
3841:
3840:
3818:
3788:
3785:
3221:sRGB color space
3002:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2812:visible spectrum
2776:metamerism index
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2707:
2706:
2693:
2672:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2514:
2489:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2336:
2335:
2314:
2313:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2170:
2169:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2084:
2083:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1980:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1939:are determined:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1740:
1735:
1717:
1716:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1426:
1425:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1259:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1014:
1013:
992:
991:
954:
952:
951:
946:
938:
937:
833:
814:ammonium sulfate
770:
746:
734:
718:
714:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
692:
685:
683:
675:
674:
673:
657:
648:
641:
639:
628:
627:
626:
610:
601:
599:
598:
593:
589:
581:
559:
558:
532:
530:
529:
524:
519:
516:
512:
499:
496:
492:
485:
477:
472:
471:
453:
452:
419:
417:
416:
411:
406:
389:
388:
372:
370:
369:
364:
362:
361:
334:
333:
314:
312:
311:
306:
301:
299:
292:
288:
286:
278:
277:
268:
255:
254:
253:
241:
240:
230:
210:
209:
169:
137:metamerism index
131:
79:
75:
57:
54:
48:
27:
19:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6687:
6655:
6572:
6490:
6447:
6437:
6360:
6339:Blue in culture
6310:
6229:
6176:Secondary color
6152:
6109:black-and-white
6081:
6074:
6061:
5963:
5949:National colors
5944:Political color
5924:Color symbolism
5910:
5840:Color constancy
5818:Color blindness
5792:
5749:Spectral colors
5706:
5700:
5670:
5665:
5648:
5639:
5573:CI list of dyes
5550:
5544:
5500:Imaginary color
5448:
5338:
5284:rg chromaticity
5260:
5207:
5174:
5156:
5151:
5104:
5099:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5018:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4933:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4880:
4876:Danny Pascale.
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4721:on 2017-08-21.
4715:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4655:Planckian locus
4644:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4535:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4464:
4425:
4402:
4379:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4323:
4312:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4204:(8): 999–1002.
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4095:
4094:
4085:
4055:
4054:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3961:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3870:on 2008-04-16.
3864:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3820:
3819:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3775:
3215:noon daylight:
3161:horizon light,
3131:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
2983:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2836:
2825:
2805:
2796:Planckian locus
2788:
2771:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2694:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2483:(normalized to
2464:
2463:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2349:
2327:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2275:
2259:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2186:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2119:
2103:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2035:
2025:
2003:
1993:
1971:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1875:
1854:
1853:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1748:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1684:
1683:
1650:
1638:
1628:
1608:
1598:
1575:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1512:
1502:
1482:
1472:
1449:
1431:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1384:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1169:
1168:
1153:Planckian locus
1143:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1069:
1059:
1037:
1027:
1005:
983:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
929:
906:
905:
883:Günter Wyszecki
831:
822:
771:
768:
753:
736:
720:
716:
712:
676:
665:
658:
649:
629:
618:
611:
602:
576:
575:
550:
545:
544:
539:
457:
438:
433:
432:
426:Planckian locus
423:
380:
375:
374:
353:
325:
320:
319:
279:
269:
263:
256:
242:
232:
231:
195:
190:
189:
170:
164:
153:
132:
129:
125:recommendation.
102:
100:CIE illuminants
77:
73:
58:
52:
49:
42:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6724:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:Color history
6333:
6332:
6331:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6219:
6218:(Schopenhauer)
6211:
6206:
6203:Color analysis
6200:
6198:Color triangle
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6162:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6004:Color printing
6001:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5939:Kruithof curve
5936:
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5811:Sonochromatism
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5723:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:SMPTE 240M/"C"
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5103:
5102:External links
5100:
5098:
5097:
5058:
5026:
5016:
4998:
4981:
4972:
4966:
4941:
4915:
4886:
4883:. Babel Color.
4868:
4865:. vendian.org.
4853:
4825:
4794:
4773:
4755:
4744:(4): 243–251.
4728:
4713:
4693:
4674:
4659:
4635:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4582:
4533:
4507:(6): 971–977.
4501:Applied Optics
4488:
4486:
4485:
4475:(4): 437–450.
4462:
4423:
4413:(3): 391–398.
4400:
4390:(3): 319–323.
4377:
4364:(4): 456–464.
4343:
4332:
4321:
4310:
4286:(4): 250–259.
4266:
4242:
4231:(5): 583–617.
4215:
4188:
4173:
4146:
4135:(8): 968–974.
4117:
4083:
4064:(8): 947–952.
4036:(3): 125–131.
4020:
4009:(7): 937–944.
3993:
3970:
3967:on 2008-02-13.
3959:
3936:
3915:(4): 243–251.
3899:
3891:. S012/E:2004.
3877:
3862:
3842:
3835:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2982:
2979:
2943:Main article:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2835:
2832:
2823:
2803:
2787:
2784:
2770:
2767:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1861:
1852:; for example
1839:
1834:
1830:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1307:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
990:
986:
970:
966:
962:
956:
955:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
844:daylight locus
821:
818:
794:copper sulfate
766:
752:
749:
709:
708:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
672:
668:
664:
661:
655:
652:
647:
644:
638:
635:
632:
625:
621:
617:
614:
608:
605:
597:
592:
587:
584:
579:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
557:
553:
537:
534:
533:
522:
511:
508:
505:
502:
491:
488:
483:
480:
475:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
451:
448:
445:
441:
421:
409:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
387:
383:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
332:
328:
316:
315:
304:
298:
295:
291:
285:
282:
276:
272:
266:
262:
259:
252:
249:
245:
239:
235:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
208:
205:
202:
198:
162:
152:
149:
127:
101:
98:
60:
59:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6754:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6712:
6704:
6702:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:organizations
6444:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6389:Pastel colors
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6171:Primary color
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6138:Light-on-dark
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6072:
6058:
6057:Color mapping
6055:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Color balance
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5959:Chromotherapy
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:Tetrachromacy
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Achromatopsia
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5806:Chromesthesia
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:Color physics
5718:
5715:
5713:
5712:Color science
5709:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5663:
5651:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:and standards
5549:Color systems
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:CIELUV (1976)
5244:
5242:
5241:CIELAB (1976)
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5043:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5017:9781558607927
5013:
5009:
5002:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4932:on 2011-07-25
4931:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4906:on 2005-05-23
4905:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4887:
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4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4625:on 2017-12-04
4624:
4620:
4619:www.cie.co.at
4616:
4610:
4607:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4561:10.1.1.384.70
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
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4489:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4459:
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4443:
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4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
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4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4293:10.1.1.42.521
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3896:
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3889:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
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3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3632:
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3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
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3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3455:
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3443:
3440:
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3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
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3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:equal energy
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
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3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2696:
2689:
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2668:
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2649:
2631:
2628:
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2621:
2614:
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2604:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2381:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1917:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1800:
1780:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
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1576:
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1564:
1546:
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1408:
1389:
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1381:
1376:
1372:
1360:
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1329:
1325:
1316:
1313:The relative
1308:
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1280:
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1249:
1246:
1245:
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1234:
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1177:
1162:
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1154:
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1106:
1088:
1082:
1074:
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1064:
1060:
1056:
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1038:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
976:
975:
974:
960:
942:
939:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
904:
903:
902:
900:
896:
894:
890:
884:
880:
879:David MacAdam
876:
875:Deane B. Judd
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
828:
824:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:sulfuric acid
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
775:
765:
760:
758:
750:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
724:
695:
689:
686:
680:
677:
670:
666:
662:
659:
653:
650:
645:
642:
636:
633:
630:
623:
619:
615:
612:
606:
603:
595:
590:
585:
582:
577:
572:
569:
563:
555:
551:
543:
542:
541:
520:
509:
506:
503:
500:
489:
486:
481:
478:
473:
468:
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462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
443:
439:
431:
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429:
427:
407:
403:
399:
396:
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390:
385:
381:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
330:
326:
302:
296:
293:
289:
283:
280:
274:
270:
264:
260:
257:
250:
247:
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237:
233:
226:
220:
217:
214:
206:
203:
200:
196:
188:
187:
186:
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168:
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156:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
126:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
99:
97:
95:
91:
90:visible light
87:
71:
66:
56:
46:
40:
35:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
6421:Fluorescence
6384:Colorfulness
6377:Dichromatism
6221:
6213:
6183:Chromaticity
6166:Color mixing
6158:Color theory
6091:Color scheme
5954:Chromophobia
5903:
5662:Color vision
5170:Color models
5092:
5085:. Retrieved
5078:the original
5073:
5061:
5053:
5046:. Retrieved
5041:
5029:
5021:
5007:
5001:
4984:
4975:
4949:
4944:
4934:, retrieved
4930:the original
4924:
4918:
4908:, retrieved
4904:the original
4895:
4889:
4871:
4856:
4828:
4797:
4789:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4719:the original
4703:
4696:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4668:
4662:
4657:for details.
4647:Planck's law
4627:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4618:
4609:
4596:. Retrieved
4587:
4543:
4537:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4472:
4466:
4436:(1): L1–L3.
4433:
4427:
4410:
4404:
4387:
4381:
4373:
4361:
4355:
4346:
4336:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4245:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4162:(2): 84–98.
4159:
4155:
4149:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4103:
4097:
4061:
4057:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3965:the original
3949:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3868:the original
3852:
3845:
3822:
3793:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3008:CIE 1931 2°
2985:
2984:
2975:
2971:fluorescence
2967:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2926:
2917:: Narrowband
2914:
2899:
2884:
2871:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2809:
2786:Illuminant E
2772:
2744:
2650:
2593:
2586:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2422:
2408:
2395:
2297:
1918:
1778:
1776:
1312:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1200:
1166:
1157:CIE 1960 UCS
1123:
957:
892:
888:
848:
839:
837:
823:
791:
776:
773:
762:
754:
742:
738:
730:
726:
722:
710:
535:
317:
183:Planck's law
172:
158:
154:
151:Illuminant A
134:
123:
118:
114:
109:
103:
85:
83:
53:January 2024
50:
33:
6558:Color chart
6416:Iridescence
6248:Basic terms
6239:Color terms
6193:Color wheel
6188:Color solid
6052:Color space
6038:subtractive
6021:Color model
5892:Unique hues
5788:Colorimetry
5754:Chromophore
5640: [
5595:ICC profile
5154:Color space
5112:CIE 15:2004
3950:Colorimetry
3930:10397/26550
3163:ICC profile
2955:white point
2945:White point
2939:White point
2902:: Broadband
2757:of 6504 K.
2751:white point
2420:of D65 are
2380:eigenvector
1877:1.438776877
1309:Computation
764:illuminant.
6726:Categories
6578:Shades of:
6411:Brightness
6143:Web colors
6099:Color tool
6082:philosophy
5987:Color cast
5887:Afterimage
5877:Metamerism
5850:Color code
5845:Color task
5828:Dichromacy
5485:Hexachrome
5294:Wide-gamut
5236:UVW (1964)
5231:YUV (1960)
5226:RGB (1931)
5221:XYZ (1931)
5087:5 November
5048:5 November
4936:2017-12-11
4910:2017-12-11
4815:US 6666993
4804:US 5447660
4629:2018-12-17
4598:2008-05-13
4306:Later the
3990:: 641–805.
3798:References
3217:television
2959:normalized
2887:: Standard
2761:, used in
2409:Using the
2405:D65 values
1116:(green), S
179:black body
141:Metamerism
6428:Grayscale
6401:Lightness
6396:Luminance
6205:(fashion)
5905:The dress
5637:JIS Z8102
5420:Rec. 2100
5408:Rec. 2100
5403:Rec. 2020
5334:Rec. 2100
5329:Rec. 2020
4781:Philips.
4684:Die Farbe
4651:Lindbloom
4556:CiteSeerX
4458:250832186
4288:CiteSeerX
3708:LED-RGB1
3133:NTSC 1953
2929:white LED
2855:manganese
2363:λ
2341:λ
2319:λ
2270:−
2181:−
2098:−
2092:−
2049:λ
2017:λ
1985:λ
1963:λ
1880:…
1871:×
1759:−
1722:−
1670:≤
1621:−
1544:≤
1538:≤
1495:−
1338:λ
1277:Δ
1235:instead.
1112:(blue), S
1083:λ
1051:λ
1019:λ
997:λ
940:−
924:−
899:quadratic
787:color gel
687:−
681:λ
663:×
654:
643:−
634:×
616:×
607:
586:λ
564:λ
501:×
474:×
397:⋅
351:⋅
345:⋅
342:π
294:−
281:λ
261:
248:−
244:λ
215:λ
207:λ
68:Relative
45:talk page
6701:Category
6683:Lighting
6406:Darkness
6226:(Goethe)
6026:additive
6014:Quattron
5600:ISCC–NBS
5490:HSL, HSV
5475:Coloroid
5470:ColorADD
5398:Rec. 709
5393:Rec. 601
5324:Rec. 709
5314:Rec. 601
5299:ProPhoto
5256:CIECAM16
5251:CIECAM02
5203:CIECAM16
5188:CIECAM02
4578:11393625
4529:18268673
3687:LED-BH1
3571:0.39717
3565:0.40441
3548:0.37123
3542:0.37713
3525:0.35444
3519:0.35986
3502:0.37045
3496:0.37281
3479:0.35939
3473:0.35875
3453:0.32960
3447:0.32933
3430:0.37847
3424:0.38835
3407:0.34246
3401:0.34531
3384:0.39074
3378:0.40329
3361:0.38324
3355:0.39430
3338:0.36733
3332:0.37529
3315:0.33559
3309:0.33727
3292:0.33333
3286:0.33333
3262:0.30043
3256:0.29711
3239:0.31740
3233:0.31485
3209:0.33100
3203:0.32903
3184:0.34877
3178:0.34743
3155:0.35952
3149:0.35850
3124:0.31905
3118:0.31616
3101:0.35270
3095:0.35161
3078:0.40594
3072:0.40745
3012:CIE 1964
2915:FL 10–12
2859:phosphor
2851:antimony
2759:Rec. 709
2587:For the
2479:and the
1802:series—D
1565:0.237040
1439:0.244063
1256:—
802:pyridine
767:—
504:1.002648
181:follows
163:—
128:—
6665:Related
6626:Magenta
6551:history
6455:Pantone
5742:Visible
5737:Rainbow
5620:Pantone
5615:Ostwald
5605:Munsell
5510:OSA-UCS
4548:Bibcode
4509:Bibcode
4438:Bibcode
4066:Bibcode
4038:Bibcode
3756:0.3775
3750:LED-V2
3735:0.4548
3729:LED-V1
3714:0.4211
3693:0.4066
3672:0.3236
3666:LED-B5
3651:0.3502
3645:LED-B4
3630:0.3723
3624:LED-B3
3609:0.4012
3603:LED-B2
3588:0.4078
3582:LED-B1
3568:0.44256
3562:0.43695
3545:0.38541
3539:0.38052
3522:0.35090
3516:0.34609
3499:0.37829
3493:0.37417
3476:0.34902
3470:0.34588
3450:0.31569
3444:0.31292
3427:0.38660
3421:0.37790
3404:0.31975
3398:0.31379
3381:0.44920
3375:0.44018
3358:0.41761
3352:0.40910
3335:0.37925
3329:0.37208
3312:0.31811
3306:0.31310
3289:0.33333
3283:0.33333
3270:BT.2035
3259:0.28327
3253:0.28315
3236:0.29968
3230:0.29902
3206:0.31382
3200:0.31272
3181:0.33411
3175:0.33242
3152:0.34773
3146:0.34567
3121:0.31039
3115:0.31006
3098:0.34980
3092:0.34842
3075:0.45117
3069:0.44758
2816:CIE XYZ
2727:107.304
2632:0.33100
2615:0.31382
2569:108.883
2490:), are
2461:0.32903
2444:0.31272
2200:30.0717
2184:31.4424
1892:6503.51
1793:, and D
1571:0.24748
1445:0.09911
1357:in the
1240:et al.'
1223:of the
798:mannite
510:2855.54
92:with a
6678:Qualia
6673:Vision
6621:Purple
6616:Violet
6596:Yellow
6591:Orange
6286:Orange
6281:Purple
6271:Yellow
5705:topics
5660:
5460:CcMmYK
5309:DCI-P3
5014:
4964:
4849:780 nm
4845:380 nm
4839:), in
4820:
4809:
4711:
4690:: 43–.
4649:. See
4576:
4558:
4539:JOSA A
4527:
4456:
4328:) and
4290:
4258:780 nm
4254:380 nm
3957:
3860:
3833:
3753:0.3781
3732:0.4560
3711:0.4557
3690:0.4474
3669:0.3118
3648:0.3422
3627:0.3756
3606:0.4357
3585:0.4560
3274:NTSC-J
2900:FL 7–9
2885:FL 1–6
2676:94.811
2518:95.047
2413:, the
2384:560 nm
2298:where
2273:0.7341
2257:0.2562
2251:0.0241
2178:0.0300
2117:5.9114
2101:1.7703
2095:1.3515
1895:
1884:1.4380
1863:
1838:1.4380
1777:where
1676:
1656:
1624:2.0064
1594:1.9018
1553:
1550:
1530:
1498:4.6070
1468:2.9678
1317:(SPD)
1244:et al.
1217:830 nm
1213:700 nm
1209:330 nm
1205:300 nm
1201:et al.
1120:(red).
943:0.275.
881:, and
855:Ottawa
832:560 nm
812:, and
810:cobalt
717:560 nm
513:
493:
479:1.4388
78:780 nm
74:380 nm
39:sds.py
6737:Color
6732:Light
6711:Index
6651:Black
6641:White
6636:Brown
6601:Green
6503:Lists
6495:Names
6477:(CIE)
6446:Color
6306:Brown
6301:White
6291:Black
6261:Green
6080:Color
5776:Water
5732:Light
5703:Color
5644:]
5505:Oklab
5453:Other
5444:YCoCg
5439:xvYCC
5427:YPbPr
5415:ICtCp
5388:YCbCr
5369:SECAM
5364:YDbDr
5304:scRGB
5289:Adobe
5198:CAM16
5081:(PDF)
5070:(PDF)
5038:(PDF)
4993:(PDF)
4900:(PDF)
4881:(PDF)
4837:Excel
4786:(PDF)
4592:(PDF)
4454:S2CID
4252:from
3763:4070
3742:2724
3721:2840
3700:2851
3679:6598
3658:5109
3637:4103
3616:2998
3595:2733
3574:3000
3551:4000
3528:5000
3505:4150
3482:5000
3456:6500
3433:4150
3410:6350
3387:2940
3364:3450
3341:4230
3318:6430
3295:5454
3265:9305
3242:7504
3212:6504
3187:5503
3158:5003
3137:PAL-M
3127:6774
3104:4874
3081:2856
3027:Note
3005:Name
2747:white
2488:= 100
2390:and M
1935:and S
1927:and M
1912:for D
1762:0.275
1746:2.870
1725:3.000
1673:25000
1292:0.003
1225:10 nm
969:and S
927:3.000
918:2.870
660:1.435
613:1.435
482:1.435
177:of a
165:CIE,
6646:Gray
6631:Pink
6611:Blue
6606:Cyan
6296:Gray
6276:Pink
6256:Blue
6043:CMYK
5630:list
5563:ANPA
5558:ACES
5515:PCCS
5465:CMYK
5381:NTSC
5344:Y′UV
5279:sRGB
5193:iCAM
5089:2016
5050:2016
5012:ISBN
4962:ISBN
4841:5 nm
4709:ISBN
4574:PMID
4525:PMID
4468:JOSA
4406:JOSA
4383:JOSA
4357:JOSA
4262:5 nm
4198:JOSA
4128:JOSA
4099:JOSA
4003:JOSA
3955:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3559:F12
3536:F11
3513:F10
3250:D93
3227:D75
3172:D55
3143:D50
3014:10°
2853:and
2838:The
2802:of D
2763:HDTV
2703:.000
2545:.000
1860:6500
1664:<
1653:7000
1547:7000
1527:4000
1229:5 nm
1211:and
1151:The
838:The
678:2848
631:2848
490:2848
173:The
104:The
6586:Red
6372:Hue
6266:Red
6031:RGB
5625:RAL
5610:NCS
5590:HKS
5580:DIC
5540:TSL
5535:YJK
5530:HWB
5525:RYB
5495:HCL
5480:LMS
5432:MAC
5376:YIQ
5357:PAL
5352:YUV
5266:RGB
5213:CIE
5180:CAM
4954:doi
4847:to
4746:doi
4566:doi
4517:doi
4477:doi
4446:doi
4415:doi
4392:doi
4366:doi
4317:),
4298:doi
4256:to
4233:doi
4229:230
4206:doi
4164:doi
4137:doi
4108:doi
4074:doi
4046:doi
4011:doi
3925:hdl
3917:doi
3490:F9
3467:F8
3460:D65
3441:F7
3418:F6
3395:F5
3372:F4
3349:F3
3326:F2
3303:F1
3196:D65
3166:PCS
3060:10°
3052:10°
3018:CCT
2800:CCT
2697:100
2539:100
1814:, D
1810:, D
1806:, D
1799:D65
1789:, D
1785:, D
973:):
869:in
861:in
853:in
715:at
713:100
651:exp
637:560
604:exp
583:560
573:100
258:exp
110:CIE
76:to
6728::
5642:ja
5520:RG
5091:.
5072:.
5052:.
5040:.
5020:.
4960:,
4788:.
4766:.
4742:27
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4688:19
4686:.
4638:^
4617:.
4572:.
4564:.
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4505:37
4503:.
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4284:25
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4034:14
4032:.
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3984:10
3982:.
3939:^
3923:.
3913:27
3911:.
3825:.
3805:^
3776:^
3280:E
3272:,
3219:,
3135:,
3112:C
3089:B
3066:A
3044:2°
3036:2°
3024:)
2996:.
2965:.
2846:.
2830:.
2824:55
2804:55
2591:,
1916:.
1914:65
1816:75
1812:65
1808:55
1804:50
1795:75
1791:65
1787:55
1783:50
1630:10
1600:10
1577:10
1504:10
1474:10
1451:10
1361:,
891:,
877:,
808:,
804:,
800:,
796:,
747:.
741:,
729:,
725:,
667:10
620:10
540::
185::
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5695:e
5688:t
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5664:.
5146:e
5139:t
5132:v
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4956::
4851:.
4835:(
4752:.
4748::
4632:.
4601:.
4580:.
4568::
4550::
4531:.
4519::
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4483:.
4479::
4460:.
4448::
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4434:9
4421:.
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4398:.
4394::
4368::
4337:λ
4335:(
4333:2
4330:S
4326:λ
4324:(
4322:1
4319:S
4315:λ
4313:(
4311:0
4308:S
4300::
4264:.
4239:.
4235::
4212:.
4208::
4185:.
4170:.
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4110::
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4076::
4068::
4052:.
4048::
4040::
4017:.
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3933:.
3927::
3919::
3897:.
3839:.
3057:y
3049:x
3041:y
3033:x
3022:K
3020:(
2840:F
2806:.
2720:=
2713:Z
2690:=
2683:Y
2669:=
2662:X
2629:=
2622:y
2612:=
2605:x
2562:=
2555:Z
2532:=
2525:Y
2511:=
2504:X
2486:Y
2458:=
2451:y
2441:=
2434:x
2400:.
2398:D
2396:S
2392:2
2388:1
2366:)
2360:(
2355:2
2351:S
2347:,
2344:)
2338:(
2333:1
2329:S
2325:,
2322:)
2316:(
2311:0
2307:S
2281:D
2277:y
2265:D
2261:x
2254:+
2248:=
2245:M
2224:,
2221:M
2217:/
2213:)
2208:D
2204:y
2197:+
2192:D
2188:x
2175:(
2172:=
2167:2
2163:M
2141:,
2138:M
2134:/
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2125:D
2121:y
2114:+
2109:D
2105:x
2089:(
2086:=
2081:1
2077:M
2055:,
2052:)
2046:(
2041:2
2037:S
2031:2
2027:M
2023:+
2020:)
2014:(
2009:1
2005:S
1999:1
1995:M
1991:+
1988:)
1982:(
1977:0
1973:S
1969:=
1966:)
1960:(
1955:D
1951:S
1937:2
1933:1
1929:2
1925:1
1921:D
1899:K
1889:=
1867:K
1833:2
1829:c
1779:T
1754:D
1750:x
1743:+
1738:2
1733:D
1729:x
1719:=
1714:D
1710:y
1680:K
1667:T
1660:K
1644:3
1640:T
1634:9
1614:2
1610:T
1604:6
1591:+
1586:T
1581:3
1568:+
1557:K
1541:T
1534:K
1518:3
1514:T
1508:9
1488:2
1484:T
1478:6
1465:+
1460:T
1455:3
1442:+
1433:{
1428:=
1423:D
1419:x
1395:)
1390:D
1386:y
1382:,
1377:D
1373:x
1369:(
1341:)
1335:(
1330:D
1326:S
1304:.
1289:=
1284:v
1281:u
1215:–
1207:–
1187:)
1184:y
1181:,
1178:x
1175:(
1142:2
1134:1
1130:0
1118:2
1114:1
1110:0
1089:.
1086:)
1080:(
1075:2
1071:S
1065:2
1061:M
1057:+
1054:)
1048:(
1043:1
1039:S
1033:1
1029:M
1025:+
1022:)
1016:(
1011:0
1007:S
1003:=
1000:)
994:(
989:D
985:S
971:2
967:1
963:0
935:2
931:x
921:x
915:=
912:y
893:y
889:x
887:(
840:D
834:.
743:y
739:x
737:(
731:Z
727:Y
723:X
721:(
696:.
690:1
671:7
646:1
624:7
596:5
591:)
578:(
570:=
567:)
561:(
556:A
552:S
538:2
521:.
517:K
507:=
497:K
487:=
469:d
466:l
463:o
459:T
455:=
450:w
447:e
444:n
440:T
422:2
408:k
404:/
400:c
394:h
391:=
386:2
382:c
359:2
355:c
348:h
339:2
336:=
331:1
327:c
303:.
297:1
290:)
284:T
275:2
271:c
265:(
251:5
238:1
234:c
227:=
224:)
221:T
218:,
212:(
204:,
201:e
197:M
80:.
55:)
51:(
47:.
41:.
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