44:
423:(ICAO) mandates that all turns should be made, "at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank." By the above formula, a rate-one turn at a TAS greater than 180 knots would require a bank angle of more than 25°. Therefore, faster aircraft just use 25° for their turns.
59:
and pilots so that each will know what the other is expecting. The pilot banks the airplane such that the turn and slip indicator points to the mark appropriate for that aircraft and then uses a clock to time the turn. The pilot can roll out at any desired direction depending on the length of time in
34:
A standard rate turn is defined as a 3° per second turn, which completes a 360° turn in 2 minutes. This is known as a 2-minute turn, or rate one (180°/min). Fast airplanes, or aircraft on certain precision approaches, use a half standard rate ('rate half' in some countries), but the definition of
782:
575:
415:
882:
166:
679:
334:
87:, have the standard rate or half standard rate turn clearly marked. Slower aircraft are equipped with 2-minute turn indicators while faster aircraft are often equipped with 4-minute turn indicators.
615:
217:
188:
449:
257:
237:
695:
420:
456:
344:
791:
113:
625:
275:
690:
In metres (where gravity is approximately 9.81 metres per second per second, and velocity is given in metres per second):
920:
Jeppeson
Sanderson, Inc., "Guided Flight Discovery Instrument Commercial," Jeppeson, Englewood, Colorado, 2015. P. 2-8.
63:
During a constant-bank level turn, increasing airspeed decreases the rate of turn, and increases the turn radius. A
684:
961:
582:
80:
966:
56:
55:
Standardized turn rates are often employed in approaches and holding patterns to provide a reference for
929:
193:
43:
48:
904:
84:
173:
105:
434:
242:
222:
955:
267:
101:
777:{\displaystyle r={\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}}{9.81\ \mathrm {m/s^{2}} \tan \phi }}}
687:. This is a simplified formula that ignores slip and returns zero for 90° of bank.
67:(1.5° per second) is normally used when flying faster than 250 kn. The term
263:
900:
570:{\displaystyle r={\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }}{20\pi \omega _{\mathrm {turn} }}}}
16:
410:{\displaystyle \phi /^{\circ }\approx {\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }}{10}}+7}
877:{\displaystyle r={\frac {(v_{\mathrm {t} })^{2}}{11.294\tan \phi }}}
47:
Image showing the face of a turn coordinator during a standard rate
42:
161:{\displaystyle \phi =\arctan {\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}}{rg}}}
674:{\displaystyle r\;={\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }^{2}}{g\tan \phi }}}
329:{\displaystyle \phi =\arctan {\frac {v_{\mathrm {t} }}{364}}}
100:
The formula for calculating the angle of bank for a specific
339:
A convenient approximation for the bank angle in degrees is
794:
698:
628:
585:
459:
437:
347:
278:
245:
225:
196:
176:
116:
71:(6° per second) is used on some low speed aircraft.
876:
776:
673:
609:
569:
443:
409:
328:
251:
231:
211:
182:
160:
786:Or in feet (where velocity is given in knots):
620:If the velocity and the angle of bank is given,
8:
451:of a Rate 1, 2 or 3 turn at a specific TAS.
431:One might also want to calculate the radius
632:
901:"FAA: Air Traffic Plans and Publications"
851:
836:
826:
825:
815:
801:
793:
755:
746:
742:
729:
723:
722:
716:
705:
697:
649:
643:
642:
636:
627:
610:{\displaystyle \omega _{\mathrm {turn} }}
591:
590:
584:
556:
551:
545:
525:
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501:
491:
490:
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466:
458:
436:
421:International Civil Aviation Organization
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244:
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142:
136:
135:
129:
115:
892:
7:
270:per hour, symbol kn), this comes to
262:For a rate-one turn and velocity in
259:is the acceleration due to gravity.
930:LuizMonteiro.com Aviation Education
419:For aircraft holding purposes, the
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467:
388:
385:
375:
313:
310:
300:
203:
137:
14:
212:{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {t} }}
239:is the radius of the turn, and
35:standard rate does not change.
19:maneuvering is referenced to a
848:
844:
833:
818:
809:
798:
710:
702:
561:
542:
509:
498:
477:
463:
392:
381:
317:
306:
1:
104:(TAS) in SI units (or other
983:
685:gravitational acceleration
944:(5 ed.). ICAO. 2006.
79:Instruments, either the
81:turn and slip indicator
878:
778:
675:
611:
571:
445:
427:Radius of turn formula
411:
330:
253:
233:
213:
190:is the angle of bank,
184:
162:
52:
879:
779:
676:
617:is the rate of turn.
612:
572:
446:
412:
331:
254:
234:
214:
185:
183:{\displaystyle \phi }
163:
96:Angle of bank formula
46:
792:
696:
626:
583:
457:
435:
345:
276:
243:
223:
194:
174:
114:
942:Doc 8168 (PANS-OPS)
734:
654:
147:
874:
774:
718:
671:
638:
607:
567:
441:
407:
326:
249:
229:
219:is true airspeed,
209:
180:
158:
131:
53:
23:, also known as a
21:standard rate turn
872:
772:
741:
669:
565:
444:{\displaystyle r}
399:
324:
252:{\displaystyle g}
232:{\displaystyle r}
156:
974:
962:Aerial maneuvers
946:
945:
938:
932:
927:
921:
918:
912:
911:
909:
903:. Archived from
897:
883:
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843:
832:
831:
830:
816:
808:
783:
781:
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761:
760:
759:
750:
739:
733:
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717:
709:
680:
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672:
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653:
648:
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568:
566:
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512:
508:
497:
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416:
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367:
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305:
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292:
258:
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250:
238:
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210:
208:
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206:
189:
187:
186:
181:
167:
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146:
141:
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130:
85:turn coordinator
982:
981:
977:
976:
975:
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952:
951:
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949:
940:
939:
935:
928:
924:
919:
915:
907:
899:
898:
894:
889:
858:
847:
821:
817:
790:
789:
751:
735:
694:
693:
683:where g is the
655:
624:
623:
586:
581:
580:
541:
520:
513:
486:
485:
455:
454:
433:
432:
429:
369:
368:
351:
343:
342:
294:
293:
274:
273:
241:
240:
221:
220:
197:
192:
191:
172:
171:
148:
112:
111:
106:coherent system
98:
93:
77:
75:Instrumentation
41:
12:
11:
5:
980:
978:
970:
969:
964:
954:
953:
948:
947:
933:
922:
913:
910:on 2015-06-25.
891:
890:
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864:
861:
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842:
839:
835:
829:
824:
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811:
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804:
800:
797:
770:
767:
764:
758:
754:
749:
745:
738:
732:
726:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
701:
667:
664:
661:
658:
652:
646:
641:
635:
631:
603:
600:
597:
594:
589:
563:
559:
554:
548:
544:
537:
534:
531:
528:
523:
519:
516:
511:
507:
504:
500:
494:
489:
482:
479:
475:
472:
469:
465:
462:
440:
428:
425:
406:
403:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
377:
372:
365:
360:
355:
350:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
302:
297:
290:
287:
284:
281:
268:nautical miles
248:
228:
205:
200:
179:
154:
151:
145:
139:
134:
128:
125:
122:
119:
97:
94:
92:
89:
76:
73:
65:rate half turn
40:
37:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
979:
968:
967:Units of rate
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
943:
937:
934:
931:
926:
923:
917:
914:
906:
902:
896:
893:
886:
884:
868:
865:
862:
859:
852:
822:
812:
795:
787:
784:
768:
765:
762:
756:
747:
736:
730:
719:
713:
699:
691:
688:
686:
681:
665:
662:
659:
656:
650:
639:
633:
629:
621:
618:
587:
577:
552:
546:
521:
517:
514:
487:
480:
460:
452:
438:
426:
424:
422:
417:
404:
401:
396:
370:
363:
358:
353:
348:
340:
337:
321:
295:
288:
285:
282:
279:
271:
269:
265:
260:
246:
226:
198:
177:
168:
152:
149:
143:
132:
126:
123:
120:
117:
109:
107:
103:
102:true airspeed
95:
90:
88:
86:
82:
74:
72:
70:
69:rate two turn
66:
61:
58:
50:
45:
38:
36:
32:
30:
26:
25:rate one turn
22:
18:
941:
936:
925:
916:
905:the original
895:
788:
785:
692:
689:
682:
622:
619:
578:
453:
430:
418:
341:
338:
272:
261:
169:
110:
99:
78:
68:
64:
62:
54:
33:
28:
24:
20:
15:
57:controllers
51:right turn.
49:coordinated
956:Categories
887:References
60:the turn.
869:ϕ
866:
769:ϕ
766:
666:ϕ
663:
588:ω
547:∘
522:ω
518:π
364:≈
359:∘
349:ϕ
289:
280:ϕ
178:ϕ
127:
118:ϕ
91:Formulae
17:Aircraft
83:or the
860:11.294
740:
579:Where
286:arctan
170:where
124:arctan
108:) is:
908:(PDF)
264:knots
39:Usage
737:9.81
863:tan
763:tan
660:tan
322:364
31:).
29:ROT
958::
515:20
397:10
336:.
853:2
849:)
845:]
841:n
838:k
834:[
828:t
823:v
819:(
813:=
810:]
806:t
803:f
799:[
796:r
757:2
753:s
748:/
744:m
731:2
725:t
720:v
714:=
711:]
707:m
703:[
700:r
657:g
651:2
645:t
640:v
634:=
630:r
602:n
599:r
596:u
593:t
562:]
558:s
553:/
543:[
536:n
533:r
530:u
527:t
510:]
506:n
503:k
499:[
493:t
488:v
481:=
478:]
474:i
471:m
468:n
464:[
461:r
439:r
405:7
402:+
393:]
389:n
386:k
382:[
376:t
371:v
354:/
318:]
314:n
311:k
307:[
301:t
296:v
283:=
266:(
247:g
227:r
204:t
199:v
153:g
150:r
144:2
138:t
133:v
121:=
27:(
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