146:
40:
484:
backwards. This lasted for only three years; after the liberation of the
Netherlands in 1945, Summer time was abolished for over thirty years, so during those years, standard time was 40 minutes ahead of the original Amsterdam Time. As of 2017, the Netherlands is in line with Central European Time (GMT+1 in the winter, GMT+2 in the summer, which is significantly different from Amsterdam Time).
379:
186:). Instituted in 1869, the Allegheny Observatory's service is believed to have been the first regular and systematic system of time distribution to railroads and cities as well as the origin of the modern standard time system. By 1870 the Allegheny Time service extended over 2,500 miles with 300 telegraph offices receiving time signals.
281:
The members agreed that on Sunday, November 18, 1883, all United States and
Canadian railroads would readjust their clocks and watches to reflect the new five-zone system on a telegraph signal from the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh at exactly noon on the 90th meridian. Although most railroads
318:
established standard time in time zones; the law also instituted daylight saving time (DST). The daylight saving time portion of the law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but was re-established nationally during World War II. In 2007 the US enacted a federal law formalising the use of
269:
in 1891), an organization of US railroads charged with coordinating schedules and operating standards, became increasingly concerned that if the US government adopted a standard time scheme it would be disadvantageous to its member railroads. William F. Allen, the
Convention secretary, argued that
509:
time" as the standard time across all their offices so that opening and closing times could be synchronised. The Post Office, which usually shared the same building, followed suit. However, protests that time was being dictated by one government department, led to a resolution in parliament to
483:
zone took place on 16 May 1940. The German occupiers ordered the clock to be moved an hour and forty minutes forward. This time was kept in summer and winter throughout 1941 and 1942. It was only in
November 1942 that a different Winter time was introduced, and the time was adjusted one hour
298:
decided not to adopt
Intercolonial Time based on the 60th meridian west of Greenwich, instead adopting Eastern Time, so only four time zones were actually adopted by U.S./Canadian railroads in 1883. Major American observatories, including the Allegheny Observatory, the
447:
or Dutch Time was introduced. Before that, time was measured in different cities; in the east of the country, this was a few minutes earlier than in the west. After that, all parts of the country had the same local time—that of the Wester Tower in
189:
However, almost all railroads out of New York ran on New York time, and railroads west from
Chicago mostly used Chicago time, but between Chicago and Pittsburgh/Buffalo the norm was Columbus time, even on railroads such as the PFtW&C and
854:
270:
North
American railroads should adopt a five-zone standard, similar to the one in use today, to avoid government action. On October 11, 1883, the heads of the major railroads met in
452:(Westertoren/4°53'01.95" E). This time was indicated as GMT +0h 19m 32.13s until 17 March 1937, after which it was simplified to GMT+0h20m. This time zone was also known as the
137:, reflecting the important role the railway companies played in bringing it about. The vast majority of Great Britain's public clocks were standardised to GMT by 1855.
505:
cable between New
Zealand's two main islands became the instigating factor for the establishment of "New Zealand time". In 1868, the Telegraph Department adopted "
682:
328:
550:
to post offices and railway stations around the country. In 1920, radio time signals began broadcasting, greatly increasing the accuracy of the time nationwide.
62:
at some meridian that passes through the region, often near the centre of the region. Historically, standard time was established during the 19th century to aid
796:
343:
179:
157:
564:
543:
426:
759:
206:, as did the east–west lines across Texas; Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads used San Francisco time all the way to
719:
336:
300:
867:
404:
400:
1002:
829:
275:
20:
611:
266:
689:
308:
304:
389:
117:
During the 19th century, scheduled steamships and trains required time standardisation in the industrialized world.
764:
320:
234:
408:
393:
211:
19:
This article is about time synchronisation in a given area. For the concept used in industrial engineering, see
350:
258:
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199:
183:
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167:
102:
362:
315:
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480:
324:
283:
175:
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24:
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adopted the new system as scheduled, some did so early on
October 7 and others late on December 2. The
145:
1023:
559:
518:
79:
715:
546:
in
Wellington, determined the correct time each morning. At 9 a.m. each day, it was transmitted by
493:
461:
262:
250:
215:
130:
63:
166:
used the "Allegheny Time" system, an astronomical timekeeping service which had been developed by
129:
on 1 December 1847, when they switched from local mean time, which varied from place to place, to
990:
982:
950:
942:
498:
In 1868, New Zealand was the first country in the world to establish a nationwide standard time.
354:
332:
203:
98:
94:
962:
605:
249:
advocated standard time to better coordinate international weather observations and resultant
195:
974:
934:
238:
353:, whose capital St. John's falls almost exactly midway between the meridians anchoring the
241:, a Scottish-born Canadian engineer, proposed worldwide Standard Time at a meeting of the
226:
59:
55:
1005:. National Institute of Standards and Technology Physics Laboratory. 2002. Archived from
66:
and train travel. Applied globally in the 20th century, the geographical regions became
769:
585:
246:
230:
218:; the Union Pacific Railway was at the other extreme, with only two time zones between
207:
106:
75:
1017:
994:
954:
857:(2007). "Daylight Saving Time". (Report RS22284)). Originally published by wikileaks.
575:
287:
31:
39:
740:
514:
134:
1006:
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hours in advance of Greenwich Mean Time. It came into effect on 2 November 1868.
85:
The adoption of standard time, because of the inseparable correspondence between
833:
797:"History of the movement by which the adoption of standard time was consummated"
378:
291:
233:
for North American railroads. In 1872 he revised his proposal to base it on the
214:
had seven time zones between St. Paul and the 1883 west end of the railroad at
570:
547:
506:
444:
254:
71:
580:
522:
502:
465:
449:
358:
86:
67:
965:(July 1982). "The standardization of time: a sociohistorical perspective".
162:
Until 1883, each United States railroad chose its own time standards. The
440:
191:
126:
986:
946:
893:
271:
882:| Standard Time inducted into North America Railway Hall of Fame, 1999
54:
within a geographical region to a single time standard, rather than a
760:"When it comes to time zones in the United States, it's all business"
473:
469:
938:
922:
361:, voted in 1935 to create a half-hour offset time zone known as the
978:
311:, agreed to provide telegraphic time signals at noon Eastern Time.
78:. A further offset is applied for part of the year in regions with
70:. The standard time in each time zone has come to be defined as an
295:
219:
144:
51:
38:
832:. US Department of the Interior. January 27, 2011. Archived from
90:
672:, ed. Charles North Dowd, (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1930)
372:
149:
Telegraphic equipment used to transmit standard time from the
670:
Charles F. Dowd, A.M., Ph.D.; a narrative of his services ...
880:
North America Railway Hall of Fame: Inductee – Standard Time
803:
4 (1884) 25–50, Appendix 50–89. Hathi Trust Digital Library.
443:
made it desirable to create a standard time. On 1 May 1909,
879:
607:
Biographical Memoir of Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1834–1906
866:
21st Century Competitiveness Act of 2007, Section 3013.
714:
Edmund P. Willis & William H. Hooke (11 May 2009).
229:
proposed four time zones based on the meridian through
93:, solidified the concept of halving the globe into the
16:
Synchronization of clocks within a geographical region
125:
A standardised time system was first used by British
716:"Cleveland Abbe and American Meteorology: 1871–1901"
521:
172°30′E. This was very close to the country's mean
314:
Standard time was not enacted into US law until the
257:. In 1879 he recommended four time zones across the
365:, at three and a half hours behind Greenwich time.
346:in the category "National: Technical Innovations."
323:as the basis of standard time, and the role of the
58:standard. Generally, standard time agrees with the
894:"Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand – Timekeeping"
633:Butowsky, Harry (1989). "Allegheny Observatory".
510:establish a standard time for the whole country.
801:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society
811:
809:
202:(Missouri) time all the way to its west end at
329:National Institute of Standards and Technology
688:. Ontario Heritage Foundation. Archived from
342:In 1999, standard time was inducted into the
278:and agreed to adopt Allen's proposed system.
8:
407:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
286:serving the Canadian maritime provinces of
265:. The General Time Convention (renamed the
758:Parkinson, J. Robert (February 15, 2004).
194:, which did not run through Columbus. The
817:Keeping Watch: A History of American Time
517:, selected New Zealand time to be at the
427:Learn how and when to remove this message
253:, which had been coordinated using local
468:. At noon in Amsterdam, it was 11:40 in
439:In the Netherlands, introduction of the
791:
789:
787:
596:
513:The director of the Geological Survey,
23:. For the album by Laurence Juber, see
868:H.R. 2272: 110th CONGRESS House Bills
660:October 1883 Travelers Official Guide
460:, as this was the exact time in both
7:
405:adding citations to reliable sources
604:Walcott, Charles Doolittle (1912).
344:North America Railway Hall of Fame
180:Western University of Pennsylvania
158:Standard time in the United States
133:(GMT). It was also given the name
14:
967:The American Journal of Sociology
830:"Time Zones of the United States"
565:International Meridian Conference
544:Colonial Time Service Observatory
339:) in interpreting standard time.
683:"Sir Sandford Fleming 1827–1915"
377:
923:"The adoption of standard time"
855:Congressional Research Service.
720:American Meteorological Society
301:United States Naval Observatory
109:that had previously been used.
43:Worldwide time zones at present
921:Ian R. Bartky (January 1989).
1:
741:"Standard time system plaque"
21:Standard time (manufacturing)
612:National Academy of Sciences
267:American Railway Association
309:Yale University Observatory
305:Harvard College Observatory
1042:
765:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
636:Astronomy and Astrophysics
542:For over fifty years, the
491:
321:Coordinated Universal Time
155:
50:is the synchronization of
29:
18:
479:The shift to the current
212:Northern Pacific Railroad
351:Dominion of Newfoundland
259:contiguous United States
243:Royal Canadian Institute
184:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
172:University of Pittsburgh
113:History of standard time
30:Not to be confused with
819:(NY 1990) chapter three
168:Samuel Pierpont Langley
107:various prime meridians
927:Technology and Culture
363:Newfoundland Time Zone
337:U.S. Naval Observatory
316:1918 Standard Time Act
153:
44:
836:on September 26, 2011
641:National Park Service
481:Central European Time
333:Secretary of the Navy
325:Secretary of Commerce
284:Intercolonial Railway
245:on February 8, 1879.
176:Allegheny Observatory
164:Pennsylvania Railroad
151:Allegheny Observatory
148:
42:
25:Standard Time (album)
560:Daylight saving time
401:improve this section
80:daylight saving time
1003:"World Time Scales"
747:. 15 December 2005.
494:Time in New Zealand
359:Greenland Time Zone
276:Grand Pacific Hotel
263:Greenwich Mean Time
178:(then known as the
131:Greenwich Mean Time
64:weather forecasting
870:, January 4, 2007.
815:Michael O'Malley,
355:Atlantic Time Zone
335:(effectively, the
327:(effectively, the
235:Greenwich meridian
204:Deming, New Mexico
154:
99:Western Hemisphere
95:Eastern Hemisphere
45:
1009:on July 29, 1997.
963:Eviatar Zerubavel
898:www.teara.govt.nz
437:
436:
429:
251:weather forecasts
196:Santa Fe Railroad
1031:
1010:
998:
958:
909:
908:
906:
904:
892:Phillips, Jock.
889:
883:
877:
871:
864:
858:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
826:
820:
813:
804:
793:
782:
781:
779:
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772:on July 25, 2006
768:. Archived from
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239:Sandford Fleming
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915:Further reading
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382:
371:
369:The Netherlands
227:Charles F. Dowd
160:
143:
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60:local mean time
56:local mean time
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1015:
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999:
979:10.1086/227631
959:
916:
913:
911:
910:
884:
872:
859:
847:
821:
805:
783:
750:
732:
706:
695:on 9 July 2014
674:
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625:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:Universal Time
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
555:
552:
492:Main article:
489:
486:
458:Gorinchem time
445:Amsterdam Time
435:
434:
385:
383:
376:
370:
367:
247:Cleveland Abbe
231:Washington, DC
200:Jefferson City
142:
139:
122:
119:
114:
111:
105:replacing the
103:Prime Meridian
76:Universal Time
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1037:
1036:
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848:
840:September 23,
835:
831:
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822:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:W. F. Allen,
792:
790:
788:
784:
776:September 10,
771:
767:
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691:
684:
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646:September 10,
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629:
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618:September 10,
614:. p. 248
613:
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576:Time standard
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558:
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540:
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520:
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495:
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472:and 12:40 in
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
431:
428:
420:
417:February 2017
410:
406:
402:
396:
395:
391:
386:This section
384:
380:
375:
374:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
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322:
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306:
302:
297:
294:just east of
293:
289:
288:New Brunswick
285:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
261:, based upon
260:
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248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
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187:
185:
182:, located in
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177:
173:
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165:
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152:
147:
141:North America
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
121:Great Britain
120:
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112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Standard time
41:
37:
33:
32:Time standard
26:
22:
1007:the original
970:
966:
933:(1): 25–56.
930:
926:
901:. Retrieved
897:
887:
875:
862:
850:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
824:
816:
800:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
763:
753:
744:
735:
723:. Retrieved
709:
697:. Retrieved
690:the original
677:
669:
665:
656:
644:. Retrieved
635:
628:
616:. Retrieved
606:
599:
541:
525:and exactly
515:James Hector
512:
500:
497:
478:
457:
453:
438:
423:
414:
399:Please help
387:
348:
341:
313:
280:
224:
188:
161:
135:railway time
124:
116:
84:
47:
46:
36:
1024:Time scales
973:(1): 1–23.
488:New Zealand
454:Loenen time
292:Nova Scotia
222:and Ogden.
216:Wallula Jct
101:, with one
903:2 November
699:6 February
592:References
571:Mecca Time
548:Morse code
507:Wellington
331:) and the
307:, and the
255:solar time
156:See also:
68:time zones
995:144994119
955:111724161
725:29 August
581:Time zone
523:longitude
503:telegraph
466:Gorinchem
450:Amsterdam
388:does not
225:In 1870,
192:LS&MS
87:longitude
1018:Category
554:See also
519:meridian
441:railways
357:and the
127:railways
97:and the
987:2779401
947:3105430
567:of 1884
534:⁄
409:removed
394:sources
274:at the
272:Chicago
208:El Paso
170:at the
993:
985:
953:
945:
745:Flickr
474:Berlin
470:London
462:Loenen
303:, the
210:. The
72:offset
52:clocks
991:S2CID
983:JSTOR
951:S2CID
943:JSTOR
693:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
296:Maine
220:Omaha
198:used
74:from
905:2018
842:2011
778:2013
727:2011
701:2014
648:2013
620:2013
464:and
392:any
390:cite
349:The
290:and
91:time
89:and
975:doi
935:doi
456:or
403:by
174:'s
1020::
989:.
981:.
971:88
969:.
949:.
941:.
931:30
929:.
925:.
896:.
808:^
799:,
786:^
762:.
743:.
718:.
639:.
610:.
527:11
501:A
476:.
237:.
82:.
997:.
977::
957:.
937::
907:.
844:.
780:.
729:.
703:.
650:.
622:.
536:2
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529:+
430:)
424:(
419:)
415:(
411:.
397:.
34:.
27:.
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