109:
36:
1079:" (SMA) as a method of assessing operational risk as a replacement for all existing approaches, including AMA. The objective is to provide stable, comparable and risk-sensitive estimates for the operational risk exposure and is effective January 1, 2022. The SMA puts weight on the internal loss history (losses of the last 10 years must be considered). It is possible to consider net losses (after recoveries and insurance).
760:(i.e. the amount of risk one is prepared to accept in pursuit of his objectives), determined by balancing the costs of improvement against the expected benefits. Wider trends such as globalization, the expansion of the internet and the rise of social media, as well as the increasing demands for greater corporate accountability worldwide, reinforce the need for proper
756:) operational risks are usually not willingly incurred nor are they revenue driven. Moreover, they are not diversifiable and cannot be laid off. This means that as long as people, systems, and processes remain imperfect, operational risk cannot be fully eliminated. Operational risk is, nonetheless, manageable as to keep losses within some level of
1003:
or fraud – and are using this data to model operational risk and to calculate a capital reserve against future operational losses. In addition to the Basel II requirement for banks, this is now a requirement for
European insurance firms who are in the process of implementing Solvency II, the equivalent of Basel II for the insurance sector.
1002:
By contrast, it is relatively difficult to identify or assess levels of operational risk and its many sources. Historically organizations have accepted operational risk as an unavoidable cost of doing business. Many now though collect data on operational losses – for example through system failure
998:
It is relatively straightforward for an organization to set and observe specific, measurable levels of market risk and credit risk because models exist which attempt to predict the potential impact of market movements, or changes in the cost of credit. These models are only as good as the underlying
681:
is the risk of losses caused by flawed or failed processes, policies, systems or events that disrupt business operations. Employee errors, criminal activity such as fraud, and physical events are among the factors that can trigger operational risk. The process to manage operational risk is known as
802:
Businesses in general, and other institutions such as the military, have been aware, for many years, of hazards arising from operational factors, internal or external. The primary goal of the military is to fight and win wars in quick and decisive fashion, and with minimal losses. For the military
694:
regulations for banks: "The risk of a change in value caused by the fact that actual losses, incurred for inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events (including legal risk), differ from the expected losses". The scope of operational risk is then broad, and
910:
The Basel
Committee recognizes that operational risk is a term that has a variety of meanings and therefore, for internal purposes, banks are permitted to adopt their own definitions of operational risk, provided that the minimum elements in the Committee's definition are included.
771:(ORM) is a specialized discipline within risk management. It constitutes the continuous-process of risk assessment, decision making, and implementation of risk controls, resulting in the acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of the various operational risks. ORM somewhat overlaps
828:
Since the mid-1990s, the topics of market risk and credit risk have been the subject of much debate and research, with the result that financial institutions have made significant progress in the identification, measurement, and management of both these forms of risk.
737:. In October 2014, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision proposed a revision to its operational risk capital framework that sets out a new standardized approach to replace the basic indicator approach and the standardized approach for calculating operational
1041:
There are a number of methodologies to choose from when modeling operational risk, each with its advantages and target applications. The ultimate choice of the methodology/methodologies to use in your institution depends on a number of factors, including:
832:
However, the near collapse of the U.S. financial system in
September 2008 is an indication that our ability to measure market and credit risk is far from perfect and eventually led to the introduction of new regulatory requirements worldwide, including
882:
The list of risks (and, more importantly, the scale of these risks) faced by banks today includes fraud, system failures, terrorism, and employee compensation claims. These types of risk are generally classified under the term 'operational risk'.
1055:
Expected use of results (e.g., allocating capital to business units, prioritizing control improvement projects, satisfying regulators that your institution is measuring risk, providing an incentive for better management of operational risk,
711:, physical (e.g. infrastructure shutdown) or environmental risks. Operational risks similarly may impact broadly, in that they can affect client satisfaction, reputation and shareholder value, all while increasing business volatility.
791:
reforms to banking supervision, operational risk was a residual category reserved for risks and uncertainties which were difficult to quantify and manage in traditional ways – the "other risks" basket.
906:
The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition includes legal risk, but excludes strategic and reputational risk.
1497:
1233:
999:
assumptions, and a large part of the recent financial crisis arose because the valuations generated by these models for particular types of investments were based on incorrect assumptions.
1741:
1722:
1760:
1034:– based on the internally developed risk measurement framework of the bank adhering to the standards prescribed (methods include IMA, LDA, Scenario-based, Scorecard etc.)
979:
refers to the risk caused by the dependency of one's services or products on a lower-level service or product sourced from a particular vendor. It includes the risks of
1015:
for banks and similar financial institutions. To complement these standards, Basel II has given guidance to 3 broad methods of capital calculation for operational risk:
522:
926:(damage to an organization through loss of its reputation or standing) can arise as a consequence (or impact) of operational failures – as well as from other events.
1038:
The operational risk management framework should include identification, measurement, monitoring, reporting, control and mitigation frameworks for operational risk.
1374:
338:
500:
989:
making modifications to the provided product or service such that new versions of the product no longer meet one's functional or non-functional requirements.
795:
Such regulations institutionalized operational risk as a category of regulatory and managerial attention and connected operational risk management with good
919:
The Basel II definition of operational risk excludes, for example, strategic risk – the risk of a loss arising from a poor strategic business decision.
665:
405:
825:
around the world, introduced additional complexities into the activities of banks, insurers, and firms in general and therefore their risk profiles.
1811:
1025:
583:
1391:
1072:
967:
Execution, Delivery, and
Process Management – data entry errors, accounting errors, failed mandatory reporting, negligent loss of client assets
887:
549:
400:
365:
2258:
1748:
1729:
1608:
886:
The identification and measurement of operational risk is a real and live issue for modern-day banks, particularly since the decision by the
1767:
544:
495:
331:
803:
and the businesses of the world alike, operational risk management is an effective process for preserving resources by anticipation.
1481:
1076:
79:
57:
1658:
is the home page of the leading educational resource on operational risk, including a magazine, training, conferences, books, etc.
1652:
The institute provides professional recognition and enables members to maintain competency in the discipline of operational risk.
1445:
2126:
1261:
1237:
where the Loss
Component (LC) is equal to 15 times average annual operational risk losses incurred over the previous 10 years.
2405:
2208:
1327:
841:
879:
These reasons underscore banks' and supervisors' growing focus upon the identification and measurement of operational risk.
1251:
1031:
658:
641:
588:
324:
1804:
818:
108:
845:
2091:
1983:
1271:
1012:
768:
683:
556:
2155:
1140:
1643:
1352:
2474:
2243:
1824:
1698:
1567:
Sanchez, Luis; Ceske, Robert; Hernandez, Jose (1 December 2000). "Quantifying Event Risk: The Next
Convergence".
1676:
2101:
2066:
1783:
1456:
1019:
651:
578:
532:
395:
390:
50:
44:
2071:
1705:
Practical articles, on BIS2 and risk modeling, submitted by professionals to help create an industry standard
2410:
2131:
2116:
2058:
1797:
951:
Employment
Practices and Workplace Safety – discrimination, workers compensation, employee health and safety
861:
2106:
1572:
468:
61:
1687:
Constraints of
Consistent Operational Risk Measurement and Regulation: Data Collection and Loss Reporting
1011:
Basel II and various supervisory bodies of the countries have prescribed various soundness standards for
2448:
2350:
2323:
2308:
2076:
1931:
1852:
1281:
687:
135:
1546:
2453:
2385:
2375:
2330:
2263:
2096:
1847:
964:
Business
Disruption and Systems Failures – utility disruptions, software failures, hardware failures
796:
1398:
2443:
2400:
1911:
1577:
955:
719:
517:
463:
934:
The following lists the seven official Basel II event types with some examples for each category:
890:(BCBS) to introduce a capital charge for this risk as part of the new capital adequacy framework (
2420:
2415:
2395:
2283:
2086:
2044:
1941:
1867:
1780:
is a consortium that collects and analyzes operational risk loss data for the insurance industry.
1266:
853:
822:
772:
738:
734:
704:
303:
158:
130:
17:
1789:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2233:
2228:
2182:
2178:
2151:
2081:
1998:
1872:
1862:
1604:
1528:
1477:
1246:
923:
922:
Other risk terms are seen as potential consequences of operational risk events. For example,
262:
140:
2335:
2253:
2203:
2186:
2111:
1960:
1082:
The marginal coefficient (α) increases with the size of the BI as shown in the table below.
606:
206:
2370:
2345:
2303:
2293:
2268:
2248:
2238:
1951:
1915:
1857:
1680:
1276:
1028:– based on annual revenue of each of the broad business lines of the Financial Institution
865:
761:
447:
434:
429:
225:
183:
125:
1709:
2318:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2029:
2008:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1895:
1877:
1820:
1655:
1256:
776:
757:
753:
611:
505:
483:
478:
312:
277:
244:
239:
216:
197:
178:
163:
100:
1693:
The Credit Crisis and
Operational Risk – Implications for Practitioners and Regulators
2468:
2425:
2313:
2223:
2213:
2166:
2146:
2039:
1988:
1286:
807:
370:
253:
188:
168:
1715:
Operational Risk – The Sting is Still in the Tail But the Poison Depends on the Dose
948:
External Fraud – theft of information, hacking damage, third-party theft and forgery
2380:
2365:
2141:
2003:
1964:
811:
510:
438:
287:
272:
211:
1786:
is a quarterly journal publishing research on operational risk theory and practice
958:, antitrust, improper trade, product defects, fiduciary breaches, account churning
733:. Some banks have therefore also used the term operational risk synonymously with
2430:
2390:
2136:
2121:
2034:
1921:
1899:
1887:
1839:
1683:
is an index quantifying the level of strategic risk in markets around the world.
1627:
1392:"Operational Risks in Financial Services: An Old Challenge in a New Environment"
873:
869:
749:
745:
730:
726:
632:
539:
490:
296:
173:
149:
116:
2013:
1993:
1907:
1903:
939:
708:
616:
282:
234:
2360:
1516:
1422:
834:
473:
385:
1532:
1498:"Liontrust Asset Management: Annual Report & Financial Statements 2020"
902:
The Basel Committee defines operational risk in Basel II and Basel III as:
2218:
1689:, Andreas A. Jobst, 2007 (Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance)
1595:
891:
788:
700:
691:
380:
2273:
1667:
1638:
1468:
943:
849:
715:
425:
375:
1633:
1517:"Best practice vendor risk management in today's interconnected world"
1470:
International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards
1306:
938:
Internal Fraud – misappropriation of assets, tax evasion, intentional
2340:
1695:, Andreas A. Jobst, 2010 (Journal of Operational Risk, Vol. 5, No. 2)
1673:
1661:
1692:
1714:
1686:
961:
Damage to Physical Assets – natural disasters, terrorism, vandalism
1701:– leading industry organization for operational risk professionals
696:
2355:
1649:
837:
regulations for banks and Solvency II regulations for insurers.
686:. The definition of operational risk, adopted by the European
443:
1793:
983:
the vendor no longer providing the required product or service,
1704:
857:
566:
561:
29:
1380:. PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, November, 2014.
1742:"Operational Continuity and Additivity of Operational Risk"
1777:
1476:. Bank for International Settlements. 2006. p. 144.
1062:
Existing complementary processes, such as self-assessment
1428:. CARR – ESRC Center for Analysis of Risk and Regulation
1353:"The future of non-financial risk in financial services"
1634:
Principles for the Sound Management of Operational Risk
1521:
Journal of Business Continguency and Emergency Planning
722:: namely that operational risk are all risks which are
1717:, Andreas A. Jobst, 2007 (Journal of Operational Risk)
1143:
1022:– based on annual revenue of the Financial Institution
2196:
2057:
2022:
1974:
1886:
1838:
1831:
1710:
FRB Boston paper on measurement of operational risk
1307:"Basel II: Revised international capital framework"
1059:
Senior management understanding and commitment; and
1227:
821:), combined with the increased sophistication of
695:can also include other classes of risks, such as
1049:Resources desired and/or available for the task;
1007:Methods for calculating operational risk capital
1646:, Springer – Management for Professionals, 2014
1630:, Springer – Management for Professionals, 2020
904:
27:Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Factor
1228:{\textstyle ILM=\ln(\exp(1)-1+(LC/BIC)^{0.8})}
864:serve to highlight the fact that the scope of
806:Two decades (from 1980 to the early 2000s) of
690:for insurers, is a variation adopted from the
1805:
1067:Standardised Measurement Approach (Basel III)
659:
332:
8:
1723:"Convergence of Operational and Credit Risk"
1603:. Bank for International Settlements. 2017.
1328:"Solvency II Glossary – European Commission"
1257:Internal audit § Three lines of defence
986:substantially increasing the cost of such or
357:International regulatory standards for banks
1670:is a resource for operational risk content.
1375:"Operational risk capital: Nowhere to hide"
954:Clients, Products, and Business Practice –
1835:
1812:
1798:
1790:
1639:Operational Risk in the Basel II framework
666:
652:
350:
339:
325:
91:
1597:Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms
1576:
1216:
1198:
1142:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1084:
1052:Approaches used for other risk measures;
43:This article includes a list of general
1664:is the text of the new Basel II Accord.
1662:Revised international capital framework
1298:
624:
598:
455:
417:
353:
302:
295:
252:
224:
196:
148:
115:
99:
1073:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
888:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
366:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
1590:
1588:
1397:. Credit Suisse Group. Archived from
7:
1761:"Metrics and Operational Continuity"
1423:"The Invention of Operational Risk"
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1650:The Institute of Operational Risk
1077:Standardised Measurement Approach
18:Standardised Measurement Approach
2087:Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR)
1547:"Solvency – European Commission"
107:
34:
1784:The Journal of Operational Risk
1699:The Risk Management Association
1351:Hida, Edward; Pieper, Michael.
1262:The Journal of Operational Risk
1032:Advanced Measurement Approaches
2406:Strategic financial management
2209:Asset and liability management
1222:
1213:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1096:BI marginal coefficients (αi)
1046:Time sensitivity for analysis;
842:September 11 terrorist attacks
744:Contrary to other risks (e.g.
1:
1252:Institute of Operational Risk
642:Business and Economics Portal
819:Big Bang (financial markets)
599:Pillar 2: Supervisory review
456:Pillar 1: Regulatory capital
1984:Operational risk management
1778:Operational Risk Consortium
1644:Bank Management and Control
1628:Bank Management and Control
1446:Financial crisis of 2007–08
1272:Operational risk management
1013:operational risk management
769:operational risk management
684:operational risk management
625:Pillar 3: Market disclosure
2491:
2156:Proportional hazards model
2107:Interest rate immunization
1549:. Ec.europa.eu. 2012-11-26
1333:. CEA – Groupe Consultatif
844:, rogue trading losses at
2439:
1825:financial risk management
1075:(BCBS) has proposed the "
2102:First-hitting-time model
2067:Arbitrage pricing theory
1515:Beale (1 January 2017).
1457:Subprime mortgage crisis
1020:Basic Indicator Approach
2411:Stress test (financial)
2117:Modern portfolio theory
1759:Tyson Macaulay (2008).
1740:Tyson Macaulay (2008).
1721:Tyson Macaulay (2008).
1656:OpRisk & Regulation
1569:Journal of Risk Finance
1135:The ILM is defined as:
862:National Australia Bank
718:, operational risk was
64:more precise citations.
1229:
908:
868:extends beyond merely
2449:Investment management
2351:Investment management
2077:Replicating portfolio
1853:Sovereign credit risk
1668:Operational Risk Blog
1309:. Bis.org. 2004-06-10
1282:Risk management tools
1230:
1026:Standardized Approach
688:Solvency II Directive
2454:Mathematical finance
2386:Risk-return spectrum
2376:Mathematical finance
2331:Fundamental analysis
2264:Exchange traded fund
1848:Consumer credit risk
1674:Strategic risk index
1141:
797:corporate governance
2444:Financial economics
2401:Statistical finance
2167:Value-at-Risk (VaR)
2072:Black–Scholes model
1912:Holding period risk
1267:Key risk indicators
1086:
956:market manipulation
840:Events such as the
735:non-financial risks
464:Capital requirement
2421:Structured product
2416:Structured finance
2396:Speculative attack
2082:Cash flow matching
2045:Non-financial risk
1942:Interest rate risk
1868:Concentration risk
1679:2013-11-09 at the
1225:
1093:BI range (in €bn)
1085:
823:financial services
773:quality management
720:negatively defined
705:privacy protection
304:Non-financial risk
159:Interest rate risk
131:Concentration risk
2462:
2461:
2234:Corporate finance
2229:Capital structure
2183:Cash flow at risk
2179:Liquidity at risk
2152:Survival analysis
2053:
2052:
1999:Reputational risk
1873:Credit derivative
1610:978-92-9259-022-2
1247:Crisis management
1133:
1132:
924:reputational risk
676:
675:
358:
349:
348:
263:Reputational risk
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2482:
2475:Operational risk
2336:Growth investing
2254:Enterprise value
2204:Asset allocation
2187:Earnings at risk
2169:and extensions (
2112:Market portfolio
1976:Operational risk
1961:Refinancing risk
1836:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1774:
1772:
1766:. Archived from
1765:
1755:
1753:
1747:. Archived from
1746:
1736:
1734:
1728:. Archived from
1727:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1504:. July 21, 2020.
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1220:
1202:
1087:
915:Scope exclusions
846:Société Générale
679:Operational risk
668:
661:
654:
607:Economic capital
574:Operational risk
356:
354:Basel Framework
351:
341:
334:
327:
268:Operational risk
207:Refinancing risk
111:
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
2490:
2489:
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2483:
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2480:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2435:
2371:Systematic risk
2269:Expected return
2249:Economic bubble
2244:Diversification
2239:Cost of capital
2192:
2049:
2018:
1970:
1952:Volatility risk
1916:Price area risk
1882:
1858:Settlement risk
1827:
1818:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1681:Wayback Machine
1624:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1571:(Spring 2000).
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1243:
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1009:
996:
974:
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900:
866:risk management
785:
762:risk management
714:Previously, in
672:
448:Risk management
435:Monetary policy
355:
345:
226:Investment risk
184:Volatility risk
126:Settlement risk
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
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2197:Basic concepts
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2175:Margin at risk
2171:Profit at risk
2164:
2162:Tracking error
2159:
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2132:Risk-free rate
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2030:Execution risk
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2020:
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2011:
2009:Political risk
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
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1957:Liquidity risk
1954:
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1947:Inflation risk
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1937:Margining risk
1934:
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1927:Valuation risk
1924:
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1896:Commodity risk
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1878:Securitization
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1821:Financial risk
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1794:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1773:on 2013-06-17.
1756:
1754:on 2013-06-17.
1737:
1735:on 2013-06-17.
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1622:External links
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1584:
1578:10.1.1.454.372
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1502:MarketScreener
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1115:1 < BI ≤30
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474:Leverage ratio
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313:Stranded asset
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278:Political risk
275:
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265:
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247:
245:Valuation risk
242:
240:Execution risk
237:
229:
228:
222:
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217:Margining risk
214:
209:
201:
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198:Liquidity risk
194:
193:
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186:
181:
179:Commodity risk
176:
171:
166:
164:Inflation risk
161:
153:
152:
146:
145:
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138:
136:Sovereign risk
133:
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113:
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101:Financial risk
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42:
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2426:Systemic risk
2424:
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2399:
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2227:
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2224:Capital asset
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2220:
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2214:Asset pricing
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2176:
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2150:
2148:
2147:Sortino ratio
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
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2130:
2128:
2125:
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2120:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
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2065:
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2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Systemic risk
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Business risk
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
1948:
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1483:92-9197-720-9
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1404:on 2016-03-04
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1287:Risk modeling
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855:
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808:globalization
804:
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782:
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747:
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541:
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502:
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494:
493:
492:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Capital ratio
467:
466:
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462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
445:
442:
440:
436:
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431:
427:
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404:
402:
399:
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389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
371:Basel Accords
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
352:
342:
337:
335:
330:
328:
323:
322:
320:
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284:
281:
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260:
259:
258:
255:
254:Business risk
251:
246:
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241:
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233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
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204:
203:
202:
199:
195:
190:
189:Systemic risk
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
169:Currency risk
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
151:
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139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
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123:
122:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:Categories of
94:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2381:Moral hazard
2366:Risk of ruin
2142:Sharpe ratio
2004:Country risk
1975:
1965:Deposit risk
1863:Default risk
1768:the original
1749:the original
1730:the original
1596:
1568:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1541:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1386:
1369:
1359:16 September
1357:. Retrieved
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1236:
1137:
1134:
1081:
1070:
1040:
1037:
1010:
1001:
997:
994:Difficulties
976:
975:
933:
921:
918:
909:
905:
901:
885:
881:
878:
839:
831:
827:
815:
812:deregulation
805:
801:
794:
786:
766:
743:
739:risk capital
723:
713:
678:
677:
584:Standardized
573:
545:Standardized
439:Central bank
288:Moral hazard
273:Country risk
267:
212:Deposit risk
141:Default risk
76:
70:October 2007
67:
48:
2431:Toxic asset
2391:Speculation
2324:social work
2309:engineering
2137:Risk parity
2122:Omega ratio
2035:Profit risk
1922:Equity risk
1900:Volume risk
1888:Market risk
1840:Credit risk
977:Vendor risk
972:Vendor risk
930:Event types
874:credit risk
750:market risk
746:credit risk
731:credit risk
727:market risk
709:legal risks
540:Market risk
491:Credit risk
297:Profit risk
174:Equity risk
150:Market risk
117:Credit risk
62:introducing
2014:Legal risk
1994:Model risk
1908:Shape risk
1904:Basis risk
1832:Categories
1553:2013-06-06
1432:2014-04-30
1408:2014-04-29
1355:. Deloitte
1337:2014-04-29
1313:2013-06-06
1293:References
940:mismarking
898:Definition
783:Background
779:function.
633:Disclosure
617:Legal risk
430:Regulation
418:Background
283:Legal risk
235:Model risk
45:references
2361:Risk pool
2274:Financial
1573:CiteSeerX
1181:−
1169:
1160:
835:Basel III
386:Basel III
2469:Category
2284:analysis
2219:Bad debt
2097:Drawdown
2059:Modeling
1677:Archived
1533:29256382
1241:See also
1126:> 30
892:Basel II
789:Basel II
775:and the
729:and not
701:security
692:Basel II
381:Basel II
2299:betting
2289:analyst
2279:adviser
1932:FX risk
1090:Bucket
944:bribery
850:Barings
716:Basel I
557:CVA vol
426:Banking
406:Endgame
376:Basel I
58:improve
2341:Hazard
2092:Copula
1959:(e.g.
1898:(e.g.
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1480:
1056:etc.);
870:market
860:, and
787:Until
567:SA-CVA
562:BA-CVA
523:SA-CCR
484:Tier 2
479:Tier 1
47:, but
2346:Hedge
2304:crime
2294:asset
2127:RAROC
2023:Other
1771:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
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1378:(PDF)
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767:Thus
697:fraud
579:Basic
511:A-IRB
506:F-IRB
496:SA-CR
2356:Risk
2319:risk
1823:and
1605:ISBN
1529:PMID
1478:ISBN
1361:2020
1129:18%
1118:15%
1107:12%
1071:The
872:and
816:e.g.
810:and
444:Risk
401:FRTB
396:NSFR
2314:law
2259:ESG
1218:0.8
1166:exp
1104:≤1
894:).
858:UBS
854:AIB
724:not
589:AMA
550:IMA
533:CCF
527:IMM
518:EAD
501:IRB
391:LCR
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2185:,
2181:,
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