97:
2099:(ruled 745–727 BC) created Assyria's first standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III disbanded militias and instead paid professional soldiers for their services. His army was composed largely of Assyrian soldiers but was supplemented with foreign mercenaries and vassal states. The standing army he created was the most sophisticated administrative and economic institution of its time, and was the engine of Assyrian economy which capitalized on warfare.
65:, and temporary armies, which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war, and disbanded once the war or threat is over. Standing armies tend to be better equipped, better trained, and better prepared for emergencies, defensive deterrence, and particularly, wars. The term dates from approximately 1600, although the phenomenon it describes is much older.
2358:, which was an unusual ratio at the time. The high price of medieval gunpowder prevented them from raising it any further. The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armoured infantry and artillery, while the other corps delivered sporadic, surprise assaults on the enemy.
2115:. Herodotus describes that if any of these guardsmen drops out owing to death or disease, a substitute is immediately supplied and the number again filled. Thousands of these 10,000 guardsmen composed the royal bodyguards in the palace, their insignia were golden apples or pomegranates at the butts of their spears (accordingly they are named “apple-bearers” by
2419:
composition assured predominance in the
European battlefields from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century. Although other powers adopted the tercio formation, their armies fell short of the fearsome reputation of the Spanish, whose core of professional soldiers gave them an edge that
2110:
formed the first professional army of Persia. The composition of the army varied and developed in the course of time. The empire's great armies were, like the empire itself, very diverse. Its standing army was composed of
Persians (the bravest people of empire according to Herodotus) and Medes. This
2455:
prohibited local authorities from assembling militia without the approval of the king, to prevent such a force being used to oppress local opponents. This weakened the incentive for local officials to draw up their own fighting forces, and King
Charles II subsequently assembled four regiments of
2399:
was recorded by a
Chinese observer as having 30,000 full-time professional troops, whose soldiers and commanders were paid in gold. This shows the existence of a standing army, an achievement that only a handful of Southeast Asian empires could hope to achieve. In addition to these professional
2311:
The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in the 1480s, Swiss instructors were recruited and some of the 'bandes'
2456:
infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of £122,000 paid out of his regular budget. This became the foundation of the permanent
British Army. By 1685 it had grown to 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. The
2460:
in 1685 provided James II with a pretext to increase the size of the force to 20,000 men, and there were 37,000 in 1688, when
England played a role in the closing stage of the Franco-Dutch War. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000, and then to 94,000 in 1694.
2346:
was the first
Central/Eastern European standing army. However, while the Black Army was certainly the first standing field army in that part of Europe, Hungary in fact had maintained a permanent army in the form of garrisons of border fortresses since the 1420s.
2141:, which had a standing army that trained year-round (and not only in summertime). Through the 5th century, they comprised the only professional soldiers in ancient Greece, aside from hired mercenaries. However, the Spartan army commonly consisted of
2192:, warfare was first attested during the Vedic period. However, warfare was primarily waged between various clans and kingdoms solely by the kshatriya class during times of conflict. True standing armies in India developed under the
2155:
instituted the first true professional
Hellenic army, with soldiers and cavalrymen paid for their service year-round, rather than a militia of men who mostly farmed the land for subsistence and occasionally mustered for campaigns.
2464:
Nervous at the power such a large force afforded the king whilst under his personal command, Parliament reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and
Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were
2289:
was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These
2400:
soldiers, Majapahit was strengthened by troops from subordinate countries and regional leaders. As was common in
Southeast Asia, Majapahit also used a levy system, in fact, the majority of the Majapahit troops were a levy.
2382:
when everyone was a soldier." Askia Mohammad I is said to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his, notably in reference to the neighboring kingdoms in the land of
2565:
2300:
that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed. Provisions were also made for
2432:, England lacked a standing army, instead relying on militia organized by local officials, private forces mobilized by the nobility and hired mercenaries from Europe. This changed during the
2318:
further regularised the French army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the militia structure. The first, the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne, were called
2111:
standing army, which may have been reviewed every year by the king or his representative, is called kāra in the inscriptions. At the heart of this army was its elite guard, The 10,000
2172:
initially did not have a standing army. Instead they drafted militias from around 150 city states. While the Eastern Zhao did not initially maintain a standing army, the state of
2440:
of 50,000 men. This professional body of soldiers proved more effective than untrained militia, and enabled him to exert control over the country. The army was disbanded by
2514:
suspicion of a standing army is reflected in the constitutional requirement that the appointment and promotion of high-ranking military officers (like civil officers) be
3415:
Mitchel A. Sollenberger (2015). "President and Congressional Relations: An Evolution of Military Appointments". In Colton C. Campbell & David P. Auerswald (ed.).
2486:
comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society, as modern warfare requires the increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies.
3386:
2499:
2546:
commented, "I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day."
2180:
in 221 BCE, which ushered Imperial China. Under the Qin dynasty, wars were fought by trained vocational soldiers instead of relying on temporary soldiers.
3403:
An Oration Delivered March 5, 1781, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770,
2502:) limits federal appropriations to two years, and reserves financial control to Congress, instead of to the President. The President, however, retains
2232:, and guards. Legionaries were citizen volunteers entitled to a discharge bounty upon 25 years of honorable service; supplementing the legions were the
2448:
of the Monarchy in 1660, and the Cromwellian model was initially considered a failure due to various logistical and political problems with the force.
96:
1020:
1447:
3201:
Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871–872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.
3488:
3288:
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2913:
2883:
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maintained a standing army, enabling them to effectively control other city states and spread their influence. Unlike the Western Zhou, the
2312:(militia) were combined to form temporary 'legions' of up to 9,000 men. The men would be paid and contracted and would receive training.
1803:
3426:
2736:
2702:
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was expensive to maintain, but supported the authority of the empire, not only as combat troops but also as provincial police forces,
1998:
1776:
391:
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3263:
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3152:
3112:
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2997:
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2962:
A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History [3 volumes]: 300 Trades and Professions through History
3127:
Palosfalvi, Tamas – From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389–1526, Brill (September 20, 2018), pg.32
3510:
2441:
1530:
1513:
1875:
1300:
145:
2753:
3176:
2523:
1639:
2560:
2378:, compared Askia Mohammad I's army to that of his predecessor; "he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike
2112:
2056:
1503:
3055:
Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52.
1993:
457:
3515:
2511:
2003:
1190:
992:
863:
401:
2196:, which relied on paid professional soldiers year round. The most prominent of the Mahajanapadas was the Kingdom of
2498:
in America, there was a strong distrust of a standing army not under civilian control. The U.S. Constitution in (
1467:
2570:
2292:
1577:
1085:
434:
308:
162:
2374:(1493–1528) possessed a full-time corps of 40,000 professional warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the
2534:: "An excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure." After the
2028:
1895:
1442:
1135:
953:
801:
3072:
Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181.
3144:
2813:
1981:
1963:
1719:
1278:
1200:
1145:
743:
406:
2354:
in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an
1848:
1823:
1545:
1457:
1330:
1205:
806:
783:
229:
128:
54:
2640:
2535:
2478:
2445:
2339:
2297:
2282:
1437:
1370:
1323:
977:
940:
903:
821:
773:
657:
467:
275:
184:
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and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but those units were disbanded at the end of the
2519:
2278:
2152:
1828:
1730:
1587:
1582:
1400:
1365:
1100:
920:
778:
714:
568:
538:
135:
31:
3378:
3382:
2542:, in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President
2470:
2322:(The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over to save costs. The
2173:
2116:
2092:
1679:
1664:
1540:
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1405:
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682:
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189:
113:
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2176:
became the first to do so in 678 BCE. The first professional army in China was established by the
2515:
2507:
2457:
2315:
2013:
1868:
1788:
1709:
1654:
1629:
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424:
238:
157:
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3443:
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3480:
3453:
3422:
3284:
3259:
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3148:
3108:
3073:
3056:
3020:
2993:
2966:
2960:
2936:
2909:
2905:
The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History: A New Theory of Chinese History
2879:
2833:
2784:
2759:
2732:
2698:
2671:
2665:
2600:
2495:
2433:
2343:
2229:
2049:
1958:
1905:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1763:
1746:
1741:
1714:
1659:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1335:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1215:
1185:
1075:
1045:
1040:
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1025:
1015:
930:
883:
853:
692:
485:
462:
396:
3014:
2930:
2903:
2873:
2726:
2694:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
2692:
2452:
2371:
2023:
1988:
1920:
1813:
1751:
1644:
1572:
1565:
1422:
1355:
1305:
1295:
1170:
1090:
1050:
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987:
858:
843:
796:
704:
662:
605:
600:
558:
381:
358:
265:
194:
123:
106:
62:
2200:. It is accepted that the first standing army of India was created in Maghada by the ruler
3366:
2539:
2429:
2375:
2107:
2088:
2084:
1833:
1818:
1736:
1692:
1634:
1290:
1285:
1175:
1165:
1080:
1055:
997:
838:
768:
758:
697:
610:
595:
518:
490:
290:
270:
118:
3360:
2808:
3211:
2527:
2437:
2409:
2367:
2262:
2241:
2128:
2018:
2008:
1756:
1180:
1140:
1118:
1105:
1095:
1065:
982:
935:
738:
729:
620:
573:
553:
543:
513:
480:
368:
325:
280:
152:
85:
3180:
3504:
2543:
2416:
2396:
2217:
2193:
2189:
1855:
1843:
1699:
1619:
1535:
1518:
1375:
1230:
1210:
893:
888:
868:
848:
763:
734:
709:
585:
563:
548:
523:
363:
285:
243:
140:
3398:
2555:
2301:
2221:
2169:
2165:
2042:
1968:
1948:
1943:
1838:
1783:
1417:
1412:
1235:
1150:
898:
632:
533:
330:
234:
2858:
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature
2616:
2257:
The first modern standing armies on European soil during the Middle Ages were the
3474:
3416:
2987:
2530:
argued against a large standing army, comparing it, mischievously, to a standing
2281:
to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established by King
2137:) armies were essentially drafted citizen militias. The exception was in ancient
2592:
2473:
officially reserved authority over a standing army to Parliament, not the king.
2258:
2177:
1953:
1704:
1669:
1508:
1195:
1160:
873:
816:
719:
503:
224:
219:
2415:
were the first Spanish standing units composed of professional soldiers. Their
17:
2483:
1910:
1880:
1602:
971:
50:
3281:
Hikayat Majapahit - Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan Kerajaan Terbesar di Nusantara
3140:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume I
2379:
2225:
2201:
2146:
1900:
1724:
1674:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1474:
1265:
1260:
1225:
667:
353:
320:
209:
2667:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
2224:
was gradually instituted, with regularized pay. This professional force of
2355:
2351:
2213:
1915:
1890:
1523:
1155:
1130:
748:
303:
177:
46:
3344:
Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey
2091:, is believed to have formed the first standing professional army.
2412:
2266:
2235:
2197:
2096:
1925:
1885:
1649:
1483:
1479:
826:
811:
687:
348:
343:
313:
252:
214:
3044:
Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order
2142:
2138:
1432:
833:
650:
386:
3256:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
3179:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Rakoczi Press. pp. 35–36. Archived from
30:"Standing Army" redirects here. For the 2010 documentary film, see
2566:
List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
2531:
2384:
2132:
908:
444:
439:
27:
Permanent army composed of full-time career soldiers or conscripts
204:
199:
57:, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during
42:
2617:"Standing army | Definition of Standing army at Dictionary.com"
3357:
An Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations
2597:
A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government
77:
58:
3318:
The History of England from the accession of James the Second
3405:
pp. 14–15, printed by Thomas and John Fleet, Boston, 1781.
2244:
who typically earned citizenship as a reward for service.
2350:
Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early
2830:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2781:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2277:
The first Christian standing army since the fall of the
3107:. Budapest, Hungary: Csengőkert Kiadó. pp. 2–208.
2728:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
2265:, which were formed in the 14th century under Sultan
3046:(Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 104–05, 239–40.
2832:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 262.
2783:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 261.
2664:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter (2013-01-31).
2240:, auxiliary forces composed of non-citizens in the
3305:The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1578–1700
2989:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
3216:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800
3016:Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE
3421:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 29–31.
3387:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
3448:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p.
3177:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war"
2878:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 33–34.
2506:of the armed forces when they are raised, as
2050:
8:
3038:
3036:
2233:
2875:Elite Military Formations in War and Peace
2145:(serfs), who considerably outnumbered the
2057:
2043:
67:
2342:, established in 1462 by Hungarian king,
2326:and the king's own household troops (the
3239:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017).
2149:, as well as numerous allies of Sparta.
1021:List of military strategies and concepts
3091:Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
2588:
2586:
2582:
75:
3379:American Resistance to a Standing Army
3331:The Oxford history of the British army
2809:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY, I/4, pp. 414-426"
2755:100 Turning Points in Military History
2599:New York, N.Y.; Simon & Schuster.
2220:, a standing professional army of the
3418:Congress and Civil-Military Relations
3307:Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Page 117.
3258:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
2954:
2952:
2897:
2895:
2851:
2849:
49:who may be either career soldiers or
7:
2802:
2800:
2420:was hard for other states to match.
41:is a permanent, often professional,
3445:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
2469:merged with the English force. The
3283:. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
25:
3175:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982).
2328:Maison militaire du roi de France
3320:(C.H. Firth ed. 1913), 1:136–38.
95:
3143:. New York, NY, United States:
3105:A Fekete Sereg (The Black Army)
2087:, the founder of the
2524:1787 Constitutional Convention
2296:formed the core of the French
45:. It is composed of full-time
1:
2959:Westfahl, Gary (2015-04-21).
2561:List of militaries by country
2902:Zhao, Dingxin (2015-10-16).
2758:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2752:Axelrod, Alan (2019-08-26).
3389:at George Mason University.
3254:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
3013:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2986:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2935:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
2932:History of China's Military
2929:Sahay, R. K. (2016-05-24).
2908:. Oxford University Press.
2725:Schwartzwald, Jack (2014).
2628:First recorded in 1595–1605
2436:, when Cromwell formed his
2330:) were the only survivors.
1514:Military–industrial complex
993:Operational manoeuvre group
3532:
3359:Book 5. Chapter 1. Part 1.
2428:Prior to the influence of
29:
3442:Isaacson, Walter (2003).
3042:Christopher J. Fuhrmann,
2731:. McFarland. p. 24.
2697:. McFarland. p. 36.
2619:. ORIGIN OF STANDING ARMY
2571:List of armies by country
2424:England and Great Britain
1578:Loss-of-strength gradient
435:Combat information center
3346:(1970) pp 90–98, 110–25.
3329:David G. Chandler, ed.,
3137:Clifford Rogers (2010).
2691:Howard, Michael (2002).
2476:In his influential work
1896:Military science fiction
1381:Technology and equipment
802:List of military tactics
3511:17th-century neologisms
3279:Oktorino, Nino (2020).
3145:Oxford University Press
2828:Briant, Pierre (2002).
2779:Pierre, Briant (2002).
2293:compagnies d'ordonnance
2285:in the 1430s while the
1964:Wartime sexual violence
1720:Full-spectrum dominance
1531:Supply-chain management
3241:Ancient Southeast Asia
2872:Legault, Roch (1996).
2645:Guinness World Records
2248:Post-classical history
2234:
1876:Awards and decorations
1849:Peace through strength
1824:Low-intensity conflict
1458:Conscientious objector
1331:Area of responsibility
3377:Hamner, Christopher.
2641:"First standing army"
2536:Battle of Bladensburg
2479:The Wealth of Nations
2283:Charles VII of France
468:Torpedo data computer
458:Ship gun fire-control
3355:Smith, Adam. (1776)
3243:. London: Routledge.
2814:Encyclopædia Iranica
2500:Article 1, Section 8
2366:In West Africa, the
2279:Western Roman Empire
2153:Philip II of Macedon
2131:, the city-states' (
1994:Military occupations
1829:Military engineering
1731:Unrestricted Warfare
1588:Force multiplication
486:Military manoeuvrers
32:Standing Army (film)
3473:Benn, Carl (2002).
3383:TeachingHistory.org
3103:Pál, Földi (2015).
2471:Bill of Rights 1689
2212:Under the reign of
2093:Tiglath-Pileser III
1680:Penal military unit
1665:Rules of engagement
1341:Command and control
966:Operations research
430:Director (military)
420:Fire-control system
190:Command and control
71:Part of a series on
3516:Military sociology
3365:2007-09-27 at the
3342:Correlli Barnett,
3333:(2003), pp. 46–57.
3183:on 26 January 2011
2807:Schmitt, Rüdiger.
2508:commander-in-chief
2482:(1776), economist
2458:Monmouth Rebellion
2306:Hundred Years' War
2287:Hundred Years' War
2117:Heraclides Cumaeus
1789:Counter-insurgency
1710:Command of the sea
1655:Jewish laws on war
1630:Geneva Conventions
1166:Divide and conquer
961:Military operation
926:Tactical objective
425:Fire-control radar
402:Electronic-warfare
53:. It differs from
3490:978-1-84176-466-5
3481:Osprey Publishing
3290:978-623-00-1741-4
3089:Trevor N. Dupuy,
3026:978-1-317-58691-3
2972:978-1-61069-403-2
2942:978-93-86019-90-5
2915:978-0-19-935174-9
2885:978-0-275-94640-1
2839:978-1-57506-031-6
2790:978-1-57506-031-6
2765:978-1-4930-3746-9
2677:978-0-19-518831-8
2496:Thirteen Colonies
2434:English Civil War
2067:
2066:
1959:Horses in warfare
1906:Anti-war movement
1809:Gunboat diplomacy
1799:Disaster response
1747:Philosophy of war
1742:Principles of war
1715:Deterrence theory
1660:Right of conquest
1583:Lanchester's laws
1351:Principles of war
1041:Counter-offensive
1026:Military campaign
931:Target saturation
854:Counterinsurgency
463:Gun data computer
397:Close air support
359:Aircraft carriers
63:natural disasters
16:(Redirected from
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3229:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2607:
2590:
2538:in 1814, during
2453:Militia Act 1661
2391:Majapahit Empire
2372:Askia Mohammad I
2344:Matthias Hunyadi
2239:
2059:
2052:
2045:
1814:Humanitarian aid
1752:Security dilemma
1573:Power projection
1356:Economy of force
1336:Chain of command
1051:Defence in depth
1036:Commerce raiding
859:Defeat in detail
195:Defense ministry
99:
90:
89:
80:
68:
21:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3476:The War of 1812
3472:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3397:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3367:Wayback Machine
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3212:Miksic, John M.
3210:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3147:. p. 152.
3136:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2861:. Werner. 1893.
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2552:
2540:the War of 1812
2494:In the British
2492:
2430:Oliver Cromwell
2426:
2406:
2393:
2376:Tarikh al-Sudan
2364:
2336:
2320:Les Vieux Corps
2275:
2255:
2250:
2210:
2186:
2162:
2125:
2108:Cyrus the Great
2089:Akkadian Empire
2085:Sargon of Akkad
2082:
2077:
2075:Ancient history
2072:
2063:
2034:
2033:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1834:Multilateralism
1819:Law enforcement
1779:
1769:
1768:
1737:Just war theory
1695:
1685:
1684:
1635:Geneva Protocol
1605:
1595:
1594:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1201:Network-centric
1121:
1111:
1110:
1018:
1008:
1007:
956:
946:
945:
894:Rapid dominance
799:
789:
788:
744:Electromagnetic
653:
643:
642:
629:
582:
530:
506:
496:
495:
491:Combat training
472:
449:
415:Combat systems:
411:
373:
369:Auxiliary ships
335:
295:
291:Military police
257:
180:
170:
169:
109:
83:
82:
81:
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Standing armies
15:
12:
11:
5:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3483:. p. 20.
3465:
3458:
3434:
3428:978-1626161801
3427:
3407:
3391:
3370:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3316:Lord Macaulay
3309:
3296:
3289:
3271:
3264:
3246:
3231:
3224:
3203:
3194:
3167:
3153:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3095:
3082:
3065:
3048:
3032:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2978:
2971:
2948:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2891:
2884:
2864:
2845:
2838:
2820:
2796:
2789:
2771:
2764:
2744:
2738:978-0786478064
2737:
2717:
2704:978-0786468034
2703:
2683:
2676:
2656:
2632:
2608:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2528:Elbridge Gerry
2491:
2488:
2444:following the
2438:New Model Army
2425:
2422:
2410:Spanish Empire
2405:
2402:
2395:The Majapahit
2392:
2389:
2368:Songhai Empire
2363:
2362:Songhai Empire
2360:
2335:
2332:
2274:
2271:
2263:Ottoman Empire
2254:
2253:Ottoman Empire
2251:
2249:
2246:
2209:
2206:
2185:
2182:
2161:
2158:
2129:ancient Greece
2124:
2123:Ancient Greece
2121:
2103:Ancient Persia
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Military terms
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:Tripwire force
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:Administrative
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:New generation
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Fleet in being
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:Grand strategy
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:Scorched earth
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:Deep operation
980:
975:
968:
963:
957:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
824:
819:
809:
800:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
784:Unconventional
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
732:
730:Disinformation
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
701:
700:
695:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
628:
627:
626:
625:
624:
623:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
581:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
529:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
481:Basic training
478:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
410:
409:
407:Reconnaissance
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
372:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
334:
333:
328:
326:Special forces
323:
318:
317:
316:
306:
301:
294:
293:
288:
283:
281:Reconnaissance
278:
273:
268:
263:
256:
255:
246:
241:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
150:
149:
148:
143:
133:
132:
131:
124:Post-classical
121:
116:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
92:
91:
73:
72:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3528:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3459:0-684-80761-0
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:Dawes, Thomas
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:Lynch, John.
3300:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3265:981-4155-67-5
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3225:9789971695583
3221:
3218:. NUS Press.
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3156:
3154:9780195334036
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3114:9786155476839
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:0-8050-4081-1
3075:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:0-688-08093-6
3058:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3019:. Routledge.
3018:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2999:9781317586913
2995:
2992:. Routledge.
2991:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2605:0-684-84489-3
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:James Madison
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:United States
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:pike and shot
2414:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:thalassocracy
2390:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:franc-archers
2299:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:Roman emperor
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:Mahajanapadas
2191:
2190:Ancient India
2184:Ancient India
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:Ancient China
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Warrior caste
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:Show of force
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Peacebuilding
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Air supremacy
1698:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Islamic rules
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Court-martial
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Arms industry
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1390:
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1136:Broken-backed
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978:Expeditionary
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867:
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849:Counterattack
847:
845:
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837:
835:
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828:
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823:
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815:
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813:
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798:
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774:Psychological
772:
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710:Combined arms
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549:Fortification
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249:Standing army
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141:pike and shot
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55:army reserves
52:
48:
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40:
39:standing army
33:
19:
3475:
3468:
3444:
3437:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3373:
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3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3280:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3139:
3132:
3123:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3068:
3051:
3043:
3015:
3008:
2988:
2981:
2965:. ABC-CLIO.
2961:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2780:
2774:
2754:
2747:
2727:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2693:
2686:
2666:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2627:
2621:. Retrieved
2611:
2596:
2593:Wills, Garry
2556:Regular army
2503:
2493:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2427:
2407:
2394:
2365:
2349:
2337:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2291:
2276:
2256:
2222:Roman Empire
2216:, the first
2211:
2208:Ancient Rome
2187:
2170:Eastern Zhou
2166:Western Zhou
2163:
2151:
2133:
2126:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2083:
1969:Fifth column
1949:War resister
1944:Women in war
1839:Peacekeeping
1784:Arms control
1729:
1418:Mobilization
1413:Conscription
1371:Intelligence
1324:Organization
970:
899:Encirclement
779:Radiological
715:Conventional
569:Subterranean
476:Development:
475:
452:
414:
376:
339:Naval units:
338:
331:Signal corps
298:
276:Intelligence
261:Specialties:
260:
248:
185:Organization
136:Early modern
38:
36:
2670:. OUP USA.
2446:Restoration
2324:Vieux Corps
2259:Janissaries
2226:legionaries
2178:Qin dynasty
2080:Mesopotamia
1954:War studies
1777:Non-warfare
1705:Appeasement
1670:Martial law
1509:War economy
1448:Transgender
1401:Recruitment
1161:Containment
1046:Culminating
954:Operational
874:Envelopment
817:Air assault
698:Air cavalry
658:Air defence
638:Information
539:Cold-region
504:Battlespace
453:Historical:
299:Land units:
225:Space force
220:Coast guard
153:Late modern
114:Prehistoric
3505:Categories
3479:. Oxford:
3187:11 October
2650:2021-01-07
2623:2021-04-20
2577:References
2484:Adam Smith
2442:Parliament
2370:under the
2340:Black Army
2147:Spartiates
2014:War crimes
2004:Operations
1911:Foot drill
1881:Battle cry
1794:deterrence
1453:Harassment
1428:Specialism
1251:Technology
1246:Succession
1191:Liberation
1126:Asymmetric
1061:Empty fort
972:Blitzkrieg
941:Withdrawal
904:Investment
683:Camouflage
678:Biological
616:Underwater
591:Amphibious
510:Aerospace
377:Air units:
354:Submarines
163:fourth-gen
158:industrial
146:napoleonic
51:conscripts
3160:10 August
2522:. At the
2516:confirmed
2380:Sunni Ali
2298:gendarmes
2242:provinces
2230:engineers
2202:Bimbisara
2113:Immortals
1901:War novel
1804:Grey-zone
1764:War games
1725:Overmatch
1675:War crime
1625:Desertion
1615:Ceasefire
1610:Armistice
1497:Logistics
1475:Mercenary
1463:Volunteer
1394:Personnel
1366:Engineers
1311:Sociology
1266:World war
1261:Total war
1241:Strategic
1231:Religious
1216:Political
1211:Perpetual
1186:Irregular
1101:Offensive
1076:Defensive
1071:Deception
1031:Attrition
884:Guerrilla
879:Formation
822:Airbridge
754:Loitering
668:Artillery
321:Artillery
271:Engineers
239:Irregular
210:Air force
3363:Archived
3214:(2013).
2710:21 March
2595:(1999).
2550:See also
2512:Framers'
2467:de facto
2356:arquebus
2352:firearms
2316:Henry II
2214:Augustus
1916:War song
1891:War film
1524:Materiel
1443:Children
1423:Training
1361:Medicine
1346:Doctrine
1301:Training
1236:Resource
1221:Princely
1171:Economic
1156:Conquest
1151:Colonial
1146:Cold war
1131:Blockade
1016:Strategy
988:Maneuver
749:Infantry
705:Chemical
559:Mountain
519:Airborne
382:Fighters
349:Warships
304:Infantry
230:Reserves
178:Military
47:soldiers
2518:by the
2504:command
2413:tercios
2334:Hungary
2267:Murad I
2261:of the
2236:auxilia
2198:Magadha
2097:Assyria
2070:History
2029:Writers
2024:Weapons
1989:Battles
1938:Related
1926:Wargame
1921:Uniform
1869:Culture
1650:Perfidy
1645:Justice
1566:Science
1551:Outpost
1504:History
1484:Warrior
1480:Soldier
1468:foreign
1406:counter
1306:Service
1256:Theater
1196:Limited
1176:Endemic
1091:Nuclear
864:Foxhole
839:Cavalry
827:Airdrop
812:Airlift
797:Tactics
769:Nuclear
759:Missile
688:Cavalry
673:Barrage
651:Weapons
611:Surface
392:Command
387:Bombers
344:Frogman
314:Cavalry
286:Medical
253:Militia
235:Regular
215:Marines
129:castles
119:Ancient
107:History
86:outline
3487:
3456:
3425:
3287:
3262:
3222:
3151:
3111:
3093:(1993)
3076:
3059:
3023:
2996:
2969:
2939:
2912:
2882:
2836:
2787:
2762:
2735:
2701:
2674:
2603:
2520:Senate
2510:. The
2273:France
2143:helots
2139:Sparta
2134:poleis
2009:Sieges
1693:Theory
1433:Morale
1291:Policy
1286:Branch
1066:Mosaic
1056:Fabian
1003:Covert
936:Trench
921:Screen
844:Charge
834:Battle
807:Aerial
725:Denial
693:Horses
621:Seabed
574:Tunnel
554:Jungle
544:Desert
514:Aerial
2532:penis
2404:Spain
2385:Borgu
1982:Lists
1438:Women
1376:Ranks
1296:Staff
1226:Proxy
1141:Class
1096:Naval
1081:Depth
916:Swarm
909:Siege
889:Naval
869:Drone
764:Music
739:Robot
735:Drone
720:Cyber
663:Armor
633:Cyber
606:Green
601:Brown
564:Urban
524:Space
445:Radar
440:Sonar
309:Armor
266:Staff
244:Ranks
3485:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3220:ISBN
3189:2010
3162:2013
3149:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2910:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2733:ISBN
2712:2016
2699:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2451:The
2408:The
2338:The
2164:The
2019:Wars
1536:Base
1086:Goal
998:Raid
596:Blue
534:Land
205:Navy
200:Army
59:wars
43:army
3450:456
3401:.
2188:In
2174:Jin
2127:In
2119:).
2095:of
1603:Law
1546:FOB
1541:MOB
586:Sea
78:War
61:or
3507::
3452:.
3385:,
3381:.
3035:^
2951:^
2894:^
2848:^
2811:.
2799:^
2643:.
2626:.
2585:^
2526:,
2387:.
2308:.
2269:.
2204:.
1482:/
737:/
251:/
237:/
37:A
3493:.
3462:.
3431:.
3293:.
3268:.
3228:.
3191:.
3164:.
3117:.
3080:.
3063:.
3029:.
3002:.
2975:.
2945:.
2918:.
2888:.
2842:.
2817:.
2793:.
2768:.
2741:.
2714:.
2680:.
2653:.
2058:e
2051:t
2044:v
88:)
84:(
34:.
20:)
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