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produced a wide variety of inorganic and organic compounds essential for cellular construction and metabolism. In support, a number of independent researchers also confirmed the range of chemical syntheses. With the recent revelation that, unlike the original Miller's experimental hypothesis of a strongly reducing condition, the primitive atmosphere could have been quite neutral, containing other gases in different proportions. Miller's last works, published posthumously in 2008, still succeeded in synthesizing an array of organic compounds using such conditions.
300:" chemical compounds could be produced by purely inorganic processes. Miller earned a doctorate in 1954, and a long-lasting reputation. From spectroscopic observations of stars, it is now well known that complex organic compounds form from the gases of carbon-rich stars. The fundamental issue, the connection between "pre-biotic organic" compounds and the origin of life, has remained.
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After a year of fruitless work with Teller, and the prospect of Teller's leaving
Chicago to work on the hydrogen bomb, Urey approached Miller in September 1952 with a fresh research project. Urey was not immediately enthusiastic about Miller's interest in pre-biotic synthesis: No successful work had
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and liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry. Their result showed the synthesis of 22 amino acids and 5 amines, revealing that the original Miller experiment produced many more compounds than actually reported in 1953. The unreported 1958 samples were analysed in 2011, from which 23
461:
Miller continued his research until his death in 2007. As the knowledge of the Earth's early atmosphere progressed, and techniques for chemical analyses improved, he continued to refine the details and methods. He succeeded not only in synthesizing more and more varieties of amino acids, he also
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Just before Miller's death, several boxes containing vials of dried residues were found among his laboratory materials in the university. A note indicated that some were from his original 1952-1954 experiments, produced by using three different apparatuses, and one from 1958, which included
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to study chemistry mainly because he felt that Donald would be able to help him with the topic. He completed his BSC in June 1951. He then had financial problems: His father died in 1946 and left the family poor. With help from the
Berkeley faculty (UC Berkeley did not then grant research
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The experiments found evidence for the production of amino acids in the reaction vessel. Urey or Miller was afraid that specks of fly excrement might be the source of the amino acids (or was so chided by classmates). Excrement was not the source; the result was a demonstration that
275:
Miller enrolled in the
University of Chicago PhD program in September 1951. He searched frantically for a thesis topic, met professors, and preferred theoretical problems rather than experiments, which tended to be laborious. He initially worked with the theoretical physicist
422:, but was not confident about them. Since amino acids are the basic structural and functional constituents of cellular life, the experiment showed the possibility of natural organic synthesis for the origin of life on earth.
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Miller showed his results to Urey, who suggested immediate publication. Urey refused to be the co-author lest Miller receive little or no credit. The manuscript with Miller as the sole author was submitted to the magazine
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on the origin of solar system and the idea that organic synthesis was possible in a reducing environment, such as the primitive Earth's atmosphere. Miller was immensely inspired.
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and had the office of the
Oakland Deputy District Attorney in 1927. His mother was a school teacher so that education was a natural environment in the family. In fact, while in
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inquiry. His study has become a classic textbook definition of the scientific basis of origin of life, or more specifically, the first definitive experimental evidence of the
219:, which showed that complex organic molecules could be synthesised from inorganic precursors. The experiment was widely reported, and provided evidence for the idea that the
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S) in the gaseous mixture for the first time, a result which was never published. In 2008 his students re-analysed the 1952 samples using more sensitive techniques, such as
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the manuscript. A month passed, but still there was no decision. On 10 March the infuriated Urey demanded the manuscript to be returned, and he himself submitted it to the
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was established, he became the first assistant professor of the
Department of Chemistry in 1960, and an associate professor in 1962, and then a full Professor in 1968.
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519:, south of San Diego, and died on 20 May 2007 at the nearby Paradise Hospital. He was survived by his brother Donald and his family, and his partner Maria Morris.
482:. They synthesized 33 amino acids, including 10 that are known to occur naturally in organisms. These included all of the primary alpha-amino acids found in the
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been done. Urey suggested that Miller work on thallium in meteorites. With persistence, Miller persuaded Urey to experiment with electric discharges in gases.
398:). The gaseous mixture was then exposed to electrical discharge, which induced chemical reaction. After a week of reaction, Miller detected the formation of
449:, apparently annoyed by Urey's insinuation, wrote directly to Miller that the manuscript was to be published. Miller then withdrew the manuscript from the
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on 10 February 1953. After waiting several weeks, Urey inquired and wrote to the chairman of the editorial board on 27 February on the lack of action in
486:, which fell on Australia in 1969. A subsequent electric discharge experiment actually produced more variety of amino acids than that in the meteorite.
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284:. Conforming to the custom of the university, which was that graduate students attend seminars, he attended a chemistry seminar by Nobel laureate
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Cleaves HJ, Chalmers JH, Lazcano A, Miller SL, Bada JL (200). "A reassessment of prebiotic organic synthesis in neutral planetary atmospheres".
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Miller suffered a series of strokes beginning in
November 1999 that increasingly inhibited his physical activity. He was living in a
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for scientists younger than the age of 37 was instituted by the
International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life in 2008.
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In 1972 Miller and his collaborators repeated the 1953 experiment, but with newly developed automatic chemical analysers, such as
370:. Urey and Miller designed to simulate the ocean-atmospheric condition of the primitive Earth by using a continuous stream of
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Johnson AP, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Lazcano A, Bada JL (2008). "The Miller volcanic spark discharge experiment".
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by the
International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life in 1983, and served as its president from 1986 to 1989.
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247:. He was the second child (after a brother, Donald) of Nathan and Edith Miller, descendants of Jewish immigrants from
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in 1973. He was an
Honorary Counselor of Spain's Higher Council for Scientific Research in 1973. He was awarded the
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Miller is remembered for his work concerning the origin of life (and he was considered a pioneer of the topics of
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as a F. B. Jewett Fellow in 1954 and 1955. Here he worked on the mechanism involved in the synthesis of amino and
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Lazcano A, Bada JL (2003). "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller experiment: fifty years of prebiotic organic chemistry".
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1429:"Nonprotein amino acids from spark discharges and their comparison with the murchison meteorite amino acids"
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Bada JL (2013). "New insights into prebiotic chemistry from
Stanley Miller's spark discharge experiments".
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Jakschitz TA, Rode BM (2012). "Chemical evolution from simple inorganic compounds to chiral peptides".
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203:(March 7, 1930 – May 20, 2007) was an American chemist who made important experiments concerning the
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Parker ET, Cleaves HJ, Dworkin JP, Glavin DP, Callahan M, Aubrey A, Lazcano A, Bada, JL (2011).
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Lazcano A, Bada JL (2007). "Stanley L. Miller (1930-2007): reflections and remembrances".
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This article is about the American chemist. For the American artist of the same name, see
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Miller SL (1953). "Production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions".
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The Miller experiment was described in his technical paper in the 15 May 1953 issue of
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Basile B, Lazcano A, OrĂł J (1984). "Prebiotic syntheses of purines and pyrimidines".
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Miller SL (1986). "Current status of the prebiotic synthesis of small molecules".
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821:"Biography 26: Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930 - ) :: CSHL DNA Learning Center"
772:"Biography 26: Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930 - ) :: CSHL DNA Learning Center"
748:"Biography 26: Stanley Lloyd Miller (1930 - ) :: CSHL DNA Learning Center"
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in February, 1951. Teaching would provide the basic funds for graduate work.
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1028:"Perceptions of science. Prebiotic soup – revisiting the Miller experiment"
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amino acids and 4 amines, including 7 sulfurous compounds, were detected.
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1727:'Lost' Miller-Urey experiment created more of life's building blocks
1104:"Synthesis of amino-acids from water, hydrogen, methane and ammonia"
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1539:"Primordial synthesis of amines and amino acids in a 1958 Miller H
1644:"Volcanoes May Have Provided Sparks and Chemistry for First Life"
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he was nicknamed "a chem whiz". He followed his brother to the
334:. He also co-authored the book "The Origin of Life on Earth."
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assistantships), he received a teaching assistantship at the
1370:"Prebiotic synthesis of hydrophobic and protein amino acids"
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can be synthesized by fairly simple chemical processes from
1143:
Oro J (1983). "Chemical evolution and the origin of life".
951:"Father of 'Origin of Life' Chemistry at UC San Diego Dies"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
323:, where he worked for the next five years. When the new
897:"Miller revealed new ways to study the origins of life"
683:. National Academy of Sciences (USA). pp. 1–40.
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Stanley L. Miller (1930-2007): A Biographical Memoir
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1616:"Forgotten Experiment May Explain Origins of Life"
1368:Ring D, Wolman Y, Friedmann N, Miller SL (1972).
1547:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1433:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1374:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
977:Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere
8:
1782:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
1599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
207:by demonstrating that a wide range of vital
1762:University of California, San Diego faculty
1319:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
706:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
1427:Wolman Y, Haverland WJ, Miller SL (1972).
1274:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
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1797:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1787:American people of Latvian-Jewish descent
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330:He supervised 8 PhD students including
1642:Steigerwald, Bill (October 16, 2008).
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535:, and general mechanisms of action of
500:high-performance liquid chromatography
957:. University of California, San Diego
325:University of California at San Diego
215:substances. In 1952 he performed the
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1732:Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica
445:on 13 March. By then, the editor of
265:University of California at Berkeley
108:University of California at Berkeley
167:University of California, San Diego
1741:Special Collections & Archives
1614:Keim, Brandon (October 16, 2008).
1543:S-rich spark discharge experiment"
309:California Institute of Technology
223:of the early Earth had caused the
25:
1807:20th-century American biologists
1648:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
949:UCSD News Center (21 May 2007).
690:from the original on 2022-10-10.
554:more than once during his life.
1757:20th-century American chemists
1270:"Earth's earliest atmospheres"
1121:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005559
27:American scientist (1930–2007)
1:
1693:Astrobiology (6 March 2008).
796:"Stanley Lloyd Miller, Ph.D."
531:), the natural occurrence of
1767:University of Chicago alumni
1208:10.1016/0273-1177(84)90554-4
1165:10.1016/0273-1177(83)90044-3
866:10.1126/science.117.3046.528
541:National Academy of Sciences
307:, Miller transferred to the
1286:10.1101/cshperspect.a004895
1102:Hough L, Rogers AF (1956).
1026:Bada JL, Lazcano A (2003).
895:Bada JL, Lazcano A (2002).
539:. He was elected to the US
472:ion-exchange chromatography
243:Stanley Miller was born in
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1699:astrobiology2.arc.nasa.gov
1145:Advances in Space Research
801:. The Academic Family Tree
341:
337:
29:
1695:"Stanley L. Miller Award"
1339:10.1007/s11084-007-9120-3
1108:The Journal of Physiology
718:10.1007/s11084-008-9145-2
194:
137:
96:National City, California
46:
1670:"Stanley L. Miller dies"
1231:Chemical Society Reviews
630:Chemical Society Reviews
523:Honours and recognitions
420:gamma-amino butyric acid
368:"primordial soup" theory
1743:, UC San Diego Library.
1568:10.1073/pnas.1019191108
1508:10.1126/science.1161527
1045:10.1126/science.1085145
997:10.1023/A:1024807125069
559:Stanley L. Miller Award
313:hydroxycarboxylic acids
1701:. NASA. Archived from
1668:Chi KR (24 May 2007).
344:Urey-Miller experiment
217:Miller–Urey experiment
1737:Stanley Miller Papers
1454:10.1073/pnas.69.4.809
1395:10.1073/pnas.69.3.765
550:He was nominated for
282:synthesis of elements
270:University of Chicago
159:University of Chicago
112:University of Chicago
674:Bada JL, Lazcano A.
412:paper chromatography
255:. His father was an
201:Stanley Lloyd Miller
63:Stanley Lloyd Miller
1559:2011PNAS..108.5526P
1500:2008Sci...322..404J
1445:1972PNAS...69..809W
1386:1972PNAS...69..765R
1331:2008OLEB...38..105C
1268:, Fegley B (2010).
1200:1984AdSpR...4l.125B
1157:1983AdSpR...3h..77O
989:2003OLEB...33..235L
913:2002Natur.416..475B
858:1953Sci...117..528M
484:Murchison meteorite
426:Publication problem
414:. He also detected
338:Miller's experiment
317:Columbia University
303:After completing a
261:Oakland High School
245:Oakland, California
233:inorganic molecules
163:Columbia University
77:Oakland, California
1243:10.1039/c2cs35073d
642:10.1039/c3cs35433d
533:clathrate hydrates
476:gas chromatography
374:into a mixture of
221:chemical evolution
1553:(12): 5526–5531.
1237:(16): 5484–5489.
1038:(5620): 745–746.
955:ucsdnews.ucsd.edu
852:(3046): 528–529.
492:hydrogen sulphide
480:mass spectrometry
229:organic compounds
225:natural synthesis
209:organic compounds
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185:Doctoral students
139:Scientific career
18:Stanley L. Miller
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189:Jeffrey Bada
155:Institutions
138:
132:Oparin Medal
90:(2007-05-20)
88:May 20, 2007
1777:2007 deaths
1772:1930 births
1083:(B): 5–11.
586:Microsphere
571:Abiogenesis
552:Nobel Prize
537:anaesthesia
406:, α- and β-
400:amino acids
286:Harold Urey
179:Harold Urey
122:Abiogenesis
1751:Categories
1709:2013-07-03
1679:2013-07-03
1266:Schaefer L
1264:Zahnle K,
961:2013-07-03
830:2024-01-14
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612:References
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529:exobiology
402:, such as
69:1930-03-07
1739:MSS 642.
1653:March 22,
1627:March 22,
457:Follow-up
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565:See also
410:, using
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253:Latvia
145:Fields
128:Awards
98:, U.S.
79:, U.S.
1520:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1058:S2CID
1009:S2CID
878:S2CID
730:S2CID
688:(PDF)
681:(PDF)
654:S2CID
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372:steam
1655:2011
1629:2011
1601:link
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