Electronic stability control

671:, which could interfere with the sensors. Some systems also offer an additional mode with raised thresholds, so that a driver can utilize the limits of their vehicle's grip with less electronic intervention. However, the ESC reactivates when the ignition is restarted. Some ESC systems that lack an off switch, such as on many recent Toyota and Lexus vehicles, can be temporarily disabled through an undocumented series of brake pedal and handbrake operations. Furthermore, unplugging a wheel speed sensor is another method of disabling most ESC systems. The ESC implementation on newer Ford vehicles cannot be completely disabled, even through the use of the "off switch". The ESC will automatically reactivate at highway speeds, and below such speeds if it detects a skid with the brake pedal depressed. 660:(ECU), which contains various control techniques. Often, the same ECU is used for different systems at the same time (such as ABS, traction control, or climate control). The input signals are sent through an input circuit to the digital controller. The desired vehicle state is determined based upon the steering wheel angle, its gradient, and the wheel speed. Simultaneously, the yaw sensor measures the vehicle's actual yaw rate. The controller computes the needed brake or acceleration force for each wheel and directs the valves of the hydraulic modulator. The ECU is connected with other systems via a 516:

power will counter-productively be fed to that axle instead of the one with higher grip. ESCs focus on braking wheels that are spinning at a rate drastically different from the opposing axle. While on-road application often supplements rapidly intermittent wheel braking with a reduction of power in loss-of-traction situations, off-road use will typically require consistent (or even increased) power delivery to retain vehicle momentum while the vehicle's braking system applies intermittent braking force over a longer duration to the slipping wheel until excessive wheel-spin is no longer detected.

520:

unpredictably off-road when coupled with inertia. When the brakes are applied and wheels are locked, the tyres do not have to contend with the wheel rolling (providing no braking force) and braking repeatedly. Grip provided by the tyres is constant and as such can make full use of traction wherever it is available. This effect is enhanced where more aggressive tread patterns are present as the large tread lugs dig into the imperfections on the surface or below the substrate, as well as dragging dirt in front of the tyre to increase the rolling resistance even further.

330:(without ESC) at 78 km/h in October 1997. Because Mercedes Benz promoted a reputation for safety, they recalled and retrofitted 130,000 A-Class cars with firmer suspension and sportier tyres; all newly produced A- class featured ESC as standard along with the upgraded suspension and wheels. This produced a significant reduction in crashes, and the number of vehicles with ESC rose. The availability of ESC in small cars like the A-Class ignited a market trend; thus, ESC became available for all models (whether standard or as an option). 528:

the centre differential unlocked. However, it automatically activates off-road traction control and disables ABS braking when shifted into 4WD High-range with centre differential locked, or 4WD Low-range with centre differential locked. Most modern vehicles with fully electronically controlled 4WD systems such as various Land Rovers and Range Rovers, also automatically switch to an off-road-orientated mode of stability and traction control once low range, or certain terrain modes are manually selected.

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become overconfident in their vehicle's handling and/or their own driving skills. For this reason, ESC systems typically alert the driver when they intervene, so that the driver is aware that the vehicle's handling limits have been reached. Most activate a dashboard indicator light and/or alert tone; some intentionally allow the vehicle's corrected course to deviate very slightly from the driver-commanded direction, even if it is possible to more precisely match it.

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function, Mitsubishi's TCL system had an active safety function, which improved course tracing performance by automatically adjusting the traction force (called "trace control"), thereby restraining the development of excessive lateral acceleration while turning. Although not a ‘proper’ modern stability control system, trace control monitors steering angle, throttle position and individual wheel speeds, although there is no

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it can facilitate better-controlled cornering). More generally, ESC works within the limits of the vehicle's handling and available traction between the tyres and road. A reckless maneuver can still exceed these limits, resulting in loss of control. For example, during hydroplaning, the wheels that ESC would use to correct a skid may lose contact with the road surface, reducing its effectiveness.

491:). ESC estimates the direction of the skid, and then applies the brakes to individual wheels asymmetrically in order to create torque about the vehicle's vertical axis, opposing the skid and bringing the vehicle back in line with the driver's commanded direction. Additionally, the system may reduce engine power or operate the transmission to slow the vehicle down. 549:(IIHS) issued its own study in June 2006 showing that up to 10,000 fatal US crashes could be avoided annually if all vehicles were equipped with ESC. The IIHS study concluded that ESC reduces the likelihood of all fatal crashes by 43%, fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56%, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 77–80%. 701:

The Australian government announced on 23 June 2009 that ESC would be compulsory from 1 November 2011 for all new passenger vehicles sold in Australia, and for all new vehicles from November 2013, however the State Government of Victoria preceded this unilaterally on Jan 1 2011, much as they had done

694:

implementing FMVSS 126, which requires ESC for all passenger vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4536 kg). The regulation phased in starting with 55% of 2009 models (effective 1 September 2008), 75% of 2010 models, 95% of 2011 models, and all 2012 and later models. The standard endorses the use of the

652:

ESC uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. A similar modulator is used in ABS. Whereas ABS reduces hydraulic pressure during braking, ESC may increase pressure in certain situations, and an active vacuum brake booster unit may be utilised in addition to

762:

Availability of ESC in passenger vehicles has varied between manufacturers and countries. In 2007, ESC was available in roughly 50% of new North American models compared to about 75% in Sweden. However, consumer awareness affects buying patterns, so that roughly 45% of vehicles sold in North America

579:

ESC incorporates yaw rate control into the anti-lock braking system (ABS). Anti-lock brakes enable ESC to slow down individual wheels. Many ESC systems also incorporate a traction control system (TCS or ASR), which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel

519:

In intermediate level ESC systems, ABS will be disabled, or the computer will actively lock the wheels when brakes are applied. In these systems, or in vehicles without ABS, the performance in emergency braking in slippery conditions is greatly improved as grip state can change extremely rapidly and

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All ESC manufacturers emphasize that the system is not a performance enhancement nor a replacement for safe driving practices, but rather a safety technology to assist the driver in recovering from dangerous situations. ESC does not increase traction, so it does not enable faster cornering (although

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had been used when taking a curve, engine output and braking were automatically regulated to ensure the proper line through a curve and to provide the proper amount of traction under various road surface conditions. While conventional traction control systems at the time featured only a slip control

527:

In some vehicles, ESC systems automatically detect whether to operate in off- or on-road mode, depending on the engagement of the 4WD system. Mitsubishi's unique Super-Select 4WD system (found in Pajero, Triton and Pajero Sport models), operates in on-road mode in 2WD as well as 4WD High-range with

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Many newer vehicles designed for off-road duties from the factory, are equipped with Hill Descent Control systems to minimise the risk of such runaway events occurring with novice drivers and provide a more consistent and safe descent than either no ABS, or on-road orientated ABS. These systems aim

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ESC systems—due to their ability to enhance vehicle stability and braking—often work to improve traction in off-road situations, in addition to their on-road duties. The effectiveness of traction control systems can vary significantly, due to the significant number of external and internal factors

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ESC can function on any surface, from dry pavement to frozen lakes. It reacts to and corrects skidding much faster and more effectively than the typical human driver, often before the driver is even aware of any imminent loss of control. This has led to some concern that ESC could allow drivers to

367:

In 2003 in Sweden the purchase rate on new cars with ESC was 15%. The Swedish road safety administration issued a strong ESC recommendation and in September 2004, 16 months later, the purchase rate was 58%. A stronger ESC recommendation was then given and in December 2004, the purchase rate on new

882:

Just as ESC is founded on the anti-lock braking system (ABS), ESC is the foundation for new advances such as Roll Stability Control or active rollover protection that works in the vertical plane much like ESC works in the horizontal plane. When RSC detects impending rollover (usually on transport

744:

ESC is built on top of an anti-lock brake system, and all ESC-equipped vehicles are fitted with traction control. ESC components include a yaw rate sensor, a lateral acceleration sensor, a steering wheel sensor, and an upgraded integrated control unit. In the US, federal regulations have required

473:

During normal driving, ESC continuously monitors steering and vehicle direction. It compares the driver's intended direction (determined by the measured steering wheel angle) to the vehicle's actual direction (determined through measured lateral acceleration, vehicle rotation, and individual road

753:

368; ESC cost a further US$ 111. The retail price of ESC varies; as a stand-alone option it retails for as little as US$ 250. ESC was once rarely offered as a sole option, and was generally not available for aftermarket installation. Instead, it was frequently bundled with other features or more

515:

At a rudimentary level, off-road traction varies from typical operational characteristics of on-road traction, depending on the terrain encountered. In an open differential setup, power transfer takes the path of least resistance. In slippery conditions, this means when one wheel loses traction,

243:

models. StabiliTrak was made standard equipment on all GM SUVs and vans sold in the U.S. and Canada by 2007, except for certain commercial and fleet vehicles. While the StabiliTrak name is used on most General Motors vehicles for the U.S. market, "Electronic Stability Control" is used for GM's

128:

in 2004 and 2006 respectively, one-third of fatal accidents could be prevented by the use of the technology. In Europe the electronic stability program has saved an estimated 15,000 lives. ESC has been mandatory in new cars in Canada, the US, and the European Union since 2011, 2012, and 2014,

886:

The computing power of ESC facilitates the networking of active and passive safety systems, addressing other causes of crashes. For example, sensors may detect when a vehicle is following too closely and slow down the vehicle, straighten up seat backs, and tighten seat belts, avoiding and/or

502:

Due to the fact that stability control can be incompatible with high-performance driving, many vehicles have an override control which allows the system to be partially or fully deactivated. In simple systems, a single button may disable all features, while more complicated setups may have a

482:

ESC intervenes only when it detects a probable loss of steering control, such as when the vehicle is not going where the driver is steering. This may happen, for example, when skidding during emergency evasive swerves, understeer or oversteer during poorly judged turns on slippery roads, or

705:

The European Parliament has also called for the accelerated introduction of ESC. The European Commission has confirmed a proposal for the mandatory introduction of ESC on all new cars and commercial vehicle models sold in the EU from 2012, with all new cars being equipped by 2014.

587:

to determine where the driver intends to travel. Other sensors indicate the actual state of the vehicle. The control algorithm compares driver input to vehicle response and decides, when necessary, to apply brakes and/or reduce throttle by the amounts calculated through the

173:

input. The TCL system's standard wheel slip control function enabled better traction on slippery surfaces or during cornering. In addition to the system's individual effect, it also worked together with the Diamante's electronically controlled suspension and

763:

and the UK were purchased with ESC, contrasting with 78–96% in other European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. While few vehicles had ESC prior to 2004, increased awareness has increased the number of vehicles with ESC on the used car market.

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has passed a Global Technical Regulation to harmonize ESC standards. Global Technical Regulation No. 8 ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS was sponsored by the United States of America, and is based on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard FMVSS 126.

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Numerous studies around the world have confirmed that ESC is highly effective in helping the driver maintain control of the car, thereby saving lives and reducing the probability of occurrence and severity of crashes. In the fall of 2004, the American

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ESC is available on cars, SUVs and pickup trucks from all major automakers. Luxury cars, sports cars, SUVs, and crossovers are usually equipped with ESC. Midsize cars have also been gradually catching on, though the 2008 model years of the

109:). When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the brakes to help steer the vehicle where the driver intends to go. Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually, such as the outer front wheel to counter 795:

in the United States (but not Canada) had stability control as a $ 250 option on all trims below that of the XRS, which had it as standard. In Canada, for the 2010 Mazda3, ESC was an option on the midrange GS trim as part of its

368:

cars had reached 69% and by 2008 it had grown to 96%. ESC advocates around the world are promoting increased ESC use through legislation and public awareness campaigns and by 2012, most new vehicles should be equipped with ESC.

524:

to keep a fixed speed (or user selected speed) while descending, applying strategic braking or acceleration at the correct moments to ensure wheels all rotate at the same rate while applying full locking braking when required.

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seatbelts 40 years before. The New Zealand government followed suit in February 2014 making it compulsory on all new vehicles from 1 July 2015 with a staggered roll-out to all used-import passenger vehicles by 1 January 2020.

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A longitudinal acceleration sensor that is similar to the lateral acceleration sensor in design, but provides additional information about road pitch, as well as being another sensor for vehicle acceleration and

1871: 1700:""Electronic stability control could prevent nearly one-third of all fatal crashes and reduce rollover risk by as much as 80%; effect is found on single- and multiple-vehicle crashes," IIHS News release, 2006" 117:. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained. ESC does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; instead, it helps reduce the chance of the driver losing control of the vehicle. 863:

In the US, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety website shows availability of ESC in individual US models and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website lists US models with ESC.

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A roll rate sensor that is similar to the yaw rate sensor in design, but improves the fidelity of the controller's vehicle model and provides more accurate data in combination with the other sensors.

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expensive trims, so the cost of a package that included ESC was several thousand dollars. Nonetheless, ESC is considered highly cost-effective and may pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.

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in Japan. Developed to help the driver maintain the intended line through a corner; an onboard computer monitored several vehicle operating parameters through various sensors. When too much

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The sensors in an ESC system have to send data at all times in order to detect a loss of traction as soon as possible. They have to be resistant to possible forms of interference, such as

2064:"Jianbo Lu, Dave Messih, and Albert Salib, "Roll Rate Based Stability Control – The Roll Stability Control System," Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference, 2007" 2935: 1765: 818:

Elaborate ESC and ESP systems (including Roll Stability Control) are available for many commercial vehicles, including transport trucks, trailers, and buses from manufacturers such as

567:) "strongly recommends" that people buy cars fitted with stability control. The IIHS requires that a vehicle must have ESC as an available option in order for it to qualify for their 487:. During high-performance driving, ESC can intervene when unwanted, because steering input may not always be indicative of the intended direction of travel (such as during controlled 541:(NHTSA) confirmed international studies, releasing results of a field study of ESC effectiveness in the USA. The NHTSA concluded that ESC reduces crashes by 35%. Additionally, 592:(set of equations used to model the dynamics of the vehicle). The ESC controller can also receive data from and issue commands to other controllers on the vehicle such as an 3029: 800:

package, and is standard on the top-of-the-line GT version. The 2009 Ford Focus had ESC as an option for the S and SE models, and it was standard on the SEL and SES models

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The Canadian province of Quebec was the first jurisdiction to implement an ESC law, making it compulsory for carriers of dangerous goods (without data recorders) in 2005.

538: 157:. Traction control works by applying individual wheel braking and throttle to maintain traction under acceleration, but unlike ESC, it is not designed to aid in steering. 557: 4188: 626:

that measures the rotation rate of the car. The data from the yaw sensor is compared with the data from the steering wheel angle sensor to determine regulating action.

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required all new passenger vehicles sold in the US to be equipped with ESC as of the 2012 model year, and estimated it will prevent 5,300–9,600 annual fatalities.

3225: 3868: 3134: 2849: 2247: 776: 691: 420: 121: 3905: 3176: 1910: 901: 724: 276: 1837: 3310: 3098: 3052: 4636: 2604: 359:). However, as of November 2010, Ford still sold models in North America without ESC. General Motors had made a similar announcement for the end of 2010. 2681: 909: 3697: 2768: 4641: 1778: 580:

or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained. However, ESC serves a different purpose from that of ABS or traction control.

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http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/chassis/index.html

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Many ESC systems have an override switch so the driver can disable ESC, which may be used on loose surfaces such as mud or sand, or if using a small

347:

Ford and Toyota announced that all their North American vehicles would be equipped with ESC standard by the end of 2009 (it was standard on Toyota

1818: 1799: 3601: 3420: 1240: 546: 125: 2797: 2096: 560:(FIA), E-Safety Aware, Csaba Csere, former editor of Car and Driver, and Jim Gill, long time ESC proponent of Continental Automotive Systems. 4181: 3462: 2939: 2063: 1724: 217:

In 1995, three automobile manufacturers introduced ESC systems. Mercedes-Benz, supplied by Bosch, was the first to implement ESP with their

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that ESC be installed as a standard feature on all passenger cars and light trucks as of the 2012 model year. According to NHTSA research,

2850:"Electronic Stability Control (ESC) | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) | U.S. Department of Transportation" 3873: 2955: 2538: 2031: 1725:"Jennifer N. Dang, "PRELIMINARY RESULTS ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL(ESC) SYSTEMS," DOT HS 809 790, 2004" 4483: 4105: 3813: 3750: 3480: 2635: 4646: 3898: 3850: 1894: 1749: 416:

is only granted to models equipped with ESC. Since November 1, 2014, ESC has been required on all newly registered cars in the EU.

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the ESC and ESP functions must be realized as part of the pneumatic brake system. Typical component and system suppliers are e.g.

4174: 3256: 905: 3576: 3135:"Press Release: Continental: United Nations Group Action on Electronic Stability Control Helps Advance Auto Safety Worldwide" 2094:

Ford Motor Company – Press Release – FORD TO MAKE ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL STANDARD ON ALL CARS AND TRUCKS BY END OF 2009

1582: 839: 186: 3651: 3395: 2528: 2398:"Tseng, H.E.; Ashrafi, B.; Madau, D.; Allen Brown, T.; Recker, D.; The development of vehicle stability control at Ford". 2218: 2162: 1635: 2276: 279:(CVRSS), with the intent of improving responsiveness to driver input, performance, and overall safety, similar to Toyota/ 3891: 3232: 2853: 2656: 2457: 2354: 2255: 1855: 1699: 779:, had it as standard by then. While traction control is usually included with ESC, there were vehicles such as the 2008 709:

Argentina requires all new normal cars to have ESC since 1 January 2022, for all new normal vehicles from January 2024.

3138: 4375: 3204: 3004: 912:, and other worldwide authorities. However, vehicle manufacturers may use a variety of different trade names for ESC: 695:

Sine with Dwell test. In 2015 NHTSA finalized updated regulations requiring ESC for truck tractors and certain buses.

3180: 1917: 271:. It involves an omnibus computer integration of engine, traction control, Stabilitrak electronic stability control, 3676: 1833: 4438: 4428: 4267: 4100: 4082: 3056: 2581: 3383: 3317: 3152: 1609:

Veoneer Nissin Brake Systems (former Nissin Kogyo, which owned 49% of the company). Japanese offices now part of

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A steering wheel angle sensor that determines where the driver wants to steer. This kind of sensor often uses

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While Sweden used public awareness campaigns to promote ESC use, others implemented or proposed legislation.

4463: 661: 657: 205:, heated seats, and heated mirrors. From 1987 to 1992, Mercedes-Benz and Bosch co-developed a system called 154: 1782: 545:

with stability control are involved in 67% fewer accidents than SUVs without the system. The United States

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trucks or SUVs), RSC applies brakes, reduces throttle, induces understeer, and/or slows down the vehicle.

772: 589: 337: 102: 3547: 2983: 2442:"The Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control in Reducing Real-World Crashes: A Literature Review". 4307: 4129: 3941: 3609: 2874:"Alternative Method to FMVSS-126 Recommended Testing Procedure for Electronic Stability Control Systems" 2725: 2415: 1260: 1143: 731:

In Unece countries, approval is based on UN Regulation 140: Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems.

629:

A lateral acceleration sensor that measures the vehicle's lateral acceleration. This is often called an

542: 488: 468: 348: 327: 1959: 1814: 3285: 3257:"Farmers Insurance Introduces Auto Insurance Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Discount In Wisconsin" 4219: 3971: 2503: 1795: 1368: 1297: 750: 484: 226: 3424: 3117:"ESP: Brasil postergó el control de estabilidad obligatorio hasta 2024, ¿qué ocurrirá en Argentina?" 2798:"The Effectiveness of ESC (Electronic Stability Control) in Reducing Real Life Crashes and Injuries" 306:

began to offer their version of ESC called Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) on the new

47:. The reason given is: In light of advancements in the technology, more information should be added. 4478: 4252: 4112: 3926: 3859: 2093: 812: 239:

and introduced its version of ESC, called "StabiliTrak", in 1996 for the 1997 model year on select

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involved at any given time, as well as the programming and testing performed by the manufacturer.

4518: 2911:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Electronic Stability Control Systems for Heavy Vehicles" 2752: 2333: 2305: 1630: 1614: 1430: 1089: 835: 352: 333: 260: 218: 198: 194: 3770: 319: 193:

to prevent loss of control and applied it to most of the BMW model line for 1992, excluding the

2248:"Preliminary Results Analyzing the Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems" 1983: 4347: 4149: 3458: 2952: 616: 597: 268: 236: 182: 106: 66: 2039: 4567: 4327: 4302: 4117: 3996: 3450: 2707: 2403: 1601: 1439: 791:

that had traction control but not ESC. ESC was rare among subcompact cars in 2008. The 2009

780: 323: 129:

respectively. Worldwide, 82 percent of all new passenger cars feature the anti-skid system.

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only offered ESC on their V6 engine-equipped cars; however, some midsize cars, such as the

4577: 4503: 4498: 4405: 4400: 4352: 4197: 4011: 4001: 3754: 3484: 2959: 2898:"FMVSS126 Electronic Stability Control Sine With Dwell Incomplete Vehicle Type 2 Analysis" 2834: 2738: 2428: 2100: 2007: 1898: 1878: 1859: 1841: 1822: 1803: 1574: 1529: 1417: 1386: 623: 593: 291: 245: 552:

ESC is described as the most important advance in auto safety by many experts, including

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

390:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

267:

and software control system called the Integrated Chassis Control System (ICCS), on the

49:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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In 2009, the European Union decided to make ESC mandatory. Since November 1, 2011, EU

336:'s version of ESC, called AdvanceTrac, was launched in the year 2000. Ford later added 232: 3264: 3053:"EU: Electronic Stability Control to be Standard on all Vehicles from 2014 – Carscoop" 4630: 4615: 4572: 4513: 4508: 4342: 4227: 4122: 3991: 3956: 1640: 1590: 1457: 1306: 1288: 961:: Co engineering partner and inventor with Robert BOSCH GmbH and Continental (TEVES) 768: 630: 604: 556:, administrator of the NHTSA, Jim Guest and David Champion of Consumers Union of the 413: 146: 4552: 4523: 4458: 4380: 4337: 4262: 4247: 4144: 4066: 3580: 2703: 1520: 1178: 553: 264: 142: 98: 3099:"El control de estabilidad será obligatorio para todos los vehículos en Argentina" 2482: 209:("Electronic Stability Program", trademarked as ESP) to control lateral slippage. 3655: 3507: 3399: 17: 4605: 4557: 4547: 4453: 4312: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4257: 4025: 4020: 3951: 2900:(2011) 4(1) SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 713 2704:"Anton Van Zanten, "Bosch Esp Systems: 5 Years of Experience," SAE 2000-01-1633" 1497: 1408: 1217: 827: 808: 788: 2226: 2170: 1779:""Mitsubishi Motors history 1981–1990", Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website" 1678: 4587: 4473: 4468: 4448: 4322: 4237: 4139: 3454: 2329: 2301: 2280: 1547: 1538: 1337: 1315: 1226: 1200: 1058: 1031: 931: 819: 698:

Canada required all new passenger vehicles to have ESC from 1 September 2011.

668: 341: 314: 303: 114: 2660: 2461: 2380: 2358: 1852: 1703: 4357: 4297: 4242: 4061: 3981: 3936: 3863: 3835:"Itelma is ready to supply ABS and ESC units to all car factories in Russia" 2032:"Ford Media, "Advancetrac With Roll Stability Control – The Ford Advantage"" 1008: 867: 823: 804: 564: 307: 253: 249: 170: 110: 3005:"He Whakamatua ā-Hiko hei Whakatōtika Waka | Electronic Stability Control" 2876:. 2024 Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress. 1941: 201:. This system could be ordered with the winter package, which came with a 4367: 4166: 3966: 2711: 1626: 1504:(not to be confused with Corner Stability Control and Brake Sway Control) 1269: 1160: 1040: 1022: 986: 900:

Electronic stability control (ESC) is the generic term recognised by the

356: 272: 240: 165: 2407: 3727: 2971:

Transport Canada to require lifesaving vehicle stability control system

2886:"FMVSS 126 Sine with Dwell ESC Regulation Test for Autonomous Vehicles" 1610: 1399: 1377: 1359: 1080: 968: 949: 797: 608: 299: 295: 3883: 3341: 1750:""25 years of Bosch ESP®: no more skidding," Bosch News release, 2020" 4562: 3869:

NHTSA on ESC including US Regulation and list of US vehicles with ESC

2534: 2112: 1507: 1488: 1479: 1328: 1251: 1134: 784: 584: 222: 190: 1679:"BBC video on how anti-skid stability control systems work at 50mph" 4534: 4420: 3447:

Electrical Systems and Mechatronics. Commercial Vehicle Technology

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publication shows the availability of ESC in EU member countries.

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Brazil has required all new cars to have ESC from 1 January 2024.

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as of 2004, and after the 2011 model year, all Lexus, Toyota, and

310:. Meanwhile, others investigated and developed their own systems. 280: 65: 3226:"Cost-Benefit-Analysis of the Electronic Stability Program (ESP)" 2936:"Prince George Citizen – MP's car safety bill reaches Parliament" 355:

vehicles had ESC; the last one to get it was the 2011 model-year

4538: 4232: 3976: 3363:"esafetysupport.org - contact with domain owner | Epik.com" 3030:"esafetysupport.org - contact with domain owner | Epik.com" 2484:

EU Commission, FIA, And Euro NCAP Recommend 'No Car Without ESP'

2399: 1448: 1346: 1191: 1067: 940: 871: 287: 4170: 3887: 3342:"2009 Ford Focus: zeroing in on comfort rather than sportiness" 3289: 653:

the hydraulic pump to meet these demanding pressure gradients.

4209: 3370: 3078:"¿Qué autos deberán incorporar ESP en Argentina para el 2022?" 3037: 958: 425: 370: 344:

in 2003. It has been implemented in many Ford vehicles since.

150: 29: 3555: 3478:

Bendix ESP: More than roll-only stability, FULL Stability...

3177:"Red Tape – Who's driving? Toyota woes raise car tech fears" 2505:

U.S. to Require Anti-Rollover Technology on New Cars by 2012

3855: 3677:"World Car Fans: Opel Introduces Trailer Stability Program" 3522: 3384:

BENDIX ELECTRONIC STABILITY EXPERIENCES 800 PERCENT GROWTH

712:

Chile requires all new cars to have ESC from August 2022.

225:'s Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) system appeared on the 3421:"Prevost – Passenger coaches and bus shells manufacturer" 600:

system to improve vehicle stability and controllability.

2381:"Service StabiliTrak Light: Meaning and How To Reset It" 503:

multi-position switch or may never be fully disengaged.

2561:

Stability system called the best thing since seat belts

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award for occupant protection and accident avoidance.

2530:

U.S. set to mandate Anti-Rollover Technology vehicles

1853:"Traction Control System for Improved Driving Safety" 874:

shows the availability of ESC in Australian models.

4532: 4419: 4366: 4218: 4091: 4075: 4054: 4044: 4010: 3919: 2605:"Bringing life-saving vehicle technology to market" 1960:"1997 Cadillac DeVille - Detroit Newspapers Review" 1761: 1759: 856:project, provides a global perspective on ESC. One 664:interface in order to avoid conflicting with them. 539:National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration 302:with quattro (four-wheel drive system)). In 1998, 3494: 3492: 2844: 2842: 2324: 2322: 340:to AdvanceTrac which was first introduced in the 3205:"New Toyota Corolla solid but not very exciting" 97:), is a computerized technology that improves a 3199: 3197: 995:StabiliTrak3.0 with Active Front Steering (AFS) 290:introduced the first series production ESP for 2637:The Greatest Advance in Safety Since Seatbelts 692:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 122:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4182: 3899: 3698:"SCANIA – Electronic Stability Program (ESP)" 1543:Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) 1516:Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM) 1094:AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control (RSC) 902:European Automobile Manufacturers Association 725:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 636:Wheel speed sensors that measure wheel speed. 611:. The most important sensors are as follows: 277:continuously variable road sensing suspension 8: 3631:"Auto Tech – Volvo's Roll Stability Control" 1893:, by Michael Knowling, autospeed, May 2006 1881:, by Tom Incantalupo, Newsday, October 1991 1174:Electronic Vehicle Stability Control (EVSC) 845:ESC is also available on some motor homes. 178:to improve total handling and performance. 4189: 4175: 4167: 4051: 3906: 3892: 3884: 2754:What is ESP on a car and how does it work? 2058: 2056: 1916:(Press release). July 2010. Archived from 1320:Active Skid and Traction Control MULTIMODE 910:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association 244:overseas brands, such as Opel, Holden and 3814:"Knorr-Bremse Group - Electronic Systems" 3793:"WABCO Products and Systems | WABCO" 3608:. Nrma.com.au. 2010-05-11. Archived from 3263:. WisPolitics. 2008-01-29. Archived from 3093: 3091: 2984:"Australian Government mandates ESC 2011" 1817:, Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website 1798:, Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website 563:The European New Car Assessment Program ( 558:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 27:Computerized safety automotive technology 3449:. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer. 2769:"How to switch off VSC on a Lexus GS430" 2277:"Q&As: Electronic Stability Control" 283:Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management. 3055:. Carscoop.blogspot.com. Archived from 1891:"Electronic Stability Control - Part 1" 1658: 656:At the centre of the ESC system is the 256:(which also use the StabiliTrak name). 3548:"eSafetyAware! eSafetyAware! Homepage" 2734: 2723: 2659:. Iihs.org. 2006-11-21. Archived from 2523: 2521: 2460:. Iihs.org. 2006-06-13. Archived from 2424: 2413: 1702:. Iihs.org. 2006-06-13. Archived from 1291:(co-inventor) with Robert BOSCH GmbH: 1241:Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management 547:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 317:, Swedish journalist Robert Collin of 259:The same year, Cadillac introduced an 189:, developed a system to reduce engine 126:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2757:, catdrivertraining.co.uk, 2022-02-28 2541:from the original on November 2, 2007 2219:"New EC Regulation on General Safety" 690:The United States followed, with the 113:, or the inner rear wheel to counter 7: 2582:"Consumers Union Annual Report 2007" 2330:"How Effective is Stability Control" 1502:Electronic Stability Programme (ESP) 1285:(including Dynamic Traction Control) 965:(including Dynamic Traction Control) 3500:"Commercial Vehicle Solutions - ZF" 3179:. Redtape.msnbc.com. Archived from 2888:. SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-1011. 2828:Roll Stability Control system (RSC) 2379:Worner, Randy (December 17, 2022). 1595:ITT Automotive, since 1982 part of 4637:Advanced driver assistance systems 4484:Electronic brakeforce distribution 3769:. Johnson Electric. Archived from 3604:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 2163:"Electronic Stability Control, GM" 2113:"Imports sweep safety list in U.S" 2008:"Mercedes fryser ut Robert Collin" 1942:"Vehicle Stability Control System" 1563:ESC system manufacturers include: 1552:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1534:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1525:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1493:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1475:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1466:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1462:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1453:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1444:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1422:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1404:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1391:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1382:Porsche Stability Management (PSM) 1364:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1351:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1293:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1256:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1222:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1209:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1205:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1196:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1152:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1148:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1139:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1102:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1098:Interactive Vehicle Dynamics (IVD) 1072:Electronic Stability Control (ESC) 1063:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1054:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1036:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1027:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 973:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 954:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 945:Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 207:Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm 153:and Toyota introduced their first 137:In 1983, a four-wheel electronic " 101:by detecting and reducing loss of 25: 1911:"The CL-Class from Mercedes-Benz" 1187:Automatic Stability Control (ASC) 719:International vehicle regulations 160:In 1990, Mitsubishi released the 4642:Automotive technology tradenames 4611: 4610: 4600: 3856:ChooseESC! a combined initiative 3423:. Prevostcar.com. Archived from 3051:Carscoop Carscoop (2017-05-05). 2702:Zanten, A. T. van (2000-05-15). 2225:. September 2009. Archived from 1274:Maserati Stability Program (MSP) 430: 375: 248:, except in the cases of Saab's 34: 2852:. Nhtsa.dot.gov. Archived from 2336:from the original on 2021-12-12 2308:from the original on 2021-12-12 2138:"ESC Fitment – Model Year 2010" 1727:. Nhtsa.dot.gov. Archived from 1512:Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) 1484:Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) 1413:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 1395:Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) 1355:Trailer Stability Program (TSP) 1283:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 1247:Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) 1231:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 1183:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 1106:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 1045:Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) 963:Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 906:Society of Automotive Engineers 213:Introduction, second generation 141:" system was introduced on the 3704:. Scania.co.uk. Archived from 3702:Scania (Great Britain) Limited 3606:, NRMA – retrieved 18 Sept 09" 3396:"Electronic Stability Program" 3288:. Thatcham.org. Archived from 3286:"Electronic Stability Control" 2558:Taylor, Michael (2006-06-13), 1752:. bosch-presse.de. 2020-05-19. 1583:Continental Automotive Systems 1342:Precision Control System (PCS) 1333:Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) 1324:Active Stability Control (ASC) 1213:Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) 1165:Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC) 1156:Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) 1125:Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) 922:Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) 1: 1076:Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC) 936:Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC) 4489:Electronic stability control 3947:Electronic Stability Control 3577:"Vehicles equipped with ESC" 2953:Electronic Stability Control 2357:. Toyota.com. Archived from 1836:, Mitsubishi Motors website 1019:(Corvette & Camaro only) 1004:Electronic Stability Program 803:In the UK, even mass-market 583:The ESC system uses several 83:electronic stability program 75:Electronic stability control 4376:Ackermann steering geometry 3879:Australia (Victoria) on ESC 3728:"Products & Technology" 3398:. Scania.ie. Archived from 1821:September 26, 2008, at the 1768:75 Years of Toyota: Chassis 904:(ACEA), the North American 815:came with ESC as standard. 640:Other sensors can include: 4663: 4439:Active rollover protection 3579:. Iihs.org. Archived from 3207:. Usatoday.com. 2008-03-21 2279:. Iihs.org. Archived from 1872:"1992 Mitsubishi Diamante" 852:campaign, run by the EU's 749:in 2005 cost an estimated 466: 363:Third generation and after 4596: 4205: 3455:10.1007/978-3-662-60838-8 3445:Hilgers, Michael (2020). 2564:, San Francisco Chronicle 2444:Traffic Injury Prevention 1802:October 30, 2007, at the 1613:, US offices now part of 1311:Dynamic Stability Control 1085:Controllo Stabilità (CST) 439:This section needs to be 384:This section needs to be 219:Mercedes-Benz S 600 Coupé 203:limited-slip differential 91:dynamic stability control 43:This article needs to be 4647:Mechanical power control 4434:Anti-lock braking system 4228:Anti-roll bar (sway bar) 3483:January 3, 2008, at the 3311:"2010 Mazda 3 Equipment" 680:Public awareness and law 155:traction control systems 4464:Combined braking system 3874:Transport Canada on ESC 3767:"Solutions By Industry" 3344:. Wheels.ca. 2009-05-09 2332:. YouTube. 2007-04-10. 2304:. YouTube. 2007-06-04. 2167:Technologynewsdaily.com 2099:March 16, 2008, at the 1681:. Bbc.co.uk. 2011-06-01 887:preparing for a crash. 662:Controller Area Network 658:electronic control unit 81:), also referred to as 4288:Independent suspension 2733:Cite journal requires 2423:Cite journal requires 1862:, SAE Technical Papers 1840:July 23, 2008, at the 1587:BeijingWest Industries 338:Roll Stability Control 120:According to the U.S. 71: 4308:Multi-link suspension 3851:Bosch ESC Information 3510:on December 31, 2007. 3153:"ECE-TRANS-WP29-1056" 3040:on September 8, 2008. 3009:Ministry of Transport 2942:on December 26, 2007. 2684:. ConsumerReports.org 1897:July 8, 2007, at the 1815:"Mitsubishi Diamante" 1785:on November 22, 2004. 735:Availability and cost 575:Components and design 469:Directional stability 463:Concept and operation 69: 3862:, eSafetyAware, and 3748:ADVICS ESC Modulator 3373:on January 12, 2009. 3084:. December 28, 2021. 2712:10.4271/2000-01-1633 1796:"Control Technology" 1559:System manufacturers 227:Toyota Crown Majesta 4479:Electric park brake 3914:Automotive handling 3860:European Commission 3552:www.esafetyaware.eu 3105:. January 12, 2022. 2856:on January 11, 2010 2773:Automobile Magazine 2657:"IIHS news release" 2508:, 14 September 2006 2458:"IIHS news release" 2408:10.1109/3516.789681 2192:"ESC Effectiveness" 1834:"Stability Control" 1620:Teves, now part of 176:four-wheel steering 99:vehicle's stability 4519:Regenerative brake 3837:. 23 October 2023. 3753:2008-05-13 at the 3521:Larsen, Pernille. 3367:esafetysupport.org 3034:esafetysupport.org 2986:. Caradvice.com.au 2958:2007-12-10 at the 2833:2011-07-16 at the 2302:"Truck ESP System" 1877:2007-09-27 at the 1858:2008-03-28 at the 1579:Bendix Corporation 181:BMW, working with 72: 4624: 4623: 4429:Automatic braking 4164: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4150:Semi-trailing arm 4126: 4109: 3816:. Knorr-bremse.de 3652:"ESC brand names" 3464:978-3-662-60837-1 3183:on March 16, 2011 3141:on July 30, 2008. 2355:"Toyota Glossary" 1606:Mando Corporation 1571:Robert Bosch GmbH 598:active suspension 460: 459: 405: 404: 269:Cadillac Eldorado 237:Delphi Automotive 139:Anti-Skid Control 70:ESC control light 64: 63: 18:Stability control 16:(Redirected from 4654: 4614: 4613: 4604: 4568:Outline of tires 4303:MacPherson strut 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4147: 4120: 4118:MacPherson strut 4103: 4076:Semi-independent 4052: 3997:Vehicle dynamics 3908: 3901: 3894: 3885: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795:. Wabco-auto.com 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3654:. Archived from 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633:. CanadianDriver 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3617: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3554:. Archived from 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3527:www.chooseesc.eu 3518: 3512: 3511: 3506:. Archived from 3496: 3487: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3369:. Archived from 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3316:. Archived from 3315: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3231:. Archived from 3230: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3137:. Archived from 3131: 3125: 3124: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3036:. Archived from 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2982:Fallah, Alborz. 2979: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2938:. 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4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4583:Whitewall tire 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4494:Engine braking 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4444:Brake bleeding 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Power steering 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:Watt's linkage 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4318:Shock absorber 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4283:Hydropneumatic 4280: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200:control system 4196: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4137: 4135:Sliding pillar 4132: 4127: 4115: 4110: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4049: 4042: 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1770: 1755: 1741: 1716: 1691: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1629:, now part of 1624: 1622:Continental AG 1618: 1611:Hitachi Astemo 1607: 1604: 1599: 1597:Continental AG 1593: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1505: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1198: 1189: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1141: 1132: 1118: 1112:General Motors 1109: 1087: 1078: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1029: 1020: 1006: 997: 984: 975: 966: 956: 947: 938: 929: 914: 897: 894: 892: 889: 879: 876: 793:Toyota Corolla 759: 756: 741: 738: 736: 733: 720: 717: 681: 678: 676: 673: 650: 649: 646: 638: 637: 634: 627: 620: 576: 573: 533: 530: 508: 505: 479: 476: 467:Main article: 464: 461: 458: 457: 438: 436: 429: 409: 406: 403: 402: 383: 381: 374: 364: 361: 233:General Motors 214: 211: 134: 131: 62: 61: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4659: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4617: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Rostyle wheel 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539:Tires (Tyres) 4536: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Parking brake 4512: 4510: 4509:Inboard brake 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4343:Unsprung mass 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 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Fujitsu Ten 3729: 3723: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3658:on 2013-05-25 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3612:on 2011-11-23 3611: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3594: 3583:on 2013-09-15 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3558:on 2017-05-10 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3427:on 2008-01-07 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3402:on 2007-11-29 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3323:on 2011-10-06 3319: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3292:on 2011-11-26 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3267:on 2008-05-15 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3238:on 2012-04-19 3234: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3059:on 2012-02-20 3058: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2810:on 2017-08-09 2806: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2779:on 2007-10-18 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2727: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2663:on 2011-10-10 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2617:on 2011-07-20 2613: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2464:on 2013-05-25 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2446:. 2007-12-11. 2445: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2361:on 2011-04-15 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2283:on 2011-11-02 2282: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2258:on 2010-01-11 2257: 2253: 2252:Nhtsa.dot.gov 2249: 2243: 2240: 2229:on 2014-11-11 2228: 2224: 2223:Interregs.com 2220: 2214: 2211: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2173:on 2007-01-29 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2076:on 2011-09-28 2072: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2042:on 2012-05-22 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1923:on 2014-12-30 1919: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1731:on 2009-05-11 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1706:on 2013-05-25 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:Hyundai Mobis 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:Mercedes-Benz 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1001: 998: 996: 992: 988: 985: 983: 979: 976: 974: 970: 967: 964: 960: 957: 955: 951: 948: 946: 942: 939: 937: 933: 930: 927: 923: 919: 916: 915: 913: 911: 907: 903: 896:Product names 895: 890: 888: 884: 877: 875: 873: 869: 864: 861: 859: 855: 854:eSafetyAware! 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Retrieved 1673: 1667: 1661: 1645:Knorr-Bremse 1575:Aisin Advics 1562: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1435:StabiliTrak 1434: 1425: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1239: 1230: 1221: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1115: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1026: 1016: 1012: 1003: 994: 990: 981: 972: 962: 953: 944: 935: 925: 921: 899: 891:ESC products 885: 881: 865: 862: 857: 853: 849: 847: 844: 832:heavy trucks 817: 813:VW Polo Mk.5 807:such as the 802: 777:Honda Accord 765: 761: 758:Availability 743: 730: 722: 714: 711: 708: 704: 700: 697: 689: 686: 683: 666: 655: 651: 639: 617:AMR elements 602: 582: 578: 568: 562: 554:Nicole Nason 551: 535: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507:Off-road use 501: 497: 493: 485:hydroplaning 481: 472: 448: 440: 418: 411: 393: 385: 366: 346: 332: 318: 312: 285: 258: 235:worked with 231: 216: 206: 180: 159: 143:Toyota Crown 136: 119: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 73: 52: 44: 4588:Wire wheels 4558:Drive wheel 4548:Alloy wheel 4454:Brake fluid 4333:Torsion bar 4313:Panhard rod 4293:Leaf spring 4273:Hydrolastic 4258:Coil spring 4093:Independent 3977:Tire / Tyre 3952:Fishtailing 3920:Main topics 3261:WisBusiness 2706:. Sae.org. 1984:"Volvo S80" 1426:StabiliTrak 1409:Rover Group 1373:StabiliTrak 1302:AdvanceTrac 1265:AdvanceTrac 1218:Lamborghini 1116:StabiliTrak 1013:StabiliTrak 991:StabiliTrak 982:StabiliTrak 908:(SAE), the 789:Lincoln MKZ 787:, and 2007 773:Ford Fusion 590:state space 408:Legislation 326:a Mercedes 187:Continental 145:. In 1987, 4631:Categories 4535:Roadwheels 4474:Drum brake 4469:Disc brake 4449:Brake fade 4411:Understeer 4323:Swing axle 4238:Axle track 4220:Suspension 4210:Automobile 4140:Swing axle 4130:Multi-link 4106:Jaguar IRS 4083:Twist beam 4046:Suspension 3987:Understeer 3972:Suspension 3820:2017-05-24 3799:2017-05-24 3777:2017-05-24 3734:2017-05-24 3683:2009-01-28 3662:2013-03-12 3637:2017-05-24 3616:2011-11-13 3587:2011-11-13 3562:2017-04-29 3532:2017-04-29 3504:www.zf.com 3431:2011-11-13 3406:2011-11-13 3348:2011-11-13 3327:2011-11-13 3296:2011-11-13 3271:2008-10-23 3242:2011-11-13 3211:2011-11-13 3187:2011-11-13 3161:2017-05-24 3121:Motor1.com 3103:Autocosmos 3082:Autocosmos 3063:2017-05-24 2990:2017-05-24 2921:2024-05-13 2860:2011-11-13 2814:2017-05-24 2783:2008-05-13 2717:2011-11-13 2688:2011-11-13 2667:2011-11-13 2643:2007-12-28 2621:2011-11-13 2590:2011-11-13 2568:2007-12-28 2545:2007-12-28 2512:2007-12-28 2490:2007-12-28 2468:2011-11-13 2385:Chevy Geek 2365:2011-11-13 2340:2011-11-13 2312:2011-11-13 2287:2011-11-13 2262:2011-11-13 2233:2014-11-11 2204:2011-11-13 2177:2011-11-13 2148:2011-11-13 2123:2011-11-13 2080:2011-11-13 2046:2011-11-13 2017:2011-11-13 1993:2017-05-24 1969:2018-10-04 1946:JSAE.or.jp 1927:2014-11-11 1735:2011-11-13 1710:2011-11-13 1685:2011-11-13 1654:References 1548:Volkswagen 1338:Oldsmobile 1316:Mitsubishi 1227:Land Rover 1127:(formerly 932:Alfa Romeo 924:(formerly 858:ChooseESC! 850:ChooseESC! 805:superminis 675:Regulation 669:spare tire 342:Volvo XC90 315:moose test 304:Volvo Cars 294:vehicles ( 261:integrated 115:understeer 55:April 2019 4391:Oversteer 4358:Wheelbase 4328:Toe angle 4298:Live axle 4243:Beam axle 4062:Beam axle 4055:Dependent 4031:Pneumatic 3982:Transaxle 3962:Oversteer 3937:Downforce 3864:Euro NCAP 3858:from the 3712:5 October 3014:3 January 2117:Wheels.ca 1009:Chevrolet 868:Australia 783:LS, 2008 565:Euro NCAP 313:During a 308:Volvo S80 286:In 1997, 229:in 1995. 111:oversteer 4616:Category 4368:Steering 4277:Hydragas 4113:Dubonnet 3967:Steering 3942:Drifting 3751:Archived 3481:Archived 2956:Archived 2831:Archived 2539:archived 2334:Archived 2306:Archived 2142:Tc.gc.ca 2097:Archived 1964:Cars.com 1895:Archived 1875:Archived 1856:Archived 1838:Archived 1819:Archived 1800:Archived 1530:Vauxhall 1270:Maserati 1161:Infiniti 1041:Daihatsu 1023:Chrysler 987:Cadillac 609:potholes 489:drifting 357:Scion tC 273:steering 265:handling 263:vehicle 241:Cadillac 166:throttle 162:Diamante 124:and the 107:skidding 103:traction 4578:Spinner 4386:Kingpin 4198:Chassis 4036:Torsion 3791:WABCO. 1591:Hitachi 1400:Renault 1378:Porsche 1369:Pontiac 1360:Peugeot 1298:Mercury 1261:Lincoln 1144:Hyundai 1081:Ferrari 1059:Daimler 1032:Citroën 969:Bugatti 950:Bentley 828:Prevost 820:Daimler 798:sunroof 585:sensors 441:updated 386:updated 328:A-Class 300:Audi A6 296:Audi A8 133:History 45:updated 4606:Portal 4563:Hubcap 4421:Brakes 4212:series 4012:Spring 3679:. 2004 3523:"Home" 3461: 2535:CBC.ca 1648:Itelma 1508:Toyota 1489:Suzuki 1480:Subaru 1440:Scania 1431:Saturn 1387:Proton 1329:Nissan 1252:Luxgen 1243:(VDIM) 1185:, and 1179:Jaguar 1135:Holden 878:Future 870:, the 838:, and 836:Bendix 826:, and 824:Scania 785:Mazda6 645:speed. 324:rolled 223:Toyota 191:torque 4048:types 4014:types 3321:(PDF) 3314:(PDF) 3236:(PDF) 3229:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 2808:(PDF) 2801:(PDF) 2615:(PDF) 2608:(PDF) 2585:(PDF) 2199:Vv.se 2195:(PDF) 2074:(PDF) 2067:(PDF) 1921:(PDF) 1914:(PDF) 1636:WABCO 1539:Volvo 1521:Tesla 1471:Smart 1458:Škoda 1279:Mazda 1245:with 1236:Lexus 1170:Isuzu 1121:Honda 1050:Dodge 1000:Chery 978:Buick 918:Acura 840:WABCO 830:. 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