269:
1186:
1175:
255:
certain and there is less need for faunal labels to define the age of formations. A tendency developed to use
European and, to a lesser extent, Asian stage names for the same time period worldwide, even though the faunas in other regions often had little in common with the stage as originally defined.
254:
Originally, faunal stages were only defined regionally. As additional stratigraphic and geochronologic tools were developed, they were defined over ever broader areas. More recently, the adjective "faunal" has been dropped as regional and global correlations of rock sequences have become relatively
329:
In many regions local subdivisions and classification criteria are still used along with the newer internationally coordinated uniform system, but once the research establishes a more complete international system, it is expected that local systems will be abandoned.
326:(GSSA) is an absolute date. The benchmarks will give a much greater certainty that results can be compared with confidence in the date determinations, and such results will have farther scope than any evaluation based solely on local knowledge and conditions.
354:, etc.) of differing rock types that were being laid down in different environments at the same time. In the same way, a lithostratigraphic unit can include a number of stages or parts of them.
393:
172:, which usually represents millions of years of deposition. A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.
555:
239:
Stages were important in the 19th and early 20th centuries as they were the major tool available for dating and correlating rock units prior to the development of
1774:
1450:
456:
Gehling, James; Jensen, Sören; Droser, Mary; Myrow, Paul; Narbonne, Guy (March 2001). "Burrowing below the basal
Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland".
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304:
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503:
300:
214:
that are common, found worldwide, easily recognized, and limited to a single, or at most a few, stages are used to define the stage's bottom.
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179:
are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called
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2015:
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International stratigraphic guide: A guide to stratigraphic classification, terminology, and procedure
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Thus, for example in the local North
American subdivision, a paleontologist finding fragments of the
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251:) is also sometimes useful in confirming that a given segment of rock is from a particular age.
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into internationally accepted stages using two types of benchmark. For younger stages, a
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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307:. As of 2008, the ICS is nearly finished with a task begun in 1974, subdividing the
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Geotime chart displaying geologic time periods compared to the fossil record
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in the second half of the 20th century. Microscopic analysis of the rock (
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Chart of The Global
Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP)
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Stages are primarily defined by a consistent set of fossils (
194:(animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
322:
clearly demonstrates the boundary. For older stages, a
516:
The Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
190:
is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same
394:
List of Global
Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
146:
subdivision of an age, not used by the ICS timescale
2003:
1987:
1971:
1929:
1839:
1828:
1783:
1775:
Global
Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1762:
1736:
1727:
1689:
1627:
1582:
1546:
1515:
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1310:
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1099:
1059:
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997:
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944:
913:
877:
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820:
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741:
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684:
671:
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610:
584:
571:
183:or substages, and added together into superstages.
413:Cohen, K.M.; Finney, S.; Gibbard, P.L. (2015),
228:whereas fragments of a later trilobite such as
101:22 defined, tens to ~one hundred million years
1215:
549:
8:
316:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
299:Boundaries and names are established by the
1836:
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1200:
994:
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422:, International Commission on Stratigraphy
305:International Union of Geological Sciences
224:would identify the beds as being from the
86:10 defined, several hundred million years
206:) or a consistent magnetic polarity (see
1770:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
504:International Commission on Stratigraphy
301:International Commission on Stratigraphy
29:
416:International Chronostratigraphic Chart
405:
32:Units in geochronology and stratigraphy
116:34 defined, tens of millions of years
71:4 total, half a billion years or more
496:, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1976
7:
1155:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
435:"International Stratigraphic Guide"
210:) in the rock. Usually one or more
1569:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
1159:= megaannum (millions years ago);
25:
1163:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
500:International Stratigraphic Chart
324:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
1184:
1173:
267:
1451:English and British regnal year
379:North American land mammal age
131:99 defined, millions of years
1:
1564:Old Style and New Style dates
602:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
259:International standardization
1516:Pre-Julian / Julian
389:List of geochronologic names
334:Stages and lithostratigraphy
232:would identify the stage as
1749:Geological history of Earth
1619:Astronomical year numbering
565:Geological history of Earth
2123:
838:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
833:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
597:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1921:Thermoluminescence dating
1816:Samarium–neodymium dating
1150:
1122:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
972:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
492:Hedberg, H.D., (editor),
478:10.1017/S001675680100509X
276:This section needs to be
162:succession of rock strata
1635:Chinese sexagenary cycle
1117:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
962:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
807:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
659:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
649:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
364:European land mammal age
338:Stages can include many
1849:Amino acid racemisation
1112:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1077:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1072:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1015:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
905:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
812:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
623:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
384:Type locality (geology)
56:geochronological units
1854:Archaeomagnetic dating
1366:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1082:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1051:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1010:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
957:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
802:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
628:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
164:laid down in a single
1754:Geological time units
1087:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1046:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
967:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
654:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2082:Geologic time scales
1806:Law of superposition
1801:Isotope geochemistry
1127:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1020:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
900:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
890:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
27:Unit in stratigraphy
2087:Geology terminology
1939:Fluorine absorption
1916:Luminescence dating
1811:Luminescence dating
1719:Milankovitch cycles
1559:Proleptic Gregorian
1391:Hindu units of time
1182: •
1171: •
1169:Geologic time scale
931:Middle (458–470 Ma)
895:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
864:Middle (383–393 Ma)
759:Middle (237–247 Ma)
728:Middle (164–174 Ma)
470:2001GeoM..138..213G
458:Geological Magazine
374:Geologic time scale
342:units (for example
318:(GSSP), a physical
34:
2067:Chronostratigraphy
2041:Terminus post quem
2021:Synchronoptic view
1988:Linguistic methods
1949:Obsidian hydration
1884:Radiometric dating
1869:Incremental dating
1791:Chronostratigraphy
1180:Geology portal
1041:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
936:Early (470–485 Ma)
869:Early (393–419 Ma)
764:Early (247–252 Ma)
733:Early (174–201 Ma)
702:Early (100–145 Ma)
697:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
340:lithostratigraphic
245:radioactive dating
170:geologic timescale
154:chronostratigraphy
44:chronostratigraphy
38:Segments of rock (
30:
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1061:Paleoproterozoic
980:
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926:Late (444–458 Ma)
859:Late (359–383 Ma)
772:
771:
754:Late (201–237 Ma)
723:Late (145–164 Ma)
667:
666:
588:(present–2.58 Ma)
576:(present–66.0 Ma)
297:
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150:
149:
16:(Redirected from
2114:
2092:Geological units
2046:ASPRO chronology
1995:Glottochronology
1911:Tephrochronology
1859:Dendrochronology
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1533:Proleptic Julian
1523:Pre-Julian Roman
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437:. Archived from
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1972:Genetic methods
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1944:Nitrogen dating
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1841:Absolute dating
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1699:Cosmic Calendar
1691:Astronomic time
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1326:Ab urbe condita
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999:Neoproterozoic
989:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
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986:Proterozoic Eon
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640:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
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510:External links
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464:(2): 213–218.
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441:on 2009-08-17.
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208:paleomagnetism
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2077:Geochronology
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1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Geologic time
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Metonic cycle
1712:
1710:
1709:Galactic year
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:ISO week date
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Byzantine era
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1312:Calendar eras
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
996:
993:
991:
983:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
950:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:
912:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
883:
876:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
826:
819:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
795:
788:
785:
783:
778:Paleozoic Era
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
747:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
716:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
690:
688:(66.0–145 Ma)
683:
680:
678:
676:(66.0–252 Ma)
670:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
642:
635:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
616:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
590:
583:
580:
578:
570:
566:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
539:
536:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
453:
449:
440:
436:
430:
427:
418:
417:
409:
406:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
333:
331:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:(ICS) of the
302:
291:
279:
274:
265:
264:
258:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
215:
213:
212:index fossils
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
51:
50:geochronology
47:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
19:
2102:Paleobiology
1959:Stratigraphy
1904:Uranium–lead
1874:Lichenometry
1672:Winter count
1655:Mesoamerican
1583:Astronomical
1401:Mesoamerican
1386:Sothic cycle
1361:Seleucid era
1346:Bosporan era
1334: /
1324:
1272:Paleontology
1165:
1101:Archean Eon
1063:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
948:(485–539 Ma)
917:(444–485 Ma)
881:(419–444 Ma)
850:(359–419 Ma)
824:(299–359 Ma)
793:(252–299 Ma)
781:(252–539 Ma)
745:(201–252 Ma)
714:(145–201 Ma)
673:Mesozoic Era
573:Cenozoic Era
493:
461:
457:
439:the original
429:
415:
408:
337:
328:
298:
285:
277:
253:
238:
229:
221:
216:
201:
188:faunal stage
187:
185:
174:
157:
151:
121:
1899:Radiocarbon
1574:Dual dating
1433:Regnal year
1411:Short Count
1351:Bostran era
1332:Anno Domini
1265:Big History
1245:Archaeology
1137:Hadean Eon
915:Ordovician
686:Cretaceous
586:Quaternary
309:Phanerozoic
288:August 2014
181:chronozones
2061:Categories
1494:Vietnamese
1406:Long Count
1341:Anno Mundi
1336:Common Era
1238:Key topics
1231:Chronology
1139:(4–4.6 Ga)
1103:(2.5–4 Ga)
1032:(1–1.6 Ga)
638:Paleogene
518:: overview
450:References
344:formations
241:seismology
198:Definition
137:Chronozone
2031:Year zero
2011:Chronicle
1954:Seriation
1889:Lead–lead
1763:Standards
1744:Deep time
1704:Ephemeris
1590:Lunisolar
1554:Gregorian
1547:Gregorian
1508:Calendars
1471:Era names
1441:Anka year
1320:Human Era
1250:Astronomy
1166:See also:
946:Cambrian
879:Silurian
848:Devonian
743:Triassic
712:Jurassic
502:from the
486:131211543
249:petrology
222:Olenellus
219:trilobite
186:The term
2026:Timeline
1864:Ice core
1737:Concepts
1484:Japanese
1416:Tzolk'in
1381:Egyptian
791:Permian
612:Neogene
358:See also
312:eonothem
234:Albertan
230:Elrathia
62:Eonothem
54:Notes to
2036:Floruit
1784:Methods
1645:Iranian
1613:Islamic
1479:Chinese
1290:Periods
1260:History
1255:Geology
524:: chart
466:Bibcode
352:members
320:outcrop
278:updated
168:on the
77:Erathem
1832:dating
1628:Others
1594:Hebrew
1489:Korean
1300:Epochs
1145:
484:
177:series
107:Series
97:Period
92:System
40:strata
1665:Aztec
1609:Lunar
1604:Solar
1598:Hindu
1461:Limmu
1421:Haab'
1376:Hijri
482:S2CID
420:(PDF)
400:Notes
192:fauna
175:Rock
160:is a
158:stage
142:Chron
122:Stage
112:Epoch
42:) in
1660:Maya
1395:Yuga
1295:Eras
1277:Time
488:. 1.
348:beds
243:and
156:, a
474:doi
462:138
236:.
166:age
152:In
127:Age
82:Era
67:Eon
2063::
1596:,
1161:Ga
1157:Ma
1153:ka
480:.
472:.
460:.
350:,
346:,
1615:)
1611:(
1600:)
1592:(
1397:)
1393:(
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
557:e
550:t
543:v
476::
468::
424:.
290:)
286:(
280:.
20:)
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