46:
464:, or other organization, in which only a fraction (often one third) of the members of the board of directors is elected each time instead of en masse (where all directors have one-year terms). Each group of directors falls within a specified "class"—e.g., Class I, Class II, etc.—hence the use of the term "classified" board. The work of the Shareholder Rights Project has had a significant effect on the number of classified boards on the S&P 500.
357:
3297:
3287:
495:
systems, staggering has two basic effects: it makes it more difficult for a minority group to get directors elected, as the fewer directorships up for election requires a larger percent of the equity to win; and it makes takeover attempts less likely to succeed as it is harder to vote in a majority
496:
of new directors. Staggering may also however serve a more beneficial purpose, that is provide "institutional memory" — continuity in the board of directors — which may be significant for corporations with long-range projects and plans.
503:
reported in
January 2007 that 2006 marked a key switch in the trend toward declassification or annual votes on all directors: more than half (55%) of the S&P 500 companies have declassified boards, compared with 47% in 2005.
2701:
1938:
1225:, half of the Senate's 76 members are eligible for re-election every 3 years. All members elected from states have a six-year term staggered over two election cycles; senators elected from the
2694:
1241:. There are rare instances in which a Federal election is held for the all members of the House of Representatives and all the members of the Senate at once, this is called a
2079:
1939:
https://democracy.peterborough.gov.uk/documents/s47107/13a.%20Appendix%20A%20Electoral%20Commission%20The%20cycle%20of%20local%20government%20elections%20in%20England.pdf
2687:
2529:
278:
2297:
1861:, John C. Coates IV, and Guhan Subramanian, The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy, 54 Stan. L. Rev. 887 (2002).
1748:
1615:
1106:
2425:
2277:
412:
Staggered elections have the effect of limiting control of a representative body by the body being represented, but can also minimize the impact of
2524:
2302:
1912:
2287:
2072:
1550:
1191:
1268:
1952:
2651:
1493:
1257:
2334:
1252:
1238:
499:
Institutional shareholders are increasingly calling for an end to staggered boards of directors—also called "declassifying" the boards.
385:
691:
Every constituency has seats in both classes, with two-thirds of the seats contested in class 1 and the remaining one-third in class 2
1513:
1283:
429:
1055:
Every constituency has seats in two out of the three classes, with half of the seats contested in each of those classes individually
2065:
1883:
1609:
1471:, although the Electoral Commission in England has recommended that councils standardise on a 4-yearly whole council election cycle.
1308:
406:
2669:
3168:
2519:
2465:
1544:
488:, a staggered board that cannot be dismantled or evaded is one of the most potent takeover defenses available to U.S. companies.
290:
2317:
2646:
1298:
3081:
2445:
1563:
1507:
1155:
283:
273:
3227:
1538:
1303:
1293:
1262:
1119:
944:
Every constituency has seats in all three classes, with roughly a third of the seats contested in each class individually
553:
294:
1717:
3021:
2488:
2473:
2292:
1226:
1169:
1137:
1110:
842:
730:
3138:
2539:
2262:
2252:
2113:
1698:
1532:
1083:(special elections) can be held concurrently with general elections, increasing the number of seats up in an election.
109:
405:
have a six-year term, but they are not all elected at the same time. Rather, elections are held every two years for
3101:
2504:
2195:
1993:
1693:
1487:
1444:
2019:
1981:
582:
Every constituency has seats in both classes, with roughly half of the seats contested in each class individually
401:
are elections where only some of the places in an elected body are up for election at the same time. For example,
3331:
3272:
3257:
3247:
3086:
2901:
2554:
2509:
2455:
2367:
1633:
1621:
1603:
1419:
1399:
1288:
1146:
983:
910:
3290:
3267:
3205:
3031:
2956:
2916:
2896:
2544:
2430:
2388:
2307:
2232:
2168:
2126:
1679:
1128:
152:
2163:
3001:
2991:
2961:
2931:
2871:
2569:
2559:
2534:
2350:
2227:
1762:
1674:
1647:
1439:
1334:
1209:
1173:
485:
378:
235:
655:
Most constituencies have seats in both classes, with half of the seats contested in each class individually
3321:
3242:
3143:
3006:
2844:
2814:
2610:
2549:
2412:
2355:
1449:
1424:
1234:
1182:
978:
Every constituency has seats in both classes, with half of the seats contested in each class individually
905:
Every constituency has seats in both classes, with half of the seats contested in each class individually
871:
Every constituency has seats in both classes, with half of the seats contested in each class individually
402:
327:
1070:
election can happen, where all seats are contested. The 4 Territory seats are contested at each election.
3158:
2514:
2435:
2200:
2049:
2045:
1832:
1792:
1526:
1409:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1102:
167:
162:
3180:
3175:
2584:
2153:
1661:
1637:
1554:
1454:
1389:
1384:
1364:
1349:
1200:
1164:
1021:
268:
1898:
Jared A. Favole, "Big Firms
Increasingly Declassify Boards", The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 10, 2007.
3130:
2564:
2158:
1591:
1414:
1394:
1354:
1324:
1142:
79:
3326:
3300:
3212:
3195:
3153:
3076:
3068:
2854:
2839:
2714:
2605:
2215:
1651:
1429:
1242:
1230:
1124:
1067:
949:
453:
371:
197:
65:
2173:
1573:
45:
1874:
Hillier, David; Ross, Stephen; Westerfield, Randolph; Jaffe, Jeffrey; Jordan, Bradford (2013).
3232:
3217:
3148:
3091:
3036:
3011:
2981:
2971:
2881:
2864:
2785:
2780:
2740:
2735:
2722:
2710:
2574:
2483:
2440:
2360:
2282:
2205:
2190:
2148:
1879:
1784:
1780:
1742:
1503:
1497:
1434:
1404:
1222:
1205:
1187:
1115:
1063:
876:
626:
492:
413:
313:
177:
147:
74:
30:
3190:
3185:
3096:
3051:
2951:
2849:
2770:
2755:
2730:
2615:
2247:
2103:
2088:
1925:
1233:
have 3 year terms only. These half-Senate elections are usually held in conjunction with an
1178:
1151:
662:
587:
449:
338:
333:
250:
217:
187:
172:
129:
104:
99:
94:
84:
20:
2679:
3252:
3163:
3116:
3106:
3041:
2966:
2936:
2886:
2834:
2806:
2750:
2663:
2579:
2420:
2398:
2210:
2131:
2121:
2099:
1844:
1805:
769:
696:
361:
343:
318:
240:
114:
70:
1820:
3200:
3111:
2478:
2183:
2143:
1982:
Danmarks
Statistik - Rigsdagsvalgene og folkeafstemningerne i april og maj 1953, p. 182
1858:
1468:
1196:
1160:
1133:
192:
157:
89:
356:
3315:
2819:
2222:
207:
119:
3058:
2906:
2891:
2765:
2237:
2178:
182:
1907:
1964:
473:
attempts more difficult; however, they are also associated with lower firm value.
3016:
2986:
2829:
2760:
2620:
2383:
2322:
2242:
2138:
1558:
1369:
1080:
1074:
1026:
988:
954:
915:
881:
847:
809:
803:
774:
735:
701:
667:
631:
592:
558:
481:
477:
461:
425:
60:
469:
In publicly held companies, staggered boards have the effect of making hostile
3262:
3222:
3026:
2976:
2946:
2824:
2745:
2393:
2329:
1724:
1248:
Three of
Australia's five State Legislative Councils use staggered elections:
657:
Some constituencies have all of their seats contested in each and every class
480:
at successive shareholder meetings in order to exercise control of the target
323:
202:
3237:
2996:
2859:
2630:
2625:
1597:
1567:
417:
124:
1878:(2nd European ed.). Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 34–35.
1776:
3046:
2941:
2926:
2450:
1688:
1684:
1013:
470:
421:
212:
37:
2876:
2312:
1629:
1587:
1319:
27 of the State
Senates in the United States have staggered elections:
457:
2600:
245:
2057:
1073:
Some chambers do not have all of its seats elected, such as in the
2775:
1965:"Direction des élections - Evolution de la législation électorale"
1657:
1643:
476:
When a board is staggered, hostile bidders must win more than one
1279:
All six
Legislative councils of states have staggered elections:
428:) use staggered elections, as do some public bodies, such as the
1520:
2683:
2061:
1097:
12 of the 24 provincial legislatures have staggered elections:
1016:, with half of the seats contested in each class individually
16:
Elections where only a part of the body is elected at a time
1775:
Bebchuk, Lucian A.; Hirst, Scott; Rhee, June (2014-02-01).
1761:
See Faleye,O., 2007, Classified Boards, Firm value, and
2052:, pp. 10–11: Prefectural Assembly Law (Fukenkai Kisoku)
798:
Each constituency has all its seats in one class only
764:
Each constituency has all its seats in one class only
725:
Each constituency has all its seats in one class only
621:
Each constituency has all its seats in one class only
1953:
Consell
General - L'abstenció al Principat d'Andorra
1777:"Towards the Declassification of S&P 500 Boards"
3129:
3067:
2915:
2805:
2794:
2721:
2639:
2593:
2497:
2464:
2411:
2376:
2343:
2270:
2261:
2112:
2050:The Start of Modern Local Government (1868 – 1880)
1994:"Negentiende-eeuws districtenstelsel in Nederland"
424:attempts. Some legislative bodies (most commonly
1825:The Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series
1821:"Private Ordering and the Proxy Access Debate"
1077:where 12 seats are appointed by the president.
2695:
2073:
1869:
1867:
420:use staggered elections as a tool to prevent
379:
8:
2530:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
1819:Hirst, Scott; Bebchuk, Lucian (2010-01-01).
1765:, Journal of Financial Economics83, 501-529.
3296:
3286:
2802:
2702:
2688:
2680:
2267:
2080:
2066:
2058:
1948:
1946:
1616:Chamber of Deputies of Santiago del Estero
386:
372:
25:
1519:Senate and Chamber of Representatives of
516:
2525:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
2303:Sequential proportional approval voting
2020:"Geschiedenis kiesstelsel Eerste Kamer"
1928:, Ballotpedia, Accessed 24 August 2016.
1913:Western Australian Electoral Commission
1709:
36:
1840:
1830:
1801:
1790:
1747:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1740:
484:. Particularly in combination with a
7:
1258:South Australian Legislative Council
2335:Indirect single transferable voting
1926:"Length of terms of state senators"
1269:Local councils in Western Australia
1253:New South Wales Legislative Council
1514:Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica
1284:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
430:Securities and Exchange Commission
14:
1610:Chamber of Deputies of Santa Cruz
1545:Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg
1309:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
1012:The Senate is elected nationwide
3295:
3285:
1239:Federal House of Representatives
355:
44:
2044:Akio Kamiko (2010, bilingual):
1299:Maharashtra Legislative Council
1271:also have staggered elections.
3082:Debtor-in-possession financing
2446:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1508:Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia
1210:Chamber of Deputies and Senate
1201:Chamber of Deputies and Senate
1183:Chamber of Deputies and Senate
1147:Chamber of Deputies and Senate
1129:Chamber of Deputies and Senate
1:
1539:National Congress of Honduras
1304:Telangana Legislative Council
1294:Karnataka Legislative Council
1263:Tasmanian Legislative Council
554:Argentine Chamber of Deputies
3022:Staggered board of directors
2647:Comparison of voting systems
2489:Satisfaction approval voting
2474:Single non-transferable vote
2293:Proportional approval voting
1908:"Local Government Elections"
1533:National Assembly of Ecuador
843:House of Councillors (Japan)
731:Senate of the Czech Republic
442:staggered board of directors
3139:Accretion/dilution analysis
2253:Graduated majority judgment
1699:United States corporate law
1467:Some local councils in the
531:% of seats up per election
448:is a prominent practice in
218:Right to stand for election
3348:
3102:Leveraged recapitalization
2505:Condorcet winner criterion
2196:First-past-the-post voting
1694:United Kingdom company law
1494:Chamber of Representatives
1488:General Council of Andorra
1445:West Virginia State Senate
18:
3281:
3273:Valuation using multiples
3258:Sum-of-the-parts analysis
3228:Modigliani–Miller theorem
3087:Dividend recapitalization
2902:Secondary market offering
2660:
2652:Voting systems by country
2555:Mutual majority criterion
2510:Condorcet loser criterion
2456:Vote linkage mixed system
2368:Largest remainders method
2095:
1420:Pennsylvania State Senate
1400:North Dakota State Senate
1289:Bihar Legislative Council
984:Senate of the Philippines
911:National Assembly (Nepal)
533:
530:
524:
521:
508:Use in legislative bodies
407:one-third of Senate seats
3291:List of investment banks
3206:Free cash flow to equity
3032:Super-majority amendment
2957:Management due diligence
2897:Seasoned equity offering
2545:Majority loser criterion
2431:Additional member system
2389:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
2308:Single transferable vote
2233:Positional voting system
2169:Minimax Condorcet method
2127:Combined approval voting
1680:Mergers and acquisitions
1551:House of Representatives
19:Not to be confused with
3002:Shareholder rights plan
2992:Post-merger integration
2962:Managerial entrenchment
2932:Contingent value rights
2872:Initial public offering
2570:Resolvability criterion
2560:Participation criterion
2535:Later-no-harm criterion
2351:Highest averages method
1763:Managerial Entrenchment
1675:Industrial organization
1664:assemblies (1878–1890s)
1574:First Chamber of Sweden
1440:Washington State Senate
1335:California State Senate
1237:of all members for the
501:The Wall Street Journal
436:Application in business
3144:Adjusted present value
3007:Special-purpose entity
2845:Direct public offering
2815:At-the-market offering
2611:First-preference votes
2550:Monotonicity criterion
2520:Independence of clones
2223:Simple majoritarianism
2046:近代地方行政の黎明期(1868-1880年)
1800:Cite journal requires
1652:provincial deputations
1622:Legislature of Tucumán
1604:Legislature of Córdoba
1535:(1945–1970, 1984–1998)
1450:Wisconsin State Senate
1425:Tennessee State Senate
1192:Unicameral legislature
1174:Unicameral legislature
1165:Unicameral legislature
1156:Unicameral legislature
1138:Unicameral legislature
1120:Unicameral legislature
403:United States senators
284:Next general elections
3159:Conglomerate discount
2515:Consistency criterion
2436:Alternative vote plus
2201:Instant-runoff voting
1937:Electoral Commission
1410:Oklahoma State Senate
1380:Missouri State Senate
1375:Kentucky State Senate
1360:Illinois State Senate
1345:Delaware State Senate
1340:Colorado State Senate
1330:Arkansas State Senate
534:Method of Staggering
168:Boundary delimitation
3181:Economic value added
3176:Discounted cash flow
2585:Seats-to-votes ratio
2356:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
1527:Landsting of Denmark
1455:Wyoming State Senate
1390:Nebraska Legislature
1385:Montana State Senate
1365:Indiana State Senate
1350:Florida State Senate
1022:United States Senate
269:Elections by country
2766:Senior secured debt
2565:Plurality criterion
2164:Kemeny–Young method
1638:provincial councils
1557:(1848–1983) of the
1415:Oregon State Senate
1395:Nevada State Senate
1355:Hawaii State Senate
1325:Alaska State Senate
1107:Chamber of Deputies
518:
399:Staggered elections
362:Politics portal
3301:Outline of finance
3213:Market value added
3196:Financial modeling
3154:Business valuation
3077:Debt restructuring
2855:Follow-on offering
2840:Corporate spin-off
2798:(terms/conditions)
2715:investment banking
2606:Election threshold
2540:Majority criterion
2216:Supplementary vote
2048:, pp. 7–8: 府県会規則 /
1648:municipal councils
1634:municipal councils
1430:Texas State Senate
1243:double dissolution
1068:double dissolution
950:Senate of Pakistan
517:
454:board of directors
3309:
3308:
3233:Net present value
3218:Minority interest
3149:Associate company
3125:
3124:
3092:Financial sponsor
3012:Special situation
2982:Pre-emption right
2972:Minority discount
2882:Private placement
2781:Subordinated debt
2736:Exchangeable debt
2723:Capital structure
2711:Corporate finance
2677:
2676:
2575:Reversal symmetry
2484:Cumulative voting
2466:Semi-proportional
2441:Mixed single vote
2407:
2406:
2283:Mixed single vote
2191:Exhaustive ballot
2154:Copeland's method
2149:Condorcet methods
2089:Electoral systems
1969:elections.fgov.be
1876:Corporate Finance
1779:. Rochester, NY.
1592:communal councils
1564:National Congress
1498:Senate of Belgium
1435:Utah State Senate
1405:Ohio State Senate
1116:Buenos Aires City
1064:Australian Senate
1059:
1058:
877:Senate of Liberia
627:Australian Senate
493:cumulative voting
414:cumulative voting
396:
395:
314:Election security
297:elections in 2024
251:Electoral systems
178:Electoral college
148:Anonymous elector
3339:
3332:Takeover defense
3299:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3191:Fairness opinion
3186:Enterprise value
3169:Weighted average
3097:Leveraged buyout
2952:Drag-along right
2850:Equity carve-out
2807:Equity offerings
2803:
2799:
2771:Shareholder loan
2756:Second lien debt
2751:Preferred equity
2731:Convertible debt
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2616:Liquid democracy
2268:
2248:Two-round system
2159:Dodgson's method
2082:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:has extra text (
1842:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1723:. Archived from
1722:
1714:
1689:hostile takeover
1553:(1849–1888) and
1476:Historical usage
1051:
1044:
1037:
1006:
999:
972:
965:
940:
933:
926:
899:
892:
865:
858:
834:
827:
820:
792:
785:
760:
753:
746:
719:
712:
685:
678:
663:Brazilian Senate
649:
642:
617:
610:
603:
588:Argentine Senate
576:
569:
519:
450:US corporate law
446:classified board
388:
381:
374:
360:
359:
339:Election science
334:Electoral reform
188:Election silence
173:Crossover voting
130:Two-round system
48:
26:
21:Rolling election
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3277:
3253:Stock valuation
3248:Residual income
3164:Cost of capital
3121:
3117:Project finance
3107:High-yield debt
3063:
3042:Tag-along right
2967:Mandatory offer
2937:Control premium
2918:
2911:
2887:Public offering
2835:Bought out deal
2797:
2796:
2790:
2717:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2656:
2635:
2589:
2580:Smith criterion
2493:
2460:
2421:Parallel voting
2403:
2399:Imperiali quota
2372:
2339:
2257:
2211:Contingent vote
2174:Nanson's method
2132:Unified primary
2122:Approval voting
2108:
2091:
2086:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1799:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:"Archived copy"
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1671:
1584:
1579:
1483:
1478:
1464:
1459:
1317:
1277:
1221:In the federal
1219:
1214:
1095:
1090:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
973:
970:
966:
963:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
900:
897:
893:
890:
866:
863:
859:
856:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
793:
790:
786:
783:
770:Senate (France)
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
720:
717:
713:
710:
697:Senate of Chile
686:
683:
679:
676:
656:
650:
647:
643:
640:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
601:
577:
574:
570:
567:
515:
510:
438:
392:
354:
349:
348:
344:Paper candidate
319:Electoral fraud
309:
301:
300:
274:Close elections
264:
256:
255:
241:Political party
231:
223:
222:
143:
135:
134:
56:
31:Politics series
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:Terminal value
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3201:Free cash flow
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:Private equity
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Mezzanine debt
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Limited voting
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Coombs' method
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:Schulze method
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2144:Bucklin voting
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2037:
2011:
1985:
1974:
1956:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1863:
1859:Lucian Bebchuk
1850:
1811:
1802:|journal=
1767:
1754:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:United Kingdom
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
986:
980:
979:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
957:
952:
946:
945:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
918:
913:
907:
906:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
884:
879:
873:
872:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
850:
845:
839:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
812:
807:
800:
799:
796:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
777:
772:
766:
765:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
738:
733:
727:
726:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
704:
699:
693:
692:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
670:
665:
659:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
634:
629:
623:
622:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
595:
590:
584:
583:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
561:
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
514:
511:
509:
506:
452:governing the
437:
434:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
368:
365:
364:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
316:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:Administration
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
193:Gerrymandering
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
34:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Corporate law
3320:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Book building
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:Single-winner
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2024:Parlement.com
2021:
2015:
2012:
1999:
1998:Parlement.com
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1885:9780077139148
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1841:|volume=
1834:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1730:on 2011-07-17
1726:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1315:United States
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
968:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
936:
929:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
902:
895:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
861:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
830:
823:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
788:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
756:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
715:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
681:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
652:
645:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
613:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
572:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
527:
520:
512:
507:
505:
502:
497:
494:
491:In corporate
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
467:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
363:
358:
353:
352:
345:
342:
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3243:Real options
3059:Tender offer
2919:acquisitions
2907:Underwriting
2892:Rights issue
2795:Transactions
2668:
2662:
2278:Mixed-member
2263:Proportional
2238:Score voting
2179:Ranked pairs
2098:Part of the
2097:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1933:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1894:
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1833:cite journal
1824:
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1793:cite journal
1770:
1757:
1732:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1712:
1687:, including
1654:(until 1923)
1624:(until 1989)
1618:(until 2002)
1612:(until 1998)
1606:(until 2001)
1541:(until 1942)
1318:
1278:
1267:
1247:
1220:
1103:Buenos Aires
1096:
1081:By-elections
500:
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445:
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426:upper houses
411:
398:
397:
183:Election law
110:Proportional
29:Part of the
3017:Squeeze-out
2987:Proxy fight
2917:Mergers and
2830:Bought deal
2761:Senior debt
2621:Spoilt vote
2384:Droop quota
2323:Schulze STV
2298:Rural–urban
2243:STAR voting
2139:Borda count
2030:18 February
2004:18 February
1662:prefectural
1640:(1836–1914)
1594:(1867–1979)
1576:(1867–1970)
1570:(1912–1932)
1559:Netherlands
1547:(1922–1951)
1529:(1915–1953)
1523:(1902–1950)
1516:(1913–1948)
1510:(1944–1964)
1500:(1835–1919)
1490:(1867–1979)
1370:Iowa Senate
1075:Rajya Sabha
1027:Upper house
989:Upper house
955:Upper house
916:Upper house
882:Upper house
848:Upper house
810:Upper house
804:Rajya Sabha
775:Upper house
736:Upper house
702:Upper house
668:Upper house
632:Upper house
593:Upper house
559:Lower house
486:poison pill
478:proxy fight
462:corporation
279:Most recent
163:Competition
142:Terminology
61:By-election
55:Basic types
3316:Categories
3263:Tax shield
3223:Mismarking
3027:Stock swap
2977:Pitch book
2947:Divestment
2825:Bookrunner
2746:Pari passu
2640:Comparison
2394:Hare quota
2344:Allocation
2330:Spare vote
2318:Hare-Clark
2288:Party-list
2026:(in Dutch)
2000:(in Dutch)
1827:. No. 653.
1734:2016-08-24
1245:election.
1143:Corrientes
328:by country
324:Referendum
203:Psephology
198:Initiative
80:Fixed-term
3327:Elections
3238:Pure play
3131:Valuation
2997:Sell side
2860:Greenshoe
2631:Unseating
2626:Sortition
2228:Plurality
2104:Economics
1598:Argentina
1568:Nicaragua
1217:Australia
1125:Catamarca
1093:Argentina
864:124 / 248
857:124 / 248
791:174 / 348
784:174 / 348
575:127 / 257
568:130 / 257
418:companies
230:Subseries
125:Sortition
100:Plurality
66:Corporate
38:Elections
3069:Leverage
3047:Takeover
2942:Demerger
2927:Buy side
2498:Criteria
2451:Scorporo
2100:politics
1743:cite web
1685:Takeover
1669:See also
1481:National
1235:election
1229:and the
1206:San Luis
1188:Misiones
1170:La Rioja
1050:34 / 100
1043:33 / 100
1036:33 / 100
1014:at-large
971:52 / 104
964:52 / 104
833:78 / 245
826:78 / 245
819:77 / 245
806:(India)
528:Classes
522:Chamber
513:National
471:takeover
422:takeover
291:National
213:Suffrage
95:Mid-term
75:Indirect
3052:Reverse
3037:Synergy
2877:Pre-IPO
2865:Reverse
2786:Warrant
2670:Project
2361:D'Hondt
2313:CPO-STV
2271:Systems
1785:2400652
1630:Belgium
1588:Andorra
1179:Mendoza
1152:Formosa
1062:In the
1005:12 / 24
998:12 / 24
939:20 / 59
932:20 / 59
925:19 / 59
898:15 / 30
891:15 / 30
759:27 / 81
752:27 / 81
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718:20 / 43
711:23 / 43
684:27 / 81
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648:40 / 76
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616:24 / 72
609:24 / 72
602:24 / 72
458:company
416:. Many
308:Related
105:Primary
85:General
2664:Portal
2601:Ballot
2377:Quotas
2106:series
1882:
1783:
1555:Senate
1504:Senate
1223:Senate
1111:Senate
539:Total
246:Voting
158:Audits
115:Recall
71:Direct
2776:Stock
2594:Other
2413:Mixed
1728:(PDF)
1721:(PDF)
1705:Notes
1658:Japan
1644:Spain
1582:Local
1462:Local
1275:India
1197:Salta
1161:Jujuy
1134:Chaco
1088:State
525:Type
456:of a
295:local
263:Lists
90:Local
2713:and
2102:and
2032:2019
2006:2019
1880:ISBN
1857:See
1845:help
1806:help
1781:SSRN
1749:link
1650:and
1636:and
1521:Cuba
1506:and
1496:and
1109:and
1066:, a
482:firm
293:and
120:Snap
2426:MMP
1566:of
1227:ACT
444:or
3318::
2667:—
2022:.
1996:.
1967:.
1945:^
1910:,
1866:^
1837::
1835:}}
1831:{{
1823:.
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1791:{{
1745:}}
1741:{{
1660::
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1136::
1127::
1118::
1105::
1031:3
993:2
959:2
920:3
886:2
852:2
814:3
779:2
740:3
706:2
672:2
636:2
597:3
563:2
548:3
545:2
542:1
460:,
440:A
432:.
409:.
73:/
2703:e
2696:t
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2081:e
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2034:.
2008:.
1971:.
1916:.
1888:.
1847:)
1808:)
1804:(
1787:.
1751:)
1737:.
387:e
380:t
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326:(
23:.
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