376:. As a consequence, they were well-fed until the very end of the war, when transportation and supply links broke down. Prisoners from western Europe (French, Belgians) were also treated as POWs but received less outside help and were not as well-nourished. However, they were in contact with international help organisations. Serbian and Polish nationals were denied access to outside observers. Italians, who came here after September 1943, were deemed traitors by both the German guards and the other prisoners and were at the low end of the hierarchy. They were ill-fed and from the fall of 1944 forced to work with the Wehrmacht or be treated as civilian forced labour. Worst off of all were the Soviet POWs. They were denied POW status, received no outside food and were not allowed access to international observers. Guards had a special shoot-to-kill policy for them. Due to the ill-treatment of the Soviets and a lack of shelter, several epidemics broke out among them. Thousands of them died from disease, starvation and brutal treatment by guards. They were buried in mass graves on the camp graveyard (today's war cemetery).
331:
45:
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29:
449:. The camp commandant, however, realizing that the end of the war was close, had already agreed to hand over control of the camp to the prisoners, led by the French Colonel Marcel Albert. On 21 April, the same day that the officer ordered to take control of the camp complained to his superiors about conditions there (see picture), two prisoners carried the call for assistance from the camp to the
430:
620:" ("Here lie 46,000 Russian soldiers and officers, tortured to death in Nazi imprisonment"). The remains of most non-Soviet POWs were repatriated to their countries of origin. The Italians were reinterred at the Italian war cemetery at Hamburg-Ă–jendorf. Only around 170 individual graves of POWs from Poland, Yugoslavia or of unknown nationality remain in the graveyard at Sandbostel.
52:
479:, was called in and ordered local German civilians and medical orderlies to help with the clean-up, and to bury the numerous dead bodies. Like at Bergen-Belsen, despite the best efforts of the British, hundreds of inmates died every day immediately following the liberation as a result of starvation,
467:
prisoners in unsatisfactory conditions, but generally in compliance with the
International Red Cross Convention. Soviet prisoners, without the Convention's protection, were in substantially worse conditions. In the third section were around 8,000 civilian prisoners in appalling conditions, described
632:
was opened in 2007. In April 2013, the permanent exhibition was opened. Out of a total of around 150 huts, more than 20 remain (largely in the area that used to house the Soviet prisoners). Some appear mostly as they did in the 1940s, others have been altered to serve changing needs in the post-war
606:
In 1974, the business park "Immenhain" was established in the area of the camp not given over to agricultural use. Businesses set up there included a horse-riding establishment, a reject shop, a militaria shop and a brothel. This use of the former camp area only ended with the establishment of the
589:
and a committee decided on individuals' admission to West
Germany or to West Berlin. Refugees also received help in finding jobs or apprenticeship positions. Most of the young people were in the camp for just one or two weeks. At Sandbostel, their number averaged around 800, at Westertimke around
420:
and guarded well but otherwise left to their own devices: they received no medical help despite rampant diseases, sanitary conditions were dire and the inmates went virtually without food. On 20 April, most of the SS members guarding that section of Stalag X-B marched out of the camp with several
530:
As early as 8 July 1945, the
British military authorities established one of nine civilian internment camps in a part of the former Stalag X-B. At "No. 2 Civil Internment Camp" or "No. 2 CIC" around 5,000 males, including SS members, were interned. Soon, inmates were subject to "re-education",
341:
At first, prisoners were housed in tents, but from spring 1940 inmates constructed masonry huts. Later, prefabricated wooded huts were added. By 1941, there were over 100 huts housing prisoners as well as latrines, kitchens, buildings for punishment confinement and the commandant's office. In
502:
POW camps were required by
Wehrmacht regulations to have a cemetery close by. Initially, the dead of Stalag X-B were buried in the war cemetery at Parnewinkel, where a World War I POW camp had been located previously. As the number of dead rose in 1940, a second cemetery was established near
468:
in the Army medical history as "utterly horrifying"; "everywhere the dead and dying sprawled amid the slime of human excrement." According to members of the
British forces present at the liberation, conditions were so bad, they referred to the Stalag as "Little Belsen" in a reference to the
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A private club was founded in 1992 to work for the maintenance of the camp site. Since that year, most of the huts were treated as listed or protected buildings. The creation of a memorial at the site of the former camp met with substantial local opposition. In 2004, a foundation
602:
took over the remaining huts of the camp and used them to store medical supplies. Ten years later, in 1973, the
Bundeswehr stopped using the facility. The Ministry of Defence for a while considered building a barracks at the site, but eventually chose Seedorf as the location.
207:. Between 1939 and 1945 several hundred thousand POWs of 55 nations passed through the camp. Due to the bad conditions in which they were housed, thousands died there of hunger, disease, or were killed by the guards. Estimates of the number of dead range from 8,000 to 50,000.
615:
A Soviet memorial erected at the cemetery site in 1945 was dynamited in 1956 by orders of the
Bremervörde district authorities and the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior, due to the memorial's excessive claims regarding the number of victims. Its inscription had read
483:
and other diseases. Estimates of the total number of people who died here in 1939-45 range between 8,000 and 50,000. There is evidence of at least 5,162 dead. Claims of up to 46,000 killed
Soviets alone were made by the Soviet Union but are considered to be exaggerated.
568:
The prison featured a small hospital, workshops and a
Protestant church. Around 110 people worked there, mostly German refugees from the eastern territories lost after WW II. In 1952, the prison was dissolved due to falling numbers of the incarcerated.
550:. The court handed down 3,500 verdicts, ranging from several months to six years' imprisonment. However, the time of internment was counted as time served, so many of the defendants were released immediately following the trial.
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300. Daily intake at
Sandbostel was up to 100, with roughly the same number leaving each day. In total, around 250,000 young men and 80,000 young women passed through the camps. This use ended around 1960.
1204:
Ehresmann, A. (2013), Das Stalag X B Sandbostel. Geschichte und Nachgeschichte eines Kriegsgefangenenlagers (German). In: Gedenkstättenrundbrief Nr. 171 (09/2013), p. 19-31. Available online at
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Beginning in September 1939, Polish POWs were used to expand the camp. Initially, huts for around 10,000 prisoners were built. Once it began operating, the camp was divided into several sub-camps:
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for young male refugees aged 15 to 24. In September 1952, a similar camp for women was established at the site of the POW camp at Westertimke. These two camps were under the supervision of the
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at the site of the Stalag. This prison soon housed around 600 male inmates, imprisoned for periods between two months and two years, mostly for property-related crimes, in six large huts.
408:(SS). Although this was without immediate consequences at Sandbostel, in January 1945 POWs were evacuated here from other camps closer to the frontline. In the final phase of the war,
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322:), or internment camp for civilian citizens of enemy nations, including members of the British merchant marine. This section was also moved in 1941 to Westertimke (see:
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Non-Soviet and Soviet POWs were treated differently even in death. The former were buried with military honours in individual graves, the latter in 70 mass graves.
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holding enlisted men from the occupied countries (Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Southeastern Europe and Italy after the armistice)
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395:, who served as a Lieutenant Commander in the Canadian navy, was interned in this camp after being torpedoed and rescued by a German ship.
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hundred prisoners. After that, the POWs were allowed to help the remaining former concentration camp inmates with some of their own food.
308:), controlled by the Kriegsmarine, holding British sailors, marines and officers. In the fall of 1941, this part of the camp was moved to
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There was a clear hierarchy among prisoners. At the top were British and American POWs, generally treated correctly according to the
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Inmates were cleaned and transferred to an improvised hospital outside the camp and thence to convalescence camps. The former
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intended to turn Nazi supporters into democrats. To further this goal, internees were allowed to publish their own newspaper
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Beginning in 1952, parts of the camp were used as an emergency reception centre for refugees from Communist East Germany or
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Other, more serviceable, huts were used by the British to house imprisoned Nazis and SS members, who were awaiting trial.
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546:. Internees were not charged with individual crimes but with membership in a criminal organisation, as defined by the
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opened a camp for out of work singles and employed them in public works (roadworks, amelioration) in 1932, during the
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was burned between 16 and 25 May to prevent a typhus epidemic and the last 350 patients left the hospital on 3 June.
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297:) for officers from the occupied countries. In 1941, this part of the camp was merged with Oflags elsewhere
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350:, the camp was filled beyond capacity. Stalag X-B was then expanded to house a total of 30,000 prisoners.
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received the roughly 2,400 dead among the former concentration camp inmates who could not be identified.
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Among the Italian prisoners, who were mostly soldiers who did not surrender to the German army after the
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323:
433:
Letter dated 21 April 1945 about the handover of the camp, exhibited at Neuengamme concentration camp.
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The British discovered around 15,000 surviving POWs in the camp, as well as around 8,000 KZ-inmates.
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After the last inmates were released on 9 March 1948, the British closed the camp on 1 August 1948.
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457:. Two armoured units were sent to Sandbostel but fighting delayed their arrival until 29 April.
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each made up of around 30 forced labourers. These were supplied to local farmers and industry.
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and its subcamps were transferred to Stalag X-B in April 1945. They were housed in the former
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Hier ruhen 46.000 russische Soldaten und Offiziere, zu Tode gequält in der Nazigefangenschaft
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265:. In September, construction of the camp began between the village of Sandbostel and the
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In August 1944, all POW camps were removed from Wehrmacht control and were assigned to
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In March 1948, the Justice Department of the State of Lower Saxony established the
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From the fall of 1941, sections of the camp were cleared or moved to make room for
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took over the camp and used it later as a Nazi internment camp for undesirables.
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The camp was divided into three sections when liberated. The first contained
346:) and a punishment work camp of two huts inside the moor. By 1940, after the
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391:("A Christmas Fable") there on Christmas 1944. The Canadian Neurologist
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Borgsen, W./Volland, K. (2010), Stalag X B Sandbostel, Edition Temmen,
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prisoners were relocated to Sandbostel. Around 9,000 former inmates of
204:
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801:
475:
The commander of the British Forces in north-western Germany, General
581:. On 1 April 1952, the Federal Ministry for Refugees established the
480:
286:
857:"Die Befreiung der Kriegsgefangenen und der KZ-Häftlinge (German)"
543:
454:
428:
329:
16:
World War II German prisoner-of-war camp in Lower Saxony, Germany
1233:
628:) was established. Following three years of preparations, the
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334:
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965:"No 2 CIC – Internierungscamp der britischen Armee (German)"
1020:"Notaufnahmelager fĂĽr jugendliche DDR-FlĂĽchtlinge (German)"
216:
1142:
Scheurmann, Ingrid (August 2013), "Sandbostel (German)",
1096:. Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge. Archived from
1094:"Kriegsgräberstätten als Lernort: "Sandbostel" (German)"
273:. The latter area was now used as barracks to house the
255:(military construction department) decided to create a
1068:"Vergessene Orte - Kannibalen im Stalag XB (German)"
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1344:
1217:
Documentation and Memorial Site Sandbostel (German)
170:
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129:
119:
114:
106:
69:
21:
763:"Mehr als nur Gedenken in "Klein Belsen" (German)"
1224:Stiftung Denkmal fĂĽr die ermordeten Juden Europas
1482:Buildings and structures in Rotenburg (district)
503:Sandbostel, about 1.2 kilometres from the camp.
887:, Clifford Barnard, Quaker Home Service, 1999.
437:The camp was liberated on 29 April 1945 by the
509:At Sandbostel, the cemetery has two sections.
1472:World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Germany
372:and receiving numerous aid packages from the
8:
1167:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
996:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
967:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
936:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
934:"Kriegsgräberstätte in Sandbostel (German)"
910:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
902:
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859:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
851:
849:
847:
845:
826:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
730:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
690:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel. Archived from
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788:Ropper, A. H. (2012). "C. Miller Fisher".
18:
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908:"Kriegsgräberstätte Parnewinkel (German)"
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361:". The camp now administered hundreds of
1165:"Gedenkstätte Lager Sandbostel (German)"
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445:following fighting with the German 15th
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688:"Kriegsgefangene im Stalag XB (German)"
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233:Lutheran Church of the State of Hanover
538:In June 1947, the trials began at the
33:Camp huts housing the exhibition, 2013
824:"KZ-Häftlinge im Stalag X B (German)"
756:
754:
752:
643:List of German World War II POW camps
513:includes the mass graves. In 1954-56
7:
1121:"Stalag XB nahe Sandbostel (German)"
1066:Bölsche, Jochen (15 January 2010).
1301:Marlag und Milag Nord, Westertimke
1119:Rixmann, Solveig (14 March 2011).
51:
14:
470:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
342:addition, there was a hospital (
251:In August 1939, a commission of
134:
50:
43:
27:
1222:The camp on the website of the
587:Durchgangslager Uelzen-Bohldamm
563:Strafgefängnis Lager Sandbostel
1045:"Weitere Nachnutzung (German)"
761:Henkel, Knut (24 April 2013).
573:Camp for refugees from the GDR
1:
1477:Neuengamme concentration camp
414:Neuengamme concentration camp
1359:Stalag Luft II Litzmannstadt
648:List of POW camps in Germany
594:Bundeswehr and business park
383:, was journalist and writer
337:'s in Sandbostel 1941 - 1943
1369:Stalag Luft IV Gross Tychow
1047:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel
1022:. Stiftung Lager Sandbostel
583:Notaufnahmelager Sandbostel
211:Establishment and operation
1498:
348:German victory over France
223:, 43 km northeast of
1415:
1397:Oflag IV-C Colditz Castle
1311:Stalag XI-B Fallingbostel
1251:
994:"Strafgefängnis (German)"
626:Stiftung Lager Sandbostel
259:(POW camp) for the local
124:Stiftung Lager Sandbostel
38:
26:
1448:53.3996417°N 9.1098111°E
1374:Stalag Luft VI Heydekrug
1316:Stalag XIII-C Hammelburg
1261:Stalag III-A Luckenwalde
451:Guards Armoured Division
447:Panzergrenadier-Division
357:prisoners taken during "
1347:for air force personnel
1306:Stalag XI-A Altengrabow
725:"Sandbostel camp flyer"
630:Gedenkstätte Sandbostel
607:memorial in the 2000s.
526:British internment camp
374:International Red Cross
227:. In what was then the
166:(as POW camp) 1939–1945
1331:Stalag XX-B Marienburg
1321:Stalag XIII-D NĂĽrnberg
434:
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257:Mannschafts-Stammlager
91:53.399642°N 9.109811°E
1453:53.3996417; 9.1098111
1402:Oflag VII-B Eichstätt
1364:Stalag Luft III Sagan
1296:Stalag X-B Sandbostel
1291:Stalag IX-C Bad Sulza
1286:Stalag VIII-B Teschen
1276:Stalag VIII-A Görlitz
1271:Stalag VII-A Moosburg
1240:prisoner-of-war camps
885:Two Weeks in May 1945
767:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
432:
393:Charles Miller Fisher
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324:Marlag und Milag Nord
1379:Stalag Luft 7 Bankau
1266:Stalag IV-B MĂĽhlberg
1256:Stalag II-D Stargard
1246:soldiers (1944–1945)
737:on 24 September 2015
439:British Armed Forces
385:Giovannino Guareschi
359:Operation Barbarossa
191:prisoner-of-war camp
110:Prisoner-of-war camp
1444: /
1354:Stalag Luft I Barth
1281:Stalag 344 Lamsdorf
971:on 18 December 2013
914:on 18 December 2013
863:on 18 December 2013
790:Annals of Neurology
600:German armed forces
540:Spruchkammergericht
389:La favola di Natale
381:Cassibile armistice
344:Reservelazarett X-B
293:an officers' camp (
253:Heeresbauamt Bremen
245:Reichsarbeitsdienst
229:Province of Hanover
96:53.399642; 9.109811
87: /
1407:Oflag 79 Brunswick
1336:Stalag XXI-D Posen
1171:on 8 December 2013
1146:, pp. 16–18,
1000:on 9 December 2013
940:on 9 December 2013
830:on 9 December 2013
694:on 9 December 2013
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410:concentration camp
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316:Internierungslager
267:Arbeitsdienstlager
215:Sandbostel lies 9
130:Controlled by
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1100:on March 26, 2014
802:10.1002/ana.23657
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1188:Bibliography
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
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158:Site history
148:Open to
142:Nazi Germany
123:
1451: /
1072:Der Spiegel
310:Westertimke
302:Marinelager
271:Teufelsmoor
262:Wehrkreis X
221:Bremervörde
163:In use
94: /
70:Coordinates
1466:Categories
796:(1): 1–3.
654:References
498:Cemeteries
425:Liberation
196:Sandbostel
181:Stalag X-B
171:Demolished
79:53°23′59″N
58:Stalag X-B
22:Stalag X-B
1388:POW camps
1345:POW camps
1152:0941-7125
1144:Monumente
1074:. Spiegel
443:XXX Corps
275:Wehrmacht
219:south of
82:9°06′35″E
1419:See also
1127:26 March
1104:26 March
1078:21 March
1051:21 March
1026:21 March
1004:21 March
975:21 March
944:21 March
918:21 March
834:12 March
810:58607265
773:26 March
741:21 March
698:12 March
637:See also
633:period.
611:Memorial
277:guards.
1175:6 March
867:6 March
269:in the
205:Germany
1244:Allied
1237:German
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557:Prison
489:Marlag
481:typhus
465:allied
418:Marlag
355:Soviet
306:Marlag
287:Stalag
231:, the
225:Bremen
188:German
183:was a
139:
1235:Main
806:S2CID
769:. TAZ
735:(PDF)
728:(PDF)
659:Notes
544:Stade
455:Zeven
295:Oflag
120:Owner
1195:ISBN
1177:2014
1148:ISSN
1129:2014
1106:2014
1080:2014
1053:2014
1028:2014
1006:2014
977:2014
946:2014
920:2014
889:ISBN
869:2014
836:2014
775:2014
743:2014
700:2014
320:Ilag
174:1945
107:Type
798:doi
579:GDR
542:at
453:at
441:of
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335:POW
314:an
199:in
153:yes
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