Stalking - Knowledge (XXG)

2629:, such an independent corpus delicti as stalking is absent. However, lawyers argue that the persecution of a person in Russia can also be seriously fined. The victim of stalking only needs to use the articles that are already in the code. So, if the persecutor uses threats, then should refer to Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Threats of murder or causing grievous bodily harm". In this case, the offender is punished with compulsory labor for up to 480 hours or forced labor for up to 2 years. Also, the persecutor may face arrest for up to six months or imprisonment (restriction) of freedom for up to two years. "Violation of privacy" (Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) can also be applied part of stalking. This crime manifests itself in the illegal collection of information about private life and its dissemination (including in public speeches and the media). For this, a criminal can receive a fine of up to 200 thousand rubles, go to compulsory work for up to 360 hours, and even be imprisoned for two years. In addition, persecutors often violate Article 138 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages of citizens. The article provides for punishment ranging from a fine of 80 thousand rubles to correctional labor for up to one year. 1921:, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling discusses how gender plays a role in the difference between stalkers and victims. She says, "gender is associated with the types of emotional reactions that are experienced by recipients of stalking related events, including the degree of fear experienced by the victim." In addition, she hypothesizes that gender may also affect how police handle a case of stalking, how the victim copes with the situation, and how the stalker might view their behavior. She discusses how victims might view certain forms of stalking as normal because of gender socialization influences on the acceptability of certain behaviors. She emphasizes that in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, strangers are considered more dangerous when it comes to stalking than a former partner. Media also plays an important role due to portrayals of male stalking behavior as acceptable, influencing men into thinking it is normal. Since gender roles are socially constructed, sometimes men do not report stalking. She also mentions 2641:

person that constitutes his personal or family secret, without his consent (Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of the inviolability of the home (Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, victim need to apply with a statement to law enforcement agencies. Crimes under Art. 137 and 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are being investigated by investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, and criminal cases on the fact of threats are being considered by interrogators of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is necessary to contact the relevant law enforcement agency at the scene of the crime (in this case, it is imperative to obtain a coupon-notification of the KUSP, confirming the fact of filing an application).

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had been harassed would report it or file a complaint, and 12.4% of young female students were found to have been stalked during the interview; the foundation therefore promoted the legislation of the "Stalking Prevention Act". However, the draft has not been reviewed since its first reviewing in the Legislative in 2015. In 2019, the DPP blocked the third reading of the bill on the grounds that it would "increase police duties." It was only in 2021 that the Stalking Prevention Act was again discussed and passed by the Legislative Yuan due to the murder of women. During the legislative process, the DPP insisted that the definition of stalking be limited to "related to sex or gender".

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commits the crimes stated in the preceding paragraph with lethal weapons or other dangerous objects shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than five years, or short-term imprisonment; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed. Violators of a protection order issued by a court in accordance with Article 12, Paragraph 1, Subparagraphs 1 to 3 shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than three years, or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed.

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of the Russian Federation "Compulsion to Sexual Actions" (from a fine of 120 thousand rubles to imprisonment for up to one year), article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Violation of the inviolability of the home" (from a fine in the amount of 40 thousand rubles to imprisonment for two to three years), article 163 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Extortion (imprisonment up to seven years), article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Intentional destruction or damage to property (up to imprisonment in accordance with the gravity of the offense).

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maximum of 10 years imprisonment in some states, to a fine for the lowest severity of stalking in others. Australian anti-stalking laws have some notable features. Unlike many US jurisdictions they do not require the victim to have felt fear or distress as a result of the behaviour, only that a reasonable person would have felt this way. In some states, the anti-stalking laws operate extra-territorially, meaning that an individual can be charged with stalking if either they or the victim are in the relevant state. Most Australian states provide the option of a

2083:. Both the vengeance stalker and terrorist stalker (the latter sometimes called the political stalker) do not, in contrast with some of the aforementioned types of stalkers, seek a personal relationship with their victims but rather force them to emit a certain response. While the vengeance stalker's motive is "to get even" with the other person whom he/she perceives has done some wrong to them (e.g., an employee who believes is fired without justification from a job by a superior), the political stalker intends to accomplish a political agenda, also using 2128:

and for years, about a perceived wrong or wrong-doer, when no one else can perceive the injury—and people who cannot or will not "let go" of a person or a place or an idea—comprise a wider group of persons that may be problematic in ways that seem similar to stalking. Some of these people get extruded from their organizations—they may get hospitalized or fired or let go if their behavior is defined in terms of illegal stalking, but many others do good or even excellent work in their organizations and appear to have just one focus of tenacious obsession.

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numbers of victims who claimed to have been stalked by several people individually, and by people acting in concert. A question asked of respondents reporting three or more stalkers by polling personnel about whether the stalking was related to co-workers, members of a gang, fraternities, sororities, etc., did not have its responses indicated in the survey results as released by the DOJ. The data for this report was obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), conducted by the

2489:, introducing stalking as a criminal offence. Stalking has been defined as a man following or contacting a woman, despite clear indication of disinterest by the woman, or monitoring her use of the Internet or electronic communication. A man committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine. 2722:. The act of stalking under this section is exemplified by contacting, or attempting to contact, a person by any means, publishing any statement or other material relating or purporting to relate to a person, monitoring the use by a person of the Internet, email, or any other form of electronic communication, loitering in any place (whether public or private), interfering with any property in the possession of a person, or watching or spying on a person. 1743:. With time, the meaning of stalking changed and incorporated individuals being harassed by their former partners. Pathé and Mullen describe stalking as "a constellation of behaviours in which an individual inflicts upon another repeated unwanted intrusions and communications". Stalking can be defined as the willful and repeated following, watching or harassing of another person. Unlike other crimes, which usually involve one act, stalking is a 2694:" was criminalised by the enactment of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which came into force on 16 June 1997. It makes it a criminal offence, punishable by up to six months' imprisonment, to make a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another on two or more occasions. The court can also issue a restraining order, which carries a maximum punishment of five years' imprisonment if breached. In 2637:

the Russian Federation and sentenced to a fine of 70 thousand rubles. According to some lawyers, the punishment in such cases is not always commensurate with the crime committed, therefore they propose to include in the Criminal Code of Russia an article similar to § 238 of the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany, according to which a stalker pursuing a person faces up to 3 years in prison.

2746:; either course can still be taken depending on the circumstances of each case. The statutory offence incurs a penalty of twelve months imprisonment or a fine upon summary conviction, or a maximum of five years' imprisonment or a fine upon conviction on indictment; penalties for conviction for breach of the peace are limited only by the sentencing powers of the court, thus a case remitted to the 1023: 44: 2445:

life, this type of behavior may even occur when the two parties do not know each other and the stalked person does not know in advance. Through online platforms and other social media, with the help of the convenience of online communication, individuals and institutions directly participate in, promote, and support various "courtship-style" tracing and stalking cases.

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are more likely to be exposed to violence being enacted by their stalker especially if the stalker had a criminal past. In addition, victims who have "date stalkers" are less likely to experience violence by their stalkers. A "date stalker" is considered an individual who had an intimate relationship with the victim but it was short-lived instead of a

2457:(added in 2002) penalizes "Moral harassment," which is: "Harassing another person by repeated conduct which is designed to or leads to a deterioration of his conditions of work liable to harm his rights and his dignity, to damage his physical or mental health or compromise his career prospects," with a year's imprisonment and a fine of EUR15,000. 2504:], or others tied to the victim him/herself by an affective relationship, or; (3), forces the victim(s) to change his/her living habits." If the perpetrator of the offense is a subject tied to the victim by kinship or that is or has been in the past involved in a relationship with the victim (i.e., a current or former spouse or 2436:

illegitimate meals. Many cases across China have shown that ordinary people who have been stalked may still be unable to solve the problem after they seek help from the judicial authorities. In the case of Wuhu, Anhui in March 2018, the entangled woman repeatedly rescued the police to no avail and was eventually killed. In the

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crimes and protect victims, which came into force on October 21 the same year. The act includes a provision that mandates the victim must approve of punishment for the stalker. A subsequent bill proposes to remove this provision to address situations where the victim may fear retribution from the stalker.

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Indeed, under the listed articles, many Russian stalkers were convicted. For example, a resident of Ufa, who forced his ex-girlfriend to resume relations by means of threats related to exposing her intimate photographs to the public, was found guilty under Articles 133 and 137 of the Criminal Code of

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However, stalking cases are increasing rather than decreasing, with more than 20,000 people reporting cases to the police in 2013, and civil society organisations estimate that these are only the tip of the iceberg; Japan has seen the highest growth in stalking cases in the world in recent years, and

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research study on the use of the Protection from Harassment Act stated: "The study found that the Protection from Harassment Act is being used to deal with a variety of behaviour such as domestic and inter-neighbour disputes. It is rarely used for stalking as portrayed by the media since only a small

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The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 also added Section 4(a) into the Protection From Harassment Act 1997 which covered 'Stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress'. This created the offence of where a person's conduct amounts to stalking and either causes another to fear (on at

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However, these are not all articles of the Criminal Code that can be applied to stalkers. As result, I.A. Yurchenko, author of Crimes Against Information Security, claims that victims of persecution, in the presence of appropriate circumstances, have the right to use Article 133 of the Criminal Code

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South Korea's stalking laws were criticized for weaknesses and led to accusations the country does not treat violence against women seriously enough when a female subway worker in Seoul was stalked and stabbed to death in the subway restroom by her former colleague in September 2022. The stalker had

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Until 2021, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 30 days detention under the Minor Offences Act. In April 2021, the National Assembly passed an act intended to address widespread stalking

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In the social culture of mainland China, the "stalker" type of courtship is highly respected, that is, as the saying goes, "good women (martyrs) are afraid of stalkers". Literary works also publicly promote such behaviors, and stalking between opposite sexes is thus beautified as courtship. In real

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According to the Tort Liability Law, infringement of citizens' privacy shall be subject to tort liability. For stalkers to spy on, secretly photograph, eavesdrop on or spread the privacy of others, under Article 42 of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law clearly stipulates that they can

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Stieger, Burger and Schild conducted a survey in Austria, revealing a lifetime prevalence of 11% (women: 17%, men: 3%). Further results include: 86% of stalking victims were female, 81% of the stalkers were male. Women were mainly stalked by men (88%) while men were almost equally stalked by men and

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Also for its specific forms, one can be held criminally liable, for example: a threat to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of privacy, that is, the illegal collection or dissemination of information about the private life of a

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1. One who unlawfully, systematically, and deliberately intrudes into someone's personal environment with the intention to force the other to act in a way, or to prevent one to act in a certain way or to induce fear, will be prosecuted for harassment, for which the maximal punishment is three years

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special report a significant number of people reporting stalking incidents claim that they had been stalked by more than one person, with 18.2% reporting that they were stalked by two people, 13.1% reporting that they had been stalked by three or more. The report did not break down these cases into

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In addition, the personality characteristics that are often discussed as antecedent to stalking may also produce behavior that is not conventionally defined as stalking. Some research suggests there is a spectrum of what might be called "obsessed following behavior." People who complain obsessively

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Victims who had been in a previous intimate relationship with their stalker. In the article, Mullen and Pathé describe this as being "the largest category, the most common victim profile being a woman who has previously shared an intimate relationship with her (usually) male stalker." These victims

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Stalking has also been described as a form of close relationship between the parties, albeit a disjunctive one where the two participants have opposing goals rather than cooperative goals. One participant, often a woman, likely wishes to end the relationship entirely, but may find herself unable to

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Under the Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act, anyone who conducts stalking and harassment may be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed. Anyone who

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In Taiwan, more than 7,000 cases are reported each year, nearly half of which have been repeatedly harassed for up to a year and a quarter for up to three years, with 80% of the victims being female. A survey conducted by the Modern Women's Foundation in 2014 showed that less than 10% of those who

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Following a series of high-profile incidents that came to public attention, a law was proposed in June 2008 which became effective in February 2009 (D.L. 23.02.2009 n. 11) making a criminal offence under the newly introduced art. 612 bis of the penal code, punishable with imprisonment ranging from

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rate: 2%). To 70% of the victims, the stalker was known, being a prior intimate partner in 40%, a friend or acquaintance in 23% and a colleague at work in 13% of cases. As a consequence, 72% of the victims reported having changed their lifestyle. 52% of former and ongoing stalking victims reported

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also reports that "Males were as likely to report being stalked by a male as by a female offender. 43% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was female, while 41% of male victims stated that the offender was another male. Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to be

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and meaning affect the way stalking is defined. Scholars note that the majority of men and women admit engaging in various stalking-like behaviors following a breakup, but stop such behaviors over time, suggesting that "engagement in low levels of unwanted pursuit behaviors for a relatively short

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Every Australian state enacted laws prohibiting stalking during the 1990s, with Queensland being the first state to do so in 1994. The laws vary slightly from state to state, with Queensland's laws having the broadest scope, and South Australian laws the most restrictive. Punishments vary from a

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Stalking is a form of mental assault, in which the perpetrator repeatedly, unwantedly, and disruptively breaks into the life-world of the victim, with whom they have no relationship (or no longer have). Moreover, the separated acts that make up the intrusion cannot by themselves cause the mental

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Men were more likely to become stalkers. Out of the women who participated in their study, 9% were cyberstalkers meanwhile only 4% were overt stalkers. In addition, the male participants revealed the opposite, 16% were overt stalkers while 11% were cyberstalkers. Alcohol and physical abuse both

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Collapsing across two studies that examined 40 British and 18 Australian false reporters (as determined by evidence overwhelmingly against their claims), these individuals fell into the following categories: delusional (64%), factitious/attention seeking (15%), hypersensitivity due to previous

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Unfortunately, under the current judicial system in mainland China, there is a lack of judicial protection for individuals facing illegal stalking, harassment, surveillance, and other stalking behaviors. Even celebrities may not be able to solve it for a long time when faced with stalking of

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is the use of computers or other electronic technology to facilitate stalking. In Davis (2001), Lucks identified a separate category of stalkers who instead of a terrestrial means, prefer to perpetrate crimes against their targeted victims through electronic and online means. Amongst college

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stalking has continued to turn into homicide. Many victims say that reporting to the police is ineffective, that the police treat it as a minor domestic dispute, that the process of filing a court order for protection can take months, and that some people have to hire private bodyguards.

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According to a United Kingdom study by Sheridan and Boon, in 5% of the cases they studied there was more than one stalker, and 40% of the victims said that friends or family of their stalker had also been involved. In 15% of cases, the victim was unaware of any reason for the harassment.

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The stalkers of these victims tend to visit them in their workplace which means that they are either an employer, employee, or a customer. When victims have stalkers coming to their workplace, this poses a threat not only to the victims' safety but to the safety of other individuals as

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six months up to five years, any "continuative harassing, threatening or persecuting behaviour which: (1) causes a state of anxiety and fear in the victim(s), or; (2) ingenerates within the victim(s) a motivated fear for his/her own safety or for the safety of relatives, kins [

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The difficulties associated with defining this term exactly (or defining it at all) are well documented. This is due in part to overlapping between accepted courtship behaviors and stalking behaviors. Context must be relied on to determine if a specific action is a stalking behavior.

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One of the uncertainties in understanding the origins of stalking is that the concept is now widely understood in terms of specific behaviors which are found to be offensive or illegal. As discussed above, these specific (apparently stalking) behaviors may have multiple motivations.

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to force the target to refrain or become involved in some particular activity regardless of the victim's consent. For example, most prosecutions in this stalking category have been against anti-abortionists who stalk doctors in an attempt to discourage the performance of abortions.

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easily do so. The other participant, often but not always a man, wishes to escalate the relationship. It has been described as a close relationship because the duration, frequency, and intensity of contact may rival that of a more traditional conjunctive dating relationship.

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was initially used by media in the 20th century to describe people who pester and harass others, initially with specific reference to the harassment of celebrities by strangers who were described as being "obsessed". This use of the word appears to have been coined by the

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in Laiyuan, Hebei in July of the same year, women and their families who had been stalked and harassed for a long time also helped the police repeatedly to no avail. It did not end until the opponent broke into the home with arms and was killed by victim's parents.

5506: 2229:, stating that "after eight uncertain cases were excluded, the false reporting rate was judged to be 11.5%, with the majority of false victims suffering delusions (70%)." Another study estimated the proportion of false reports that were due to delusions as 64%. 2473:, defined as threatening or seeking proximity or remote contact with another person and thus heavily influencing their lives, with up to three years of imprisonment. The definition is not strict and allows "similar behaviour" to also be classified as stalking. 1925:

theory; "future research will be needed to determine if this theory can predict how changes in social structures and gender-specific norms will result in variations in rates of stalking for men versus women over time in the United States and across the world."

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stalkers are the most dangerous type. In the UK, for example, most stalkers are former partners, and evidence indicates that stalking facilitated by mental illness (often covered by the media) accounts for only a minority of cases of alleged stalking. A

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be detained for not more than five days or fined not more than five hundred yuan, and if the circumstances are more serious, they can be detained for not less than five days and not more than ten days, and can be fined not more than five hundred yuan.

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Over a quarter of all stalking and harassment victims do not know their stalkers in any capacity. About a tenth responding to the SVS did not know the identities of their stalkers. 11% of victims said they had been stalked for five years or more.

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delusions. With rejected stalkers, the continual clinging to a relationship of an inadequate or dependent person couples with the entitlement of the narcissistic personality, and the persistent jealousy of the paranoid personality. In contrast,

2395:, titled "criminal harassment", addresses acts which are termed "stalking" in many other jurisdictions. The provisions of the section came into force in August 1993 with the intent of further strengthening laws protecting women. It is a 2221:

In 1999, Pathe, Mullen and Purcell wrote that popular interest in stalking was promoting false claims. In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw said that they estimated that 11.5% of claims in a sample of 357 reported claims of stalking were false.

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In China, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 10 days detention under the Public Security Administration Punishment Law.

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Making phone calls or communication by means of transmission, which by frequent or continuous use, causes fear to a person. This shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three months or a fine if the case is not a more serious

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stalking murders, also in 1989. The first anti-stalking law in the United States, California Penal Code Section 646.9, was developed and proposed by Municipal Court Judge John Watson of Orange County. Watson with U.S. Representative

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Stalking. The term 'stalking' means engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to—(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others; or (B) suffer substantial emotional

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stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) offender." This report provides considerable data by gender and race about both stalking and harassment, obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), by the

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In 2018, the PAWS Act became law in the United States, and it expanded the definition of stalking to include "conduct that causes a person to experience a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to his or her pet".

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These are victims who have been stalked by patients, clients, or students who they have had a professional relationship with. Certain professions such as health care providers, teachers, and lawyers are at a higher risk for

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reported the rate of stalking victimization for female was approximately 2% and for male was approximately 0.7%. As for the perpetrators, many studies have shown that approximately 80-90% of stalking perpetrators are male.

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in cases of stalking, breach of which is punishable as a criminal offence. There has been relatively little research into Australian court outcomes in stalking cases, although Freckelton (2001) found that in the state of

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Although stalking is illegal in most areas of the world, some of the actions that contribute to stalking may be legal, such as gathering information, calling someone on the phone, texting, sending gifts, emailing, or

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law states the incident only has to happen twice when the harasser should be aware their behavior is unacceptable (e.g., two phone calls to a stranger, two gifts, following the victim then phoning them, etc.).

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who aggressively pursue their female former partner. Prior to that paper instead of the term "stalking", people more commonly used the terms "female harassment", "obsessive following" or "psychological rape".

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Before 1997, no specific offence of stalking existed in England and Wales. However, in Scotland, incidents could be dealt with under pre-existing law, with life imprisonment available for the worst offences.

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investigated, as a member of the Stalking Case Assessment Team (SCAT), special unit within the San Diego District Attorney's Office, hundreds of cases involving what he called and typed "terrestrial" and

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James, D. V.; Mullen, P. E.; Pathé, M. T.; Meloy, J. R.; Preston, L. F.; Darnley, B.; Farnham, F. R. (September 2009). "Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation".

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Although stalking is a gender-neutral behavior, studies confirm that the majority of victims are female and that the primary perpetrators are male. As for the victims, a January 2009 report from the

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California was the first state to criminalize stalking in the United States in 1990 as a result of numerous high-profile stalking cases in California, including the 1982 attempted murder of actress

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Based on work with stalking victims for eight years in Australia, Mullen and Pathé identified different types of stalking victims, characterized by prior relationship with the stalker. These are:

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least two occasions) that violence will be used against them, or conduct that causes another person serious alarm or distress which has a substantial effect on their usual day-to-day activities.

1779:), or that they need rescuing. Stalking can consist of an accumulation of a series of actions which, by themselves, can be legal, such as calling on the phone, sending gifts, or sending emails. 6378: 2753:

Provision is made under the Protection from Harassment Act against stalking to deal with the civil offence (i.e. the interference with the victim's personal rights), falling under the law of

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Tjaden and Thoennes reported a lifetime prevalence (being stalked) of 8% in females and 2% in males (depending on how strict the definition) in the National Violence Against Women Survey.

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In 1998, Budd and Mattinson found a lifetime prevalence of 12% in England and Wales (16% female, 7% males). In 2010/11, 57% of stalking victims were found to be female, and 43% were male.

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The act of someone who repeatedly follows, without right or a legitimate interest, a person or his or her home, workplace or other place frequented, thus causing a state of fear.

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Among male stalking victims, most are part of this category. This category of victims also includes neighbor stalking. This may result in the victims' change of residence.

1696:, "virtually any unwanted contact between two people that directly or indirectly communicates a threat or places the victim in fear can be considered stalking", although 6106: 4657: 2039:, to those who do not believe their love is reciprocated but who insist with "delusional intensity" of their eventual success, and to other rigid, obsessive individuals. 5844: 4533: 1878:

These victims are typically unaware of how their stalkers began stalking because typically these stalkers form a sense of admiration for their victims from a distance.

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James, David V.; Kerrigan, Thomas R.; Forfar, Robin; Farnham, Frank (21 October 2009). "The Fixated Threat Assessment Centre: preventing harm and facilitating care".

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A 1995 research paper titled "Stalking Strangers and Lovers" was among the first places to use the term "stalking" to describe the common occurrence of males after a

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Given that stalking may often constitute no more than the targeted repetition of ostensibly ordinary or routine behavior, stalking is inherently difficult to define.

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Seoul's new facilities are aimed at providing shelter from threats of stalking such as home invasions, and will offer counseling for trauma. Korea JoongAng Daily, "

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McFarlane, Judith M.; Campbell, Jacquelyn C.; Wilt, Susan; Sachs, Carolyn J.; Ulrich, Yvonne; Xu, Xiao (November 1999). "Stalking and intimate partner femicide".

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to an intimate relationship with those who have attracted their amorous interest. Their victims are most often already in a dating relationship with someone else.

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Jason, Leonard A.; Reichler, Arnold; Easton, Judity; Neal, Angela; Wilson, Midge (1984). "Female harassment after ending a relationship: A preliminary study".

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amount of time, particularly in the context of a relationship break-up, may be normative for heterosexual dating relationships occurring within U.S. culture."

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in August 2001, it is considered the "gold standard" as a reference to stalking crimes, victim protection, safety planning, security and threat assessment.

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Most of these victims are individuals who are portrayed heavily on media outlets but can also include individuals such as politicians and athletes.

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formed by like-minded individuals who claim their lives are disrupted from being stalked by organized groups intent on causing them harm.

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make a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims – motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.

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criminalised the sending of an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication, or other article to another person.

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women (60% male stalkers). 19% of the stalking victims reported that they were still being stalked at the time of study participation (

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Ménard, Kim S.; Pincus, Aaron L. (July 2012). "Predicting Overt and Cyber Stalking Perpetration by Male and Female College Students".

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defines and criminalizes stalking, as well as other forms of violence against women. The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014.

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The anti-stalking statute of Illinois is controversial. It is particularly restrictive, by the standards of this type of legislation.

2841: 2698:, liability may arise if the victim suffers either mental or physical harm as a result of being harassed (or slang term stalked) (see 2482: 2072:" between 1995 and 2002. This research culminated in one of the most comprehensive books written to date on the subject. Published by 5621: 4456: 3072:

Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (January 2007). "The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature".

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In addition to Mullen et al., Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D., an American researcher, crime analyst, and university psychology professor at

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According to a study conducted by Purcell, Pathé and Mullen (2002), 23% of the Australian population reported having been stalked.

5086: 3924: 3594: 2418:... of the 10,756 incidents of criminal harassment reported to police in 2006, 1,429 of these involved more than one accused. 7942: 7834: 7393: 7323: 4009: 2880: 2691: 2307: 641: 405: 6118: 2592:

In October 2022, the city of Seoul announced the opening of three shelters to house stalking victims and offer free counseling.

2352:

In India, a stalking case is reported every 55 minutes. Most cases are not reported as they are not considered criminal enough.

7875: 7398: 7253: 7207: 7091: 6922: 6784: 6414: 2715: 2437: 1975: 1971: 5568: 7318: 7248: 7233: 4784: 4000: 3526: 2408: 877: 130: 5848: 5230: 5055: 3691: 6299: 4771:"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking in a European population: Epidemiological data from a middle-sized German city" 4197:

Sheridan, Lorraine; Davies, Graham; Boon, Julian (August 2001). "The Course and Nature of Stalking: A Victim Perspective".

3661: 7403: 7353: 7343: 7278: 7167: 7147: 7086: 7009: 6688: 6439: 5792: 5319: 4775: 4278: 4230: 3317: 3146: 2822: 2814: 1901:

According to one study, women often target other women, whereas men primarily stalk women. A January 2009 report from the

1363: 887: 5375: 4368:"Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study" 7827: 7368: 7333: 7283: 7258: 7243: 7131: 6814: 6738: 6253: 3865: 2949: 2853: 1623: 962: 871: 6283: 7785: 7444: 7413: 7408: 7373: 7348: 7338: 7328: 7308: 7293: 7263: 7034: 6143: 4076: 3222:

Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary (February 2001). "Stalking: New Constructions of Human Behaviour".

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stalking cases. The DPPA prohibits states from disclosing a driver's personal information without permission by State

2781: 2711:

stated that the government intended to make another attempt to create a law aimed specifically at stalking behaviour.

2667: 2329: 4073:"National Victim Assistance Academy Textbook – Chapter 22 Special Topics – Section 4, Campus Crime and Victimization" 5287: 4420: 2035:

seek to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. Such stalkers form a spectrum from those with

7947: 7799: 7651: 7563: 7313: 7298: 7288: 7273: 7268: 7121: 6777: 6703: 4731: 3623:

Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer (March 2012). "Gender and Stalking: Current Intersections and Future Directions".

3401: 2860: 2181: 2064: 1911: 1782:

Stalkers may use overt and covert intimidation, threats and violence to frighten their victims. They may engage in

1226: 1176: 1027: 998: 561: 209: 2256:

gave figures for lifetime prevalence of perceived gang-stalking at 0.66% for adult women and 0.17% for adult men.

7700: 7619: 7598: 7358: 7303: 7177: 7101: 7014: 6824: 6708: 6648: 2805: 2141: 2023:

follow their victims in order to reverse, correct, or avenge a rejection (e.g. divorce, separation, termination).

1999: 1726: 1604: 855: 7806: 7792: 7679: 6937: 6723: 6469: 6274: 2929: 2747: 2292: 2050: 1983: 1943: 1554: 1033: 902: 125: 31: 5989: 5766: 2718:

created the offence of stalking for the first time in England and Wales, by inserting these offences into the

7901: 7896: 7767: 7721: 7644: 6139: 2974: 2626: 1814:, residence and phone numbers, take a toll on the victim's well-being and may lead to a sense of isolation. 1775:

People characterized as stalkers may be accused of having a mistaken belief that another person loves them (

1370: 720: 5595: 5205: 4099: 3425: 2244:, and harassed by a large number of people. The term is associated with the "targeted individual" ("T.I.") 7753: 7728: 7665: 6947: 6829: 6330: 6207: 5740: 4317:

Brown, S. A. (December 2008). "The Reality of Persecutory Beliefs: Base Rate Information for Clinicians".

2818: 2553: 2392: 2319: 2117: 1982:). The nonpsychotic stalkers' pursuit of victims is primarily angry, vindictive, focused, often including 1849: 1658: 892: 631: 621: 307: 105: 58: 5533: 7378: 6889: 6884: 6693: 6508: 6444: 6217: 5397: 4983: 4461: 2867:"engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to— 2810: 2210: 2166:

significantly predicted cyber stalking" while the victims were likely to have an "avoidant attachment".

2046: 1549: 1462: 1253: 1216: 991: 912: 616: 536: 6153:

Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management

6119:"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence" 4049:

Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection: Prevention, Intervention, Threat Assessment, and Case Management

2575:

2. The prosecution will only take place after a complaint of the person who is the victim of the crime.

2344:, a middle-sized German city, and reported a lifetime prevalence of having been stalked of almost 12%. 2332:

over a period of 15 years, suggested that 83.6% of these letter-writers had a serious mental illness.

7693: 6728: 4478:"The Phenomenology of Group Stalking ('Gang-Stalking'): A Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences" 3379: 3029: 2989: 2907:

Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence

2529: 2466: 2454: 2380: 2325: 2237: 1995: 1967: 1457: 1452: 1239: 706: 626: 611: 395: 6335: 6212: 5970: 5901: 4894: 2314:; 57% of the sample group were subsequently admitted to hospital, and 26% treated in the community. 7932: 7658: 7605: 7591: 7492: 7162: 6989: 6957: 6638: 6565: 6540: 6407: 5924: 5770: 5744: 3364: 2739: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1939: 1599: 1235: 850: 238: 190: 120: 110: 5461: 5130: 4870: 3809:

Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (December 2001). "A Study of Women Who Stalk".

7860: 7707: 7467: 7039: 6718: 6610: 6560: 6513: 6481: 6464: 6348: 6085: 5690: 5643: 5371: 5299: 4751: 4704: 4572: 4425: 4340: 4299: 4255: 4179: 4029: 3881: 3854: 3753: 3640: 3546: 3497: 3489: 3338: 3282: 3247: 3193: 3019: 2969: 2924: 2754: 2404: 2225:

According to Sheridan and Blaauw, 70% of false stalking reports were made by people experiencing

2186: 2151: 1907: 1487: 1417: 954: 771: 761: 410: 390: 342: 323: 253: 150: 7212: 5715: 4952: 1697: 792: 4072: 2738:, behaviour commonly described as stalking was already prosecuted as the common law offence of 7922: 7880: 6849: 6839: 6800: 6743: 6498: 6179: 6156: 4798: 4743: 4636: 4564: 4528: 4509: 4430: 4401: 4287: 4247: 4171: 4134: 4130: 4052: 4021: 3995: 3973: 3965: 3899: 3869: 3826: 3784: 3768: 3740: 3702: 3538: 3405: 3326: 3239: 3179: 3049: 3024: 2984: 2849: 2801: 2695: 2687: 2516:

or a person with disabilities, the sanction can be elevated up to six years of incarceration.

2486: 2375: 2245: 2206: 2163: 2096: 1752: 1589: 1559: 1494: 1221: 1196: 1051: 933: 907: 415: 283: 248: 4851:(Report). National Institute of Justice and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control 4818:"A stalking case is reported every 55 minutes in India. But it's not seen as criminal enough" 7507: 7477: 7472: 7238: 7044: 6994: 6605: 6580: 6491: 6486: 6340: 6321: 6019:"United States Code: Title 10,920a. Art. 120a. Stalking – LII / Legal Information Institute" 5153: 5004: 4788: 4735: 4696: 4607: 4554: 4546: 4499: 4489: 4391: 4381: 4332: 4291: 4276:

Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (1 February 2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports".

4239: 4206: 4163: 4118: 4013: 3935: 3877: 3818: 3776: 3632: 3530: 3481: 3439: 3330: 3274: 3231: 3171: 3081: 2407:, the latter of which may carry a prison term of up to ten years. Section 264 has withstood 2279: 1922: 1793: 1686: 1413: 1316: 882: 840: 835: 692: 586: 481: 176: 5591: 5335: 7937: 7820: 7714: 7672: 7487: 6942: 6673: 6590: 6373: 5977: 5617: 5340: 4923: 3430: 3205: 3099: 2845: 2793: 2400: 2073: 1584: 1499: 1282: 826: 516: 445: 371: 330: 228: 166: 156: 96: 81: 6245: 6063:"The PAWS Act Protecting Domestic Violence Survivors & Their Pets Finally Became Law" 5206:"Section 3 bis : Du harcèlement moral (Articles 222-33-2 à 222-33-2-2) - Légifrance" 2150:

students, Ménard and Pincus found that male stalkers were likely to have a high score of

2079:

The 2002 National Victim Association Academy defines an additional form of stalking: The

1786:

and property damage or make physical attacks that are meant to frighten. Less common are

6383: 4225: 2059:

spy on the victim in order to prepare and plan an attack – often sexual – on the victim.

1661:

by an individual or group toward another person. Stalking behaviors are interrelated to

7927: 7760: 7626: 7538: 7523: 7502: 6975: 6904: 6834: 6748: 6678: 6663: 6653: 6643: 6570: 6474: 6400: 6175: 5179: 5078: 4629: 4592:"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking: Epidemiological data from Eastern Austria" 4504: 4477: 4396: 4367: 3994:

Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary; Stuart, Geoffrey W. (August 1999).

3598: 3004: 2863:

of 2005, amending a United States statute, 108 Stat. 1902 et seq, defined stalking as:

2797: 2509: 2396: 1798: 1787: 1756: 1380: 1257: 1169: 938: 896: 455: 450: 313: 5819: 5108: 3736:"Comprehensive Treatment of Stalking Victims: Practical Steps That Help Ensure Safety" 3692:"The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 – An Evaluation of its Use and Effectiveness" 3443: 2761:

against an alleged stalker, or a non-harassment order, breach of which is an offence.

7916: 7686: 7548: 7528: 7482: 7172: 6980: 6932: 6917: 6753: 6459: 6368: 6352: 4755: 4550: 4344: 4183: 4119: 3644: 3501: 3286: 3235: 3009: 2934: 2829: 2708: 2700: 2288: 2233: 2216: 2146: 2137: 2069: 1947: 1740: 1736: 1532: 1482: 1385: 1343: 1138: 702: 556: 268: 218: 4708: 4631:

The extent and nature of stalking : findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey

4612: 4591: 4576: 4303: 4259: 4033: 3952:

Kienlen, K. K.; Birmingham, D. L.; Solberg, K. B.; O'Regan, J. T. (September 1997).

3342: 7497: 7202: 7081: 7054: 7004: 6879: 6866: 6683: 6615: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6545: 6018: 5564: 5029: 4354:

individuals (2%) (Purcell, Pathe, & Mullen, 2002; Sheridan & Blaauw, 2004).

3550: 3251: 3121: 3014: 2954: 2284: 2088: 1682: 1666: 1654: 1292: 1277: 1211: 943: 506: 430: 420: 303: 288: 200: 51: 3168:

Stalking Strangers and Lovers: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime Problem

1938:

and nonpsychotic. Some stalkers may have pre-existing psychotic disorders such as

5419: 5237: 5051: 3822: 3710: 3564: 3315:

Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports".

7855: 7558: 7553: 7152: 7096: 6999: 6984: 6927: 6912: 6758: 6733: 6555: 6530: 6520: 6503: 6454: 6344: 4987: 4871:"Stalking: Policing and Prosecuting Practices in three Australian Jurisdictions" 4661: 4351: 4328: 3665: 2959: 2558: 2537: 2533: 2513: 2113: 1810:

Disruptions in daily life necessary to escape the stalker, including changes in

1763: 1594: 1579: 1517: 1375: 1306: 1243: 1091: 958: 714: 710: 576: 400: 233: 162: 86: 5796: 5432: 4336: 2116:", with delusional disorders of the paranoid type, paranoid personalities, and 7543: 7533: 7019: 6713: 6535: 6525: 5484:"Сталкинг в России: как люди преследуют друг друга и что с этим можно сделать" 5367: 4917:"A Review of Section 264 (Criminal Harassment) of the Criminal Code of Canada" 4739: 4700: 3749: 3636: 3435: 3085: 3044: 2964: 2939: 2104: 2036: 1991: 1811: 1776: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1544: 1358: 1267: 1231: 1206: 1022: 979: 865: 817: 672: 667: 501: 293: 273: 263: 243: 195: 115: 68: 4434: 4295: 4167: 3969: 3953: 3873: 3780: 3706: 3334: 2832:

followed suit to create the crime of stalking, under different names such as

5990:

Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005

5462:"Сталкинг: какое наказание в России предусмотрено за преследование человека" 4845: 4822: 4692: 4542: 4210: 4126: 3515:

Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E. (1997). "The impact of stalkers on their victims".

3175: 3034: 2999: 2994: 2944: 2887: 2758: 2311: 2226: 1935: 1783: 1720:

Having been used since at least the 16th century to refer to a prowler or a

1669:

and may include following the victim in person or monitoring them. The term

1539: 1472: 1422: 1348: 1311: 1287: 1201: 1152: 807: 802: 776: 745: 735: 697: 591: 571: 511: 486: 460: 440: 425: 43: 4802: 4747: 4568: 4513: 4494: 4405: 4251: 4175: 4025: 4017: 3830: 3243: 3102:. The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University 2505: 4793: 4770: 4590:

Stieger, Stefan; Burger, Christoph; Schild, Anne (October–December 2008).

4243: 3977: 3542: 2890:

to require reporting on stalking, domestic violence, and dating violence.

2010:. Conversely, only 10% of stalkers had an erotomanic delusional disorder. 7116: 7111: 6965: 6449: 5664: 4603: 4559: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3534: 2979: 2919: 2735: 2341: 2007: 1951: 1721: 1467: 1301: 1272: 1157: 1147: 1111: 1055: 928: 860: 812: 766: 730: 682: 657: 595: 531: 496: 380: 357: 335: 298: 278: 75: 5946: 4635:. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. 2414:

The Chief, Policing Services Program, for Statistics Canada has stated:

17: 7024: 6550: 3493: 3278: 3039: 2295:

difference between the incidence of stalking in rural and urban areas.

2241: 2175: 2084: 1950:. However, most stalkers are nonpsychotic and may exhibit disorders or 1709: 1445: 1427: 1408: 1390: 1126: 1096: 1064: 845: 797: 740: 687: 662: 636: 566: 546: 541: 521: 491: 362: 347: 258: 223: 185: 2201:

False claims of stalking, "gang stalking" and delusions of persecution

6668: 6387: 4527:

Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (1 January 2002).

2670:

criminalised indecent, offensive or threatening phone calls, and the

2003: 1934:

Psychologists often group individuals who stalk into two categories:

1353: 1121: 1101: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 725: 551: 385: 318: 146: 6769: 5871:"Culture of Patriarchy in Law: Violence From Antiquity to Modernity" 6086:"Illinois' Newly Amended Stakling Law: Are All the Problems Solved" 4529:"The prevalence and nature of stalking in the Australian community" 3485: 6970: 6819: 6621: 6431: 6423: 4949:"Criminal Harassment: A Handbook for Police and Crown Prosecutors" 4386: 3919: 3917: 2768: 2525: 1987: 1572: 1527: 1522: 1432: 581: 526: 476: 4482:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

5433:

Seoul subway murder sparks fury over South Korea’s stalking laws

5009:

Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China

3958:

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online

3853:

Baum, Katrina; Catalano, Shannon; Rand, Michael (January 2009).

3701:, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, 2383:, most stalkers received fines or community based dispositions. 2340:

Dressing, Kuehner and Gass conducted a representative survey in

1477: 1131: 948: 677: 435: 6773: 6396: 4769:

Dressing, H.; Kuehner, Christine; Gass, Peter (1 August 2005).

4476:

Sheridan, Lorraine; James, David; Roth, Jayden (6 April 2020).

2162:

played a role in predicting women's cyberstalking and in men, "

6698: 6172:

The psychology of stalking: clinical and forensic perspectives

3618: 3616: 2615:

Criminal action is initiated by prior complaint of the victim.

2500: 4100:"People With Delusions or Quasi-Delusions Who 'Won't Let Go'" 3067: 3065: 2879:

As of 2011, stalking is an offense under section 120a of the

3954:"A comparative study of psychotic and nonpsychotic stalking" 3734:

Abrams, Karen M.; Robinson, Gail Erlick (1 September 2008).

3472:

Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele (January 2002). "Stalking".

4271: 4269: 3396:

Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E.; Purcell, Rosemary (2000).

3360:"Psychologists Struggle to Explain the Mind of the Stalker" 2528:

enacted a national law to combat this behaviour, after the

4656:

Chaplin, Rupert; Flatley, John; Smith, Kevin (July 2011).

3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 1802:

minority of cases in the survey involved such behaviour."

6138:. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse (MINCAVA), 5947:"DPPA and the Privacy of Your State Motor Vehicle Record" 5665:"Stalking to be made specific criminal offence – Cameron" 2240:

in which those affected believe they are being followed,

6392: 6196:

Is stalking legislation effective in protecting victims?

4104:

Journal of the University and College Ombuds Association

4974:

Hackett, Karen (November 2000). "Criminal harassment".

4421:"United States of Paranoia: They See Gangs of Stalkers" 3391: 3389: 2871:(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others; 2532:. Acts of stalking can be viewed as "interfering the 4627:

Budd, Tracey; Mattinson, Joanna; Myhill, Andy (2000).

4350:

stalking (12%), were the stalker themselves (7%), and

6971:

Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)

5054:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网，来源：扬子晚报. 30 March 2018. 3380:"Crime of Stalking | Office of Justice Programs" 5923:

Nancy K.D. Lemon; Battered Women's Justice Project.

5344:. Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd. 12 June 2003. 5133:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网，来源：钱江晚报. 25 August 2011 4895:"Section 264 of the Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46" 3989: 3987: 7889: 7848: 7777: 7745: 7636: 7583: 7576: 7516: 7460: 7453: 7432: 7226: 7190: 7140: 7074: 7067: 6956: 6903: 6865: 6858: 6807: 6631: 6430: 4999: 4997: 2317:A similar retrospective study published in 2009 in 4628: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3224:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2828:Within three years thereafter, every state in the 2744:Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 2562:(harassment), which is a term used for stalking. 2045:, despite poor social or courting skills, have a 1822:abuse, but do taken together (cumulative effect). 5839: 5837: 5795:. Privacyrights.org. 6 June 2011. Archived from 4844:Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (April 1998). 4534:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 3769:"The Inapproferiateness of Relational Intrusion" 3767:Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (2005). 2015:et al. (2000) identified five types of stalkers: 7613:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America 6235:Stalking: Criminal Justice Responses Conference 5971:U.S. Senate Committee: Robert Douglas Testimony 5446:Seoul starts shelters for stalked women and men 4685:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 4366:Lustig, A; Brookes, G; Hunt, D (5 March 2021). 2883:(UCMJ). The law took effect on 1 October 2007. 2865: 2750:can carry a sentence of imprisonment for life. 2602: 2600:Article 208 of the 2014 Criminal Code states:- 2416: 1819: 7821:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6107:"13 Countries sign new Convention in Istanbul" 5456: 5454: 5186:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 22 December 2018 2813:introduced the law in 1990. Also in 1990, the 30:"Stalker" redirects here. For other uses, see 6785: 6408: 6292:U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime 6271:U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime 5995:(H. R. 3402, Sec.(3)(a)(24)). 5 January 2006 5927:. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse 4224:Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E; Purcell, R. (1999). 3898:. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from 3597:. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from 3217: 3215: 1747:of actions that occur over a period of time. 1631: 999: 8: 7866:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence 5820:"Stalking Stalking From A Legal Perspective" 5398:"Wetboek van Strafrecht | Artikel 285b" 5032:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 30 August 2017 3771:. In Goodwin, Robin; Cramer, Duncan (eds.). 3428:(1996). "Is there a law against stalking?". 5925:"Domestic Violence Stalking by Nancy Lemon" 3855:Stalking Victimization in the United States 3685: 3683: 3589: 3587: 3585: 2874:(B) suffer substantial emotional distress." 2570:and a fine of the fourth monetary category. 2536:of others' lives" and are prohibited under 1673:is used with some differing definitions in 7580: 7457: 7071: 6862: 6792: 6778: 6770: 6415: 6401: 6393: 5741:"Stalking & Harassment – Criminal Law" 2786:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2103:often have delusional disorders involving 1638: 1624: 1190: 1047: 1017: 1006: 992: 38: 6334: 6211: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5464:(in Russian). russian7.ru. 23 August 2021 4792: 4611: 4558: 4503: 4493: 4395: 4385: 4226:"Stalking: false claims of victimisation" 3925:"Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS)" 3656: 3654: 2886:In 2014, new amendments were made to the 7158:Effects of domestic violence on children 6377:) is being considered for deletion. See 6090:Southern Illinois University Law Journal 5644:"Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act" 5111:(in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网. 6 May 2019 4457:"Paranoid delusions in the police state" 3662:"CyberStalking: menaced on the Internet" 3300:Wilcox, B (1982). "Psychological rape". 3166:Lowney, Kathleen S.; Best, Joel (1995). 2817:(LAPD) founded the United States' first 6284:"Stalking Resource Center Publications" 6246:"Stalking victims in the United States" 4320:Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 3061: 2627:Criminal Code of the Russian Federation 2306:According to a paper by staff from the 2112:demonstrate an almost "pure culture of 1692:According to a 2002 report by the U.S. 1252: 1184: 1109: 1050: 1020: 971: 920: 825: 784: 753: 649: 603: 468: 370: 208: 175: 138: 94: 57: 50: 7440:Domestic violence in Christian culture 6659:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 4846:National Violence Against Women Survey 4199:The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 3775:. Psychology Press. pp. 209–236. 3201: 3191: 2589:been harassing the victim since 2019. 6241:and held in Sydney 7–8 December 2000. 5951:Electronic Privacy Information Center 5624:from the original on 23 December 2021 5336:"Kin of stalking victim seek justice" 5330: 5328: 5236:. Government of India. Archived from 5160:from the original on 18 February 2019 5089:from the original on 18 February 2019 4121:Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection 7: 7445:Domestic violence in Islamic culture 6895:Sexual violence by intimate partners 5571:from the original on 2 December 2020 5544:from the original on 25 October 2017 5513:from the original on 28 January 2022 5231:"Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013" 5085:(in Simplified Chinese). 网易，来源：新京报. 4816:Miglani, Rakhi (10 September 2022). 4658:"Crime in England and Wales 2010/11" 4373:Journal of Medical Internet Research 3152:National Center for Victims of Crime 2556:, Article 285b defines the crime of 2324:based on a sample of threats to the 1700:may vary depending on jurisdiction. 1694:National Center for Victims of Crime 6875:Genital modification and mutilation 6239:Australian Institute of Criminology 6204:Australian Institute of Criminology 5877:from the original on 3 October 2011 5378:from the original on 9 January 2021 5348:from the original on 17 August 2008 4951:. 18 September 2004. Archived from 4455:Flatley, Joseph (2 February 2017). 3932:United States Department of Justice 3862:United States Department of Justice 2720:Protection from Harassment Act 1997 2664:Protection from Harassment Act 1997 1903:United States Department of Justice 1895:United States Department of Justice 7871:National Domestic Violence Hotline 6155:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 6121:, Council of Europe Treaty Office. 5873:. Redorbit.com. 11 December 2004. 5077:记者：韩茹雪，实习生：王瑞琪 (25 January 2019). 4596:The European Journal of Psychiatry 3434:. No. 6736. London, England: 2757:. Victims of stalking may sue for 25: 7814:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6381:to help reach a consensus. › 6263:"Annotated stalking bibliography" 6136:"Annotated stalking bibliography" 5691:"Protection of Freedoms Act 2012" 5418:Korea JoongAng Daily Editorial, " 4156:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4117:Davis, Joseph A. (26 June 2001). 4008:(8). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 3518:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3100:"State and Federal Stalking Laws" 2672:Malicious Communications Act 1988 2095:Stalkers may fit categories with 1856:Casual acquaintances and friends: 6193:Dussuyer, Inez (December 2000). 5435:", BBC News, September 23, 2022. 5058:from the original on 3 June 2019 4551:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00985.x 4010:American Psychiatric Association 3236:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00849.x 3122:"18 U.S. Code § 2261A. Stalking" 2881:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2481:In 2013, Indian Parliament made 2308:Fixated Threat Assessment Centre 2013:In "A Study of Stalkers" Mullen 1827:Stalking as a close relationship 1806:Psychological effects on victims 1021: 642:Perverting the course of justice 42: 7208:Management of domestic violence 7092:Domestic violence and pregnancy 6923:Domestic violence and pregnancy 6084:Harmon, Brenda K. (Fall 1994). 5845:"Bill Analysis by Bill Lockyer" 5320:"Dei delitti contro la persona" 4613:10.4321/S0213-61632008000400006 3664:. sociosite.org. Archived from 3074:Aggression and Violent Behavior 2842:Driver's Privacy Protection Act 2716:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 2399:, which may be punishable upon 2364:Laws on harassment and stalking 2189:for the Department of Justice. 2049:, or in some cases, a sense of 1817:According to Lamber Royakkers: 537:Intellectual property violation 6065:. Bustle.com. 21 December 2018 5156:(in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网. 4922:. 13 June 2007. Archived from 4785:Royal College of Psychiatrists 4419:Mcphate, Mike (10 June 2016). 4001:American Journal of Psychiatry 3811:American Journal of Psychiatry 3565:"Legal Definition of STALKING" 3527:Royal College of Psychiatrists 2236:or group-stalking is a set of 1698:the rights afforded to victims 1: 7828:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 7736:What's Love Got to Do with It 7168:Parental bullying of children 7148:Adverse childhood experiences 7087:Domestic violence against men 6440:Adverse childhood experiences 6039:New, Jake (20 October 2014). 5904:. Smartvoter.org. 2 June 1998 5400:(in Dutch). Wetboek-online.nl 4776:British Journal of Psychiatry 4279:Criminal Justice and Behavior 4231:British Journal of Psychiatry 3444:10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00068-X 3318:Criminal Justice and Behavior 2815:Los Angeles Police Department 2800:, the 1989 murder of actress 2707:In 2012, then-Prime Minister 2283:having a currently impaired ( 1917:In an article in the journal 27:Criminal unwanted observation 7132:Social emotional development 6254:Bureau of Justice Statistics 6041:"Final Changes to Clery Act" 5616:林育瑄、王承中 (19 November 2021). 5265:(in Italian). Archived from 5052:"芜湖路虎车上烧死男女案：女方家属称其多次遭前男友殴打" 3866:Bureau of Justice Statistics 3823:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2056 2950:Estimates of sexual violence 2854:Department of Motor Vehicles 2662:Before the enactment of the 1653:is unwanted and/or repeated 872:Ignorantia juris non excusat 7786:Contemporary Family Therapy 7035:Passive-aggressive behavior 6948:Situational couple violence 6345:10.1177/1088767999003004003 5902:"Judge John Watson profile" 5592:"藍委控民進黨擋法案呼籲盡速三讀《跟蹤騷擾防制法》" 5420:Protect women from stalkers 4077:Office for Victims of Crime 3773:Inappropriate Relationships 3126:Legal Information Institute 2784:infographic video from the 2782:public service announcement 2668:Telecommunications Act 1984 2330:Metropolitan Police Service 2260:Epidemiology and prevalence 2081:vengeance/terrorist stalker 1681:, as well as in some legal 7964: 7198:Domestic violence hotlines 7122:Parental abuse by children 6306:. Stalking Resource Center 5486:(in Russian). 23 June 2021 4732:Cambridge University Press 4691:(4). Manchester, England: 4337:10.1891/1559-4343.10.3.163 3402:Cambridge University Press 3398:Stalkers and Their Victims 2861:Violence Against Women Act 2214: 2204: 2182:U.S. Department of Justice 2173: 2135: 2065:San Diego State University 1966:, as well as a variety of 1912:U.S. Department of Justice 562:Possessing stolen property 210:Offense against the person 29: 7599:The Conspiracy of Silence 7178:Stress in early childhood 7102:Intimate partner violence 7015:Major depressive disorder 6825:Abusive power and control 6649:Abusive power and control 6151:Davis, Joseph A. (2001). 5716:"Stalking and Harassment" 5618:"跟騷法立院三讀 8類行為最重判5年可預防性羈押" 5368:"Japan's Stalking Crisis" 5030:"被私生饭跟踪堵家门三个月，杨坤实在是忍不住了！" 4897:. Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 4740:10.1017/S0033291709005443 4730:(9). Cambridge, England: 4701:10.1080/14789941003596981 4047:Davis, Joseph A. (2001). 3860:(Report). Washington DC: 3637:10.1007/s11199-011-0093-3 3086:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001 2508:), or if the victim is a 2252:A 2020 study by Sheridan 2142:Cyberstalking legislation 2101:Intimacy-seeking stalkers 1727:Oxford English Dictionary 856:Diminished responsibility 650:Crimes against the public 7807:Journal of Family Issues 6938:Murder of pregnant women 6724:Psychological projection 6586:Referee and umpire abuse 6379:templates for discussion 5976:14 November 2006 at the 5793:"Are You Being Stalked?" 5563:黃揚明 (11 December 2017). 5263:"Credits – MenteSociale" 5109:"俗话说：好女怕缠郎，你们知道这是说的什么吗？" 4541:(1). Sydney, Australia: 4296:10.1177/0093854803259235 4168:10.1177/0886260511432144 4098:Rowe, Mary (Fall 1994). 4051:. Taylor & Francis. 3781:10.4324/9781410612397-20 3690:Harris, Jessica (2000), 3335:10.1177/0093854803259235 3147:"Stalking Victimization" 2930:Curiosity killed the cat 2604:Article 208: Harassment 2453:Article 222–33–2 of the 2289:psychological well-being 2152:sexual abuse as children 1944:schizoaffective disorder 1771:Psychology and behaviors 785:Crimes against the state 705:(such as prohibition of 32:Stalker (disambiguation) 7943:Harassment and bullying 7902:Domestic violence court 7722:Sleeping with the Enemy 6233:Paper presented at the 6170:Meloy, J. Reid (1998). 6140:University of Minnesota 5507:"用重典淪為警察國家？制裁色狼立跟騷法兩難" 5180:"求爱不得就起诉女孩？网友：别糟蹋一见钟情了" 4211:10.1111/1468-2311.00204 4125:. Boca Raton, Florida: 3748:(10). London, England: 3569:www.merriam-webster.com 3176:10.4324/9781351310284-5 2975:Obsessive love disorder 2825:Captain Robert Martin. 2796:, the 1988 massacre by 2469:(§ 238 StGB) penalizes 469:Crimes against property 159:(also called violation) 7897:Battered woman defense 7835:Violence Against Women 7218:Prevention initiatives 7127:Same-sex relationships 6885:Birth control sabotage 6830:Conflict tactics scale 6300:"Stalking information" 5695:www.legislation.gov.uk 5565:"躺立院2年跟蹤騷擾防制專法未曾實質審議" 5505:許靖 (26 January 2022). 5448:", September 26, 2022. 5422:", September 22, 2022. 5210:www.legifrance.gouv.fr 5154:"欢乐颂2："死缠烂打"式求爱是性骚扰吗？" 4783:(2). London, England: 4724:Psychological Medicine 4602:(4). London, England: 4495:10.3390/ijerph17072506 4018:10.1176/ajp.156.8.1244 3426:Lawson-Cruttenden, Tim 3400:. Cambridge, England: 3267:Alternative Lifestyles 2877: 2819:Threat Management Unit 2789: 2618: 2554:Wetboek van Strafrecht 2420: 2320:Psychological Medicine 2164:preoccupied attachment 2118:paranoid schizophrenia 1862:Professional contacts: 1850:long term relationship 1824: 921:Other common-law areas 754:Crimes against animals 622:Miscarriage of justice 604:Crimes against justice 6890:Reproductive coercion 6694:Just-world hypothesis 6445:Anti-social behaviour 6277:on 28 September 2011. 5767:"Offence of Stalking" 5590:戴祺修 (15 March 2019). 4794:10.1192/bjp.187.2.168 4286:(1). Lubbock, Texas: 4244:10.1192/bjp.174.2.170 3996:"A Study of Stalkers" 2779: 2211:Persecutory delusions 1968:personality disorders 1446:Emotions and feelings 827:Defenses to liability 617:Malfeasance in office 7694:Looking for Angelina 6729:Psychological trauma 5532:吳姿瑩 (11 June 2015). 5509:(in Chinese). 獨家報導. 5374:. 18 December 2014. 4955:on 18 September 2004 4327:(3). New York City: 3756:on 20 November 2008. 3535:10.1192/bjp.170.1.12 3438:. pp. 418–420. 3030:Vexatious litigation 2990:Political repression 2530:murder of Shiori Ino 2467:German Criminal Code 2455:French Criminal Code 1964:substance dependence 673:Censorship violation 396:Cybersex trafficking 7606:Defending Our Lives 7493:Nicola Graham-Kevan 7163:Narcissistic parent 6990:Emotional blackmail 6639:Abusive supervision 6566:Psychological abuse 6541:Institutional abuse 5822:. Stalkingalert.com 5771:Scottish Government 5747:. 14 September 2009 5745:Scottish Government 5620:(in Chinese). 中央社. 5567:(in Chinese). 鏡週刊. 5269:on 22 December 2009 5152:奚应红 (23 May 2017). 5079:"河北涞源反杀案一场无法摆脱的骚扰" 4660:. London, England: 3896:"Types of stalkers" 3525:. London, England: 3365:Scientific American 3304:: 232–233, 291–296. 2834:criminal harassment 2740:breach of the peace 2391:Section 264 of the 2238:persecutory beliefs 2043:Incompetent suitors 1960:adjustment disorder 1940:delusional disorder 1869:Workplace contacts: 1600:Narcissistic parent 851:Defense of property 703:Illegal consumption 239:Criminal negligence 139:Severity of offense 7861:ManKind Initiative 7708:One Minute to Nine 7701:Once Were Warriors 7468:Jacquelyn Campbell 7040:Setting up to fail 7030:Narcissistic abuse 6719:Playing the victim 6611:Surveillance abuse 6561:Professional abuse 6482:Cruelty to animals 6304:victimsofcrime.org 6043:. Inside Higher Ed 5851:on 13 January 2009 5818:Saunders, Rhonda. 4426:The New York Times 3941:on 28 August 2011. 3716:on 16 October 2010 3279:10.1007/BF01083054 3170:. pp. 33–58. 3020:Surveillance abuse 2970:Obscene phone call 2925:Courtship disorder 2790: 2405:indictable offence 2401:summary conviction 2187:U.S. Census Bureau 2170:Stalking by groups 2110:resentful stalkers 2097:paranoia disorders 2057:Predatory stalkers 2027:Resentful stalkers 1908:U.S. Census Bureau 1418:marital separation 772:Wildlife smuggling 762:Cruelty to animals 391:Child sexual abuse 343:Negligent homicide 254:False imprisonment 151:Indictable offense 95:Scope of criminal 7948:Inchoate offenses 7910: 7909: 7844: 7843: 7572: 7571: 7186: 7185: 7063: 7062: 6850:Traumatic bonding 6840:Cycle of violence 6801:Domestic violence 6767: 6766: 6744:Traumatic bonding 6146:on 3 August 2016. 5431:Jean Mackenzie, " 5300:"Default Desktop" 4642:978-1-84082-535-0 4429:. New York City. 4288:SAGE Publications 4162:(11): 2183–2207. 4058:978-0-8493-0811-6 3930:. Washington DC: 3817:(12): 2056–2060. 3790:978-1-4106-1239-7 3741:Psychiatric Times 3699:Research Findings 3601:on 19 August 2010 3474:Crime and Justice 3411:978-0-521-66950-4 3327:SAGE Publications 3050:Zombie apocalypse 3025:Toxic masculinity 2985:Poison pen letter 2802:Rebecca Schaeffer 2777: 2714:In May 2012, the 2696:England and Wales 2688:England and Wales 2682:England and Wales 2580:Republic of Korea 2487:Indian Penal Code 2376:restraining order 2312:psychotic illness 2299:England and Wales 2246:virtual community 2207:False accusations 2021:Rejected stalkers 1930:Types of stalkers 1753:instant messaging 1648: 1647: 1605:Power and control 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1197:Significant other 1177:Mixed-orientation 1037: 1016: 1015: 416:Indecent exposure 284:Human trafficking 249:Domestic violence 177:Inchoate offenses 16:(Redirected from 7955: 7800:Family Relations 7768:The War on Women 7645:American Tragedy 7581: 7458: 7072: 7045:Silent treatment 6995:False accusation 6863: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6606:Structural abuse 6581:Police brutality 6487:Disability abuse 6417: 6410: 6403: 6394: 6356: 6338: 6322:Homicide Studies 6315: 6313: 6311: 6295: 6278: 6273:. Archived from 6257: 6237:convened by the 6232: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6216:. Archived from 6215: 6201: 6189: 6166: 6147: 6142:. Archived from 6134:MINCAVA (2000). 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5898: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5847:. 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Archived from 3929: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3902:on 29 March 2010 3892: 3886: 3885: 3859: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3806: 3795: 3794: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3752:. Archived from 3731: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3709:, archived from 3696: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3649: 3648: 3631:(5–6): 418–426. 3620: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3469: 3448: 3447: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3155:. February 2002. 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3069: 2778: 2280:point prevalence 2033:Intimacy seekers 1956:major depression 1923:coercive control 1845:Prior intimates: 1836:Types of victims 1794:Intimate-partner 1687:criminal offense 1685:as a term for a 1640: 1633: 1626: 1191: 1048: 1031: 1025: 1018: 1008: 1001: 994: 965: 836:Actual innocence 693:Ethnic cleansing 587:Trespass to land 482:Arms trafficking 46: 39: 21: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7885: 7840: 7773: 7754:Life with Billy 7741: 7673:The Burning Bed 7632: 7568: 7512: 7488:David Finkelhor 7449: 7428: 7222: 7213:Women's shelter 7182: 7136: 7059: 6952: 6899: 6854: 6803: 6798: 6768: 6763: 6739:Rationalization 6674:Destabilisation 6627: 6591:Religious abuse 6426: 6421: 6382: 6363: 6336:10.1.1.434.4998 6318: 6309: 6307: 6298: 6281: 6260: 6244: 6226: 6224: 6223:on 4 March 2016 6220: 6213:10.1.1.406.5282 6199: 6192: 6186: 6169: 6163: 6150: 6133: 6130: 6128:Further reading 6125: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6012: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5978:Wayback Machine 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5341:The Japan Times 5334: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4929:on 13 June 2007 4926: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4046: 4045: 4041: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3857: 3852: 3851: 3838: 3808: 3807: 3798: 3791: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3622: 3621: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3471: 3470: 3451: 3431:New Law Journal 3424: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3200: 3190: 3186: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3054: 2915: 2903: 2838:criminal menace 2794:Theresa Saldana 2769: 2767: 2732: 2701:R. v. Constanza 2684: 2660: 2647: 2623: 2598: 2582: 2550: 2522: 2495: 2479: 2463: 2451: 2425: 2389: 2371: 2366: 2358: 2350: 2338: 2301: 2291:. There was no 2275: 2267: 2262: 2250: 2249: 2219: 2213: 2203: 2180:According to a 2178: 2172: 2158:vulnerability. 2144: 2136:Main articles: 2134: 2074:CRC Press, Inc. 1932: 1891: 1838: 1829: 1808: 1788:sexual assaults 1773: 1706: 1644: 1615: 1614: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1550:Sexual activity 1513: 1505: 1504: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1297: 1283:Mutual monogamy 1164: 1143: 1045: 1030: 1026: 1012: 953: 517:False pretenses 446:Sex trafficking 372:Sexual offenses 331:Preterintention 167:Summary offense 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7961: 7959: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7915: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7793:Family Process 7789: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7761:Mommie Dearest 7757: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7652:Black and Blue 7648: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7627:Sin by Silence 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7587: 7585: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7564:Deborah Tucker 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7539:Elizabeth Celi 7536: 7531: 7526: 7524:Ruahine Albert 7520: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7503:Linda Saltzman 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7419:United Kingdom 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6978: 6976:Economic abuse 6973: 6968: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6835:Cycle of abuse 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6749:Victim blaming 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Discrimination 6676: 6671: 6666: 6664:Dehumanization 6661: 6656: 6654:Child grooming 6651: 6646: 6644:Abuse of power 6641: 6635: 6633: 6632:Related topics 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571:Physical abuse 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6499:Domestic abuse 6496: 6495: 6494: 6492:military draft 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6366: 6362: 6361:External links 6359: 6358: 6357: 6329:(4): 300–316. 6316: 6296: 6279: 6258: 6242: 6190: 6184: 6176:Academic Press 6167: 6161: 6148: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6076: 6054: 6031: 6010: 5981: 5963: 5938: 5915: 5888: 5862: 5833: 5810: 5784: 5758: 5732: 5720:www.cps.gov.uk 5707: 5682: 5671:. 8 March 2012 5656: 5635: 5608: 5594:(in Chinese). 5582: 5555: 5524: 5497: 5475: 5450: 5437: 5424: 5411: 5389: 5359: 5324: 5312: 5291: 5280: 5254: 5222: 5197: 5184:责任编辑：李天白 PQ004 5171: 5144: 5122: 5100: 5083:责任编辑：肖琦_NN6799 5069: 5043: 5021: 5007:(in Chinese). 4993: 4966: 4940: 4908: 4886: 4862: 4836: 4808: 4761: 4714: 4675: 4648: 4641: 4619: 4582: 4519: 4468: 4447: 4411: 4358: 4309: 4265: 4238:(2): 170–172. 4216: 4205:(3): 215–234. 4189: 4146: 4140:978-1420041743 4139: 4109: 4090: 4064: 4057: 4039: 3983: 3964:(3): 317–334. 3944: 3913: 3887: 3836: 3796: 3789: 3759: 3726: 3679: 3650: 3612: 3581: 3556: 3507: 3486:10.1086/652222 3449: 3417: 3410: 3385: 3371: 3351: 3307: 3292: 3273:(4): 259–269. 3257: 3211: 3202:|website= 3184: 3158: 3138: 3113: 3091: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3005:Secret admirer 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2798:Richard Farley 2788:about stalking 2766: 2763: 2731: 2728: 2683: 2680: 2659: 2658:United Kingdom 2656: 2646: 2643: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565:Article 285b: 2549: 2546: 2521: 2518: 2510:pregnant woman 2494: 2491: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2424: 2421: 2397:hybrid offence 2388: 2385: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2337: 2334: 2300: 2297: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2232: 2231: 2215:Main article: 2202: 2199: 2174:Main article: 2171: 2168: 2133: 2130: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2040: 2030: 2024: 1931: 1928: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1853: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1807: 1804: 1799:UK Home Office 1772: 1769: 1764:Cultural norms 1757:United Kingdom 1705: 1702: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1628: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1364:Bachelor's Day 1356: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170:Group marriage 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1003: 996: 988: 985: 984: 983: 982: 974: 973: 969: 968: 967: 966: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 923: 922: 918: 917: 916: 915: 910: 905: 900: 890: 885: 880: 875: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 830: 829: 823: 822: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 787: 786: 782: 781: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 756: 755: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 700: 695: 690: 688:Hostage-taking 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 652: 651: 647: 646: 645: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 606: 605: 601: 600: 599: 598: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 471: 470: 466: 465: 464: 463: 458: 456:Sexual slavery 453: 451:Sexual assault 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 375: 374: 368: 367: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 339: 338: 328: 327: 326: 316: 311: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 213: 212: 206: 205: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 180: 179: 173: 172: 171: 170: 160: 154: 141: 140: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 100: 99: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 79: 72: 62: 61: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7960: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849:Organizations 7847: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7620:Silent Voices 7617: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584:Documentaries 7582: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7549:Donna Ferrato 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7529:Angela Barker 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7508:Murray Straus 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Mary Ellsberg 7481: 7479: 7478:Emily Douglas 7476: 7474: 7473:Kenneth Dodge 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7424:United States 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173:Sibling abuse 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6981:Embarrassment 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6958:Psychological 6955: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6933:Honor killing 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6918:Bride burning 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Victimisation 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6185:9780124905603 6181: 6177: 6174:. San Diego: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6162:9780849308116 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6096:(1): 165–198. 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6077: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6042: 6035: 6032: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6007: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5821: 5814: 5811: 5799:on 5 May 1998 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5773:. 8 July 2010 5772: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5609: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5556: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5525: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5498: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5313: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5132: 5131:"泡妞有绝招，好女怕缠郎" 5126: 5123: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5010: 5006: 5005:"遭遇跟踪骚扰该怎么办？" 5000: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4734:: 1479–1490. 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4560:1959.3/374333 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4387:10.2196/25722 4383: 4380:(3): e25722. 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012:: 1244–1249. 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3668:on 3 May 2006 3667: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3195: 3187: 3185:9781351310284 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:Serial rapist 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935:Cyberstalking 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:United States 2826: 2824: 2821:, founded by 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2806:Orange County 2803: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2765:United States 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2709:David Cameron 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2538:petty offence 2535: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438:homicide case 2433: 2429: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Criminal Code 2386: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2356:United States 2355: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:Gang stalking 2230: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2217:Gang stalking 2212: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2147:Cyberstalking 2143: 2139: 2138:Cyberstalking 2132:Cyberstalking 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070:cyberstalking 2066: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:schizophrenia 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741:United States 1738: 1737:tabloid press 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1683:jurisdictions 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:Transgression 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488:Unconditional 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386:Singles event 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1227:Queerplatonic 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139:Open marriage 1137: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1028:Relationships 1024: 1019: 1009: 1004: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 989: 987: 986: 981: 978: 977: 976: 975: 970: 964: 960: 956: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 919: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 898: 894: 891: 889: 888:Justification 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831: 828: 824: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 721:Miscegenation 719: 716: 712: 708: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 607: 602: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Pickpocketing 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406:Homosexuality 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 369: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 332: 329: 325: 322: 321: 320: 317: 315: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 269:Home invasion 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 219:Assassination 217: 216: 215: 214: 211: 207: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 178: 174: 168: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 148: 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 98: 93: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 77: 73: 71: 70: 66: 65: 64: 63: 60: 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 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Retrieved 3094: 3080:(1): 64–86. 3077: 3073: 3015:Surveillance 2955:Gangstalking 2904: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2866: 2858: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2791: 2752: 2733: 2724: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2685: 2676: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2542: 2523: 2499: 2496: 2480: 2471:Nachstellung 2470: 2464: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2411:challenges. 2390: 2372: 2359: 2351: 2339: 2328:kept by the 2326:royal family 2318: 2316: 2305: 2302: 2285:pathological 2276: 2268: 2253: 2251: 2224: 2220: 2195: 2191: 2179: 2160: 2156:narcissistic 2145: 2126: 2122: 2109: 2100: 2094: 2089:intimidation 2080: 2078: 2062: 2056: 2042: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2000:minimization 1980:narcissistic 1933: 1918: 1916: 1900: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1844: 1839: 1830: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1792: 1781: 1774: 1762: 1749: 1744: 1731: 1730:), the term 1725: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1691: 1670: 1667:intimidation 1655:surveillance 1650: 1649: 1609: 1293:Polyfidelity 1278:Non-monogamy 1222:Life partner 1212:Cohabitation 913:Self-defense 870: 793:Lèse-majesté 507:Embezzlement 431:Prostitution 421:Masturbation 352: 304:Manslaughter 289:Intimidation 201:Solicitation 74: 67: 52:Criminal law 36: 7856:Gulabi Gang 7778:Periodicals 7637:Other films 7559:Erin Pizzey 7554:Ellen Pence 7394:South Korea 7364:Philippines 7324:New Zealand 7153:Child abuse 7097:Elder abuse 7000:Gaslighting 6985:Humiliation 6928:Dowry death 6913:Acid attack 6759:Victimology 6734:Psychopathy 6556:Persecution 6531:Humiliation 6521:Gaslighting 6504:Elder abuse 6455:Child abuse 6367:‹ The 6069:25 December 6047:23 February 5999:12 February 5649:19 November 5575:20 February 5352:14 February 5164:21 February 5062:21 February 5014:19 November 4787:: 168–172. 4662:Home Office 4606:: 235–241. 4545:: 114–120. 4488:(7): 2506. 4462:The Outline 4352:malingering 4331:: 163–178. 4329:Springer US 4129:. pp. 4079:. June 2002 3480:: 273–318. 3230:(1): 9–16. 2960:Gaslighting 2804:, and five 2548:Netherlands 2534:tranquility 2293:significant 2114:persecution 2051:entitlement 1882:The famous: 1704:Definitions 1518:Bride price 1376:Meet market 1307:Concubinage 1092:Grandparent 908:Provocation 632:Obstruction 612:Compounding 577:Tax evasion 401:Fornication 234:Child abuse 163:Misdemeanor 87:Concurrence 7933:Aggression 7917:Categories 7729:Submission 7666:Bordertown 7544:Anne Cools 7534:Sarah Buel 7399:Tajikistan 7254:Bangladesh 7191:Prevention 7020:Mind games 6714:Narcissism 6536:Incivility 6526:Harassment 6202:. Sydney: 5628:28 January 5534:"給我反跟蹤騷擾法" 5517:28 January 5490:9 November 5468:9 November 5404:25 January 5372:Al Jazeera 5322:, Altalex. 5215:6 November 5190:2 December 5137:2 December 5115:2 December 5093:2 December 5036:2 December 4879:9 November 4106:(1): 1–11. 3906:20 October 3750:UBM Medica 3720:20 October 3605:20 October 3595:"Stalking" 3574:31 October 3436:LexisNexis 3057:References 3045:Zersetzung 2965:Kiwi Farms 2940:Erotomania 2748:High Court 2692:harassment 2483:amendments 2205:See also: 2105:erotomanic 2037:erotomania 1996:dependency 1984:projection 1976:borderline 1972:antisocial 1876:Strangers: 1812:employment 1777:erotomania 1679:psychology 1675:psychiatry 1663:harassment 1560:Repression 1545:Infidelity 1458:Attachment 1359:Engagement 1338:Activities 1232:Friendship 1207:Girlfriend 1185:Partner(s) 866:Entrapment 841:Automatism 818:Subversion 777:Bestiality 746:War crimes 741:Usurpation 668:Corruption 627:Misprision 502:Cybercrime 294:Kidnapping 274:Hate crime 264:Harassment 244:Defamation 196:Incitement 191:Conspiracy 157:Infraction 116:Complicity 111:Accomplice 69:Actus reus 7680:Daughters 7517:Activists 7461:Academics 7319:Lithuania 7249:Australia 7234:Argentina 7010:Isolation 6689:Isolation 6509:Financial 6353:145522253 6331:CiteSeerX 6208:CiteSeerX 6024:28 August 6006:distress. 5538:蘋果日報 (台灣) 4988:216179644 4823:The Print 4756:206250911 4693:Routledge 4543:Routledge 4440:20 August 4435:0362-4331 4345:143659607 4290:: 55–72. 4184:206562459 4127:CRC Press 4083:28 August 3970:120319401 3874:299755614 3707:1364-6540 3645:143722863 3625:Sex Roles 3529:: 12–17. 3502:224799375 3329:: 55–72. 3287:145390121 3204:ignored ( 3194:cite book 3035:Voyeurism 3000:Querulant 2995:Predation 2945:Espionage 2888:Clery Act 2850:Schaeffer 2759:interdict 2524:In 2000, 2403:or as an 2369:Australia 2265:Australia 2227:delusions 1992:obsession 1970:(such as 1936:psychotic 1919:Sex Roles 1865:stalking. 1784:vandalism 1540:Hypergamy 1512:Practices 1500:Sexuality 1473:Limerence 1433:Widowhood 1423:Annulment 1349:Courtship 1312:Courtesan 1288:Polyamory 1240:cross-sex 1202:Boyfriend 1153:Polyandry 929:Contracts 903:Necessity 808:Secession 803:Espionage 736:Terrorism 698:Smuggling 592:Vandalism 572:Smuggling 512:Extortion 487:Blackmail 461:Voyeurism 441:Pederasty 426:Obscenity 308:corporate 131:Vicarious 126:Principal 121:Corporate 106:Accessory 97:liability 82:Causation 7923:Stalking 7715:Provoked 7433:Religion 7404:Thailand 7354:Paraguay 7344:Pakistan 7279:Colombia 7141:Children 7117:Misogyny 7112:Misandry 7050:Stalking 6966:Bullying 6905:Physical 6601:Stalking 6514:Marriage 6475:marriage 6470:military 6450:Bullying 6384:Stalking 6369:template 6288:ncvc.org 6267:ncvc.org 6109:, UNRIC. 5974:Archived 5875:Archived 5700:21 April 5669:BBC News 5622:Archived 5601:14 March 5569:Archived 5542:Archived 5511:Archived 5376:Archived 5346:Archived 5273:24 March 5247:16 April 5158:Archived 5087:Archived 5056:Archived 4984:ProQuest 4976:Juristat 4959:21 April 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18:Stalkers 7881:Respect 7659:Blinded 7454:Experts 7369:Romania 7334:Nigeria 7284:Ecuador 7259:Bolivia 7244:Albania 7239:Armenia 7227:Country 7107:Lesbian 7068:Victims 7025:Nagging 6815:Outline 6808:General 6622:more... 6551:Neglect 6460:neglect 6371:below ( 6310:3 April 6256:. 2012. 6250:bjs.gov 6227:3 April 5725:15 July 5548:3 March 5382:3 March 5305:2 March 4505:7178134 4397:7980115 3978:9323658 3551:6450961 3543:9068768 3494:1147710 3302:Glamour 3252:9030064 3040:Yandere 2856:(DMV). 2846:Saldana 2780:A 2021 2625:In the 2596:Romania 2552:In the 2485:to the 2461:Germany 2409:Charter 2336:Germany 2273:Austria 2242:stalked 2176:Mobbing 2085:threats 1739:in the 1732:stalker 1722:poacher 1710:breakup 1659:contact 1595:Elderly 1533:service 1495:Passion 1428:Divorce 1409:Breakup 1403:Endings 1391:Wedding 1381:Romance 1344:Bonding 1234: ( 1127:Husband 1097:Sibling 1065:Kinship 1052:Genetic 1034:Outline 972:Portals 963:estates 895: ( 893:Mistake 878:Infancy 846:Consent 798:Treason 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