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Flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) with 5 free or fused sepals and petals. Some petals are formed in a shape of a star while some have a tubular shaped corolla. On some species, a raised ring or annulus is present in the center of the corolla. Instead of stamens and pistils, stapeliads
431:
though both groups are quite unrelated and have developed similar, though not identical means to achieve the ultimate goal of pollination and therefore reproduction. Most stapeliads use flies as pollinators, that are attracted to odours resembling dung or rotting meat, emanating from the flowers.
336:
having more than thirty angles. In size they vary from less than 2.5 cm/1" in length to over 2 m/6" tall. The leaves are in most species reduced to rudiments, sometimes hardened and thorn-like, arranged on bumps or tubercles on the angles. Some species, however, still have recognisable leaves,
1046:
502:, used these genera as the basis of two separate tribes, Ceropegieae and Stapeliae. The two tribes were formally reunited in 1991 as the tribe Ceropegieae. In 2004, Ulrich Meve and Sigrid Liede reintroduced the subtribe as a division of the tribe Ceropegieae, supported by
432:
Many of the flowers also bear some physical resemblance to rotting animal carcasses, leading to their popular name of "carrion flowers". However, not all stapeliads smell bad, or attract flies. Some species use
506:
studies. Subsequent studies, including one in 2017, have confirmed the division of the tribe
Ceropegieae into four subtribes, of which Stapeliinae is the most derived:
1125:
1592:
621:
In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve placed the following genera in subtribe
Stapeliinae. As of December 2023, some are treated as synonyms by
236:. The largest number of genera are native to Africa, but a more limited number of genera are widespread in Arabia and Asia. Historically, a similarly
353:. Stapeliads are most abundant in warm, dry climates. In Africa, there are two separate regions where stapeliads have most diversified: northeast
1579:
415:
and in the island of
Lampedusa. Stapeliads are often regarded as a climax group within the family because of their often structurally complex
1349:
A general system of gardening and botany. Founded upon Miller's
Gardener's dictionary, and arranged according to the natural system Volume 4
279:
1029:
1521:
1513:
330:. The stems are often angular, mostly four-angled in cross-section, but in some species there are six or more, with some species of
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63:
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that can reach 40 cm/16" in diameter, and are some the largest of flowers to be found on any species of succulent.
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237:
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1061:
399:
1052:
1132:
1068:
1226:
1214:
327:
1473:
1404:
Meve, U. & Liede, S. (2004). "Subtribal division of
Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)".
1369:
Bruyns, P.V. & Forster, Paul I. (1991). "Recircumscription of the
Stapelieae (Asclepiadaceae)".
1421:
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as pollinators. Stapeliad flowers range in size from mere millimetres in species of
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232:
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Endress, Mary E.; Liede-Schumann, Sigrid & Meve, Ulrich (2014-02-14).
17:
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1215:"Origin and early evolution of Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)"
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127:
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Meve, Ulrich; Heiduk, Annemarie & Liede-schumann, Sigrid (2017).
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The first use of the subtribe (using the name
Stapelieae) was by
318:
of plants within the subtribe
Stapeliinae are to varying degrees
437:
1530:
251:
322:, often referred to as "stapeliads". Many of these resemble
419:. Certain aspects of these reproductive parts mirror the
1320:
Indices
Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium
361:. Several species are endemic to the small island of
224:"stapeliads" and the horticulturally popular genera
1539:
326:, though are not closely related, as an example of
1208:
1206:
1168:
1166:
208:within the tribe Ceropegieae of the subfamily
8:
1504:Stapeliads of southern Africa and Madagascar
1322:. Plant Biology section, Cornell University
1175:"An updated classification for Apocynaceae"
1527:
40:
31:
302:Learn how and when to remove this message
427:family and represent a case of parallel
265:This section includes a list of general
1338:
1336:
1162:
1009:
373:, and most specifically the country of
240:taxon was treated as a separate tribe,
7:
557:
537:
517:
509:
486:in 1838. Don's taxon included both
411:, in the very southern part of the
271:it lacks sufficient corresponding
216:. The subtribe comprises about 35
25:
1267:"International Asclepiad Society"
1140:
1124:
1108:
1092:
1076:
1060:
1044:
1028:
1012:
337:most notably the Indian species
256:
62:
1271:www.asclepiad-international.org
1:
1239:10.1080/14772000.2016.1238019
1484:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1219:Systematics and Biodiversity
27:Subtribe of flowering plants
1291:"Pollination of Stapeliads"
954:Choux ex White & Sloane
1655:
1482:Plants of the World Online
1454:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1449:Plants of the World Online
1191:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2
623:Plants of the World Online
1501:Bruyns, Peter V. (2005).
1314:Reveal, James L. (2011).
575:
562:
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515:
498:. Later workers, such as
192:
187:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
1345:"Subtribe I. Stapelieae"
934:Bruyns & A.G.Miller
474:contain a pollinarium.
347:), and some members of
286:more precise citations.
1149:Stapelia flavopurpurea
1037:Caralluma stalagmifera
504:molecular phylogenetic
1351:. London. p. 109
397:. A single species,
220:, including both the
1343:Don, George (1837).
1117:Piaranthus geminatus
830:Lavranos & Bleck
400:Apteranthes europaea
328:convergent evolution
1295:www.cactus-mall.com
1231:2017SyBio..15..143M
1053:Ceropegia distincta
1021:Baynesia lophophora
1133:Quaqua mammillaris
1085:Hoodia officinalis
405:Caralluma europaea
1621:
1620:
1606:Open Tree of Life
1533:Taxon identifiers
1069:Duvalia corderoyi
1005:
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467:Stapelia gigantea
413:Iberian peninsula
371:Arabian Peninsula
340:Boucerosia frerei
312:
311:
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204:is a subtribe of
199:
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183:
51:Stapelia gigantea
16:(Redirected from
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524:Heterostemminae
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282:this section by
273:inline citations
260:
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206:flowering plants
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1639:Plant subtribes
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423:systems in the
359:Southern Africa
320:stem succulents
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278:Please help to
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210:Asclepiadoideae
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158:Asclepiadoideae
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1225:(2): 143–155.
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920:Richtersveldia
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826:Notechidnopsis
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544:Leptadeniinae
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531:
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516:
514:
508:
500:George Bentham
479:
476:
407:) is found in
367:Horn of Africa
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222:stem-succulent
212:of the family
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1529:
1523:
1522:1-919766-38-3
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1514:1-919766-37-5
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1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1316:"Stapeliinae"
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1307:
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1283:
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1079:
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1054:
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1023:
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981:
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950:Stapelianthus
947:
942:
941:
937:
932:
931:
927:
922:
921:
917:
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911:
910:Rhytidocaulon
907:
902:
901:
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882:
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877:
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871:
867:
865:
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860:, synonym of
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828:
827:
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683:
678:
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668:
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663:
658:
657:
653:
648:
647:
643:
641:
640:
636:, synonym of
632:
629:
628:
626:
624:
616:
609:
608:
600:
599:
591:
590:
582:
581:
578:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:Anisotominae
560:
559:
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552:
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539:
533:
532:
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345:Frerea indica
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317:
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295:
292:December 2023
285:
281:
275:
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268:
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254:
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238:circumscribed
235:
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89:Tracheophytes
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56:
53:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1540:
1503:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1475:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1447:
1444:P.R.O.Bally"
1442:Pseudolithos
1441:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1324:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1250:. Retrieved
1222:
1218:
1194:. Retrieved
1182:
1178:
1147:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1067:
1051:
1035:
1019:
1000:Whitesloanea
998:
988:
978:
968:
960:Stapeliopsis
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
890:Pseudolithos
888:
878:
868:
861:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
796:Larryleachia
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
726:Desmidorchis
724:
714:
704:
694:
686:Brachystelma
684:
674:
664:
654:
644:
639:Pseudolithos
637:
630:
620:
577:Stapeliinae
576:
563:
543:
523:
513:Ceropegieae
493:
487:
481:
472:
465:
464:to those of
461:Pseudolithos
459:
453:
404:
398:
348:
344:
338:
331:
314:Most of the
313:
298:
289:
270:
241:
231:
227:Brachystelma
225:
201:
200:
193:
177:
121:
108:
95:
82:
49:
35:Stapeliinae
29:
1571:Stapeliinae
1565:Wikispecies
1541:Stapeliinae
1377:: 381–391.
990:Tromotriche
914:P.R.O.Bally
894:P.R.O.Bally
756:Echidnopsis
750:M.G.Gilbert
746:Duvaliandra
706:Caudanthera
656:Australluma
646:Apteranthes
455:Echidnopsis
446:butterflies
421:pollination
383:Afghanistan
284:introducing
248:Description
214:Apocynaceae
202:Stapeliinae
178:Stapeliinae
168:Ceropegieae
154:Subfamily:
148:Apocynaceae
138:Gentianales
102:Angiosperms
1628:Categories
1488:2023-12-01
1459:2023-12-01
1355:2023-12-01
1326:2023-12-01
1300:2022-04-27
1276:2022-04-27
1252:2023-12-01
1196:2023-11-30
1185:(3): 175.
1157:References
930:Socotrella
880:Piaranthus
870:Pectinaria
855:Orbeanthus
836:Ophionella
766:Edithcolea
676:Boucerosia
631:Anomalluma
484:George Don
267:references
242:Stapelieae
194:See text.
174:Subtribe:
18:Stapelieae
1412:: 61–72.
1179:Phytotaxa
980:Tridentea
970:Tavaresia
858:L.C.Leach
816:Monolluma
716:Ceropegia
696:Caralluma
650:J.C.Mikan
489:Ceropegia
429:evolution
350:Tridentea
233:Ceropegia
72:Kingdom:
1556:Q2332067
1550:Wikidata
1247:89195092
940:Stapelia
806:Lavrania
666:Baynesia
495:Stapelia
478:Taxonomy
379:Pakistan
365:off the
144:Family:
128:Asterids
115:Eudicots
1611:5518231
1598:1498475
1426:4135489
1227:Bibcode
964:Pillans
904:N.E.Br.
786:Huernia
770:N.E.Br.
760:Hook.f.
736:Duvalia
730:Ehrenb.
434:beetles
417:flowers
395:Myanmar
369:. The
363:Socotra
280:improve
188:Genera
164:Tribe:
134:Order:
76:Plantae
1520:
1512:
1424:
1391:223217
1389:
1245:
1004:Chiov.
900:Quaqua
840:Bruyns
820:Plowes
810:Plowes
800:Plowes
776:Hoodia
710:Plowes
670:Bruyns
660:Plowes
634:Plowes
617:Genera
425:orchid
409:Europe
403:(syn.
393:, and
357:, and
355:Africa
343:(syn.
333:Hoodia
316:genera
269:, but
218:genera
182:G. Don
1476:Orbea
1422:JSTOR
1406:Taxon
1387:JSTOR
1371:Taxon
1243:S2CID
974:Welw.
884:R.Br.
863:Orbea
846:Orbea
790:R.Br.
700:R.Br.
450:moths
442:wasps
391:Nepal
387:India
375:Yemen
324:cacti
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
1593:NCBI
1585:2049
1580:GRIN
1518:ISBN
1516:and
1510:ISBN
1478:Haw"
994:Haw.
984:Haw.
874:Haw.
850:Haw.
740:Haw.
690:Sims
492:and
458:and
438:bees
230:and
1414:doi
1379:doi
1235:doi
1187:doi
1183:159
448:or
1630::
1608::
1595::
1582::
1567::
1552::
1480:.
1452:.
1446:.
1420:.
1410:53
1408:.
1385:.
1375:40
1373:.
1347:.
1335:^
1318:.
1293:.
1269:.
1241:.
1233:.
1223:15
1221:.
1217:.
1205:^
1181:.
1177:.
1165:^
944:L.
720:L.
625:.
444:,
440:,
436:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
244:.
124::
111::
98::
85::
1491:.
1474:"
1462:.
1440:"
1428:.
1416::
1393:.
1381::
1358:.
1329:.
1303:.
1279:.
1255:.
1237::
1229::
1199:.
1189::
305:)
299:(
294:)
290:(
276:.
20:)
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