1071:. Some scholars suggested dates in 5 BC, because it allows seven months for the events Josephus documented between the lunar eclipse and the Passover rather than the 29 days allowed by lunar eclipse in 4 BC. Others suggest it was an eclipse in 1 BC. The narrative implies that Jesus was born sometime between the first appearance of the star and the appearance of the Magi at Herod's court. That the king is said to have ordered the execution of boys two years of age and younger implies that the Star of Bethlehem appeared within the preceding two years. Some scholars date the birth of Jesus as 6–4 BC, while others suggest Jesus' birth was in 3–2 BC.
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963:, was seen by Chinese and Korean stargazers in about 5 BC. This object was observed for over seventy days, possibly with no movement recorded. Ancient writers described comets as "hanging over" specific cities, just as the Star of Bethlehem was said to have "stood over" the "place" where Jesus was (the town of Bethlehem). However, this is generally thought unlikely as in ancient times comets were generally seen as bad omens. The comet explanation has been recently promoted by Colin Nicholl. His theory involves a hypothetical comet which could have appeared in 6 BC.
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not only to Jews, but also to Greeks, and to many of the barbarous nations besides, a star should have arisen? Now I would say, that with respect to comets there is no prophecy in circulation to the effect that such and such a comet was to arise in connection with a particular kingdom or a particular time; but with respect to the appearance of a star at the birth of Jesus there is a prophecy of Balaam recorded by Moses to this effect:
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their way; and lo, the star which they had seen in the East went before them, till it came to rest over the place where the child was. When they saw the star, they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy; and going into the house they saw the child with Mary his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Then, opening their treasures, they offered him gifts, gold and frankincense and myrrh.
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673:, wrote that an occultation of Jupiter in Aries was a sign of the birth of a divine king. He argues that Aries rather than Pisces was the zodiac symbol for Judea, a fact that would affect previous interpretations of astrological material. Molnar's theory was debated by scientists, theologians, and historians during a colloquium on the Star of Bethlehem at the Netherlands'
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If, then, at the commencement of new dynasties, or on the occasion of other important events, there arises a comet so called, or any similar celestial body, why should it be matter of wonder that at the birth of Him who was to introduce a new doctrine to the human race, and to make known His teaching
312:
Herod is "troubled", not because of the appearance of the star, but because the Magi have told him that a "king of the Jews" had been born, which he understands to refer to the
Messiah, a leader of the Jewish people whose coming was believed to be foretold in scripture. He asks his advisors where the
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Venus represents love and fertility, so
Chester had suggested astrologers would have viewed the close conjunction of Jupiter and Venus as indicating a coming new king of Israel, and Herod would have taken them seriously. Astronomer Dave Reneke independently found the June 2 BC planetary conjunction,
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viewed the star as purely miraculous: "How then, tell me, did the star point out a spot so confined, just the space of a manger and shed, unless it left that height and came down, and stood over the very head of the young child? And at this the evangelist was hinting when he said, "Lo, the star went
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have a "stationary point", a planet moves eastward through the stars but, "As it approaches the opposite point in the sky from the sun, it appears to slow, come to a full stop, and move backward (westward) through the sky for some weeks. Again it slows, stops, and resumes its eastward course," said
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examined the biblical account in the Gospel of
Matthew, chapter 2 and found the following nine qualities of Bethlehem's Star: It signified birth, it signified kingship, it was related to the Jewish nation, and it rose "in the East"; King Herod had not been aware of it; it appeared at an exact time;
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was governor of Syria. Tipler suggests this took place in AD 6, nine years after the death of Herod, and that the family of Jesus left
Bethlehem shortly after the birth. Some scholars explain the apparent disparity as an error on the part of the author of the Gospel of Luke, concluding that he was
298:
Then Herod summoned the wise men secretly and ascertained from them what time the star appeared; and he sent them to
Bethlehem, saying, "Go and search diligently for the child, and when you have found him bring me word, that I too may come and worship him." When they had heard the king they went
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supports Molnar's explanation but noted technical questions. "The gospel story is one in which King Herod was taken by surprise," said
Gingerich. "So it wasn't that there was suddenly a brilliant new star sitting there that anybody could have seen something more subtle." Astronomer David A.
283:
Now when Jesus was born in
Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, wise men from the East came to Jerusalem, saying, "Where is he who has been born king of the Jews? For we have seen his star in the East, and have come to worship him." When Herod the king heard this, he was
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2. It was in the forty-second year of the reign of
Augustus and the twenty-eighth after the subjugation of Egypt and the death of Antony and Cleopatra, with whom the dynasty of the Ptolemies in Egypt came to an end, that our Saviour and Lord Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judea
620:
near
Regulus on June 17, 2 BC. "The fusion of two planets would have been a rare and awe-inspiring event", according to Roger Sinnott. Another Venus–Jupiter conjunction occurred earlier in August, 3 BC. While these events occurred after the generally accepted date of 4 BC for the
1017:
at Hoku" (Han Shu, The
History of the Former Han Dynasty). The date is equivalent to April 24, 4 BC. This identifies the date when it was first observed in China. It was also recorded in Korea: "In the fifty-fourth year of Hyokkose Wang, in the spring, second month, day
590:, which he linked to the Star of Bethlehem. Modern calculations show that there was a gap of nearly a degree (approximately twice a diameter of the moon) between the planets, so these conjunctions were not visually impressive. An ancient almanac has been found in
334:
Joseph, warned in a dream, takes his family to Egypt for their safety. The gospel links the escape to a verse from scripture, which it interprets as a prophecy: "Out of Egypt I called my son." This was a reference to the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt under
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In European textiles a common eight-pointed star design is known as the Holy Star of Bethlehem. The design has been used in stone, metal, wood-work and embroidery in the Middle East since antiquity and is one of the oldest patterns in patterns in Palestinian
943:(1867–1924). Two modern translators of ancient astrological texts insist that the text does not use the technical terms for either a heliacal or an acronycal rising of a star. However, one concedes that Matthew may have used layman's terms for a rising.
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If the story of the Star of Bethlehem described an actual event, it might identify the year Jesus was born. The Gospel of Matthew describes the birth of Jesus as taking place when Herod was king. According to Josephus, Herod died after a lunar
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385:. Aspects of Matthew's account which have raised questions of the historical event include: Matthew is the only one of the four gospels which mentions either the Star of Bethlehem or the Magi. Some scholars suggest that Jesus was born in
1313:, rather than a sign from God. This is because it led the pagan astrologers first to Jerusalem where King Herod consequently found out about the birth of the "king of the Jews", with the result that he attempted to have Jesus killed.
525:, the Greek translation of the Old Testament probably used by Matthew, these gifts are given as gold and frankincense, similar to Matthew's "gold, frankincense, and myrrh." The gift of myrrh symbolizes mortality, according to Origen.
284:
troubled, and all Jerusalem with him; and assembling all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Christ was to be born. They told him, "In Bethlehem of Judea; for so it is written by the prophet:
554:) is usually translated as "wise men," in this context it probably means 'astronomer'/'astrologer'. The involvement of astrologers in the story of the birth of Jesus was problematic for the early Church, because they condemned
883:
and noted it would have appeared as a "bright beacon of light". According to Chester, the disks of Jupiter and Venus would have appeared to touch and there has not been as close a Venus-Jupiter conjunction since then.
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3654:, (Liturgical Press, 2008), p. 114. See, for example, James Douglas Grant Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) p. 344. Similarly, Erich S. Gruen, 'The expansion of the empire under Augustus', in
510:
suggested that the Magi may have decided to travel to Jerusalem when they "conjectured that the man whose appearance had been foretold along with that of the star, had actually come into the world".
396:, the Matthew account conflicts with that given in the Gospel of Luke, in which the family of Jesus already lives in Nazareth, travel to Bethlehem for the census, and return home almost immediately.
1175:(AD 1). Finegan places the death of Herod in 1 BC, and says if Jesus was born two years or less before Herod the Great died, the birth of Jesus would have been in 3 or 2 BC. Finegan also notes the
3827:
Brindle, Wayne. "The Census And Quirinius: Luke 2:2." JETS 27/1 (March 1984) 43–52. Other scholars cited in Brindle's article include A. Higgins, N. Turner, P. Barnett, I. H. Marshall and C. Evan.
1207:, the Star of Bethlehem is interpreted as a miraculous event of symbolic and pedagogical significance, regardless of whether it coincides with a natural phenomenon; a sign sent by God to lead the
3854:. Book 18, chapter 1, paragraph 1 (hereafter noted as 18.1.1) Entire book free to read online. Bible Study Tools website. Scroll down from 18.1.1 to find Jewish revolt also mentioned in 18.1.6.
279:(often translated as "wise men", but more accurately astrologers) arrive at the court of Herod in Jerusalem and tell the king of a star which signifies the birth of the King of the Jews:
1120:
5:37 that took place under Quirinius at a later time. One ancient writer identified the census at Jesus' birth, not with taxes, but with a universal pledge of allegiance to the emperor.
185:
season. However, most ancient sources and Church tradition generally indicate that the wise men visited Bethlehem sometime after Jesus' birth. The visit is traditionally celebrated on
368:
which means "sprout", and which some Bible commentators think refers to Isaiah 11:1: "There shall come forth a Rod from the stem of Jesse, And a Branch shall grow out of his roots."
5397:
1092:). Instead of translating the registration as taking place "when" Quirinius was governor of Syria, some versions translate it as "before" or use "before" as an alternative, which
483:
had long ceased to exist by the time the Gospels were being written, this passage had become widely seen as a reference to the coming of a Messiah. It was, for example, cited by
123:' Bethlehem birthplace, where they worship him and give him gifts. The wise men are then given a divine warning not to return to Herod, so they return home by a different route.
1116:
movement of armed resistance to Rome. From this perspective, Luke may have been trying to differentiate the census at the time of Jesus' birth from the tax census mentioned in
987:. Although it is difficult to detect a supernova remnant in another galaxy, or obtain an accurate date of when it occurred, supernova remnants have been detected in Andromeda.
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The Magi told Herod that they saw the star "in the East," or according to some translations, "at its rising", which may imply the routine appearance of a constellation, or an
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Includes a brief interactive at the bottom, "What's the story behind the Star?" showing retrograde motion and the 3–2 BC planetary conjunctions. Retrieved on January 2, 2016.
339:, so the quote suggests that Matthew saw the life of Jesus as recapitulating the story of the Jewish people, with Judea representing Egypt and Herod standing in for pharaoh.
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has five points and two "tails" that evoke rays of light pointing the way to the baby Jesus, and candles inside the lanterns have been superseded by electric illumination.
645:
calculated the birth of Jesus to 3-2 BC. Since the conjunction would have been seen in the west at sunset it could not have led the magi south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem.
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that featured the design. On Vogue Arabia's November 2023 cover the star took a central position in the celebration of Palestinian embroidery. The design also features on
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Weintraub says, "If Matthew's wise men actually undertook a journey to search for a newborn king, the bright star didn't guide them; it only told them when to set out."
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it endured over time; and, according to Matthew, it was in front of the Magi when they traveled south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem, and then stopped over Bethlehem.
5348:
1123:
Jack Finegan noted some early writers' reckoning of the regnal years of Augustus are the equivalent to 3/2 BC, or 2 BC or later for the birth of Jesus, including
331:"two years old and younger," based on the age the child could be in regard to the information the magi had given him concerning the time the star first appeared.
381:
Scholars who see the gospel nativity stories as later apologetic accounts created to establish the messianic status of Jesus regard the Star of Bethlehem as a
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350:. This is also said to be a fulfillment of a prophecy ("He will be called a Nazorean," (NRSV) which could be attributed to Judges 13:5 regarding the birth of
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appeared at Hoku" (Samguk Sagi, The Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms). The Korean text may have been corrupted because Ho (1962) points out that "the
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In a dream, they are warned not to return to Jerusalem, so they leave for their own country by another route. When Herod realizes he has been tricked, he
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specifically concerning Jesus' birth and his later presentation at the temple. Herod I has all male Hebrew babies in the area up to age two killed in the
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more concerned with creating a symbolic narrative than a historical account, and was either unaware of, or indifferent to, the chronological difficulty.
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day did not fall in the second month that year but on the first month" (February 23) and on the third month (April 24). The original must have read "day
116:. Secretly intending to find and kill the Messiah in order to preserve his own kingship, Herod invites the wise men to return to him on their way home.
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3516:. Book 2, chapter 1, paragraph 3 (2.1.3) Bible Study Tools website. About one-third through paragraph three it reads: "And indeed, at the feast ...".
3500:. Book 17, chapter 9, paragraph 3 (17.9.3) Bible Study Tools website. First sentence of paragraph 3 reads: "Now, upon the approach of that feast ..."
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837:, Larson thinks all nine characteristics of the Star of Bethlehem are found in events that took place in the skies of 3–2 BC. Highlights include a
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Astronomer Michael R. Molnar argues that the "star in the east" refers to an astronomical event with astrological significance in the context of
3289:
1260:, with a ray pointing to "the place where the young child lay" (Matthew 2:9). Sometimes the faint image of an angel is drawn inside the aureola.
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which covers the events of this period, but does not indicate that the conjunctions were of any special interest. In the 20th century, Professor
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A nova or comet was recorded in China in 4 BC. "In the reign of Ai-ti, in the third year of the Chien-p'ing period. In the third month, day
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657:. He suggests a link between the Star of Bethlehem and a double occultation of Jupiter by the Moon on March 20 and April 17 of 6 BC in
598:, an astronomer, argued that this was an astronomical event where Jupiter and Saturn were in a triple conjunction in the constellation
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Ireland, Michael. "Evidence emerges for Star of Bethlehem's reality". Assist News Service. Christian Headlines. October 18, 2007.
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410:(15th century). The Star of Bethlehem can be seen in the top right. The soldiers and castle in the background may represent the
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Edersheim, Alfred. The Life and times of Jesus the Messiah. Peabody, (MA: Hendrickson, 1993), several references, chapter 8.
1112:, the tax census conducted by the Roman senator Quirinius particularly irritated the Jews, and was one of the causes of the
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There is an explanation given that the events were quite close to the Sun and would not have been visible to the naked eye.
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Nikkos Kokkinos, "The Relative Chronology of the Nativity in Tertullian", in Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman and others, eds.,
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4268:, pp. 336–43. This article argues that the Star of Bethlehem is a historical fiction influenced by the appearance of
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Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible
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Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible
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Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible
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Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible
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Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible
2098:: A lecture in the annual October series on Radical Christian Faith at Carrs Lane URC Church, Birmingham, October 5, 2006.
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And our Lord was born in the twenty-eighth year , when first the census was ordered to be taken in the reign of Augustus.
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in Bethlehem, a silver star with 14 undulating rays marks the location traditionally claimed to be that of Jesus' birth.
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of the Nativity. The Star of Bethlehem is depicted at the center top as a dark semicircle, with a single ray coming down.
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and the equator of date. The nova was "recorded in China, Korea, and Palestine" (probably meaning the Biblical account).
939:." This translation was proposed by Edersheim and Heinrich Voigt, among others. The view was rejected by the philologist
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Lawton, Kim. "Star of Bethlehem". Interview with Rick Larson. PBS, Religion & Ethics Newsweekly. December 21, 2007.
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members believe that the Star of Bethlehem was an actual astronomical event visible the world over. In the 1830
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935:. One theory interprets the phrase in Matthew 2:2, "in the east," as an astrological term concerning a "
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Rao, Joe. "Was the Star of Bethlehem a star, comet … or miracle?" NBC News. Updated December 12, 2011.
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concerning a journey to Jerusalem by gentile kings. Isaiah mentions gifts of gold and incense. In the
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states "That star was a distant company of shining angels, but of this the wise men were ignorant."
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By June of 2 BC, nine months later, the human gestation period, Jupiter had continued moving in its
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The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke
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This is presented as a fulfillment of a prophecy and echoes the killing of firstborn by pharaoh in
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170:. Some modern scholars do not consider the story to be describing a historical event, but rather a
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A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History (JSOT Suppl. 100)
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Eugene A. Magnier; Francis A. Primini; Saskia Prins; Jan van Paradijs; Walter H. G. Lewin (1997).
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Meeting Jesus Again for the First Time: The Historical Jesus and the Heart of Contemporary Faith
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2985:. ASK Publications. Can be read for free online, for personal study only. Other uses prohibited.
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Herzog, Travis. "Did the Star of Bethlehem exist?" abc13 Eyewitness News. December 20, 2007.
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The Magi are sometimes called "kings" because of the belief that they fulfill prophecies in
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Originally presented at Hillsdale College during fall 1992. Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
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Lawton, Kim. "Christmas star debate gets its due on Epiphany". USA Today. January 5, 2008.
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3244:
Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
3030:
2718:
For a similar interpretation, see Minnesota Astronomy Review Volume 18 – Fall 2003/2004
2625:
Weintraub, David A., "Amazingly, astronomy can explain the biblical Star of Bethlehem",
2594:
Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries
2265:
7307:
7281:
7170:
7150:
7140:
6972:
6523:
6427:
6254:
6028:
5890:
5835:
5709:
5639:
5589:
5436:
5156:
5124:
5118:
5008:
4948:
4789:
4757:
4695:
4665:
4595:
4317:
3350:
2929:
2235:
2146:
2056:
1328:
1286:
1164:
1108:
also acknowledged that such a translation can be justified grammatically. According to
1093:
990:
Another theory is the more likely supernova of February 23 4 BC, which is now known as
678:
634:
479:
Although possibly intended to refer to a time that was long past, since the kingdom of
427:. Miracles were routinely associated with the birth of important people, including the
393:
237:
399:
7626:
6930:
6888:
6638:
6583:
6535:
6319:
6241:
6092:
6013:
5951:
5058:
5053:
4933:
4928:
4851:
4573:
4531:
4484:
4436:
4362:
4344:
3704:
3693:
3676:
3314:
2367:
2076:
1706:
1457:
1416:
1229:
1208:
1196:
446:
382:
321:
276:
224:. This possibly implies that some time has passed since the birth. However, the word
197:
171:
139:
101:
69:
3685:
The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke
3385:
3062:
Larson, Frederick. "Westward leading" Description of when Jupiter and Venus aligned.
2377:
2003:
1402:
7266:
7135:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6332:
6231:
6216:
6087:
6035:
5870:
5629:
5129:
5003:
4660:
4551:
4511:
4457:
3663:
2896:
1257:
1212:
1082:
However, there is some debate among Bible translators about the correct reading of
991:
972:
606:
439:
407:
146:
have made several attempts to link the star to unusual celestial events, such as a
6117:
5794:
5789:
4096:"As Rashida Tlaib Is Sworn In, Palestinian-Americans Respond With #TweetYourThobe"
3877:
2789:
1104:
and others have suggested may be the correct translation. While not in agreement,
4178:
4157:
4115:"The Meaning Behind the Palestinian Fabric on Vogue Arabia's November 2023 Cover"
3898:
3531:
ns 19 (1968), 204–19. P. M. Bernegger, "Affirmation of Herod’s Death in 4 B.C.,"
2592:
1621:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7180:
7054:
6997:
6208:
6127:
6102:
6023:
6003:
5998:
5972:
5925:
5905:
5855:
5236:
5023:
4963:
4943:
4903:
4898:
4819:
4769:
3902:
3747:
2336:
2165:
1698:
1271:
1267:
1160:
994:
or the Hulse-Taylor Pulsar. It is said to have appeared in the constellation of
662:
603:
562:, who suggested that astrology was allowed 'only until the time of the Gospel'.
546:
178:
135:
4236:
2540:
1293:
prophesies that a new star will appear as a sign that Jesus has been born, and
252:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7069:
6987:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
5865:
5830:
5679:
5166:
5107:
5073:
4866:
4846:
4799:
4794:
4690:
4655:
4645:
4422:
4241:
Ancient astrology: how sages read the heavens/ Did the heavens predict a king?
2885:
Matthew chapter 2, verses 2–10. Bible Hub with whole chapter and commentaries.
2884:
2518:"Is this what the Star of Bethlehem looked like? Venus, Jupiter put on a show"
1530:
1461:
1434:
1406:
Christmas sweater featuring multiple black 8-pointed Star of Bethlehem designs
1132:
1097:
924:
830:
559:
522:
431:
143:
127:
502:
There shall arise a star out of Jacob, and a man shall rise up out of Israel.
7453:
7448:
7261:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7215:
7210:
7205:
6977:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6573:
6362:
6309:
6107:
5895:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5850:
5176:
4809:
4804:
4779:
4735:
4675:
4526:
4402:
4240:
4180:
An Adult Christ at Christmas: Essays on the Three Biblical Christmas Stories
2660:
2095:
1647:
1545:(Nazorean). However, few scholars accept the view that Jesus was a Nazirite.
1438:
1216:
1075:
980:
976:
904:
724:
555:
488:
182:
167:
113:
109:
73:
65:
5930:
5102:
3271:"What Kind of Astronomical Marvel was the Star of ... – Christianity Today"
1192:
3018:
2965:
Scripps Howard News Service. "Astronomer Analyzes The Star Of Bethlehem".
2720:
2445:
2376:. New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 36. Archived from
890:
on December 25 of 2 BC over the town of Bethlehem. Since planets in their
7414:
7352:
7302:
7297:
7115:
7100:
6508:
6121:
6112:
6066:
5910:
5784:
5684:
5181:
5135:
4876:
4730:
4715:
4650:
4635:
4624:
3670:
ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984, Anthony Harvey,
2573:
2209:
1152:
1124:
1109:
1083:
1068:
900:
638:
626:
484:
386:
355:
343:
342:
After Herod dies, Joseph and his family return from Egypt, and settle in
3738:
Elias Joseph Bickerman, Studies in Jewish and Christian History, p. 104.
3315:"The Star of Bethlehem: A Type Ia/Ic Supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy?"
3140:
The Star of Bethlehem: A Skeptical View (Kindle Edition – location 1304)
3112:
3031:
Larson, Frederick. "A coronation" Description of Jupiter as king planet.
2946:
Vaughn, Cliff. "The Star of Bethlehem". Ethics Daily. November 26, 2009.
2213:
1074:
The Gospel of Luke says the census from Caesar Augustus took place when
895:
Chester. The date of December 25 that Jupiter appeared to stop while in
7276:
7256:
7231:
7190:
6056:
6051:
5956:
5920:
5845:
5814:
4861:
4700:
4640:
4506:
2980:
1467:
1412:
1249:
1248:, the Star of Bethlehem is often depicted not as golden, but as a dark
1064:
915:
875:
846:
842:
613:
591:
575:
347:
318:
155:
131:
97:
4307:. Provides an extensive bibliography with Web links to online sources.
4237:
Star of Bethlehem: the astronomical explanations and Reading the Stars
3866:
Acts of the Apostles, chapter 5, verse 2 with commentaries. Bible Hub.
3804:
Luke 2:2 in the English Standard Version (ESV) Bible on BibleGateway.
2872:
2860:
2848:
2026:
1991:
196:
The account in the Gospel of Matthew describes Jesus with the broader
7200:
7175:
6568:
6540:
6460:
6435:
6061:
6018:
6008:
5644:
5522:
5018:
4988:
4774:
4720:
4501:
3792:
Luke 2:2 in the New International Version NIV) Bible on BibleGateway.
2810:
Matthew chapter 2 on Bible Gateway, Amplified Version with footnotes.
2501:
Sinnott, Roger (December 1968). "Thoughts on the Star of Bethlehem".
2054:
Markus Bockmuehl, This Jesus (Continuum International, 2004), p. 28;
1689:
For example, Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in
1148:
1113:
999:
920:
879:
865:
630:
579:
533:
before them, till it came and stood over where the young Child was."
518:
514:
507:
492:
435:
428:
351:
92:? For we have seen His star in the East and have come to worship Him.
6594:
6162:
3865:
3626:
Luke 2:2 Luke chapter 2 verse in parallel translations on Bible Hub.
2836:
2682:
789:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3816:
Luke 2:2 in Holman Christian Standard Bible (HSCB) on BibleGateway.
3377:
1355:
may include a depiction of the star in some form. In the fresco by
7271:
7251:
7120:
6633:
6337:
6220:
5860:
4546:
1420:
1401:
1386:, its design and light recalling the star. In its basic form, the
1377:
1338:
1310:
1191:
1176:
952:
914:
891:
861:
853:
617:
398:
336:
314:
251:
163:
159:
120:
89:
81:
38:
25:
3571:. (St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House, 2011), Print. pp. 219–56.
2897:
Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 9. Bible Hub with commentaries.
313:
Messiah would be born. They answer Bethlehem, birthplace of King
6327:
6082:
5746:
4464:
1569:
1117:
960:
587:
480:
6598:
6166:
4375:
4276:
3583:
W.E. Filmer, "The Chronology of the Reign of Herod the Great".
2306:
The Gospel according to Matthew: an introduction and commentary
1089:"Αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου"
3290:"The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem"
3074:
Telegraph. "'Jesus was born in June", astronomers claim". The
3049:
2700:
Pattern, Michael (2005). "Identifying the Star of Bethlehem".
2689:(Christmas Supplement). Interview with Michael R. Molnar: 3–6.
2115:
The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus
1992:
Concordances on the meaning of the word "netzer" on Bible Hub.
1274:
after seeing a star he identified with the Star of Bethlehem.
833:
Craig Chester based on the work of archeologist and historian
754:
692:
574:
determined that a series of three conjunctions of the planets
3666:
and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in
3579:
3577:
3563:
3561:
3257:
The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem.
1540:
1534:
1087:
959:
was visible in 12 BC and another object, possibly a comet or
549:
4371:
4284:
The Great Christ Comet: Revealing the True Star of Bethlehem
3840:(175 B.C.–A.D. 135), (Edinburgh: Clark, 1973 and 1987), 421.
3780:
Luke 2:2 in the Orthodox Jewish Bible (OJB) on BibleGateway.
1289:, which they believe contains writings of ancient prophets,
1179:
reckoned Jesus's birth with the equivalent of 4 BC or AD 9.
3838:
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ
3674:(Cambridge University Press 2004), p. 221, Meier, John P.,
2176:. Vol. 56, no. 12. pp. 23–29. Archived from
425:
astronomical phenomena were connected to terrestrial events
231:
219:
207:
96:
Herod calls together his scribes and priests who, quoting
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2027:
Isaiah chapter 11, verse 1 on Bible Hub with commentaries.
582:
occurred in the year 7 BC. He argued (incorrectly) that a
3959:
Feast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ
2541:"Book I, Chapter 5. The Time of his Appearance among Men"
1717:, Dec. 2007, pp. 26–29 (reviewing astronomical theories).
138:
claimed that the star fulfilled a prophecy, known as the
4138:
The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2861:
Matthew chapter 2, verse 3. Bible Hub with commentaries.
2849:
Matthew chapter 2, verse 2. Bible Hub with commentaries.
2683:"The Star of Bethlehem, Jupiter, and imperial astrology"
2127:
Paul L. Maier, "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem", in
1734:"Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows"
1309:
believe that the "star" was a vision or sign created by
4071:
Traditional Palestinian Costume - Origins and Evolution
2873:
Matthew chapter 2 verse 7. Bible Hub with commentaries.
2702:
The Journal of the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill
2461:
Audio Version of Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis
2373:
St. Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of Saint Matthew
886:
Jupiter next continued to move and then stopped in its
778:
649:
Double occultation on Saturday (Sabbath) April 17, 6 BC
616:
and a strikingly close conjunction between Jupiter and
3761:
The Kingdom New Testament: A Contemporary Translation.
3002:
3000:
2443:
Minnesota Astronomy Review Volume 18 – Fall 2003/2004
1821:
1819:
1382:
is a cherished and ubiquitous symbol of Christmas for
1252:, a semicircle at the top of the icon, indicating the
329:
orders the execution of all male children in Bethlehem
324:. The king passes this information along to the Magi.
2649:, Rutgers University Press, pp. 86, 89, 106–07,
1297:
later writes about the fulfillment of this prophecy.
1012:
1006:
445:
The Star of Bethlehem is traditionally linked to the
1623:
The Stories of Jesus' Birth: A Critical Introduction
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
874:, meaning "righteousness", a term also used for the
869:
528:
While Origen argued for a naturalistic explanation,
363:
7577:
7441:
7383:
7290:
7224:
7088:
6911:
6800:
6647:
6632:
6561:
6489:
6453:
6426:
6353:
6346:
6318:
6302:
6268:
6240:
6207:
6200:
6075:
6044:
5991:
5965:
5944:
5823:
5768:
5755:
5553:
5448:
5359:
5190:
4912:
4833:
4744:
4621:
4475:
3707:(2006). "The Greek World, the Jews, and the East".
3639:
Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts
3600:. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998, 2015. pp. 238–79.
3527:Timothy David Barnes, "The Date of Herod’s Death,"
3436:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
3405:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1923:"An Exodus motif prevails in the entire chapter." (
661:, particularly the second occultation on April 17.
558:as demonic; a widely cited explanation was that of
225:
213:
201:
41:above the child. Giotto witnessed an appearance of
3351:"ROSAT HRI Observations of M31 Supernova Remnants"
3246:, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), page 61.
3050:Foust, Michael. Baptist Press. December 14, 2007.
2832:
2830:
2739:"Was Christmas star a double eclipse of Jupiter?"
951:Other writers highly suggest that the star was a
37:(1267–1337). The Star of Bethlehem is shown as a
2152:Jesus: apocalyptic prophet of the new millennium
290:are by no means least among the rulers of Judah;
4239:by Helen Jacobus with link to, Jacobus, Helen,
4221:'A linguist's angle on the Star of Bethlehem',
3677:A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus
3218:. No. 114. pp. 336–43. Archived from
1615:
1613:
1278:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1221:
497:
455:
281:
86:
3836:Emil Schürer, Géza Vermès, and Fergus Millar,
3696:(1990). "Reflections on the trials of Jesus".
3209:"The Star of Bethlehem and the Comet of AD 66"
2765:Govier, Gordon. "O Subtle Star of Bethlehem",
1387:
1375:
1052:Relating the star historically to Jesus' birth
845:, called the king planet, with the fixed star
6610:
6178:
4387:
3944:. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. pp. 289–90.
3918:. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. pp. 279–92.
3715:. University of North Carolina Press: 139–63.
3401:"The Christmas Star as a Supernova in Aquila"
2646:The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2111:, Mercer University Press (1998), pp. 125–26.
2043:, Anchor Bible Reference Library, p. 188
1226:dawned the light of knowledge upon the earth.
665:of planets by the Moon are quite common, but
8:
4262:Journal of the British Astronomy Association
4113:Editorial, Vogue Arabia (October 30, 2023).
3987:Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos
3652:Christ in the Gospels of the Liturgical Year
3269:Interview Greg Cootsona (23 November 2015).
3216:Journal of the British Astronomy Association
2620:
2618:
923:from a 6th-century mosaic at a synagogue in
903:, and is the date later chosen to celebrate
288:'And you, O Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
4251:The Star of Bethlehem and the Comet of 66AD
4073:. Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated.
3569:From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology
2769:, Vol. 58, No. 10, p. 19, December 22, 2014
2721:"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"
2464:"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"
2446:"The Star of Bethlehem by Karlis Kaufmanis"
2004:Commentaries for Matthew 2:23 on Bible Hub.
1853:. Westminster: John Knox Press. p. 18.
1676:"Star of Bethlehem." Cross, F. L., ed. The
6644:
6617:
6603:
6595:
6350:
6204:
6185:
6171:
6163:
5765:
4394:
4380:
4372:
3548:. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. p. 300.
1680:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005.
1525:is sometimes identified as the source for
3931:. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998. p. 301.
3700:. Sheffield: JSOT Press. pp. 355–81.
3615:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
3305:
3303:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
2930:Chester, Craig. "The Star of Bethlehem".
2760:
2758:
2638:
2636:
2403:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 111–112.
2284:
2282:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1678:Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church
805:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
3641:(Continuum International, 2001), p. 293.
723:Relevant discussion may be found on the
174:added later to the main gospel account.
72:) are inspired by the star to travel to
2487:Simo Parpola, "The Magi and the Star,"
2113:Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar,
1626:. Continuum International. p. 93.
1557:
1489:. Matthew's version is a conflation of
1479:
971:A recent (2005) hypothesis advanced by
7668:Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament
4231:Looking for a star or Coming to Adore?
2737:Stenger, Richard (December 27, 2001).
2155:, Oxford University Press 1999, p. 38.
2131:, Mercer University Press (1998), 171.
1374:The colourful star lantern known as a
998:, near the intersection of the winter
609:has also suggested this explanation.
487:, who believed it referred to Emperor
104:, interpret it as a prophecy that the
16:Biblical star revealing Christ's birth
5724:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
3989:at oca.org, accessed 31 October 2017.
3963:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
3882:. Luke chapter 2, verse 2. Bible Hub.
2425:"Chinese and Babylonian Observations"
1825:
1237:and to know You, Orient from on High.
1042:, first month" (February 23) or "day
856:around the Sun and appeared in close
625:, they did occur during the reign of
90:He who has been born King of the Jews
7:
4036:Jesus – The Way, the Truth, the Life
3999:Smith, Paul Thomas (December 1997).
3687:. London: G. Chapman, 1977, p. 554,
1359:, it is depicted as a comet. In the
1351:Paintings and other pictures of the
975:is that the star of Bethlehem was a
677:in October 2014. Harvard astronomer
468:And destroy all the sons of tumult.
294:who will govern my people Israel.'"
7407:The Gospel According to St. Matthew
3748:Luke 2:2 commentaries on Bible Hub.
3288:Guillermo Gonzalez (16 June 2017).
2786:Cambridge Conference Correspondence
1235:to worship You, the Sun of Justice,
464:A Scepter shall rise out of Israel,
7648:Biblical Magi in the New Testament
3709:Rome, the Greek World and the East
3585:The Journal of Theological Studies
2983:The Star that Astonished the World
2083:, London: Allen Lane, p. 85,
637:), and early Christian historians
21:Star of Bethlehem (disambiguation)
14:
4094:Zraick, Karen (January 3, 2019).
3680:. Doubleday, 1991, v. 1, p. 213,
3169:. Career Press. pp. 120–21.
2780:Kidger, Mark (December 5, 2001),
2491:December 2001, pp. 16–23, 52, 54.
2063:, Penguin Books Ltd, p. 22,
1787:"First Sunday after the Epiphany"
1371:), the star is held by an angel.
878:, and suggested that because the
669:, an astrologer to Roman Emperor
6293:
6145:
6144:
5600:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
5495:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
4069:Munayyer, Hanan Karaman (2020).
4038:, ch. 7: Astrologers Visit Jesus
3672:A Companion to the New Testament
3668:The Cambridge History of Judaism
3658:Volume 10, p. 157, Geza Vermes,
3090:"History of Christmas". History.
2987:Retrieved on February 12, 2016.
2061:The Nativity: History and Legend
1705:, London: Penguin, 2006, p. 22;
1703:The Nativity: History and Legend
1437:
759:
697:
68:where "wise men from the East" (
3763:Luke 2:2. New York, HarperOne.
3729:, (HarperCollins, 1993), p. 24.
3092:Retrieved on December 22, 2015.
3080:Retrieved on December 22, 2015.
3052:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
3009:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2971:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2911:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2899:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2887:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2875:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2863:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2851:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2839:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2824:Retrieved on December 19, 2015.
2812:Retrieved on December 22, 2015.
2516:Garrison, Greg (7 March 2019).
2029:Retrieved on December 29, 2015.
2006:Retrieved on December 29, 2005.
1539:(Nazirite) resembles Matthew's
827:Starry Night astronomy software
462:A Star shall come out of Jacob;
292:for from you shall come a ruler
5580:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
5509:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
4892:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
4671:Legend of the Christmas Spider
4312:
4305:Star of Bethlehem Bibliography
4204:Case, Shirley Jackson (2006).
3533:Journal of Theological Studies
3529:Journal of Theological Studies
2599:Johns Hopkins University Press
2401:A History of Western Astrology
2081:The Historical Figure of Jesus
1759:Andrews, Samuel James (2020).
1711:The Historical Figure of Jesus
1:
6441:Annunciation to the shepherds
5531:Christmas television specials
5430:The New Oxford Book of Carols
4517:Annunciation to the shepherds
4327:
4229:Consolmagno S.J., Guy (2010)
4208:, Gorgias Press LLC: New Ed.
3656:The Cambridge ancient history
2948:Retrieved on January 2, 2016.
1931:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 132.
1345:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
1224:Your birth, O Christ our God,
1215:. This is illustrated in the
1173:Chronographer of the Year 354
177:The subject is a favorite at
5585:Christmas and holiday season
3884:Retrieved on March 16, 2016.
3868:Retrieved on March 16, 2016.
3518:Retrieved on March 16, 2016.
3502:Retrieved on March 16, 2016.
3195:Science and Christian Belief
3117:New Revised Standard Version
3064:Retrieved December 22, 2015.
3033:Retrieved December 22, 2015.
2129:Chronos, Kairos, Christos II
2117:, HarperSanFrancisco, 1999,
2109:Chronos, Kairos, Christos II
1994:Retrieved December 29, 2015.
1691:Chronos, Kairos, Christos II
899:took place in the season of
829:, and an article written by
466:And batter the brow of Moab,
232:
220:
208:
4310:
3856:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3850:Josephus, Flavius. ~93 AD.
3818:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3806:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3794:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3782:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3750:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3628:Retrieved on March 3, 2016.
3512:Josephus, Flavius. ~93 AD.
3496:Josephus, Flavius. ~AD 93.
3207:Jenkins, R.M. (June 2004).
2643:Molnar, Michael R. (1999),
1566:"A Christmas Star for SOHO"
1415:. In 2019 US congresswoman
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
870:
785:the claims made and adding
689:Regulus, Jupiter, and Venus
570:In 1614, German astronomer
460:I behold him, but not near;
423:The ancients believed that
364:
7689:
7338:Five Discourses of Matthew
4497:Adoration of the Shepherds
4334:Infant Jesus at the Temple
4177:Brown, Raymond E. (1988).
4156:Brown, Raymond E. (1999).
4135:Brown, Raymond E. (1973).
3895:Historiae Adversus Paganos
3587:, 1966. 17(2): pp. 283–98.
3430:McIvor, Robert S. (2005).
3294:TGC – The Gospel Coalition
3163:Roberts, Courtney (2007).
2133:For Micah's prophecy, see
2039:Brown, Raymond E. (1993),
1761:"When did the Magi visit?"
1541:
1535:
1088:
1055:
888:apparent retrograde motion
550:
226:
214:
202:
18:
7673:Christianity in Bethlehem
7605:American Standard Version
7431:The Visual Bible: Matthew
6941:Massacre of the Innocents
6291:
6140:
5741:WWE Tribute to the Troops
5502:A Visit from St. Nicholas
5423:The Oxford Book of Carols
4999:Feast of the Seven Fishes
4562:Massacre of the Innocents
4411:
4313:
4162:. Yale University Press.
3432:"The Star on Roman Coins"
3399:Morehouse, A. J. (1978).
3358:The Astrophysical Journal
2546:Church History (Eusebius)
1300:
1266:founded the monastery of
1183:Religious interpretations
247:
242:Massacre of the Innocents
7358:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
7005:Jesus preaches in a ship
5543:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
4223:Astronomy and Geophysics
3255:Colin R. Nicholl. 2015.
2934:. December 1993, 22(12).
2041:The Birth of the Messiah
1928:Recapitulation of Israel
1652:"Jesus was born in June"
1620:Freed, Edwin D. (2001).
983:occurring in the nearby
306:Revised Standard Version
76:. There, they meet King
7363:Rabbinical translations
5705:Small Business Saturday
5575:Black Friday (shopping)
5570:Black Friday (partying)
5064:Nine Lessons and Carols
4994:Events and celebrations
4219:Coates, Richard (2008)
3852:Antiquities of the Jews
3662:, Penguin 2006, p. 96,
3498:Antiquities of the Jews
3191:'The Star of Bethlehem'
2782:"The Star of Bethlehem"
2681:Eiland, Murray (2019).
2096:Believable Christianity
1695:Mercer University Press
1460:– the Jewish symbol of
1419:was sworn in wearing a
1388:
1376:
1369:the related watercolour
1361:tapestry of the subject
1205:Eastern Orthodox Church
675:University of Groningen
655:ancient Greek astrology
458:I see him, but not now;
419:Fulfillment of prophecy
362:is related to the word
267:, France, 16th century.
130:believe the star was a
119:The star leads them to
7318:Augustinian hypothesis
7156:Mary, sister of Martha
6579:Church of the Nativity
5349:Post-War United States
4206:Jesus: A New Biography
4001:"Birth of the Messiah"
3880:Vincent's Word Studies
2981:Martin, Ernest. 1991
2399:Tester, S. J. (1987).
2276:, Book I, Chapter LIX.
1925:Kennedy, Joel (2008).
1407:
1397:Church of the Nativity
1348:
1242:
1239:O Lord, glory to You.
1230:those who adored stars
1200:
928:
505:
477:
415:
310:
268:
94:
46:
33:by Florentine painter
7658:Christian terminology
7610:World English Version
7328:Matthean Posteriority
7323:Two-gospel hypothesis
7015:Feeding the multitude
6978:Behold the bridegroom
6476:Saint Joseph's dreams
6471:Virgin birth of Jesus
6413:Adoration of the Magi
5398:Hit singles in the US
5393:Hit singles in the UK
4954:Carols by Candlelight
4882:Santa Claus' daughter
4490:Adoration of the Magi
4275:Larson, Frederick A.
3535:ns 34 (1983), 526–31.
3275:ChristianityToday.com
3138:Adair, Aaron (2013).
2591:Kidger, Mark (2005).
2565:Clement of Alexandria
2520:. Alabama Media Group
2295:. Book I, Chapter LX.
2240:"Messianic claimants"
2170:"The First Christmas"
1910:The original is from
1849:Long, Thomas (1997).
1405:
1353:Adoration of the Magi
1342:
1317:Seventh-day Adventist
1246:Christian iconography
1233:were taught by a star
1195:
1157:Epiphanius of Salamis
1129:Clement of Alexandria
1011:, there was a rising
918:
710:synthesis of material
643:Clement of Alexandria
584:planetary conjunction
566:Planetary conjunction
404:Adoration of the Magi
402:
257:Adoration of the Magi
255:
31:Adoration of the Magi
29:
7375:Joseph Smith–Matthew
7060:Crucifixion of Jesus
5690:Santa's Candy Castle
5014:Google Santa Tracker
4294:. Crossway, 2015.
4281:Nicholl, Colin R.,
4183:. Liturgical Press.
4048:The Desire of Ages,
3955:"Hymns of the Feast"
3759:Wright, N. T. 2011.
3637:Ralph Martin Novak,
3166:The Star of the Magi
2969:. December 24, 1993.
2289:Adamantius, Origen.
2264:Adamantius, Origen.
2215:The Wars of the Jews
2125:. pp. 499, 521, 533.
1576:on December 24, 2004
1153:Eusebius of Caesarea
1145:Hippolytus of Thebes
1051:
864:in June of 2 BC. In
602:. Archaeologist and
236:is also used in the
191:Western Christianity
19:For other uses, see
7653:Christian mythology
6983:Sermon on the Mount
5695:Santa Claus Village
5610:Christmas Mountains
5516:Journey of the Magi
4522:Baptism of the Lord
3878:Vincent, Marvin R.
3689:A. N. Sherwin-White
3514:The War of the Jews
3448:2005JRASC..99...87M
3417:1978JRASC..72...65M
3370:1997ApJ...490..649M
3336:2005Obs...125..168T
3078:. December 9, 2008.
2967:The Chicago Tribune
2629:, December 26, 2014
1656:The Daily Telegraph
1445:Christianity portal
1307:Jehovah's Witnesses
1301:Jehovah's Witnesses
1291:Samuel the Lamanite
1161:Cassiodorus Senator
1058:Chronology of Jesus
537:Astronomical object
474:Numbers 24:17, NKJV
412:Battle of Castillon
248:Matthew's narrative
7643:Astronomical myths
7600:King James Version
7392:St Matthew Passion
7343:Calling of Matthew
7333:Genealogy of Jesus
6946:Return to Nazareth
5805:Twelve-dish supper
5655:Jews and Christmas
5605:Christmas Lectures
5334:American Civil War
5069:NORAD Tracks Santa
4445:Saint Nicholas Day
4348:
4341:
4290:2016-10-19 at the
4277:What Was the Star?
4256:2018-10-05 at the
4055:2020-11-26 at the
3650:Raymond E. Brown,
3567:Andrew Steinmann,
2767:Christianity Today
2726:. 30 October 2023.
2505:. pp. 384–86.
2451:. 30 October 2023.
2342:2018-09-29 at the
2077:Sanders, Ed Parish
1425:Christmas sweaters
1408:
1365:Edward Burne-Jones
1349:
1324:The Desire of Ages
1321:In her 1898 book,
1264:Simon the Athonite
1228:For by Your birth
1201:
1141:Hippolytus of Rome
929:
868:Jupiter is called
839:triple conjunction
770:possibly contains
720:to the main topic.
714:verifiably mention
708:possibly contains
541:Although the word
416:
269:
261:Chartres Cathedral
152:Jupiter and Saturn
47:
7663:Gospel of Matthew
7633:Star of Bethlehem
7618:
7617:
7348:Kingdom of heaven
7030:Great Commandment
7010:Calming the storm
6968:Galilean ministry
6953:Kingdom of heaven
6936:Flight into Egypt
6926:Star of Bethlehem
6907:
6906:
6626:Gospel of Matthew
6592:
6591:
6524:Nativity displays
6514:Christmas village
6481:Flight into Egypt
6466:Star of Bethlehem
6449:
6448:
6355:Gospel of Matthew
6320:Gifts of the Magi
6289:
6288:
6194:Nativity of Jesus
6160:
6159:
6136:
6135:
5800:Thirteen desserts
5720:Virginia O'Hanlon
5565:Advent Conspiracy
5479:Films (Christmas,
5471:A Christmas Carol
5416:Carols for Choirs
4959:Cavalcade of Magi
4939:Boar's Head Feast
4608:Star of Bethlehem
4579:Nativity of Jesus
4567:flight into Egypt
4452:St. Stephen's Day
4370:
4369:
4315:Star of Bethlehem
4300:978-1-4335-4213-8
4141:. Paulist Press.
3682:Brown, Raymond E.
3197:5 (1995), 83–101.
3189:Colin Humphreys,
2503:Sky and Telescope
2210:Josephus, Flavius
2168:(December 2006).
1938:978-3-16-149825-1
1765:Salem Web Network
1715:Sky and Telescope
1511:Exodus 11:1–12:36
1357:Giotto di Bondone
1219:of the Nativity:
1188:Eastern Orthodoxy
815:
814:
807:
772:original research
753:
752:
745:
667:Firmicus Maternus
273:Gospel of Matthew
181:shows during the
108:would be born in
63:Gospel of Matthew
57:, appears in the
51:Star of Bethlehem
35:Giotto di Bondone
7680:
7595:Wycliffe Version
7569:Magdalen papyrus
7395:(Bach, 1727/29)
7313:Textual variants
7131:John the Baptist
7080:Great Commission
7050:Passion of Jesus
7035:Olivet Discourse
7020:Walking on water
6645:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6596:
6351:
6297:
6205:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6164:
6152:
6148:
6147:
5983:Redcurrant sauce
5772:
5766:
5761:
5735:Winter festivals
5485:Christmas horror
5452:
5363:
5194:
5049:Meals and feasts
4969:Christmas jumper
4916:
4887:Santa's reindeer
4839:
4785:Father Christmas
4749:
4706:Santa's workshop
4627:
4589:in later culture
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4405:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4373:
4366:
4360:Adoration of the
4349:
4342:
4337:
4311:
4249:Jenkins, R.M., "
4235:Gill, Victoria:
4194:
4173:
4152:
4123:
4122:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4066:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3951:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3893:Paulus Orosius,
3891:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3725:Marcus J. Borg,
3723:
3717:
3716:
3701:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3565:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2788:, archived from
2777:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2659:, archived from
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2466:. Archived from
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2242:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2144:
2138:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2073:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1789:. Archived from
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1736:. Archived from
1729:
1718:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1562:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1484:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1391:
1381:
1335:Depiction in art
1169:Dionysus Exiguus
1137:Julius Africanus
1102:Ben Witherington
1091:
1090:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1010:
985:Andromeda Galaxy
873:
835:Ernest L. Martin
819:Frederick Larson
810:
803:
799:
796:
790:
787:inline citations
763:
762:
755:
748:
741:
737:
734:
728:
701:
700:
693:
631:is referenced in
596:Karlis Kaufmanis
553:
552:
475:
367:
317:, and quote the
308:
304:Matthew 2:1–11,
235:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
112:to the south of
7688:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7614:
7573:
7437:
7379:
7286:
7220:
7084:
7025:Transfiguration
6913:
6903:
6796:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6593:
6588:
6557:
6485:
6445:
6422:
6342:
6314:
6298:
6285:
6281:Herod the Great
6264:
6236:
6196:
6191:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6132:
6098:Pickled herring
6071:
6040:
5987:
5978:Cranberry sauce
5961:
5940:
5916:Red velvet cake
5901:Poppy seed roll
5819:
5770:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5730:White Christmas
5620:Christmas truce
5615:Christmas seals
5595:Christmas creep
5557:
5555:
5549:
5450:
5444:
5361:
5355:
5192:
5186:
5039:Lord of Misrule
4974:Christmas Peace
4924:Advent calendar
4914:
4908:
4857:Knecht Ruprecht
4837:
4835:
4829:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4542:Herod the Great
4477:
4471:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4316:
4292:Wayback Machine
4258:Wayback Machine
4225:, 49, pp. 27–49
4201:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4155:
4149:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4057:Wayback Machine
4047:
4043:
4033:
4029:
4018:
4014:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3940:Finegan, Jack.
3939:
3935:
3927:Finegan, Jack.
3926:
3922:
3914:Finegan, Jack.
3913:
3909:
3892:
3888:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3720:
3703:
3692:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3596:Finegan, Jack.
3595:
3591:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3559:
3544:Finegan, Jack.
3543:
3539:
3526:
3522:
3510:
3506:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3455:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3323:The Observatory
3317:
3311:Frank J. Tipler
3309:
3308:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2979:
2975:
2963:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:Washington Post
2623:
2616:
2609:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2344:Wayback Machine
2335:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2303:
2299:
2291:"Contra Celsum"
2288:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2266:"Contra Celsum"
2263:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2236:Lendering, Jona
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1959:Matthew 2:10–21
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1897:Matthew 2:13–14
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1606:Matthew 2:11–12
1604:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1337:
1319:
1303:
1280:
1254:Uncreated Light
1241:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1190:
1185:
1060:
1054:
969:
949:
937:heliacal rising
913:
911:Heliacal rising
811:
800:
794:
791:
776:
764:
760:
749:
738:
732:
729:
722:
712:which does not
702:
698:
691:
651:
627:Caesar Augustus
586:could create a
572:Johannes Kepler
568:
539:
530:John Chrysostom
476:
473:
470:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
451:Book of Numbers
421:
379:
374:
309:
303:
296:
293:
291:
289:
265:Jehan de Beauce
250:
189:(January 6) in
84:, and ask him:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7686:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7418:(1971 musical)
7411:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7387:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7308:Gospel of Mark
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7282:Sea of Galilee
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7171:Pontius Pilate
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7151:Mary Magdalene
7148:
7143:
7141:Judas Iscariot
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6980:
6975:
6973:Fishers of men
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6894:27:1–12; 52–66
6891:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6428:Gospel of Luke
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6029:Smoking Bishop
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5763:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5717:
5712:
5710:Super Saturday
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5640:Giving Tuesday
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Christmas club
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5488:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:Piae Cantiones
5433:
5426:
5419:
5409:
5403:Music charts (
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5367:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Père Fouettard
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4838:Saint Nicholas
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4790:Grandpa Indian
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4758:Saint Nicholas
4754:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Old Man Winter
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Miner's figure
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Kallikantzaros
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4596:Nativity scene
4593:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4431:Children's Day
4427:
4420:
4417:Blue Christmas
4412:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4353:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4279:
4273:
4270:Halley's Comet
4247:
4233:
4227:
4217:
4200:
4199:External links
4197:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4174:
4169:978-0300140088
4168:
4153:
4148:978-0809117680
4147:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4100:New York Times
4086:
4079:
4061:
4041:
4027:
4012:
3991:
3979:
3968:
3946:
3933:
3920:
3907:
3886:
3870:
3858:
3842:
3829:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3769:978-0062064912
3752:
3740:
3731:
3718:
3705:Millar, Fergus
3694:Millar, Fergus
3691:, pp. 166–67,
3643:
3630:
3618:
3602:
3589:
3573:
3557:
3537:
3520:
3504:
3488:
3475:
3464:
3453:
3422:
3391:
3378:10.1086/304917
3341:
3299:
3280:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3199:
3182:
3176:978-1564149626
3175:
3155:
3149:978-0956694867
3148:
3142:. Onus Books.
3130:
3121:
3105:
3094:
3082:
3066:
3054:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2996:
2973:
2950:
2938:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2772:
2754:
2729:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2655:
2632:
2614:
2607:
2601:. p. 63.
2583:
2556:
2531:
2508:
2493:
2480:
2454:
2436:
2423:Mark, Kidger.
2406:
2391:
2368:Schaff, Philip
2359:
2348:
2329:
2318:
2304:France, R.T.,
2297:
2278:
2256:
2227:
2201:
2190:
2157:
2147:Bart D. Ehrman
2139:
2100:
2089:
2069:
2059:(2006-11-02),
2047:
2031:
2019:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1937:
1916:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1841:
1838:Matthew 2:1–11
1830:
1815:
1804:
1777:
1751:
1732:John, Mosley.
1719:
1682:
1669:
1650:(2008-12-09).
1639:
1632:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1515:
1499:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1453:Caesar's Comet
1449:
1448:
1432:
1429:
1336:
1333:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1299:
1287:Book of Mormon
1279:
1276:
1222:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1165:Paulus Orosius
1094:Harold Hoehner
1069:Passover Feast
1053:
1050:
968:
965:
957:Halley's Comet
948:
945:
912:
909:
813:
812:
767:
765:
758:
751:
750:
705:
703:
696:
690:
687:
679:Owen Gingerich
650:
647:
635:Gospel of Luke
623:death of Herod
567:
564:
538:
535:
471:
456:
420:
417:
394:Bart D. Ehrman
378:
375:
373:
370:
358:vow. The word
301:
286:
275:tells how the
249:
246:
238:Gospel of Luke
106:Jewish Messiah
59:nativity story
55:Christmas Star
43:Halley's Comet
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7685:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7621:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7590:Latin Vulgate
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:Lord's Prayer
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6639:New Testament
6635:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6585:
6584:Nativity Fast
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Nativity play
6534:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:Meat and fish
6074:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Hot chocolate
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Ugly sweaters
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Controversies
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5552:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5460:In literature
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5329:United States
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Moravian star
5057:
5055:
5054:Midnight Mass
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Candle arches
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Advent wreath
4932:
4930:
4929:Advent candle
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4836:Companions of
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:Gift-bringers
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4620:
4614:
4613:Twelfth Night
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Nativity Fast
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Christmastide
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Angel Gabriel
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:Biblical Magi
4483:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4438:Christmas Eve
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4345:New Testament
4339:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4318:Life of Jesus
4306:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:, June 2004,
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:1-59333-475-3
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4190:0-8028-3931-2
4186:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4080:9781623719241
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:(2): 649–52.
3363:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:Mark Kidger,
3239:
3236:
3225:on 2018-10-05
3221:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:9780945657880
2990:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2792:on 2016-04-03
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2663:on 1999-10-12
2662:
2658:
2656:0-8135-2701-5
2652:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:0-8018-8026-2
2604:
2600:
2597:. Baltimore:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:Bible Review,
2484:
2481:
2470:on 2018-08-01
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2380:on 2009-02-07
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:(Septuagint).
2345:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:Isaiah 60:1–7
2308:, p. 84. See
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2246:on 2016-06-02
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:Numbers 24:17
2194:
2191:
2180:on 2007-12-14
2179:
2175:
2174:History Today
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2123:0-06-062979-7
2120:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:0-7139-9059-7
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:0-14-102446-1
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1828:, p. 11.
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:Luke 2:17, 27
1808:
1805:
1793:on 2008-06-13
1792:
1788:
1785:Ratti, John.
1781:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1740:on 2008-05-16
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:E. P. Sanders
1704:
1700:
1697:(1998), 171;
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1633:0-567-08046-3
1629:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:Matthew 2:1–2
1591:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Judges 13:5–7
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Matthew 2:5–6
1483:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:Star of David
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Rashida Tlaib
1414:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1067:and before a
1066:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
926:
922:
917:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
820:
809:
806:
798:
795:December 2023
788:
784:
780:
774:
773:
768:This section
766:
757:
756:
747:
744:
736:
733:December 2023
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:This section
704:
695:
694:
688:
686:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
608:
605:
604:Assyriologist
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
548:
544:
536:
534:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
469:
454:
452:
448:
447:Star Prophecy
443:
441:
437:
434:, as well as
433:
430:
426:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
392:According to
390:
388:
384:
383:pious fiction
377:Pious fiction
376:
371:
369:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
332:
330:
325:
323:
320:
316:
307:
300:
295:
285:
280:
278:
274:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
243:
239:
234:
222:
210:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
172:pious fiction
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Star Prophecy
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Book of Micah
99:
93:
91:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
7620:
7429:
7421:
7413:
7405:
7390:
7267:Jordan River
7121:Jesus Christ
7075:Resurrection
6925:
6921:Jesus' birth
6562:Remembrances
6465:
6408:Matthew 2:11
6403:Matthew 1:25
6398:Matthew 1:24
6393:Matthew 1:23
6388:Matthew 1:22
6383:Matthew 1:21
6378:Matthew 1:20
6373:Matthew 1:19
6368:Matthew 1:18
6333:Frankincense
6217:Christ Child
6088:Gefilte fish
6036:Ponche crema
5871:Melomakarono
5739:
5630:Cyber Monday
5535:
5500:
5469:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5411:Music books
5404:
5242:Nazi Germany
5134:
5130:Secret Santa
5117:
5004:Flying Santa
4711:Tió de Nadal
4661:Korvatunturi
4607:
4512:Annunciation
4478:Christianity
4459:Sol Invictus
4358:
4343:
4332:
4322:The Nativity
4314:
4283:
4265:
4261:
4244:
4222:
4205:
4179:
4158:
4137:
4129:Bibliography
4119:Vogue Arabia
4118:
4108:
4099:
4089:
4070:
4064:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4024:3 Nephi 1:21
4020:Helaman 14:5
4015:
4004:
3994:
3982:
3971:
3958:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3873:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3837:
3832:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3760:
3755:
3743:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3708:
3697:
3684:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3664:W. D. Davies
3660:The Nativity
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3621:
3612:Jesus Christ
3611:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3568:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3467:
3456:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3327:
3321:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3227:. Retrieved
3220:the original
3215:
3202:
3194:
3185:
3165:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3108:
3097:
3085:
3075:
3069:
3057:
3026:
3014:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2941:
2931:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2817:
2805:
2794:, retrieved
2790:the original
2785:
2775:
2766:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2732:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2676:
2665:, retrieved
2661:the original
2645:
2626:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2511:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:the original
2457:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2400:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:the original
2372:
2362:
2356:Matthew 2:11
2351:
2332:
2321:
2314:Psalms 72:10
2305:
2300:
2269:. Retrieved
2259:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2204:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2173:
2166:Vermes, Geza
2160:
2150:
2142:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2080:
2060:
2057:Vermes, Géza
2050:
2040:
2034:
2022:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1976:
1970:Matthew 2:23
1965:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1927:
1919:
1908:Matthew 2:15
1903:
1892:
1886:Matthew 2:12
1881:
1870:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:the original
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1714:
1710:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1642:
1622:
1601:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:the original
1560:
1529:because the
1527:Matthew 2:23
1518:
1507:Matthew 2:16
1502:
1495:2 Samuel 5:2
1482:
1409:
1394:
1373:
1363:designed by
1350:
1322:
1320:
1304:
1281:
1262:
1258:Divine grace
1244:In Orthodox
1243:
1223:
1213:Christ Child
1202:
1197:Russian icon
1171:(1 BC), and
1122:
1106:Emil Schürer
1081:
1073:
1061:
1004:
989:
973:Frank Tipler
970:
950:
930:
885:
851:
824:
816:
801:
792:
769:
739:
730:
707:
684:
663:Occultations
652:
611:
607:Simo Parpola
569:
542:
540:
527:
512:
506:
501:
498:
478:
457:
444:
422:
408:Jean Fouquet
403:
391:
380:
372:Explanations
359:
341:
333:
326:
311:
297:
287:
282:
270:
256:
195:
176:
125:
118:
95:
87:
54:
50:
48:
30:
7442:Manuscripts
7434:(1993 film)
7426:(1973 film)
7410:(1964 film)
7181:Simon Peter
7055:Last Supper
7040:Ten Virgins
6998:Golden Rule
6914:and phrases
6209:Holy Family
6103:Roast goose
6024:Mulled wine
6004:Champurrado
5999:Apple cider
5973:Bread sauce
5926:Szaloncukor
5906:Pumpkin pie
5856:Gingerbread
5810:Smörgåsbord
5451:Other media
5289:Philippines
5279:New Zealand
5162:Twelve Days
5119:Räuchermann
5074:Nutcrackers
5024:Las Posadas
4984:Decorations
4964:Christingle
4904:Zwarte Piet
4899:Snegurochka
4820:Sinterklaas
4770:Santa Claus
4356:Followed by
4330:Preceded by
3976:Matthew 2:9
3484:Antiquities
3461:Matthew 2:1
3113:Matthew 2:2
3102:Matthew 2:2
2337:Isaiah 60:6
2326:Isaiah 60:6
2016:Isaiah 11:1
1981:Judges 13:5
1875:Matthew 2:8
1864:Matthew 2:4
1699:Geza Vermes
1343:Woodcut by
1329:Ellen White
1305:Members of
1272:Mount Athos
1268:Simonopetra
992:PSR 1913+16
858:conjunction
671:Constantine
179:planetarium
148:conjunction
144:Astronomers
136:theologians
134:sign. Some
7627:Categories
7585:Greek Text
7384:In culture
7070:Empty tomb
6988:Beatitudes
6963:Temptation
6491:In culture
6347:Narratives
5831:Candy cane
5780:Joulupöytä
5680:Pikkujoulu
5344:New Mexico
5193:By country
5167:Wassailing
5108:Poinsettia
4915:Traditions
4867:Mrs. Claus
4847:Belsnickel
4800:Julemanden
4795:Joulupukki
4726:Wenceslaus
4691:North Pole
4656:Jack Frost
4646:Christkind
4601:Neapolitan
4424:Boxing Day
3554:1565631439
3482:Josephus,
3330:: 168–74.
3229:2016-12-23
2796:2007-07-04
2748:2009-07-04
2667:2009-07-04
2539:Eusebius.
2524:3 February
2474:2011-01-03
2430:2008-06-05
2384:2009-07-04
2271:2008-06-05
2250:2008-06-05
2221:2008-06-07
2184:2009-07-04
1944:2009-07-04
1912:Hosea 11:1
1826:Brown 1988
1797:2008-06-05
1770:3 February
1744:2008-06-05
1662:2011-12-14
1580:2008-07-04
1553:References
1531:Septuagint
1462:King David
1159:(3/2 BC),
1155:(3/2 BC),
1151:(3/2 BC),
1147:(3/2 BC),
1143:(3/2 BC),
1139:(3/2 BC),
1135:(3/2 BC),
1133:Tertullian
1131:(3/2 BC),
1127:(3/2 BC),
1098:F.F. Bruce
1056:See also:
941:Franz Boll
925:Beit Alpha
897:retrograde
831:astronomer
825:Using the
779:improve it
560:Tertullian
523:Septuagint
432:patriarchs
132:miraculous
128:Christians
7638:Astrology
7449:Papyrus 1
7399:Structure
7262:Jerusalem
7247:Capernaum
7242:Bethsaida
7237:Bethlehem
7216:Sanhedrin
7211:Sadducees
7206:Pharisees
7045:Anointing
6810:Matthew 1
6657:Matthew 1
6574:Christmas
6363:Matthew 1
6310:Bethlehem
6276:Shepherds
6260:Balthazar
6118:Tourtière
6108:Romeritos
6045:Dumplings
5992:Beverages
5896:Pecan pie
5886:Panettone
5881:Pampushka
5876:Mince pie
5851:Fruitcake
5795:Réveillon
5675:NFL games
5670:NBA games
5665:In August
5635:Economics
5405:Billboard
5259:Indonesia
5202:Australia
5177:Yule goat
5152:Stockings
5086:Ornaments
4815:Père Noël
4810:Olentzero
4805:Noel Baba
4780:Ded Moroz
4736:Yule Lads
4676:Mari Lwyd
4527:Bethlehem
4404:Christmas
4272:in AD 66.
3702:repr. in
3486:XVII:7:4.
3442:(3): 87.
3259:Crossway.
3076:Telegraph
2135:Micah 5:2
1648:Telegraph
1542:Ναζωραῖος
1536:ναζιραιον
1491:Micah 5:2
1384:Filipinos
1217:Troparion
1076:Quirinius
981:hypernova
977:supernova
967:Supernova
905:Christmas
817:Attorney
783:verifying
725:talk page
556:astrology
489:Vespasian
183:Christmas
168:supernova
114:Jerusalem
110:Bethlehem
100:from the
88:Where is
74:Jerusalem
66:chapter 2
7423:Godspell
7415:Godspell
7368:Shem Tob
7353:Immanuel
7303:M source
7298:Q source
7116:Jeremiah
7101:Caiaphas
6649:Chapters
6509:Batlejka
6250:Melchior
6151:Category
6122:meat pie
6113:Stuffing
6067:Varenyky
5936:Yule log
5911:Qurabiya
5785:Julebord
5758:Food and
5685:SantaCon
5650:El Gordo
5537:Yule Log
5309:Scotland
5222:Ethiopia
5207:Colombia
5182:Yule log
5136:Spanbaum
5113:Pyramids
4979:Crackers
4877:Sack Man
4763:folklore
4731:Yule cat
4636:Badalisc
4626:folklore
4537:Epiphany
4363:Wise Men
4288:Archived
4254:Archived
4053:Archived
3903:VII.2.16
3472:Luke 2:2
3386:54162850
3313:(2005).
2932:Imprimis
2687:Antiqvvs
2574:Stromata
2370:(1886).
2340:Archived
2079:(1993),
1658:. London
1431:See also
1367:(and in
1167:(2 BC),
1163:(3 BC),
1125:Irenaeus
1110:Josephus
1084:Luke 2:2
1027:po-hsing
933:asterism
927:, Israel
901:Hanukkah
639:Eusebius
485:Josephus
472:—
442:heroes.
387:Nazareth
360:Nazareth
356:Nazirite
354:and the
344:Nazareth
302:—
187:Epiphany
45:in 1301.
7578:Sources
7291:Related
7277:Samaria
7257:Galilee
7232:Bethany
7191:Zebedee
7161:Matthew
6958:Baptism
6885:16:2b–3
6546:Serbian
6504:In film
6454:Related
6057:Pierogi
6052:Hallaca
5957:Borscht
5921:Stollen
5891:Pavlova
5866:Makówki
5846:Cozonac
5815:Wigilia
5700:Scrooge
5660:In July
5558:society
5490:Poetry
5324:Ukraine
5299:Romania
5264:Ireland
5254:Iceland
5249:Hungary
5237:Germany
5227:Finland
5217:England
5212:Denmark
5172:Windows
5103:Piñatas
5091:Parades
5044:Markets
5029:Letters
5019:Hampers
4862:Krampus
4701:Perchta
4641:Caganer
3965:. 2009.
3899:VI.22.7
3444:Bibcode
3413:Bibcode
3366:Bibcode
3332:Bibcode
1851:Matthew
1468:RCW 103
1413:tatreez
1395:In the
1250:aureola
1211:to the
1203:In the
1065:eclipse
876:Messiah
847:Regulus
843:Jupiter
777:Please
614:Regulus
592:Babylon
576:Jupiter
449:in the
414:(1453).
348:Galilee
319:prophet
233:paidíon
227:παιδίον
221:bréphos
209:paidíon
203:παιδίον
166:, or a
156:Jupiter
98:a verse
61:of the
7225:Places
7201:Angels
7197:Groups
7186:Thomas
7176:Rachel
7166:Philip
7136:Joseph
7096:Andrew
7089:People
7065:Burial
6912:Events
6870:13:1–3
6802:Verses
6569:Advent
6553:Others
6541:Vertep
6519:Szopka
6499:In art
6461:Manger
6436:Luke 2
6417:In art
6269:Others
6255:Caspar
6232:Joseph
6201:People
6128:Turkey
6062:Tamale
6019:Kissel
6009:Eggnog
5966:Sauces
5952:Menudo
5931:Turrón
5841:Cookie
5824:Sweets
5790:Kūčios
5771:Dinner
5645:Grinch
5556:modern
5523:Tomten
5482:Santa,
5465:novels
5383:Operas
5371:Carols
5339:Hawaii
5319:Sweden
5314:Serbia
5304:Russia
5294:Poland
5284:Norway
5274:Mexico
5232:France
5147:Stamps
5142:Szopka
5034:Lights
4989:Didukh
4825:Others
4775:Befana
4721:Vertep
4584:in art
4552:Joseph
4502:Advent
4351:Events
4298:
4212:
4187:
4166:
4145:
4077:
4006:Ensign
3767:
3552:
3411:: 65.
3384:
3173:
3146:
2991:
2708:: 290.
2653:
2605:
2121:
2087:
2067:
1935:
1630:
1347:, 1860
1149:Origen
1114:Zealot
1045:chi-yu
1039:chi-yu
1033:chi-yu
1021:chi-yu
1008:chi-yu
1000:colure
996:Aquila
921:zodiac
892:orbits
880:planet
866:Hebrew
718:relate
600:Pisces
580:Saturn
519:Psalms
515:Isaiah
508:Origen
493:Origen
429:Hebrew
365:netzer
352:Samson
215:βρέφος
7272:Judea
7252:Egypt
7111:James
7106:Herod
6634:Bible
6529:theft
6338:Myrrh
6303:Place
6221:Jesus
5861:Kutia
5760:drink
5388:Songs
5362:Music
5269:Italy
5125:Seals
5079:dolls
5009:Gifts
4949:Cards
4852:Elves
4716:Turoń
4686:Nisse
4651:Grýla
4547:Jesus
4050:p. 60
3382:S2CID
3354:(PDF)
3318:(PDF)
3223:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
3193:, in
2724:(PDF)
2449:(PDF)
1474:Notes
1421:thobe
1389:paról
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