777:
46:
175:, while 84 percent (of the 70 percent) match the first appearance of the evening star. Star wars also appear to have had a seasonal bias, clustering in the dry season from November through January. Few were recorded to have happened during the planting season and none at all during harvest time, between mid-September and late October. There may also have been a correlation between star wars and
104:
to four distinct categories, each represented by its own glyph. Those accorded the greatest significance by the Maya were described with the "star war" glyph, representing a major war resulting in the defeat of one polity by another. This represents the installation of a new dynastic line of rulers,
186:
The precise nature of the proposed link between star wars and astronomical events is unclear. It is possible that events such as eclipses may have stimulated star wars, prompting the Maya to launch star wars in the belief that they had received a favorable omen for military endeavors. They may also
34:
124:
in a star war on
December 24, 631, it resulted in Naranjo's ruler being tortured to death and possibly eaten. Another star war in February 744 resulted in Tikal sacking Caracol and capturing a personal god effigy of its ruler. An inscription from a monument found at
116:, resulted in a 120-year hiatus for the latter city. It saw a decline in Tikal's population, a cessation of monument erection, and the destruction of certain monuments in the Great Plaza. When
491:
Chase, Diane; Chase, Arlen. "Texts and
Contexts in Maya Warfare: A brief Consideration of Epigraphy and Archaeology at Caracol, Belize". In Brown, M.K.; Stanton, T.W. (eds.).
1538:
1533:
1528:
1177:
860:
672:
630:
517:
470:
168:, includes astronomical tables for calculating the position of Venus, which the codex depicts as spearing people as it passes overhead.
579:
1417:
1427:
850:
724:
1442:
986:
705:
188:
764:
1402:
754:
1452:
759:
744:
664:
749:
81:, which depicts a star showering the earth with liquid droplets, or a star over a shell. It represents a verb but its
1407:
1166:
152:
civilizations as the bringer of war (in contrast to the equivalent
European belief assigning that characteristic to
1513:
1422:
855:
811:
538:
423:
105:
complete dominion of one polity over another, or a successful war of independence by a formerly dominated polity.
1523:
1082:
981:
964:
954:
622:
187:
have had astronomical connections with planets other than Venus; many star wars appear to be correlated with the
1387:
1518:
183:
seem to have taken place shortly after eclipses, in one case in July 743 only one day after a solar eclipse.
140:
have noted that the dates of recorded star wars often coincide with astronomical events involving the planet
882:
559:
1152:
285:
126:
108:
Losing a star war could be disastrous for the defeated party. The first recorded star war in 562, between
199:
A number of star wars are recorded in Mayan inscriptions dating from between 562 and 781. These include:
1377:
1285:
959:
872:
823:
739:
129:(dating from 669) describes the aftermath of a star war: "the blood was pooled, the skulls were piled".
1412:
1437:
1397:
1255:
1145:
1107:
840:
806:
145:
1357:
1114:
1055:
998:
776:
1392:
1159:
1220:
991:
919:
698:
206:
571:
534:
160:
or "Great Star" and made it the focus of detailed astronomical observation and calculation. The
85:
value and specific meaning have not yet been deciphered. The name "star war" was coined by the
1432:
1260:
791:
714:
668:
656:
626:
585:
575:
513:
507:
466:
460:
70:
616:
1462:
1235:
818:
1342:
535:""The Blood Was Pooled, the Skulls Were Piled": Maya Star Wars and a Misconstrued Doomsday"
45:
1487:
1215:
1200:
1010:
976:
867:
801:
734:
172:
1482:
1138:
144:, either when it was first visible in the morning or night sky or during its absence at
1492:
1250:
904:
33:
1507:
1472:
1467:
1100:
1020:
971:
929:
909:
894:
830:
691:
568:
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the
Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
563:
213:
176:
161:
1352:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1095:
1089:
944:
934:
914:
165:
101:
92:
to refer to the glyph, and by extension to the type of conflict that it indicates.
89:
1327:
1245:
1121:
1060:
924:
877:
149:
78:
1240:
899:
845:
440:
589:
1210:
1131:
835:
347:
301:
86:
20:
1045:
391:
171:
Seventy percent of recorded star war dates are reported to correspond with
1477:
1337:
1322:
1305:
1300:
1040:
889:
317:
237:
137:
117:
1367:
1332:
1225:
1050:
796:
258:
233:
121:
109:
82:
73:
during the first millennium AD. The term comes from a specific type of
1317:
1265:
1230:
1035:
410:
683:
661:
Gordon R. Willey and
American Archaeology: Contemporary Perspectives
1362:
1347:
1295:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1065:
242:
180:
141:
113:
74:
1030:
1003:
618:
Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and
Calendars
153:
687:
495:. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. pp. 171–188.
459:
Witschey, Walter Robert
Thurmond; Brown, Clifford T. (2012).
659:. In Sabloff, Jeremy A.; Fash, William Leonard (eds.).
486:
484:
482:
69:
was a decisive conflict between rival polities of the
1451:
1376:
1176:
1074:
1019:
943:
784:
723:
39:Glyph from Naranjo Hieroglyphic Stairway (AD 631)
610:
608:
699:
8:
657:"The Classic Maya 'Collapse' and Its Causes"
706:
692:
684:
509:Space and Spatial Analysis in Archaeology
51:Glyph from Tortuguero Monument 6 (AD 669)
201:
451:
570:(2nd ed.). London and New York:
100:Maya inscriptions assign episodes of
7:
1539:8th century in the Maya civilization
1534:7th century in the Maya civilization
1529:6th century in the Maya civilization
462:Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica
14:
775:
506:Robertson, Elizabeth C. (2006).
465:. Scarecrow Press. p. 288.
44:
32:
1:
533:Doyle, James (May 29, 2015).
191:of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
164:, one of only four surviving
58:Examples of 'star war' glyphs
665:University of Oklahoma Press
493:Ancient Mesoamerican Warfare
1555:
1428:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
655:Rice, Prudence M. (2007).
539:Metropolitan Museum of Art
512:. UNM Press. p. 360.
18:
1083:Annals of the Cakchiquels
773:
623:University of Texas Press
615:Milbrath, Susan (1999).
133:Astronomical connections
19:Not to be confused with
1443:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
1403:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
156:). The Maya called it
1418:Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ
1408:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1167:Título de Totonicapán
740:Classic Maya collapse
173:Venus's evening phase
148:. Venus was known to
16:Type of Maya conflict
1423:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1146:Ritual of the Bacabs
807:Twin-pyramid complex
667:. pp. 158–160.
179:; some star wars at
146:inferior conjunction
1388:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
1358:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1153:Songs of Dzitbalché
572:Thames & Hudson
1413:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
1221:Howler monkey gods
207:Gregorian calendar
195:Recorded star wars
189:retrograde periods
1514:Maya civilization
1501:
1500:
1438:Yuknoom Chʼeen II
1398:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
716:Maya civilization
674:978-0-8061-3805-3
632:978-0-292-75226-9
602:Robertson, p. 357
519:978-0-8263-4022-1
472:978-0-8108-7167-0
432:
431:
357:February 29, 680
341:December 21, 677
255:Calakmul/Caracol
249:December 25, 631
71:Maya civilization
1546:
1524:Archaeoastronomy
1463:Lady Eveningstar
1455:
1380:
1180:
1023:
947:
779:
745:Spanish conquest
727:
717:
708:
701:
694:
685:
679:
678:
652:
646:
645:Milbrath, p. 195
643:
637:
636:
612:
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550:
549:
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497:
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477:
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401:December 1, 735
327:December 9, 672
295:January 10, 670
202:
48:
36:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1519:Ancient warfare
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1488:Wak Chanil Ajaw
1453:
1447:
1378:
1372:
1178:
1172:
1070:
1021:
1015:
987:Human sacrifice
945:
939:
802:Triadic pyramid
780:
771:
735:Preclassic Maya
725:
719:
715:
712:
682:
675:
654:
653:
649:
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606:
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473:
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453:
449:
437:
428:unnamed polity
385:August 28, 711
322:unnamed polity
290:unnamed polity
197:
135:
98:
63:
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1435:
1433:Yoʼnal Ahk III
1430:
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999:Social classes
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995:
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989:
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951:
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885:
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865:
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861:Maritime trade
858:
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721:
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631:
625:. p. 65.
604:
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574:. p. 16.
551:
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417:March 31, 781
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227:April 29, 562
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196:
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177:solar eclipses
134:
131:
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56:
55:
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1509:
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1473:Lady of Tikal
1471:
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1468:Lady of Itzan
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1393:Haʼ Kʼin Xook
1391:
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1160:Título Cʼoyoi
1157:
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1029:
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1026:
1024:
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1012:
1009:
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1001:
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993:
992:Death rituals
990:
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628:
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619:
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591:
587:
583:
581:9780500287262
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Nikolai Grube
561:
560:Martin, Simon
555:
552:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
515:
511:
510:
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388:9.13.19.13.3
387:
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365:
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311:June 29, 672
310:
309:
305:
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298:9.11.17.8.19
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
281:
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273:
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265:March 2, 636
264:
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214:Maya calendar
211:
208:
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184:
182:
178:
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169:
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162:Dresden Codex
159:
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128:
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119:
115:
111:
106:
103:
95:
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88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
59:
47:
35:
24:
23:
1353:Vucub Caquix
1312:
1281:Ah-Muzen-Cab
1272:Post-Classic
1261:Moon goddess
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1139:Rabinal Achí
1137:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1090:Chilam Balam
1088:
1081:
792:Architecture
660:
650:
641:
617:
598:
567:
554:
542:. Retrieved
528:
508:
501:
492:
461:
454:
420:9.17.10.6.1
374:9.13.13.7.2
371:May 30, 705
360:9.12.7.14.1
344:9.12.5.10.1
282:9.10.11.9.6
279:June 2, 644
268:9.10.3.2.12
252:9.9.18.16.3
198:
185:
170:
157:
150:Mesoamerican
136:
107:
102:Maya warfare
99:
90:Linda Schele
77:used in the
66:
64:
57:
21:
1493:Yohl Ikʼnal
1328:Hun Hunahpu
1246:Kinich Ahau
1236:Jaguar gods
404:9.15.4.6.4
330:9.12.0.8.3
314:9.12.0.0.0
79:Maya script
1508:Categories
1343:Qʼuqʼumatz
1216:Hero Twins
1201:Death gods
1075:Literature
1011:Households
977:Priesthood
447:References
441:Flower war
407:Dos Pilas
377:Dos Pilas
336:Dos Pilas
286:Tortuguero
230:9.6.8.4.2
166:Maya books
127:Tortuguero
87:epigrapher
1483:Sak Kʼukʼ
1313:Popol Vuh
1251:Maize god
1211:Goddess I
1132:Popol Vuh
982:Sacrifice
965:Midwifery
955:Childhood
905:Mythology
868:Languages
755:Guatemala
590:191753193
544:April 17,
396:Palenque
348:La Corona
302:Dos Pilas
138:Mayanists
120:defeated
22:Star Wars
1478:Lady Xoc
1338:Jacawitz
1323:Camazotz
1306:Yum Kaax
1301:Kukulkan
1061:Tzolkʼin
1022:Calendar
972:Religion
930:Textiles
910:Numerals
895:Medicine
890:Mayanist
831:Ceramics
824:Graffiti
566:(2008).
435:See also
366:Caracol
363:Naranjo
318:Palenque
274:Naranjo
271:Caracol
238:Calakmul
158:Chak Ek'
118:Calakmul
96:Examples
83:phonemic
67:star war
1368:Zipacna
1333:Huracan
1241:Kʼawiil
1226:Itzamna
1187:Classic
1179:Deities
1109:Grolier
1102:Dresden
1096:Codices
946:Society
935:Warfare
873:Classic
851:Economy
841:Cuisine
812:Revival
797:E-Group
765:Yucatán
750:Chiapas
726:History
259:Naranjo
234:Caracol
219:Winner
122:Naranjo
110:Caracol
1454:Queens
1318:Awilix
1266:Yopaat
1231:Ixchel
1116:Madrid
1046:Kʼatun
1036:Baktun
925:Stelae
915:People
878:Script
836:Cities
785:Topics
671:
629:
588:
578:
516:
469:
411:Seibal
392:Tonina
380:Tikal
352:Tikal
333:Tikal
306:Tikal
222:Loser
212:Date (
205:Date (
1379:Kings
1363:Xquic
1348:Tohil
1296:Ixtab
1206:God L
1196:Chaac
1191:Bacab
1123:Paris
1066:Winal
1041:Haabʼ
960:Women
920:Sites
900:Music
856:Trade
846:Dance
760:Petén
243:Tikal
181:Tikal
142:Venus
114:Tikal
75:glyph
1291:Chin
1286:Akna
1276:Acat
1051:Kʼin
1031:Ajaw
1004:Ajaw
883:List
669:ISBN
627:ISBN
586:OCLC
576:ISBN
546:2017
514:ISBN
467:ISBN
154:Mars
112:and
1256:Mam
1056:Tun
819:Art
1510::
663:.
621:.
607:^
584:.
562:;
537:.
481:^
216:)
209:)
65:A
707:e
700:t
693:v
677:.
635:.
592:.
548:.
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236:/
25:.
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