500:, other Republicans in the House, including many members of the Grand Army of the Republic, opposed the bill for similar reasons to in past debates. One representative stated that he would not consider any monument to Pierce until monuments honoring New Hampshire's war dead were erected on every Civil War battlefield in the Southern United States, while another sarcastically questioned whether the new monument should read "our only President" or "our disgrace". The height of the debate came on February 22 when Representative Rosecrans W. Pillsbury stated, "it was a poor time—on
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814:. The statue weighs 2,230 pounds (1,010 kg) and stands approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) tall, with side measurements of 55 inches (140 cm) by 38 inches (97 cm), while the granite pedestal supporting the sculpture is approximately 63 inches (160 cm) tall and has side measurements of 62 inches (160 cm) by 48 inches (120 cm). The bronze base of the statue contains markings from both the sculptor ("AUGUSTUS LUKEMAN Sc. / 1914") and the foundry ("JNO. WILLIAMS INC. FOUNDERS N.Y.").
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Pierce, and with support from other legislators, such as
Chandler, the bill quickly passed through the Committee on Public Improvements. Unlike in previous sessions, critics against the statue were less concerned with Pierce's legacy and focused more on financial considerations. Local newspapers argued that a more economical way of honoring Pierce would be in the naming of a new government building or mountain, and in February of that year, in partial response, the government passed a bill naming one of the
710:. This prompted Otis G. Hammond, the director of the New Hampshire Historical Society, to write to Chandler concerning White's involvement, saying it was "a serious error, serving only to revive a sectional feeling which has happily subsided ... These old charges of copperheadism against the President, unjust and unreasonable, have now somewhat subsided, and I should think it was hardly the best of judgment to revive them again". Ultimately, neither White nor Wilson attended the ceremony.
725:, Aldrich, Chandler, Felker, and Carr himself, among others. The statue was unveiled by Susan Pierce, a grandniece of Franklin's. According to Connolly, there was a lack of consistency regarding Pierce's legacy, as speakers alternated in offering praise and criticism of the former president. Additionally, Connolly states that, as with the 1913 Gettysburg reunion, the ceremony contained "racial significance", as Pierce's rehabilitation during this time was part of
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637:, their uncle, to design the monument. French, a New Hampshire native, said he would be willing to design the statue, but that he would need three years to complete the work due to preexisting projects of his, which was considered outside of the schedule set by the committee. Instead, French joined the committee and recommended for the position
960:. Per Connolly, Pierce statue supporters saw the Congressional support of Tyler as an indication of a changing attitude towards individuals who had a controversial legacy connected to the Civil War. Additionally, the Gettysburg reunion reflected a changing view of the overall nature of the Civil War, with historian
416:. Critics of his accused him of compromising his morals in order to placate Southern interests with regards to slavery, while supporters of his largely attempted to justify his actions as a result of political pragmatism and party loyalty rather than an indication of some moral failing or poor judgement.
939:(SIRIS) states that the state allocated $ 15,000 for the monument. Additionally, a publication released by the government of New Hampshire to commemorate the monument's dedication prints the text of the bill allocating funds for the statue, which calls for "a sum not exceeding fifteen thousand dollars".
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gave
Democrats control of New Hampshire's government for the first time in several decades, and in 1913, the government finally approved a bill to honor Pierce with a statue on the grounds of the state house. The statue was dedicated on November 25, 1914. According to historian Michael J. Connolly,
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BORN AT HILLSBOROUGH, NEW HAMPSHIRE / NOVEMBER 23, 1804 / A LAWYER WHO LOVED HIS PROFESSION / AND WAS A GREAT LEADER IN IT / MEMBER OF NEW HAMPSHIRE LEGISLATURE / AT 25 AND SPEAKER AT 27 / CONGRESSMAN AT 29 / UNITED STATES SENATOR AT 32 AND / RESIGNED AT 37 / LATER IN LIFE DECLINED THE OFFICE OF /
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to write in
January 1913 that they expected a Pierce statue bill to pass that legislative session. On January 7, Representative Guy H. Cutter proposed a bill allocating $ 15,000 (equivalent to $ 462,000 in 2023) in state funds to the erection of a monument on the state house grounds honoring
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of New
Hampshire first proposed the erection of a memorial for Pierce, the measure was vociferously opposed by Republicans on the grounds of both not wanting to honor a noted Democratic politician as well as an individual who had been vehemently opposed to the Union's war efforts. In the ensuing
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saying, "The war was remembered primarily as a tragedy that led to greater unity and national cohesion, and as a soldiers' call to sacrifice in order to save a troubled, and essentially good, Union, not as the crisis of a nation deeply divided over slavery, race, competing definitions of labor,
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asked
Chandler if the placement had been a deliberate choice in showing Hale condemning Pierce. Chandler acknowledged the coincidence, but denied any intention, further responding to the editor, "I must insist that the arm does not point the accusing finger, but the hand of friendship. Will you
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of New York City. Meanwhile, several committee members worked with
Governor Felker to decide the location of the statue on the state house grounds and the inscriptions that would appear on the statue's pedestal. In addition to the statue itself, Lukeman also worked on the overall design of the
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anxieties regarding society and race relations, and in this atmosphere, some historians attributed to Pierce "a superior wisdom, an admirable level-headedness in a hyper-emotional age, and a practical political sense more in tune with humans as they were, rather than abolition's idealistic and
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passed into law, Republican legislators blocked passage of the bill for the Pierce statue. In 1901, Chandler, attempting to keep his promise to the
Democratic politicians, again pushed for a monument to be erected of Pierce, but again to no avail. During the 1909 legislative session, the
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According to historian
Michael J. Connolly, the passage of the monument bill coincided with a general reevaluation of Pierce that was occurring during the early 20th century, with historians' views of Pierce that focused on his political pragmatism and adherence to
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ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED / STATES, THAT OF SECRETARY OF WAR, / THE UNITED STATES SENATORSHIP, AND / THE GOVERNORSHIP OF HIS STATE. / PRESIDENT OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE / CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION / PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES / DIED AT CONCORD OCTOBER 8, 1869.
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for discussion. This bill was sponsored by
Representative Irad E. Keeler of Concord, a Republican, and led to a split in the Republican Representatives. While Keeler supported the statue primarily on the grounds of national reconciliation and in honoring a
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BRIGADIER GENERAL U.S.A. / PUEBLA / CONTREARAS / CHERUBUSCO / MOLINO DEL REY / CHAPULTEPEC / COMMISSIONER APPOINTED BY GENERAL / SCOTT TO ARRANGE AN ARMISTICE / WITH GENERAL SANTA ANNA / 'HE WAS A GENTLEMAN AND A / MAN OF COURAGE.' / ULYSSES S.
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Controversy arose over plans for the dedication ceremony concerning the invited guests. In an attempt to highlight the healing of the rift between the northern and southern states following the Civil War, Governor Felker suggested inviting a
530:, who expressed dismay at the legislators' insults. Despite the debates, the bill passed through the Committee on Appropriations and managed to pass with a vote in the House on April 4, but was promptly rejected in a 10—6 vote in the
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829:, covering an ovular shape with a depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and a width of 35 feet (11 m). On either end of this exedra are granite pedestals supporting bronze electroliers. The pedestal bears the following inscriptions:
649:. On November 7, Lukeman met with the committee and, after discussing plans and inspecting the state house grounds, the committee voted to extend an invitation for Lukeman to submit a model of his design for their consideration.
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According to a publication released by the government of New
Hampshire to commemorate the monument's dedication, the dedication was planned to be held earlier, but was delayed due to unspecified circumstances.
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On July 11, the governor created the Pierce Statue Committee in order to oversee the monument's erection, appointing to the committee several politicians and businessmen, including Aldrich and Chandler.
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The monument was dedicated on November 25, 1914, with several hundred spectators attending the ceremony in spite of poor weather that day. Ceremonies commenced at 11 a.m. with a procession from the
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Republican-dominated legislature again rejected a bill to fund a public statue of Pierce, as well as a different bill which would have honored Pierce and his father by naming a bridge across the
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467:. Chandler promised Democratic politicians in the state that, if they would support his measure, he would support their campaign for a statue of Pierce to be erected on the grounds of the
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as only the second Democratic president since the end of the Civil War. In New Hampshire, Democrats took control of both chambers of the legislature and the governorship, prompting the
258:. Over the next several decades, Republicans, who dominated New Hampshire's politics, blocked numerous attempts to memorialize Pierce. however, a rift in the Republic Party during the
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the statue's creation coincided with a changing view of the Civil War wherein the focus on slavery was downplayed and attention instead focused on national reconciliation.
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894:, an abolitionist politician and contemporary of Pierce's, who has his hand outstretched towards the Pierce statue. In 1915, during a visit to Concord, the editor of the
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The monument is situated on the southern grounds of the state house, south of the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch. It was erected to the east of an existing statue of
656:, the design of which the committee accepted. Reports in January 1914 stated that the full-size statue was expected to be completely executed by October 15 of that year.
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At the time of his death, historians' opinions of Pierce's legacy were mostly negative. Historians largely viewed the actions of Pierce and his presidential successor,
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A value of $ 16,000 (equivalent to $ 493,000 in 2023) is given in a 2013 article about the monument written by historian Michael J. Connolly and published in
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In designing the statue, Lukeman consulted Kirk D. Pierce, Pierce's nephew. On December 31, Lukeman presented a model of his statue to the committee at the
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598:, as contributing to the bill's passage, as both events aligned with the Pierce statue supporters' focus on national reconciliation and political harmony.
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Beginning in 1860 and lasting into the 1910s, the Republican Party was the dominant political party in New Hampshire and counted among their members many
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between 1912 and 1913, was considered influential in the passing of the Pierce statue bill because, following his presidency, Tyler served in the
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In 1911, another Pierce statue bill was approved by the legislature's Committee on Public Improvements and in late February came to the
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dogmatic fantasies on how they should be". Connolly also points to two recent events, the federal funding of a monument to President
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years, the view of the Grand Army of the Republic's members largely held that Pierce had been a traitor, with one veteran from
504:—to press a measure for the erection of a monument to a traitor". The discussions elicited responses from the press, with the
453:, calling him "a lasting disgrace to New Hampshire", and Republicans blocked many future efforts to erect a statue to Pierce.
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The monument is located on a brick plaza that is set two steps above the surrounding sidewalk and is surrounded by a granite
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Connolly, Michael J. (April 2013). ""History has rendered its verdict upon him": The Franklin Pierce Statue Controversy".
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633:, a newly-elected Democratic Senator from New Hampshire, and his brother, Allen, urged the committee to select sculptor
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570:. On May 13, the bill, having passed through both chambers of the legislature, was signed into law by
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The Pierce statue is located in the direction of the outstretched arm of a statue of abolitionist
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721:. Politician Clarence E. Carr served as the president of the event, which featured speeches from
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Dedication of a Statue of General Franklin Pierce, Fourteenth President of the United States
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floated the idea of a public subscription campaign in order to raise funds for the statue.
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to the site of the statue on the state house grounds. Music for the event was provided by
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liberty, political economy, and the future of the West, issues hardly resolved in 1913".
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405:. Pierce died in 1869. He was the first and only president to hail from New Hampshire.
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645:-based sculptor. Lukeman was considered a protégé of both French and fellow sculptor
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432:(pictured 1899) in 1888, remained the subject of partisan debate for several decades.
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1808:"Blast From the Past: Reflecting on the dedication of the Franklin Pierce statue"
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As president, Pierce became embroiled in controversy due to his support of the
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The creation of a monument to Tyler, which was funded by a bill passed by the
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The monument consists of a bronze sculpture showing Pierce dressed in typical
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669:. In total, the monument cost $ 14,500 (equivalent to $ 441,000 in 2023).
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Efforts to erect a monument to Pierce, which was first proposed by Senator
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The alloy of bronze used in the statue's creation consisted of 90 percent
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surrounding area, including the installation and design of several nearby
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682:, prompting him to extend an invitation to President Wilson, a native of
377:. After leaving office, Pierce returned to New Hampshire and, during the
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List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
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policies contributed to sectional tensions that ultimately led to the
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would be willing to speak at the ceremony, while Republican Senator
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The idea of a statue honoring Pierce was first proposed in 1888 by
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wherein he discussed the statue's possible removal or relocation.
585:. According to Connolly, the reevaluation was fueled primarily by
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833:
FRANKLIN PIERCE / FOURTEENTH / PRESIDENT / OF THE / UNITED STATES
412:, as contributing to heightening tensions that ultimately led to
1751:"Franklin Pierce statue was criticized even before its creation"
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on its sides and rear. This plaza takes the general form of an
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a broader era of heightened racial tension in the United States
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In 1893, Chandler, a Republican, led a campaign to erect two
373:, the Democratic Party declined to renominate Pierce for the
1857:"The Franklin Pierce statue commission of New Hampshire..."
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to remove Pierce's name from the name of the university's
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Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America
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helped the Democratic Party, leading to the election of
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of New Hampshire. However, the proposal was opposed by
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and for heightening sectionalism. Facing charges from
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List of sculptures of presidents of the United States
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220:, serving in the 1850s. It was designed by sculptor
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List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce
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Smithsonian Institution Research Information System
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2252:Buildings and structures in Concord, New Hampshire
1908:Statue of Franklin Pierce (Concord, New Hampshire)
1673:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
932:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
743:In 1994, the statue was surveyed as part of the
686:. Senator Hollis told the governor that Senator
369:who supported the slave-owning interests of the
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216:, the only person from New Hampshire to be the
935:. However, the entry for this monument on the
868:ERECTED BY THE / STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE / 1914
763:published an opinion piece from historian and
389:'s handling of the war, prompting many in the
2282:Tourist attractions in Concord, New Hampshire
1928:
8:
1741:. Concord, New Hampshire: The Rumford Press.
21:
747:initiative. In 2020, amidst the nationwide
2287:Statues of presidents of the United States
1935:
1921:
1913:
475:, though while the National Statuary Hall
155:2,230 pounds (1,010 kg) (Statue only)
29:
20:
1860:The Building News and Engineering Journal
484:in Concord the "Pierce Memorial Bridge".
2262:Monuments and memorials in New Hampshire
2017:1852 United States presidential election
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346:, becoming the nation's 14th president.
326:nominated Pierce as their candidate for
147:13 feet 3 inches (4.04 m)
1843:(1). Chicago: Nichols & Co.: 23–25.
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610:The monument was designed by sculptor
493:New Hampshire House of Representatives
312:United States House of Representatives
302:. In the 1820s, after graduating from
1871:Spain, James W. (January 22, 2019b).
1831:Watson, John H., ed. (January 1914).
1806:Spain, James W. (January 22, 2019a).
1150:
444:. As a result, in 1888, when Senator
294:was born in 1804 as the son of noted
7:
2237:1914 establishments in New Hampshire
751:and calls from some students at the
2267:Outdoor sculptures in New Hampshire
2095:1856 Democratic National Convention
2023:1852 Democratic National Convention
1883:from the original on March 13, 2024
1818:from the original on March 13, 2024
1793:from the original on March 13, 2024
1766:from the original on March 20, 2023
1443:
440:veterans, including members of the
320:1852 Democratic National Convention
2272:Sculptures of men in New Hampshire
2247:Bronze sculptures in New Hampshire
14:
660:of the statue was carried out by
534:on April 10. Following this, the
508:newspaper suggesting a statewide
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2036:
1901:
654:New Hampshire Historical Society
18:Statue in Concord, New Hampshire
2055:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
1866:(3085): 262. February 20, 1914.
1761:Newspapers of New England, Inc.
987:and 10 percent of a mixture of
954:United States Department of War
782:A closeup of the statue in 2020
246:, as a bad president whose pro-
1959:President of the United States
1781:"Franklin Pierce, (sculpture)"
1713:Doe, John (January 10, 1914).
328:president of the United States
218:president of the United States
1:
617:
399:Confederate States of America
1665:(1988): 3. January 28, 1914.
952:in 1911 and overseen by the
548:1912 United States elections
753:University of New Hampshire
719:Nevers' Third Regiment Band
528:United States federal judge
381:, he openly criticized the
308:New Hampshire General Court
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2126:Franklin Pierce University
1967:Senator from New Hampshire
1682:Cambridge University Press
827:Ancient Greek architecture
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442:Grand Army of the Republic
330:, and he was elected in a
240:Grand Army of the Republic
2188:
2151:Statue of Franklin Pierce
2141:Pierce County, Washington
2111:Franklin Pierce Homestead
2034:
1950:
1690:10.1017/S1537781413000078
512:on the statue, while the
469:New Hampshire State House
206:New Hampshire State House
83:New Hampshire State House
44:
40:
28:
2277:Statues in New Hampshire
2179:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce
1653:"Franklin Pierce Statue"
702:, a former senator from
451:Claremont, New Hampshire
1733:Metcalf, Henry Harrison
745:Save Outdoor Sculpture!
708:Confederate States Army
596:1913 Gettysburg reunion
242:, who viewed Pierce, a
139:62 inches (160 cm)
131:48 inches (120 cm)
2146:Pierce County, Georgia
2065:Young America movement
1658:The American Architect
1116:The American Architect
950:United States Congress
887:
876:
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853:
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647:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
639:Henry Augustus Lukeman
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612:Henry Augustus Lukeman
572:New Hampshire Governor
473:Concord, New Hampshire
461:National Statuary Hall
433:
420:Early memorial efforts
371:Southern United States
363:Northern United States
288:
248:Southern United States
224:and unveiled in 1914.
222:Henry Augustus Lukeman
210:Concord, New Hampshire
204:on the grounds of the
98:Henry Augustus Lukeman
87:Concord, New Hampshire
63:43.20694°N 71.536806°W
2116:Franklin Pierce House
2002:9th Infantry Regiment
1910:at Wikimedia Commons
1833:"From the Tool Chest"
881:
781:
749:George Floyd protests
723:Oliver Ernesto Branch
635:Daniel Chester French
609:
515:Concord Daily Monitor
506:Concord Daily Patriot
502:Washington's birthday
465:United States Capitol
427:
393:to consider Pierce a
279:
229:United States Senator
2012:Battle of Churubusco
532:New Hampshire Senate
520:letter to the editor
344:the general election
316:United States Senate
168:Completion date
68:43.20694; -71.536806
2090:Topeka Constitution
2080:Kansas–Nebraska Act
2007:Battle of Contreras
1975:U.S. Representative
1877:The Concord Insider
1812:The Concord Insider
1637:, pp. 252–254.
1552:, pp. 250–251.
1517:, pp. 250–252.
1458:, pp. 249–250.
1412:, pp. 247–248.
1397:, pp. 240–241.
1352:, pp. 248–249.
1291:, pp. 245–246.
1279:, pp. 244–245.
1252:, pp. 243–244.
1165:, pp. 239–240.
1077:, pp. 237–238.
790:, including a long
706:and veteran of the
662:Jno. Williams, Inc.
552:progressive members
446:William E. Chandler
430:William E. Chandler
385:'s war efforts and
351:Kansas–Nebraska Act
238:and members of the
232:William E. Chandler
176:Dedicated date
160:Beginning date
108:Jno. Williams, Inc.
59: /
25:
2194:← Millard Fillmore
2136:Pierceton, Indiana
2028:Old North Cemetery
901:accept the idea?"
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696:Jacob H. Gallinger
680:Southern Democrats
626:
542:1913 monument bill
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403:opposed to the war
397:who supported the
379:American Civil War
289:
256:American Civil War
35:The statue in 2013
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1906:Media related to
1749:(June 17, 2020).
1720:American Art News
798:, and a military
332:landslide victory
202:monumental statue
193:
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184:Dedicated to
179:November 25, 1914
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2201:James Buchanan →
2075:Ostend Manifesto
2070:Gadsden Purchase
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851:
839:
810:draped with the
806:consisting of a
700:Francis S. White
622:
619:
594:in 1911 and the
575:Samuel D. Felker
391:Republican Party
324:Democratic Party
171:October 15, 1914
74:
73:
71:
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69:
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60:
57:
56:
55:
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33:
26:
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2257:Franklin Pierce
2242:1914 sculptures
2227:
2226:
2225:
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2184:
2173:Benjamin Pierce
2155:
2099:
2085:Bleeding Kansas
2041:
2032:
1985:
1973:
1965:
1954:
1946:
1944:Franklin Pierce
1941:
1899:
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1884:
1870:
1855:
1852:
1850:Further reading
1847:
1830:
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1805:
1796:
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1779:
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1767:
1756:Concord Monitor
1745:
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1576:, pp. 8–9.
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765:editor emeritus
761:Concord Monitor
741:
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631:Henry F. Hollis
620:
604:
587:Progressive Era
565:White Mountains
544:
482:Merrimack River
422:
387:Abraham Lincoln
342:'s nominee, in
304:Bowdoin College
300:Benjamin Pierce
292:Franklin Pierce
286:Franklin Pierce
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214:Franklin Pierce
197:Franklin Pierce
188:Franklin Pierce
120:
89:, United States
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2014:
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1963:
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1898:
1897:External links
1895:
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1845:
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1735:, ed. (1914).
1729:
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458:statues in the
421:
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410:James Buchanan
365:that he was a
336:Winfield Scott
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812:American flag
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733:Later history
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359:abolitionists
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318:. During the
317:
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293:
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2131:Mount Pierce
2121:Pierce Manse
2104:Public image
1900:
1885:. Retrieved
1876:
1863:
1859:
1840:
1837:The Reporter
1836:
1820:. Retrieved
1811:
1795:. Retrieved
1784:
1768:. Retrieved
1754:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1613:
1608:, p. 6.
1606:Metcalf 1914
1574:Metcalf 1914
1569:
1557:
1545:
1540:, p. 8.
1538:Metcalf 1914
1470:, p. 5.
1468:Metcalf 1914
1463:
1451:
1446:, p. 7.
1390:
1378:
1345:
1340:, p. 4.
1338:Metcalf 1914
1284:
1272:
1245:
1158:
1120:, p. 3.
1115:
1070:
979:
970:
944:
930:
925:
895:
892:John P. Hale
889:
884:John P. Hale
867:
855:
843:
832:
816:
785:
760:
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712:
676:
667:electroliers
651:
627:
615:
579:
568:Mount Pierce
559:
545:
535:
513:
505:
498:favorite son
486:
455:
435:
407:
348:
290:
252:abolitionist
226:
196:
195:
194:
54:71°32′12.5″W
22:
15:
2167:Jane Pierce
1981:(1833–1837)
1979:NH at-large
1969:(1837–1842)
1961:(1853–1857)
1747:Pride, Mike
1684:: 234–259.
1618:Watson 1914
1044:Spain 2019a
715:Eagle Hotel
621: 1914
583:rule of law
546:During the
298:politician
236:Republicans
66: /
2231:Categories
2047:Presidency
1151:Pride 2020
1003:References
792:dress coat
768:Mike Pride
737:See also:
688:Hoke Smith
673:Dedication
592:John Tyler
518:printed a
510:referendum
438:Union Army
395:copperhead
340:Whig Party
314:, and the
272:Background
104:Fabricator
51:43°12′25″N
2181:(brother)
1997:Doughface
1887:March 13,
1822:March 13,
1797:March 13,
1770:March 13,
1698:1537-7814
616:pictured
414:civil war
367:doughface
250:and anti-
2215:Category
2175:(father)
1881:Archived
1816:Archived
1791:Archived
1764:Archived
1727:(14): 7.
1715:"Boston"
1706:43902950
1444:Doe 1914
905:See also
871:—
860:—
848:—
836:—
804:pedestal
698:invited
684:Virginia
602:Creation
401:and was
244:Democrat
114:Material
94:Designer
79:Location
1645:Sources
796:bow tie
704:Alabama
692:Georgia
658:Casting
491:of the
463:of the
361:in the
355:slavery
267:History
122:Granite
2169:(wife)
2160:Family
1704:
1696:
985:copper
823:exedra
808:fasces
774:Design
759:, the
338:, the
322:, the
310:, the
152:Weight
144:Height
128:Length
118:Bronze
1841:XLVII
1702:JSTOR
1680:(2).
917:Notes
857:GRANT
838:Front
825:from
800:cloak
522:from
489:floor
477:bills
383:Union
334:over
280:1852
200:is a
136:Width
1990:Life
1977:for
1956:14th
1889:2024
1824:2024
1799:2024
1772:2024
1694:ISSN
1118:1914
993:zinc
991:and
873:Rear
862:Side
850:Side
819:curb
794:, a
641:, a
526:, a
163:1913
1864:CVI
1725:XII
1686:doi
989:tin
690:of
471:in
284:of
208:in
2233::
1879:.
1875:.
1862:.
1839:.
1835:.
1814:.
1810:.
1789:.
1783:.
1759:.
1753:.
1723:.
1717:.
1700:.
1692:.
1678:12
1676:.
1663:CV
1661:.
1655:.
1625:^
1596:^
1581:^
1522:^
1507:^
1492:^
1475:^
1432:^
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1357:^
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1125:^
1101:^
1082:^
1051:^
1032:^
1011:^
729:.
624:).
618:c.
577:.
85:,
2019:–
1936:e
1929:t
1922:v
1891:.
1826:.
1801:.
1776:}
1774:.
1708:.
1688::
1223:.
1153:.
1046:.
995:.
886:.
614:(
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