Statue of Paul Kruger, Church Square

857:

anniversary of Kruger's burial in the Pretoria Old Cemetery on Church Street. Since Kruger dreamed of free passage to the east coast, the society also decided the statue should face eastward from Church Square. Any changes City Council wanted to make could be introduced later, though the central position would stay. After the Council heard from a delegation of the society, the former decided on 20 December 1951 to cancel their previous decisions and unanimously embrace the society's position, on the condition of the council incurring no costs and having final approval rights. Permission was granted to the society on 26 November 1952, once approval was gained from the Administrator of Transvaal Province, to begin the relocation. The council was still bound to Kitchener's prohibition of statues without the Lieutenant-Governor's approval, however, but the society got the federal Cabinet to approve the plans by minutes no. 298 on 9 February 1953, getting the administrator's approval in the meantime.

559:

with its butt-stock on his right leg; the other with a long beard and a few wrinkles on his forehead, seated upright with his gun in both hands. The modeling work was done in 1899, along with the casting for three of the five pieces, allowing Van Wouw to pivot to the panels - one of which had already been finished by the end of 1898. It is unknown how long the remaining three took: from his letters, Van Wouw appears to have finished all of them, including decorative ornaments (such as a large "K" monogram) by June 1899. Overseeing the rest of the casting, he returned to Pretoria in September–October of that year, where he would oversee the erection of the statue and fulfill the second portion of his contract with Marks.

483:. Once again, however, no photograph or detailed description was at hand, prompting the Secretary to send an expedition (including an eyewitness of the battle and a photographer) to photograph relevant areas of the cave. The pictures and relevant captions were sent to Van Wouw in Rome with commentary from former commandant Hercules Malan of Rustenburg. A diptych of bronze panels were to depict events related to the First Boer War, since it was Kruger's resistance to annexation then that set the stage for his future statesmanship. One of them showed Kruger delivering the Paardekraal Covenant, an address delivered to thousands near what is now 131: 743:, the King, and the executors of the Kitchener estate. On 18 January 1921, Smuts received a telegram from Milner "that His Majesty, the "Colonel-in-Chief" of the Royal Engineers, has agreed to donate the two Boer figures and the panels in Chatham as a gift to the Government of the Union of South Africa, and that Lord Kitchener's executors and His Majesty's Government will also provide the South African Government with the two other figures currently in Broome Park." The Union had to pay any transport costs, as already agreed to. On 23 August 1921, the complete monument came off the ship in 551:, who could not handle statues of this size, sending him on to Rome. On 21 May 1898, after six months there, he contracted with Franciscus Bruno to complete the entire work "in line with fashion and all rules of perfect art," the latter craftsman agreeing to cast in bronze all models completed in the next five months by 21 January 1899, as well as any finished in the five months after within three months of delivery. Also responsible for safe transport from Van Wouw's workshop to Bruno's forge and suitable packaging for shipping to South Africa, Bruno would be guaranteed 39,500 547: in) high. Kruger's right hand was shown on his cane and his left a rolled-up document, while he appeared to face down and to the left at a crowd at his feet; he starkly contrasts the tense Boers, one with a thick beard, head up, and his finger on the trigger of his Martini-Henry, the other with a thinner beard raising his shoulder to hoist a full bandolier. Van Wouw now needed to find a professional to cast them in bronze. He had queried the best casters in Holland shortly after arriving in Europe and settled on 657:

would never have expected such behavior from the City Council of Pretoria, least of all given that so many of you not only knew him but were among his closest friends in the capital." Kitchener eventually transferred Church Square (previously Transvaal federal territory) to the council with the express condition "that no buildings, statues or memorials of any description be erected on, or other improvements effected to the ground, without the sanction of the Lieutenant-Governor being first obtained".

519:, the Europeans depicted their facial features not as salt-of-the-earth but as possessing the ethereal qualities of a saint or a prophet, leading Van Wouw to opt for completing the work for himself out of frustration. He sought exacting detail, down to a single shoe, thereby taking three and a half months on just one of the Boer sentinels. Under these circumstances as well as that of chronic illness, the original deadline of 1 April 1899 came and went. Van Wouw advocated through State Secretary 723:. Mathers discovered where the missing sculptures were, published the photos in his paper, and asked the Mayor of Chatham to pressure his city council to help return the two figures there to South Africa, given that "as they remain at present they are a menace to the good relationships which I am sure Chatham as all England wishes to be established and preserved between them and the Dutch of South Africa." Mathers also pointed out that South Africa and England had fought on the same side in 674:, as its Prime Minister, a post in which he would continue from 1910 on for South Africa at large. Botha petitioned Kitchener to return the four sentinels and the panels to South Africa to accompany the statue in Church Square, but Kitchener claimed he couldn't return those in his possession, claiming they were not spoils of war but a personal gift from Marks. The Pretoria City Council turned to Marks, Van Wouw, and finally Kitchener, but none of them could find the missing statue. 25: 611:. Kitchener, on Marks showing him Van Wouw's photographs of the statues, asked Marks to keep them as souvenirs of the people he conquered; Marks replied: "They are in Delagoa Bay and cost an arm and a leg, take them off my hands!" Kitchener sent the sculptures off on the first ship home with two exceptions: a chest containing the Kruger sculpture and a wooden model of a gun, of no interest to Kitchener, which stayed in the sheds of the African Boating Company in 382:. He remained abroad until 1 April 1898, when he returned to Pretoria. In the meantime, he worked on the monument for £40 a month on a two-year deadline (along with reimbursement for forging and casting expenses). His family was also granted free travel to and from Europe, including work sites there. By December 1896, he was in Europe, first discussing his proposals with the Envoy of the Republic and experts on modeling and casting in the Netherlands. The Envoy, 682:, who said it could be done for a mere £380, but while they appropriated £500 for Van Wouw's missing material, they found the plaster casts and sketches unavailable. This left taking bronze casts of the British originals to reforge as the only remaining option, one beyond the means of the council at an estimated cost of at least £1,760. Once again reaching out to Marks, the Council finally won his agreement to put Kruger up on the pedestal in Prince's Park. 528:...they can work high or low, I will continue my work, do my duty, and try to fully convey my impression of the national character of the Transvaal people and their Kruger. After all, it would be ridiculous to sacrifice one's public work for a few months of profit. It would be worse if the work was a failure, but I am working that it may not be one. You or someone else must speak to Lord Marks about it, however, as I am right now facing this alone. 728:

corps there said that even though South Africa would volunteer to complete the task, they were unwilling to part with a memento of the "brave and honourable men" whom they fought against in 1899-1902 and fought alongside in 1914–1918; they also treasured the donation from the late Lord Kitchener (who had died in 1916), whom they held "in special regard and honour." Therefore, copies made at South Africa's expense were all the nation would get.

786:, the S.A. Vrouefederasie (South African Women's Federation]] and the Pretoria Cultural Council petitioned the City Council to move the statue to Church Square. In fact, the Kruger Committee met with over 20,000 members in October 1936 to pressure the mayor, but the council was unmoved. The Cultural Council's Kruger Committee, chiefly tasked with holding the annual Kruger Festival, spun off on its own as the Kruger Society ( 591:

church building on the church square and right between the House of Parliament and the Supreme Court." The Executive Council (of which Kruger was chair) debated siting for five months and concurred with Marks on 2 June 1899. In the meantime, Marks had hired an architect, W. J. de Zwaan, to build a pedestal; once the plans were approved, he had a Scottish firm secure and sand the appropriate granite slabs.

845:

designs unifying the plaza around the statue, and asked for the Pretoria Institute for Architecture (PIA) and the Kruger Society's cooperation. Both organizations agreed, the latter on the condition that a majority of the judges would have the final say on the chosen design, but the PIA by-laws prohibited its members from participating in outside competitions.

333:, Superintendent of Education and an art expert, considered bronze preferable to marble given the latter's lesser ability to handle the Transvaal climate; Mansvelt also believed the Government should approve the order rather than leaving it up to Marks himself. Marks agreed and soon they settled on Van Wouw, a completely unknown figure in the art world. 707:

means to his people when he is surrounded by sturdy Boers." Botha contacted Kitchener once more to return the four other figures, to which he agreed to "willingly" return the two he owned "to meet the wish of the people of South Africa," but only in return for copies; the two owned by the Royal Engineers were not his to return, but the

386:, worried that the top hat would cast a shadow over Kruger's face and hide his features, to which Van Wouw held firm, explaining that it would be unthinkable for a Transvaal Boer such as Kruger to stand hat-less under the African sun. The Envoy's only contribution to the final work was a Bible quote on one side of the pedestal, namely 607:, since they were not priority items. Marks had to pay a king's ransom to salvage them and felt it wasn't worth the cost, losing interest when he realized the Boers would lose the war after the British took Pretoria. Marks spent the war on his farm, Zwartkoppies, as a passive spectator, but did receive a visit from 714:

Botha was willing to accept this arrangement, but at a cost of £520 per statue for a total of £2,080, he let the issue go. In 1917, Botha had to visit London briefly and was asked by the mayor to try and secure the statues again, but Botha explained that he had been negotiating for four years in vain

558:

Bruno had agreed with Van Wouw on using a 92% copper, 8% tin mixture for the bronze, while Van Wouw worked on the Voortrekkers and the bas-reliefs. He had eight months to plaster-cast the Voortrekkers: one with his left elbow on his knee, his chin folded in his hands, and a gun's muzzle on the ground

879:

attended and addressed the crowd. The Kruger statue was moved from Pretoria Station on 25 June 1954 and placed on 28 June on the pedestal facing north as the society had recently decided. One year after the cornerstone was laid, on 10 October 1954, Malan unveiled the monument, complete with the four

852:

proposed a plan to city council for the overall development of the capital, including the Kruger statue in Church Square. The impressed council scrapped all previous plans on 28 September 1950, enlisting the Kruger Society to raise the statue on the Square under the conditions of strict adherence to

727:

and that "spoils of conquest" from Afrikaners should be replaced with "trophies of our enemies" there. The Mayor of Chatham replied that the statues belonged not to the council but to the Royal Engineers, who in turn said returning the artwork required the consent of the full membership. The officer

677:

After two years of research, the city council once again asked Marks if he could release the Kruger statue, still stored in Lourenço Marques, for construction; Marks insisted he would only do so when the council agreed to complete the entire monument according to his initial design. The city council

317:

statue of Kruger at a place of its subject's choice. However, Marks stipulated that "if possible," the statue should be commissioned directly from him, simply requiring whoever was interested to say in whose name and in what bank the money should be deposited. On 5 September Marks got his reply: the

701:

and Botha were absent, the former due to illness and the latter to attend to urgent parliamentary matters. The unveiling coincided with an agriculture fair and was attended by 3,000 citizens. At the ceremony, Burger expressed it hope that the statue would one day take its "rightful place" in Church

806:

The chairman of the Kruger Society and the mayor of Pretoria made a joint appeal for citizen donations, earning £4,000 for the relocation. In consultation with Van Wouw, who had never preferred Marks's choice of pedestal, Kruger Society architect J. M. van der Westhuizen planned a new base for the

706:

proclaimed that: "I sincerely wish, from my heart and for my people, that this statue be moved to Church Square, to the center of the city, so it can take the place it deserves. There should also be an effort to bring back the missing pieces to South Africa, for one can only understand what Kruger

590:

for material, but given Marks' supervision of the pedestal carving, it's not clear how much input Van Wouw had. Marks also preferred to substitute Kruger's intended Burgers Park with a more accessible location, "in the center of the city" where every visitor would see it, ideally "just west of the

523:

and thereby won a year extension from Marks, whose business partner Lord Isaac Lewis's frequent progress checks betrayed someone "with no real idea of art" who "thought an artwork could be made with the same mentality as a board" in Van Wouw's estimation. The sculptor told Lewis "that I will never

361:

an inseparable part of him, something which critics would later lambaste Van Wouw for portraying. To them he replied: "Without them I would not recognize him! With the tailcoat and top hat, I would! "Van Wouw tried to portray the "everyday" Kruger: Kruger on his porch, with citizens at 6:00 in the

856:

On 12 June 1951, the Kruger Society decided to abandon Moerdijk's idea of placing the Kruger statue at the southern entrance of Church Square and return to advocating the central location, to which the statue was to be moved by 10 October 1954 (Kruger's birthday), or on 16 December 1954 (the 50th

779:

keynote address, but Gen. Smuts and Wolmarans both spoke as well. While Hertzog and Smuts concentrated on the subject's character and deeds, Wolmarans once more emphasized that Station Square could not hold a candle to Church Square, "the heart of Kruger City," as a suitable place for the statue.

656:

party, who complained to the Lieutenant-Governor and told the council that "we are deeply disappointed...and...this can be considered nothing but an insult to our people." He vowed that "We know that there are many today who are eager to see our people's traditions dragged through the mud, but we

778:

unveiled the statue on 10 October 1925, the centennial of Kruger's birth, while surrounded by the flags of the Orange Free State and ZAR in front of a crowd of 25,000. The ceremony was attended by, among others, the Governor-General and his spouse, as well as the entire Cabinet. Hertzog gave the

844:

of a church would be. An honorary stele and bell tower would be built behind the statue, with the Boer figures on the sides rather than around the base of the Kruger statue. The Kruger Society approved the plan, while the city council suggested an open national competition to gather architect's

820:

It is my vision for the pedestal, the Boers, and the President's likeness to coexist as one unit, according to architect's plans in consultation with myself, on Church Square where the fountain and fishpond are currently. As a sculptor, I refuse to have the statue I love and care for so much be

798:

in 1838 to kick off another advocacy campaign. The city council fielded thousands of letters from various individuals and organizations, including branches of the Transvaal Education Association, the Organizing Committee of the Paardekraal Voortrekker Centennial Festival, the Carriage Reception

370:

time and two were from Van Wouw's epoch, and each surveyed to one of the four cardinal directions. They were meant not to be trained soldiers but typical citizen militias: sedentary but watchful, surrounding Van Wouw's central figure and symbol of Kruger's position as father in the heart of his

492:

of the 1881 treaty signing at O'Neill's Cottage that Van Wouw considered a poor depiction of the moment. The Transvaal government once more helped by providing photos of people that would appear in the panels, Boer women in typical finery, and typical gatherings of Boers with ox-wagons such as

815:

and Vivian Sydney Rees-Poole) and their colleagues from the Kruger Society. It turned out that the council preferred the southern entrance of the square as a location for the statue, while the society favored the center. Van Wouw took the Kruger Society's position in two firm letters stating:

875:), and all their spouses. Both Anglo and Afrikaner individuals, schools, churches, municipalities, businesses, cultural organizations, and other groups pitched in. On 10 October 1953, Malan laid the cornerstone of a new pedestal in front of a crowd of around 15,000, and Dutch Prime Minister 595:, head of the ZAR Department of Public Works: to him a Transvaal President's statue belonged on Transvaal granite, and only the machinery needed to be imported. He was overruled, however, and Marks had 200 tons of red, smooth-polished Aberdeen granite ready in July 1899 to house the statue. 669:

granted generous terms to the Boers (due to their continued resistance to the British in the final years of the Boer War), Afrikaners were able to elect their own government in 1906, just four years after the end of the conflict. Kruger died in 1904, and the Transvaal Colony elected Botha,

912:

stated its intent to open a criminal case of malicious damage against the perpetrators. Following the vandalism and a pledge by the EFF to destroy the statue, numerous people voiced support for the statue. Sunette Bridges chained herself to the statue to prevent further damage, with

647:

stipulating that the pedestal be removed from its central location and that the council say where they were moving it, be it Burgers Park or elsewhere. The Council decided on Prince's Park and so there the pedestal was erected. This provoked bitter Afrikaner protest, led by Gen.

362:

morning seeking him out not necessarily to discuss politics but perhaps simply to seek advice on healing a sick cow or consolation on a recent loss. For Van Wouw, Kruger was the cornerstone of independence, and the monument should therefore reflect his "everyday" qualities.

853:

the Holford's plan and council approval of the final product. The cost and time requirements were quite unpopular, and oral agreements were not forthcoming: the Old Pretoria Society voiced its displeasure openly, and even the Kruger Society eventually rejected it.

642:

Kitchener was determined that the remaining Kruger statue never be raised on African soil, considering him the personification of what the British called "Krugerism." The Pretoria City Council thus received a brief in the name of the Lieutenant Governor of the

497:

masses. The fourth panel would depict Kruger's first swearing-in ceremony as president in 1883. This was the only panel not to vex Van Wouw, who was in Holland at the time but would later attend the President's third inauguration in Church Square in 1893.

555:(at the time around £2,360), a quarter for delivering the Kruger figure itself, a quarter for that of two modern Boers, and the rest for completion and packaging of all castings. Van Wouw would be able to inspect the work at the foundry at any time. 450:

Another problem arose with the four bronze panels Van Wouw's model had separating the sentries on each side of the pedestal. Each panel was to show an event from Kruger's life, starting with his teenage shepherding beside his father during the

598:

Van Wouw was eager to put up the statue, but Kruger said it had to wait until the war was over, and so it would never be raised in the ZAR. On 11 October 1899, shortly before the cast models and panels were due to arrive in South Africa, the

418:

When Van Wouw began modeling the Voortrekker figures under fire, he did not know what they looked in full regalia, unlike the familiar Kruger himself and the two modern Boers he simply showed as he had seen them since arrival, namely with a

487:

proclaiming armed resistance on 8 December 1880; this panel was to accompany that depicting the Peace of Laing's Nek. Once again, visual evidence was lacking, with no photos available from the Paardekraal event and only a drawing from

65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 510:

shortly after arriving in Europe. Like other sculptors there, he hired artists to model his designs, but was dissatisfied in what he saw as a misunderstanding of the national character of a Transvaal Boer as depicted in the

799:

Committee, and others; even Anglo groups such as the Sons of England, the New Guard, and the Hatfield Ratepayers Association joined the effort. The city council stalled, hoping interest would flag, but on 9 March 1939, the

532:

By May 1898, Van Wouw had finished three of the five planned plaster-cast models: the one of Kruger, standing 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in), and the two modern Boer sentinels, each 2.22 m (7 ft

739:. Smuts enlisted Milner in November 1920, appealing to the latter's desire to mend his unpopularity post-Boer-War with a gesture of gratitude to the Afrikaners' newly proven loyalty. Milner contacted the 365:

His sketch model portrayed Kruger in formal state attire, standing quietly on the pedestal, in what Van Wouw considered a paternal attitude. Two of the four Boers portrayed below his statue were from the

811:, widow of the last president of the Orange Free State. At this point, the city council declared the new pedestal architecturally out of step with Church Square, a matter probed by two architects ( 1676: 917:

in military uniforms starting to guard the statue. A rally also took place next to the statue requesting it to be left alone as part of South Africa's cultural history. This ended with

735:

also put in his efforts. Succeeding Botha after the latter's death in 1919 as Prime Minister of the Union, Smuts was popular in Britain for his contributions to the war effort and the

310:. He has been described by some as autocratic, narrow-minded, and ruthless; rumor had it that the "oligarchy" (as the government was called then) would soon be overthrown in Pretoria. 398:

According to the Envoy, Kruger was partial to the verses, but Kruger was unhappy with praise to him given his belief that such should only go to God, therefore asking to substitute

580: 825:

In his other letter, Van Wouw claimed that Kruger himself had personally told the artist in the presence of several Volksraad members that it belonged at that location.

803:

unanimously motioned for the city council to solve the matter definitively, and on 29 May, the majority of the latter agreed to relocate the statue at no cost to them.

715:

with Kitchener and did not wish to continue doing so. The council once again sought Marks' help to no avail. In August 1920, Edward P. Mathers, editor of the newspaper

394:

He will call on me, and I will answer him; I will be with him in trouble, I will deliver him and honor him. With long life I will satisfy him and show him my salvation.

238:

from 1883 to 1900, and four unnamed Boer soldiers. The Statue of Paul Kruger was sculpted in 1896 and was installed in its current location in Church Square in 1954.

794:) with just such a relocation as the ultimate goal. Enlisting the help of other Afrikaner cultural organizations, the society used the centennial reenactment of the 455:. Unable to find surviving photos or other information from this time, Van Wouw got permission to instead start with the signing of the 1881 peace accord ending the 1148: 431:

gun. No photos and precious few descriptions survived of old Voortrekker gear, however, so Van Wouw wired Pretoria to send him a full Voortrekker kit, including a

807:

monument. Van Wouw's approval was followed by that of the full society, which proceeded to arrange for an unveiling on Church Square on 10 October 1941, by Mrs.

1269: 472: 1706: 463:. At that event, then Vice-president Kruger set the conditions with the British representatives for their withdrawal after a resounding Boer victory at the 374:

On 7 October 1896, more than thirteen months after Marks' initial donation, he and Kruger agreed to have Van Wouw leave for Europe to supervise the work in

371:

people and of the Republic's freedom. Marks and members of the Volksraad and Executive Council of the Republic came to view the sketch, which was approved.

1731: 1726: 1721: 1487: 1344: 783: 1691: 1339: 1655: 1212: 98: 68:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

747:, and on 12 September of that year, it arrived at last in Pretoria. All that was missing was the monogram "K," which was lost and never returned. 76: 1686: 892:

in South Africa, there had been calls for the removal of the statue from its location due to it being viewed as an "icon of apartheid" by some

821:

placed anywhere where its greatness would fall to the wayside. The center of Church Square is the designated place and there it must be built.

608: 836:, suggested placing the statue near the southern entrance to Church Square as the "psychological center" to what he envisioned as a kind of 740: 624: 313:

Marks had his chief accountant draft a proposal to the President and Executive Council offering £10,000 to the city of Pretoria to build a

958: 326:. The money was deposited in a dedicated account at the National Bank of the South African Republic in the name of the Treasurer-General. 406:

Look to the Lord and his strength; seek his face always. Remember the wonders he has done, his miracles, and the judgments he pronounced.

1369: 1472: 1199: 989: 755:

Assuming the monument would never be built, the Pretoria City Council authorized a World War I memorial on Church Square, but then

1701: 1312: 1062: 861: 620: 616: 353:

and a girls' school after a brief stint as a store clerk. An admirer of Kruger's like Marks, Van Wouw considered the President's

1696: 1564: 1331: 1244: 410:

Due to the circumstances under which the monument was raised, this wish went unfulfilled and no text appeared on the pedestal.

1736: 1407: 1259: 1227: 849: 89:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Afrikaans Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

766:

Women's Auxiliary) by declaring that there would be no monument whatsoever there. The memorial would be put in front of the

1412: 860:

Donations were once again sought, with an estimated £20,000 needed, but construction began during fundraising, fostered by

1249: 763: 548: 1711: 1322: 800: 736: 1009: 1382: 1302: 1297: 572: 489: 1452: 1422: 703: 383: 1538: 1523: 1254: 1128: 653: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1492: 905: 893: 1681: 922: 771: 263: 130: 84: 1497: 925:". The statue has subsequently been ringed by 1.5m high fencing and is not directly accessible to the public. 291: 105: 1716: 1437: 287: 215: 182: 1457: 808: 583:

show an agreement between Van Wouw and Marks that the latter would choose the best of several exemplars of

1397: 1364: 1192: 698: 255: 235: 693:, President while Kruger was in Europe from 1900 to 1902, unveiled the statue to the public. Both former 1650: 1442: 1387: 720: 708: 666: 520: 464: 286:

soldiers at the corners below the main plinth. In 1956, the statue was moved to its current location at

524:

compromise Kruger's monument or my good name for any lucre." He wrote to his father shortly afterward:

1447: 1554: 1287: 1237: 1037: 864: 833: 690: 635:, he later gifted two of them to that branch of the military and took the other two to his estate at 494: 471:

in 1877. The second bronze panel also posed problems, and Van Wouw considered scrapping it until the

468: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1417: 1084: 330: 329:

The Cabinet chiefs and other officials of the Republic debated the finer points of the statue. Dr.

1482: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1587: 1277: 787: 350: 203: 428: 1577: 1572: 1185: 985: 872: 694: 271: 80: 1581: 897: 775: 756: 644: 440: 774:, on the same pedestal that once sat on Church Square and in Prince's Park. Prime Minister 262:. The statue was first installed at Prince's Park and was then moved to a location outside 1559: 1402: 1282: 909: 829: 767: 632: 615:. Kitchener hoisted the sentinel statues on either side of the driveways leading into the 600: 37: 1359: 1349: 1292: 460: 456: 247: 144: 567:

Van Wouw arrived in Pretoria to find a pedestal on Church Square, halfway between the

1670: 1392: 918: 628: 623:

Royal Military Academies, moving them after complaints to a pedestal in front of the

275: 1502: 1477: 1216: 1106: 876: 837: 812: 759: 686: 592: 552: 516: 323: 319: 307: 223: 190: 1177: 575:

and just west of the church in the middle of the square. Correspondence from the

1354: 1307: 868: 724: 719:, began a press campaign to return the statue with the help of former President 679: 649: 636: 568: 484: 480: 432: 367: 342: 259: 251: 227: 172: 318:

Government thanked him "for his rich gift" and informed him that Kruger deemed

914: 904:, the statue of Paul Kruger was vandalized with green paint thrown on it. The 795: 604: 512: 476: 452: 444: 1163: 1150: 959:"Dr D.F. Malan unveils the statue of Paul Kruger on Church Square, Pretoria" 901: 889: 744: 732: 436: 424: 399: 303: 479:

of Rustenburg leaping into the fray among enemy soldiers at the Battle of

345:

Van Wouw came to the ZAR as a young man and settled in Pretoria, teaching

1232: 1208: 584: 387: 354: 322:

an ideal site and pledged for any surplus money to be spent to found the

219: 186: 678:

decided to simply recast the missing Boers and panels on the advice of

587: 576: 358: 346: 267: 87:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

603:

broke out. While they were gradually imported, they could not go past

841: 612: 375: 314: 279: 211: 162: 711:

government was free to produce replicas of them at its own expense.

670:

Commandant-General of Boer forces in the War and then leader of the

631:

near the Boer War Memorial Arch. Placing them under the care of the

908:

initially claimed responsibility but later retracted this when the

762:

responded to an 13 August 1920 protest from Mrs. H. Jooste (of the

467:, including securing the independence of the Boers given up by Sir 828:

Van Wouw's letter came to naught, and the issue was dropped until

420: 379: 549:

Royal Dutch Gold and Silver Workshop or J.M. van Kempen and Sons

507: 283: 231: 62: 1181: 1063:"Tshwane presses charges after Paul Kruger statue gets defaced" 439:. The government struggled to find clothes from the era at the 302:

In August 1895, the Kruger government was unpopular among the

135:

The statue of Paul Kruger on Church Square in central Pretoria

18: 731:

While the public campaign to return the statue failed, Gen.

1129:"Steve Hofmeyr, Sunette Bridges defend Paul Kruger statue" 282:. Along with Paul Kruger, the sculpture has four unnamed 982:

Invictus: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation

1340:

National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum)

921:

singing the former national anthem of South Africa, "

581:

National Archives and Records Service of South Africa

1345:

National Museum of Cultural History (African Window)

1010:"Sunette Bridges to oppose removal of Kruger statue" 770:

and the Kruger statue on the square in front of the

515:. Admiring Boer valor in the First Boer War and the 58: 1643: 1547: 1511: 1465: 1431: 1330: 1321: 1268: 871:, all Provincial Administrators (including that of 848:At this point a new development emerged: Professor 475:persuaded him to keep the scene of the 29-year-old 443:but gathered what they needed from citizens of the 234:political and military leader and President of the 178: 168: 158: 150: 140: 123: 1677:1896 establishments in the South African Republic 258:, who was an enthusiastic supporter of President 961:. South African History Online. 11 October 1954 254:, an industrialist who made his fortune in the 1038:"South African war on colonial past escalates" 290:with a new pedestal and was unveiled there by 83:accompanying your translation by providing an 49:Click for important translation instructions. 36:expand this article with text translated from 1193: 473:State Secretary of the South African Republic 8: 266:. The statue portrays Paul Kruger wearing a 1488:National Zoological Gardens of South Africa 1107:"Cecil Rhodes monument: A necessary anger?" 784:Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge 1327: 1200: 1186: 1178: 980:Carlin, John (2012). "7: The Tiger King". 782:Over the years, organizations such as the 120: 16:Bronze sculpture in Pretoria, South Africa 246:The statue was first sculpted in 1896 by 936:Die Geskiedenis van die Krugerstandbeeld 1032: 1030: 947: 1003: 1001: 7: 953: 951: 741:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 625:Royal School of Military Engineering 506:Van Wouw set up shop in a studio in 1707:Monuments and memorials in Pretoria 1370:Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum 306:mining managers and capitalists of 1732:Outdoor sculptures in South Africa 1727:Relocated buildings and structures 1722:Cultural depictions of Paul Kruger 1473:Pretoria National Botanical Garden 896:activists. In 2015, following the 95:{{Translated|af|Krugerstandbeeld}} 14: 1692:Bronze sculptures in South Africa 1085:"EFF wants Paul Kruger torn down" 938:. Pretoria: Die Krugergenootskap. 660: 862:Governor-General of South Africa 129: 23: 1565:Metropolitan routes in Pretoria 1453:Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square 1423:Fort Klapperkop Military Museum 1360:Tswaing Meteorite Crater Museum 1131:. Eyewitness News. 8 April 2015 704:Andries Daniël Wynand Wolmarans 447:district who still had pieces. 384:J. G. T. Beelaerts van Blokland 1008:Alex Mitchley (7 April 2015). 850:William Holford, Baron Holford 661:The statue's return from exile 93:You may also add the template 1: 1687:Afrikaner culture in Pretoria 801:Transvaal Provincial Council 751:The last struggle: 1925–1954 934:Breytenbach, J. H. (1954). 490:The Illustrated London News 106:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 1753: 414:The search for inspiration 250:following a commission by 57:Machine translation, like 1223: 1109:. BBC News. 11 April 2015 906:Economic Freedom Fighters 894:African National Congress 128: 38:the corresponding article 1656:Statue of Nelson Mandela 923:Die Stem van Suid-Afrika 772:Pretoria railway station 502:The making of the statue 459:at O'Neill's Cottage in 264:Pretoria railway station 1702:Vandalized works of art 1413:Police Transport Museum 337:Van Wouw and his design 104:For more guidance, see 1697:Public art in Pretoria 1398:Van Tilburg Collection 1313:Sacred Heart Cathedral 984:. Atlantic Books Ltd. 823: 791: 737:Paris Peace Conference 699:Martinus Theunis Steyn 530: 408: 396: 256:South African Republic 236:South African Republic 207: 1737:Statues of presidents 1651:Statue of Paul Kruger 1388:Mapungubwe Collection 1164:25.74645°S 28.18806°E 888:Following the end of 818: 809:Rachel Isabella Steyn 721:Francis William Reitz 709:Union of South Africa 667:Treaty of Vereeniging 526: 521:Willem Johannes Leyds 465:Battle of Majuba Hill 404: 392: 349:classes at the state 292:Daniel François Malan 226:. The statue depicts 214:sculpture located in 200:Statue of Paul Kruger 124:Statue of Paul Kruger 77:copyright attribution 1555:Ben Schoeman Freeway 1288:Voortrekker Monument 865:Ernest George Jansen 834:Voortrekker Monument 691:Schalk Willem Burger 469:Theophilus Shepstone 1712:Statues in Pretoria 1432:Streets and squares 1418:Pretoria Art Museum 1169:-25.74645; 28.18806 1160: / 832:, architect of the 1443:Sammy Marks Square 1355:Sammy Marks Museum 1278:Pretoria City Hall 85:interlanguage link 1664: 1663: 1503:Pretoria Rosarium 1466:Parks and gardens 1378: 1377: 1303:Palace of Justice 873:South West Africa 867:, Prime Minister 757:Mayor of Pretoria 695:Orange Free State 573:Palace of Justice 435:, bandolier, and 272:presidential sash 196: 195: 117: 116: 50: 46: 1744: 1594:Regional routes 1582:Platinum Highway 1569:National routes 1524:Fountains Valley 1448:Pretorius Square 1408:Air Force Museum 1328: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1034: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1005: 996: 995: 977: 971: 970: 968: 966: 955: 898:Rhodes Must Fall 792:Krugergenootskap 776:J. B. M. Hertzog 685:On 24 May 1913, 645:Transvaal Colony 613:Lourenço Marques 563:Shattered dreams 546: 545: 541: 538: 441:Transvaal Museum 208:Krugerstandbeeld 133: 121: 96: 90: 63:Google Translate 48: 44: 27: 26: 19: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1682:1896 sculptures 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1639: 1560:Pretoria Bypass 1543: 1512:Nature reserves 1507: 1461: 1427: 1403:Van Wouw Museum 1374: 1332:Ditsong Museums 1317: 1283:Union Buildings 1264: 1219: 1206: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 979: 978: 974: 964: 962: 957: 956: 949: 945: 931: 910:City of Tshwane 886: 830:Gerard Moerdijk 768:Union Buildings 753: 663: 633:Royal Engineers 601:Second Boer War 565: 543: 539: 536: 534: 504: 416: 339: 300: 244: 136: 113: 112: 111: 94: 88: 51: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1717:Anton van Wouw 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1498:Springbok Park 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1350:Pionier Museum 1347: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1293:Pretoria Forts 1290: 1285: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1182: 1143: 1142: 1120: 1098: 1076: 1054: 1026: 997: 991:978-1848874404 990: 972: 946: 944: 941: 940: 939: 930: 927: 885: 882: 764:National Party 752: 749: 662: 659: 609:Lord Kitchener 579:office of the 564: 561: 503: 500: 457:First Boer War 415: 412: 338: 335: 299: 296: 248:Anton Van Wouw 243: 240: 194: 193: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 145:Anton van Wouw 142: 138: 137: 134: 126: 125: 115: 114: 110: 109: 102: 91: 69: 66: 55: 52: 33: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1749: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438:Church Square 1436: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393:Melrose House 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298:State Theatre 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 987: 983: 976: 973: 960: 954: 952: 948: 942: 937: 933: 932: 928: 926: 924: 920: 919:Steve Hofmeyr 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 883: 881: 878: 874: 870: 866: 863: 858: 854: 851: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 822: 817: 814: 810: 804: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 758: 750: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 726: 722: 718: 712: 710: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 675: 673: 668: 658: 655: 651: 646: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 596: 594: 589: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 562: 560: 556: 554: 550: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 509: 501: 499: 496: 491: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:Martini–Henry 426: 422: 413: 411: 407: 403: 401: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 369: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 334: 332: 331:Nico Mansvelt 327: 325: 321: 316: 311: 309: 305: 297: 295: 293: 289: 288:Church Square 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 241: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216:Church Square 213: 209: 205: 201: 192: 188: 184: 183:Church Square 181: 177: 174: 171: 167: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 132: 127: 122: 119: 107: 103: 100: 92: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 56: 54: 53: 47: 41: 39: 34:You can help 30: 21: 20: 1493:Heroes' Acre 1483:Magnolia Dal 1478:Burgers Park 1383:Freedom Park 1365:Kruger House 1217:South Africa 1145: 1133:. Retrieved 1123: 1111:. Retrieved 1101: 1089:. Retrieved 1079: 1067:. Retrieved 1057: 1045:. Retrieved 1041: 1017:. Retrieved 1013: 981: 975: 963:. Retrieved 935: 900:campaign in 887: 877:Willem Drees 859: 855: 847: 838:amphitheater 827: 824: 819: 813:Gordon Leith 805: 781: 760:George Brink 754: 730: 717:South Africa 716: 713: 702:Square, and 687:Victoria Day 684: 676: 671: 664: 641: 597: 593:Sytze Wierda 571:and the new 566: 557: 531: 527: 517:Jameson Raid 505: 449: 417: 409: 405: 397: 393: 373: 364: 340: 328: 324:Pretoria Zoo 320:Burgers Park 312: 308:Johannesburg 301: 245: 224:South Africa 199: 197: 191:South Africa 118: 81:edit summary 72: 45:(April 2015) 43: 40:in Afrikaans 35: 1539:Faerie Glen 1458:Time Square 1308:Ou Raadsaal 1167: / 1014:The Citizen 884:Controversy 880:sentinels. 869:D. F. Malan 725:World War I 680:Fanie Eloff 650:Louis Botha 637:Broome Park 605:Delagoa Bay 569:Ou Raadsaal 513:bas-reliefs 485:Krugersdorp 481:Makapansgat 461:Laing's Nek 433:powder horn 368:Voortrekker 260:Paul Kruger 252:Sammy Marks 228:Paul Kruger 173:Paul Kruger 1671:Categories 1534:Wonderboom 1529:Klapperkop 1519:Groenkloof 1245:Mass media 1155:28°11′17″E 1152:25°44′47″S 943:References 915:Afrikaners 796:Great Trek 697:President 477:commandant 453:Great Trek 445:Rustenburg 298:Background 1270:Buildings 1260:Transport 1228:Education 1042:The Times 902:Cape Town 890:apartheid 840:, as the 788:Afrikaans 745:Cape Town 733:Jan Smuts 621:Sandhurst 495:communion 437:flintlock 425:bandolier 400:Psalm 105 351:gymnasium 304:Uitlander 204:Afrikaans 99:talk page 1238:Timeline 1209:Pretoria 1135:14 April 1113:14 April 1091:14 April 1069:14 April 1047:14 April 1019:14 April 965:14 April 672:Het Volk 654:Het Volk 652:and his 617:Woolwich 585:Scottish 427:, and a 390::15-16: 388:Psalm 91 355:tailcoat 343:Dutchman 220:Pretoria 187:Pretoria 179:Location 75:provide 1323:Museums 1233:History 1213:Tshwane 929:Sources 689:, Gen. 665:As the 629:Chatham 588:granite 577:Gauteng 542:⁄ 359:top hat 347:drawing 274:with a 268:top hat 242:History 210:) is a 169:Subject 97:to the 79:in the 42:. 1250:People 1087:. ENCA 1065:. ENCA 988: 842:pulpit 402::4-5: 376:France 315:marble 280:plinth 230:, the 212:bronze 163:Bronze 141:Artist 1644:Other 1548:Roads 1255:Sport 421:beard 380:Italy 278:on a 59:DeepL 1633:R514 1628:R513 1623:R104 1618:R101 1137:2015 1115:2015 1093:2015 1071:2015 1049:2015 1021:2015 986:ISBN 967:2015 619:and 553:lire 508:Rome 423:, a 378:and 357:and 341:The 284:Boer 276:cane 270:and 232:Boer 198:The 159:Type 154:1896 151:Year 73:must 71:You 1613:R80 1608:R55 1603:R50 1598:R21 1588:N14 627:in 218:in 61:or 1673:: 1578:N4 1573:N1 1215:, 1211:, 1040:. 1029:^ 1012:. 1000:^ 950:^ 790:: 639:. 294:. 222:, 206:: 189:, 185:, 1584:) 1580:( 1201:e 1194:t 1187:v 1139:. 1117:. 1095:. 1073:. 1051:. 1023:. 994:. 969:. 544:2 540:1 537:+ 535:3 202:( 108:. 101:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index