2393:
fundamental change from that time until the reforms of 1782 which resulted in the emergence of the Home and
Foreign departments. ... English domestic affairs remained the responsibility of both Secretaries throughout the period. In the field of foreign affairs there was a division into a Northern and a Southern Department, each of which was the responsibility of one Secretary. The distinction between the two departments emerged only gradually. It was not until after 1689 that their names passed into general currency. Nevertheless the division of foreign business itself can, in its broad outlines, be detected in the early years of the reign of Charles II. ... The first question to be considered in the light of the memorandum of 1684 is the origin of the office of Under Secretary. It should be emphasised in this connection that the term 'Under Secretary', although found in use as early as 1672, (fn. 28) passed only gradually into general currency.
1724:), a Government department with a status below that of a ministry. A secretariat of State could be organized as a division of a ministry or occasionally be directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. For example, from 1987 to 1995, a Secretariat of State for the Culture existed directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. Despite this type of department no longer officially existing in the organization of the Portuguese Government, it is still common usage for the portfolio of a secretary of State to be colloquially referred to as a "secretariat of State".
43:
3015:
3004:
1382:). Critics claim that parliamentary secretaries of state are usually given little to no influence and responsibility within their ministry, all the while drawing very generous pay due to receiving two salaries, both as a secretary of state and as a member of parliament. For example, when interviewed in 2005 about his post as a parliamentary minister of state in the German Foreign Office (1998–2002) during an
2441:
921:, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on the constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In the state of
2162:
This and many other government and judiciary titles are often capitalized in government documents in violation of the much more common rule in
English to capitalize titles only before a name (see e.g. Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., 2017, sec. 8.19, 8.22), when it in fact becomes part of the name.
1727:
Historically, since the 17th century, the title of "secretary of State" was used to designate the heads of the
Government departments of Portugal. In the 19th century, the title of "minister" started to be used, the official complete title of each of the ministers becoming "minister and secretary of
1623:
in the
Netherlands is a junior minister who is responsible to a Cabinet Minister or the Prime Minister. Some of them may, in specific circumstances, call themselves Minister when visiting a foreign country. Each State Secretary has a certain portfolio, which is different to their Cabinet Minister to
650:, from 1847 until 1972, the Secretary of State was the head of the Department of State and the chief foreign policy officer of the republic, responsible for conducting diplomacy and implementing the nation's foreign affairs. The title was abolished in 1972 and replaced with the new nomenclature,
2392:
At the
Restoration the practice of appointing two Secretaries of State, which was well established before the Civil War, was resumed. Apart from the modifications which were made necessary by the occasional existence of a third secretaryship, the organisation of the secretariat underwent no
1603:) are members of the cabinet, and are ranked below ministers. They are given specific briefs, covering the same briefs as the ministers, and help to assist their respective ministers to perform their functions. They often hold more than one brief or assist more than one minister. In the
1340:
function as the administrative heads of ministries. They depend on the full confidence of their respective ministers and can at any time be posted into provisional retirement with their pension paid in full. This happens usually when the government or the minister changes.
1868:
2009:, in English literally "Cabinet Secretary"). State secretaries tend to, more often than the ministers do, hail from a fixed civil servant background or a professional background relevant to the area of responsibility that belongs to their respective ministries.
1123:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Despite being members of the Government, the Secretaries of State usually do not participate in the Council of Ministers, unless they are specially summoned for and, in this case, without right to vote.
2025:
on heads of federal offices whose duties entail independent interaction with senior foreign authorities (cf. article 46 of the
Government and Administration Organisation Act). In practice, the function of a secretary of state is the same as in France.
1736:
that existed during 1918, in which the ministers were re-titled "secretaries of State"). In 1958, the title of "secretary of State" was reintroduced to designate the then created role of a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister.
1819:
2141:
on the advice of the Prime
Minister, and are responsible, along with other Cabinet members, for the collective government of the United Kingdom. There are a number of secretaries of state, each of whom are formally titled
1611:, who is responsible for Relations with Parliament; Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development; and Culture, Higher Education, and Research. There had been two in the previous cabinet, and three between 1984 and 1989.
671:(federal government) is a high official with the same rank of a Minister, who is responsible directly to the President. The position must be distinguished from a "Secretary", a lower position, responsible to a Minister.
2472:
618:) exists as an intermediate government rank between those of minister and Secretary of State. The role of vice-minister also exists in the Government of Angola, but it is junior to that of Secretary of State.
1334:. While officially it is not a political office, often it is assigned by appointment based on political criteria such as party affiliation, rather than by career progression as a civil servant. Nevertheless,
755:
who was a
Cabinet minister whose duties varied over time but who was responsible for the Department of Secretary of State until the position was abolished. Since 1993, some junior ministers have been styled
2904:
1709:, unless summoned for certain meetings and, in those cases, without right to vote. They act merely as deputies of ministers, having only the powers delegated to them by their ministers or directly by the
807:
government, "Secretary of State" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or
2465:
1010:. In addition, the State Secretary provides the President and Vice President with their reports, coordinates household matters and protocols, as well as assisting in the drafting of
1176:
2458:
1519:
998:) is a Government official of Ministerial rank who heads the Ministry of State Secretariat. The Minister-Secretary of State gives technical and administrative assistance to the
1252:). In contrast, previously only two ministries, Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs, used to have state secretaries, who were permanently appointed. One such example is
1055:
However, every state in
Malaysia have their own State Secretary, except federal territories. Secretary of State is the member of the State Executive Council, appointed by the
1939:
2060:
From 1660 there were always two secretaries of state, between whom oversight of foreign affairs was divided on a geographical basis while domestic affairs were shared: the
1701:, plural) is a junior minister, of intermediate rank between that of cabinet minister and that of under-secretary of State. Although having the Constitutional status of
1168:
being officially "linguistically asexual"). Therefore, appointing people as secretaries of state allows the government to circumvent this constitutional limitation. See
760:, and assigned in specific policy areas to assist Cabinet ministers. However, these junior ministers are not themselves members of Cabinet. A similar role is played by
2334:
2305:
1935:
1026:, is in charge of international relations of Kuwait, and all Kuwaiti representatives abroad. Al-Sabah is a member of the cabinet of ministers, and reports directly to
1716:
Until the reorganization of the
Portuguese Public Administration structure in 2004, it was common for a secretary of State to be in charge of a secretariat of State (
2405:
1006:
in running State affairs. In the President's case, the Minister-Secretary of State also provides assistance for the President in his role as Commander-in-chief of
2638:
2057:(1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary. From 1540 there were sometimes two such secretaries.
946:
567:. The title of State Secretary was replaced by that of Government Secretary soon after the formation of the state apparatus and was thereafter never used again.
2909:
2899:
888:
403:
2134:
1998:
1947:
2089:
468:
In many countries, a secretary of state is a senior or mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as
3008:
2919:
908:
877:
520:
3039:
2974:
713:
523:
is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections, tasks which would be exercised by
2535:
1084:
556:
1914:
a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a State Department. The Secretary of State is a member of the Council of Ministers (
674:
The official responsible for foreign policy is called Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores) or "Chancellor" (Canciller).
512:
2914:
2855:
2525:
1525:
1437:
1413:
1291:
958:
723:
At federal level, the officer responsible for foreign affairs, a position equivalent to that of the United States Secretary of State, is the
651:
607:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Usually, the secretaries of State do not participate in the council of ministers.
207:
555:(1854–1902) the Secretary of State was the original title of the main administrative officer of the State, who worked closely with both the
2949:
2934:
1552:, as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs the activities of the other dicasteries. The secretariat is also responsible for the
872:
The now long-established terms "Department ..." and "Secretary of State" were preceded (for two months following the effective date of the
815:. The secretary of state is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world.
748:
724:
64:
2929:
2865:
2124:
2081:
1331:
1023:
930:
436:
31:
2984:
2633:
361:
2964:
2959:
2939:
2764:
2200:
2164:
2115:
in 1801. By a gradual process between then and the 1960s, most of the ministers of the British cabinet became secretaries of state.
1043:
896:
812:
236:
145:
86:
1524:(1829–31). It was then abandoned, until used instead of the title of "Minister" (Υπουργός) for the cabinet members in the 1835–37
3018:
2954:
2486:
1952:
1027:
1007:
798:
504:
252:
2273:"The Determinants of Promotion to High Public Office in Germany: Partisan Loyalty, Political Craft, or Managerial Competencies?"
2989:
2077:
1326:(civil servant) who ranks second only to the minister in a state or federal ministry, so the position is equivalent to that of
1212:
177:
2924:
2681:
2445:
1541:
2221:
1442:
880:
and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities.
1148:
was a secretary of state charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he was accountable to the
2835:
2138:
1620:
1349:
1307:
1169:
752:
560:
2412:
2944:
2500:
2050:
2040:
1658:
1604:
1216:
926:
717:
535:
398:
140:
1732:. From them on, the title "minister" completely replaced that of "secretary of State" (with the exception of the brief
2969:
2850:
2731:
2611:
1729:
1537:
1295:
1246:
This is a new arrangement; during the introduction of this model, a secretary was called "political state secretary" (
1239:), is the highest official below each minister. Ministers, who lead ministries (government departments), comprise the
1003:
757:
489:
476:, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment (equivalent to
212:
592:
57:
51:
899:, immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet.
2883:
2845:
2676:
2093:
1710:
1204:
873:
761:
891:
the secretary of state falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The secretary of state is also, in
2978:
2021:
federal administration, secretaries of state are the most senior career officials. The title is conferred by the
1951:
were the heads of different government departments. The Secretary of State usually served as Chief Minister (See
1666:
1436:("State Minister of Culture") for short – although some of the incumbents did not hold a seat in parliament. The
1200:
1165:
950:
777:
375:
356:
68:
2830:
2108:
2073:
1994:
1964:
1640:
1365:
1145:
370:
1863:
1091:, appointed by the (Raja of Perlis). The State Secretary is the head of the public service in his/her state.
716:. At state level, the Brazilian secretaries of State have functions similar to those of the Ministers of the
2721:
2661:
2586:
1889:
1803:
1775:
1755:
1383:
1153:
429:
320:
1279:) is a junior minister, responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. It is not to be confused with the
2163:
Therefore lowercase spelling is the first or only variant recorded in some major dictionaries such as the
2054:
1702:
1588:
1466:
1100:
999:
635:
627:
596:
332:
113:
2726:
2686:
2550:
2515:
2482:
2022:
1514:
1196:
1056:
884:
818:
The U.S. secretary of state has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason.
259:
2385:
2084:
existed from 1768. In 1782 a system reform resulted in reverting to having two secretaries of state: a
1814:
630:
the Secretary of State was the main administrative officer of the State, working closely with both the
2450:
2781:
2716:
2626:
2616:
1993:. Typically, there is one State Secretary assigned for each minister in the cabinet, and two for the
1990:
1506:
1243:. Each state secretary is appointed for the term of the minister and is responsible to the minister.
892:
344:
232:
227:
1838:
654:. Throughout most of Liberia's history, holders of that office usually went on to become president.
2840:
2798:
2752:
2666:
2606:
2069:
1934:
is a junior minister. Each ministry may have one or several Secretaries of State. For example, the
1733:
1717:
1706:
1686:
1409:
1387:
1327:
1120:
1011:
781:
701:
687:
611:
600:
477:
382:
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2820:
2808:
2803:
2759:
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2545:
2540:
2130:
2112:
2065:
2061:
2046:
1927:
1853:
1654:
1650:
1510:
1502:
1369:
1240:
528:
422:
349:
339:
192:
165:
1528:, with Armansperg being designated "Chief Secretary of State" (Αρχιγραμματεύς της Επικρατείας).
1478:
2196:
2860:
2815:
2791:
2774:
2671:
2656:
2621:
2571:
2330:
2301:
1379:
1280:
846:
834:
564:
552:
524:
240:
105:
1144:
is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or to the prime minister. For example,
2825:
2786:
2747:
2387:
Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2 - Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782
2359:
2280:
2168:
2002:
1982:
1974:
1880:
1859:
1794:
1766:
1746:
1287:
1232:
838:
822:
808:
744:
736:
709:
508:
2769:
2704:
2576:
2097:
1876:
1832:
1828:
1596:
1580:
1470:
1462:
1448:
1417:
1157:
1080:
866:
858:
631:
485:
461:
around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple
412:
1989:) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the
2581:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2104:
2085:
1790:
1608:
1494:
1397:
claimed that he had been cut off from the workflow within the ministry, and called the
1192:
1161:
1149:
1112:
842:
497:
202:
187:
182:
135:
2172:
1455:) serves in place of a proper ministry for this department. Since 1998, the office of
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1565:
1474:
934:
918:
850:
826:
584:
120:
1030:, The Emir of Kuwait. He is also in charge of all the diplomatic representatives in
1844:
1557:
1482:
1392:
938:
854:
830:
811:
of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the
1785:) has existed at certain periods of time. Boris Yeltsin revived the post in 1991.
1258:
17:
2018:
1549:
1208:
1104:
954:
493:
1911:
1576:
1505:. It was first employed for the head of the cabinet under the governorship of
914:
862:
588:
580:
516:
458:
306:
294:
172:
155:
1627:
The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General
2284:
1545:
1294:
were Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's
991:
668:
2440:
2390:. University of London. pp. 1–21 – via British History Online.
1283:
title given to a senior French cabinet minister of particular importance.
2338:
2309:
1896:
Stats-sekretar-Zamestitel ministra inostrannykh del Rossijskoj Federatsii
1885:Статс-секретарь-Заместитель министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации
1682:
1553:
1052:, Chief Secretary to the Government is the Malaysian secretary of state.
1049:
942:
481:
327:
315:
284:
2272:
2246:
2530:
1321:
1220:
1141:
1072:
1060:
647:
559:
as head of state and head of government, and his cabinet, and with the
469:
197:
130:
1207:
and helps to ensure good governance. The first Secretary of State was
1970:
1360:), who is a member of parliament who is appointed to a ministry as a
1272:
1137:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1031:
970:
966:
922:
773:
683:
576:
473:
1170:
Current list of secretaries of states for Belgian Federal Government
634:
as head of state and head of government, and the parliament of the
2146:"; legislation generally refers only to "the Secretary of State".
1669:
and the only minister is constitutionally responsible for all the
1560:, the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the
1068:
289:
1561:
974:
747:, but this position was abolished in 1993 and a new position of
2454:
2411:. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. p. 42. Archived from
36:
1705:, the secretaries of State do not usually participate in the
1501:) was used only intermittently during the early years of the
1981:) is a political appointee, second in rank to the Minister (
1665:
vice minister. However, the State Secretary cannot attend a
1203:
in policy drafting and implementation. It also supports any
1156:
explicitly limits the number of ministers to fifteen (seven
933:
in other states among many other duties. In three states (
883:
The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the
1438:
German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media
1414:
Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media
1152:. The title "secretary of state" was created because the
27:
Type of senior civil servant in the government of a state
2129:
In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a senior
1624:
split up the responsibilities and relieve the workload.
2197:"Frequently asked questions – Office of the Historian"
1564:
dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the
1422:
Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien
949:", since these states as well as Kentucky are called "
929:
is an elected office that acts as the equivalent of a
2137:. Secretaries of state are appointed directly by the
1894:
1808:
1780:
1760:
2277:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
1540:, or Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the
1022:
The Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sheikh
2892:
2876:
2740:
2695:
2647:
2595:
2559:
2493:
1999:
State Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2144:His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...
1649:in Norway plays more or less the same role as the
708:) is one of the government members of each of the
599:. Thus, in these countries, a Secretary of State (
465:in the country's system of governing the country.
457:is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in
2541:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
1728:State of a given portfolio" until the end of the
1657:. Secretaries of State are connected to specific
1175:There are also three secretaries of state in the
751:was created. From 1867 to 1993, there was also a
667:The Secretary of State (Secretario de Estado) in
764:, however Ministers are members of the cabinet.
695:
2296:
2294:
2466:
2053:came into being near the end of the reign of
1247:
700:) – commonly referred simply as "Secretary" (
430:
8:
1810:Gosudarstvennye sekretari Rossijskoj imperii
1799:Государственные секретари Российской империи
1456:
1431:
1425:
1373:
1354:
1335:
1319:
1313:
821:Six secretaries of state became presidents (
1940:Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
1835:in 1814, Foreign Minister from 1816 to 1856
1538:Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope
1493:In Greece, the title "Secretary of State" (
1345:such a provisional retirement is lifelong.
2587:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
2473:
2459:
2451:
2222:"The federal government | Belgium.be"
909:Secretary of State (U.S. state government)
610:In Mozambique, the role of vice-minister (
437:
423:
100:
1793:State secretaries of the Russian Empire (
1177:government of the Brussels-Capital Region
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1330:in the United Kingdom, not to that of a
776:a secretary of state is a member of the
536:originated in early 17th century England
496:(and is in that respect equivalent to a
50:This article includes a list of general
2188:
2155:
741:Secretary of State for External Affairs
575:The organization of the governments of
513:federal government of the United States
492:coordinates all the departments of the
390:
305:
154:
119:
112:
2384:Sainty, J. C. (1973). "Introduction".
1841:sometime in the 1820–1828 time period
1526:Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg
1568:as a part of a temporary commission.
1430:, hence the office is usually called
571:Portuguese-speaking African countries
208:President of the Council of Ministers
7:
2100:came into use over the same period.
1948:Secretarios de Estado y del Despacho
1936:Secretary of State for Latin America
1607:, there was one Secretary of State,
2546:Speaker / President of the assembly
2271:Bach, Tobias; Veit, Sylvia (2017).
2125:Secretary of State (United Kingdom)
2088:(including colonial affairs) and a
2082:Secretary of State for the Colonies
2049:, before 1660, an officer entitled
1926:In present-day organisation of the
1024:Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah
994:, the Minister-Secretary of State (
977:), there is no secretary of state.
32:Secretary of state (disambiguation)
2634:International development minister
1215:in 1944, the State Secretary went
895:, the first Cabinet member in the
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3009:Government ministers by portfolio
2765:Ministry of Education and Culture
2201:United States Department of State
1745:The position of State Secretary (
1179:, one of whom has to be Flemish.
1044:Chief Secretary to the Government
1014:and/or Governmental regulations.
813:United States Department of State
484:, the administrative body of the
237:Cabinet collective responsibility
146:President of the council of state
3040:Political office-holders by role
3014:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2439:
1953:List of prime ministers of Spain
1427:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1356:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1219:until the position came back to
1195:. Its mission is to support the
1028:Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
1008:Indonesian National Armed Forces
799:United States Secretary of State
712:, subordinate to the respective
515:while in most of the individual
505:United States secretary of state
41:
2247:"Avaleht | Riigikantselei"
2107:was formed by the union of the
2078:Secretary of State for Scotland
1605:first Juncker-Asselborn cabinet
1556:'s foreign relations. During a
1453:Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien
889:presidential line of succession
2682:Ministry of trade and industry
1997:. For historical reasons, the
1544:, which is the most important
1509:, a post held successively by
1:
2836:Ministry of religious affairs
1412:introduced the new office of
1384:investigation into visa abuse
1350:Parliamentary State Secretary
1308:Parliamentary State Secretary
957:, this office is called the "
947:Secretary of the Commonwealth
753:Secretary of State for Canada
404:Heads of state and government
2165:American Heritage Dictionary
2041:Secretary of State (England)
1619:As in France and Belgium, a
878:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
534:The term secretary of state
2851:Ministry of social security
2732:Ministry of water resources
2612:Ministry of foreign affairs
2481:Common types of government
2199:. Office of the Historian,
1895:
1809:
1781:
1761:
1205:Ministers without portfolio
945:), the position is called "
749:Minister of Foreign Affairs
743:who acted as the country's
725:Minister of Foreign Affairs
652:Minister of Foreign Affairs
597:Portuguese government model
490:cardinal secretary of state
213:President of the government
3056:
2884:Minister without portfolio
2846:Ministry of social affairs
2677:Ministry of infrastructure
2335:"Universi Dominici Gregis"
2169:Oxford Online Dictionaries
2133:, normally in charge of a
2122:
2038:
1962:
1638:
1499:Γραμματεύς της Επικρατείας
1424:) at the formal rank of a
1305:
1249:poliittinen valtiosihteeri
1140:, a secretary of state in
1041:
913:In most of the individual
906:
796:
29:
2998:
2935:Communications ministries
2092:, with the addition of a
1884:
1798:
1770:
1750:
1498:
1201:Prime Minister of Estonia
996:Menteri Sekretaris Negara
953:" instead of "state". In
782:president of the Republic
778:Mexican Executive Cabinet
2930:Climate change ministers
2831:Ministry of home affairs
2109:Kingdom of Great Britain
2096:from 1794. The title of
2076:, and there was a third
2074:Kingdom of Great Britain
1965:State Secretary (Sweden)
1864:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1782:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1771:Государственный секретар
1685:, a secretary of State (
1641:State Secretary (Norway)
1275:, a Secretary of State (
1187:The secretary of state (
1146:Vincent Van Quickenborne
1107:, a Secretary of State (
876:) by the narrower title
686:, a Secretary of State (
563:, the parliament of the
3019:Ministries by portfolio
2990:Public works ministries
2722:Ministry of electricity
2662:Ministry of the economy
2536:Office of the president
2173:Random House Dictionary
2068:. In 1707, England and
1673:s decisions in office.
1332:U.K. Secretary of State
1154:constitution of Belgium
1103:, in the Government of
531:in most other nations.
71:more precise citations.
2955:Environment ministries
2925:Agriculture ministries
2920:Presidents of assembly
2915:Deputy prime ministers
2406:"Draft Cabinet Manual"
2006:
1986:
1978:
1945:From 1715 to 1834 the
1721:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1579:Secretaries of State (
1457:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1374:
1372:the official title is
1355:
1348:A special case is the
1336:
1320:
1314:
1296:governmental ministers
1248:
1236:
705:
696:
691:
636:South African Republic
628:South African Republic
622:South African Republic
615:
604:
2950:Environment ministers
2856:Minister for Veterans
2727:Ministry of Petroleum
2687:Ministry of transport
2526:Deputy First Minister
2516:Deputy prime minister
2448:at Wikimedia Commons
2285:10.1093/jopart/mux041
2251:www.riigikantselei.ee
2135:government department
2072:were merged into the
2023:Swiss Federal Council
1973:, a State Secretary (
1699:secretários de Estado
1629:(secretaris-generaal)
1366:German Foreign Office
1197:Government of Estonia
803:In the United States
593:São Tome and Príncipe
2945:Education ministries
2782:Information minister
2717:Environment minister
2627:Ministry of interior
2617:Immigration minister
2446:Secretaries of state
2333:(22 February 1996).
2080:until 1746. A third
2007:Kabinettssekreterare
1932:Secretario de Estado
1873:May to November 1992
1722:secretaria de Estado
1707:Council of Ministers
1695:secretária de Estado
1691:secretário de Estado
1542:Secretariat of State
1507:Ioannis Kapodistrias
1458:Kulturstaatsminister
1433:Kulturstaatsminister
1408:In 1998, chancellor
1292:Secretaries of State
1213:Soviet re-occupation
1164:ministers, with the
1160:ministers and seven
1117:Secretário de Estado
1085:Yang DiPertuan Besar
965:". In three states (
780:who responds to the
692:secretário de Estado
605:secretário de Estado
595:closely mirrors the
463:secretaries of state
399:National governments
233:Government formation
114:Executive government
30:For other uses, see
2841:Ministry of science
2799:Ministry of justice
2792:Ministry of housing
2753:Ministry of culture
2667:Ministry of finance
2607:Ministry of defence
2364:www.fedlex.admin.ch
2001:has another title (
1910:In the Republic of
1824:from 1810 to 1917.
1734:presidential system
1467:Julian Nida-Rümelin
1328:Permanent secretary
1231:A state secretary (
1083:, appointed by the
931:lieutenant governor
897:order of precedence
697:secretário estadual
478:permanent secretary
106:the Politics series
2985:Interior ministers
2866:Minister for women
2821:Ministry of sports
2809:Ministry of labour
2804:Minister of labour
2775:Ministry of health
2760:Education minister
2710:Ministry of energy
2567:Secretary of state
2113:Kingdom of Ireland
2066:Southern Secretary
2062:Northern Secretary
2051:Secretary of State
2047:Kingdom of England
1928:Spanish Government
1916:Congresso di Stato
1854:Russian Federation
1813:) operated in the
1703:Government members
1655:Swedish equivalent
1601:Staatssekretär(in)
1593:Staatssekretär(in)
1515:Nikolaos Spiliadis
1511:Spyridon Trikoupis
1503:modern Greek state
1370:German Chancellery
1241:Finnish Government
927:secretary of state
847:Nobel Peace Prizes
793:Federal government
762:Ministers of State
758:Secretary of State
718:Federal Government
525:interior ministers
521:secretary of state
451:secretary of state
357:Semi-parliamentary
193:Minister-president
166:Head of government
3027:
3026:
2975:Health ministries
2970:Forest ministries
2965:Foreign ministers
2960:Finance ministers
2940:Defence ministers
2861:Ministry of women
2816:Regional minister
2698:natural resources
2672:Industry minister
2657:Commerce minister
2622:Interior minister
2598:foreign affairs /
2572:Minister of state
2444:Media related to
2331:Pope John Paul II
2302:Pope John Paul II
2090:Foreign Secretary
2055:Queen Elizabeth I
2035:Historical origin
1893:
1815:State Chancellery
1807:
1779:
1759:
1661:, and serve as a
1585:secrétaire d'Etat
1461:has been held by
1380:Minister of State
1281:Minister of State
1277:Secrétaire d'État
1193:Government Office
1109:Sekretáriu Estadu
835:John Quincy Adams
565:Orange Free State
553:Orange Free State
547:Orange Free State
455:state's secretary
447:
446:
371:Semi-presidential
97:
96:
89:
18:State Secretariat
16:(Redirected from
3047:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2826:Tourism minister
2787:Housing minister
2748:Culture minister
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2418:on 26 April 2012
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1898:
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1860:Gennady Burbulis
1823:
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1730:Monarchy in 1910
1667:Council of State
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1410:Gerhard Schröder
1396:
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1101:Portuguese model
903:State government
839:Martin Van Buren
823:Thomas Jefferson
809:foreign minister
745:Foreign Minister
737:Canadian Cabinet
710:Brazilian states
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1639:Main article:
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1609:Octavie Modert
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