154:
702:
170:
199:
1594:
4456:
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214:
977:
677:
1938:
3840:
1555:) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age.
1097:(1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new grand duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832, the adhesion of Baden to the
2966:
38:
1242:, consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile, the Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which
1085:
the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in
Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote on the military budget, the grand duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In
1061:
In Baden, the conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the
1639:
From 10 to 14 November, soldiers' councils called for the government to declare a republic and remove
Frederick II. Frederick II called this government unconstitutional, but did not contest it and dismissed his ministers. He renounced his governmental powers on 13 November, and abdicated on 22
1550:
on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends
1203:
In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with the resolutions of the
Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a
1151:
brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the
Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm,
2144:
Owing to its physical configuration, Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in
Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the south. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is
1291:
Grand Duke
Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government.
1824:, with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km) and a population of 2,010,728. Of that number, 61% were
1511:(whom he had married in 1856), gave him a peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King
1280:, dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time. Franz Trefzger managed to escape to
1171:
Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which was mastered without much difficulty. The
1740:
The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a
1035:(created countess Hochberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Hochberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at
1086:
January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three
Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence.
1545:
aggrandized the margravate at the expense of
Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of
3357:
2492:
was the great market centre for exports down the Rhine and had substantial river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy and an important administrative centre for its northern region.
1235:(1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in the capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government.
4738:
3805:
1836:, and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330/sq mi (130/km).
1042:
Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for the
Hochberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the
2093:
The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the
2047:
724:
2859:
4768:
3350:
1753:), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years.
1276:, and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at the end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at
4335:
3130:
992:
of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the
Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute.
1733:, a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the
1223:
on 11 May showed that the army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at
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4291:
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382:
1488:
Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the
1412:, however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred:
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1516:
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is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these, the predominant trees are
1737:, two by that of agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke.
2026:
The grand duchy had an area of 15,081 km (5,823 sq mi) and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the
198:
1465:
had a majority of just one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with the aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of the Catholic
1453:
communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled.
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169:
4778:
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the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany. With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the
1756:
The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education.
1058:. The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states.
1007:
were settled, also supported Bavaria's claim to the Palatine parts of Baden on the east bank of the Rhine and reaffirmed the succession rights of King
4328:
1261:), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical
1668:
as its capital; this area was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the duchy. The northern half was combined with northern
1043:
153:
4773:
2062:
into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the highest summit, the
1708:
A constitution was adopted on 22 August 1814, and existed with some changes until the end of the duchy. The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary
1308:(died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest.
48:
1605:
2561:
2533:
862:
353:
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809:, or Song of the People of Baden, which has four or five traditional verses and many more added: there are collections with up to 591 verses.
2470:
of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The grand duchy had many
1350:
a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The
4748:
4321:
213:
1767:
and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.
1420:, and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations.
4597:
4487:
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3926:
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In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by
2787:
528:
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1284:. In the months following, no fewer than 80,000 people left Baden for America. Many of these migrants would later participate in the
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3262:
3135:
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was responsible for the bulk of the grand duchy's wealth, but this was superseded by industrial production. The chief products were
1673:
1598:
1564:
368:
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1070:(ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818, was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient
106:
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4121:
3723:
2792:
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1462:
1315:(ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the
1312:
1301:
1156:
and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at
78:
1537:, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the
1331:, the second chamber petitioned the grand duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia.
3221:
Exner, Konrad (2016). "Die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ereignisse der Republik Baden in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik".
2676:
2634:
1582:
went on strike in January 1918. Members of the garrisons of Lahr and Offenburg formed a soldiers' council on 8 November 1918.
4421:
3247:
2066:, reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to the north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the
1012:
1008:
63:
2640:
85:
2751:
2101:, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the
1725:
The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the
4743:
4728:
3638:
3633:
3519:
2757:
2709:
2589:
2525:
2059:
2006:
1305:
878:
1533:
Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was
1408:
responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and
2582:
2575:
2568:
1954:
1906:
1405:
1090:
1067:
933:
755:
2287:
are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs and
2090:
group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft).
1496:. The army, the post office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia.
4574:
4344:
4187:
3701:
2070:, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the
1730:
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92:
4399:
1685:
937:
3839:
2682:
4566:
4174:
3711:
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3307:
Selgert, Felix. "Performance, pay and promotion: implementing a Weberian bureaucracy in nineteenth century Baden."
2822:
2628:
2621:
List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg § Ministers-President of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1809–1918)
1508:
1343:
1032:
965:
953:
914:
894:
854:
759:
401:
310:
233:
2739:
2646:
4733:
4592:
4445:
4256:
3874:
3738:
3404:
2733:
2554:
1991:
1504:
1258:
1148:
929:
898:
850:
802:
334:
74:
2763:
869:
and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of
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4390:
4386:
4228:
4136:
3931:
3676:
3669:
3498:
2797:
1977:
1583:
1568:
1272:
Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at
980:
Monument to the Constitution of Baden (and the Grand Duke for granting it), in Rondellplatz, Karlsruhe, Germany
941:
821:
and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to
762:, before being reunified in 1771. The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the
291:
1449:
raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of
932:. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson
2664:
4374:
2703:
2670:
2063:
1713:
1500:
1425:
1121:
996:
925:
326:
287:
4657:
4587:
4429:
4281:
4251:
4218:
3733:
3664:
2514:
2233:
1726:
1466:
1358:
of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at
1227:
forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the
1133:
513:
2697:
2691:
4561:
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4116:
4058:
3686:
3659:
3524:
3477:
3195:
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2506:
2209:
1593:
1413:
1376:
The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of
870:
858:
175:
3335:
2846:
The Lives of Hans Luther, 1879 - 1962: German Chancellor, Reichsbank President, and Hitler's Ambassador
2715:
1641:
1636:, the chair of the SPD in Baden and vice-president of the Landtag, chaired the provisional government.
1124:
once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at
1016:
2097:
and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the
4497:
4477:
4403:
4243:
4066:
4050:
3936:
3911:
3728:
3718:
3565:
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3425:
1968:
1918:
1865:
1852:
1693:
1677:
1665:
1609:
1542:
1417:
1359:
1335:
1324:
1277:
1253:
From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The
1205:
1165:
985:
882:
838:
830:
818:
790:
751:
416:
239:
4641:
4425:
4382:
4074:
3890:
3570:
3493:
2537:
2392:
2320:
2247:
In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley,
2002:
1871:
1734:
1520:
1440:
1397:
1355:
1320:
1266:
1137:
1063:
1028:
822:
682:
489:
463:
2817:
1712:
with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a
1628:
formed a provisional government, with Bodman's recognition, on 10 November. Five SPD members, two
1571:, was popular due her supports of artistic endeavors and treatment of the wounded soldiers during
1323:
of 1866, Austria's contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian
976:
861:. The conflict devastated the margraviate's countryside. Baden was defeated in 1796 with Margrave
448:
99:
4520:
4417:
4364:
4359:
3956:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3783:
3643:
3394:
2532:
consisting of a prelate, 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic
2110:
1981:
1958:
1493:
1421:
1316:
1285:
1141:
1020:
1004:
989:
786:
2237:
1351:
2241:
2106:
2033:
The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From
4440:
4409:
4034:
3961:
3864:
3552:
3399:
3266:
3243:
3043:
3018:
2372:
2229:
2126:
1750:
1645:
1538:
1339:
1328:
961:
834:
826:
779:
763:
695:
644:
3300:
Liebel, Helen P. "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792."
1881:
The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included
1612:'s resignation on 9 November, due to fears that violence would break out in Mannheim. Kaiser
1590:
initiated the demonstration. Another soldiers' council was formed in Mannheim on 9 November.
4154:
4021:
3989:
3706:
3621:
2971:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2721:
2486:). A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.
2420:
2146:
1791:
1625:
1177:
1115:
1078:
767:
638:
283:
1066:(1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke
4515:
4313:
4164:
4144:
4126:
4005:
3997:
3974:
3829:
3745:
3696:
3611:
3606:
3441:
3042:(Reissued, 1967, by Russell & Russell ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
2501:
There were numerous educational institutions in Baden. There were three universities, one
2051:
1937:
1825:
1232:
1173:
1094:
1000:
948:
910:
906:
775:
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728:
304:
271:
3295:
The Politics of Harmony: Civil Service, Liberalism, and Social Reform in Baden, 1800–1850
3125:
4615:
4543:
4535:
4525:
4413:
4276:
4082:
4042:
3979:
3575:
3038:
Lonn, Ella (1950). "VII. The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War". In Zucker, A. E. (ed.).
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2352:
2292:
2217:
2118:
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1926:
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1547:
1432:
1363:
886:
1684:
upon the latter's formation in 1949, but in 1952 they merged with each other and with
1461:
The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the
4722:
4195:
4111:
4106:
4013:
3691:
3681:
3616:
3585:
2977:
2972:
2460:
2368:
1804:
1489:
1478:
1262:
1254:
744:
245:
204:
159:
1901:. The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of
1400:, led to a constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of
1050:, under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for
837:
in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the
4673:
4664:
4553:
4433:
4378:
2448:
2332:
2094:
2075:
2067:
2042:
1681:
1657:
1450:
1347:
1300:
Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son,
1247:
1212:
1047:
632:
626:
1664:, at first called South Baden, out of the southern half of the former duchy, with
55:
1435:
did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the
1338:
and, on 17 August 1866, signed a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia.
4464:
3580:
2348:
2225:
2221:
2138:
2018:
1886:
1821:
1661:
1633:
1587:
1572:
1445:
1409:
1281:
1192:, which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German
1128:
passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national
1051:
798:
457:
442:
37:
1745:, had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected the
4607:
3916:
2782:
2727:
2502:
2444:
2364:
2356:
2114:
1847:
1829:
1783:
1613:
1512:
1470:
1401:
1197:
1161:
1102:
1071:
918:
806:
189:
17:
4704:
4691:
3190:
2220:
of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of
2456:
2436:
2396:
2308:
2102:
2078:, an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the
1898:
1860:
1856:
1779:
1771:
1696:– still the only merger of states to have taken place in the history of the
1621:
1389:
1381:
1273:
1224:
1157:
1125:
1082:
1036:
928:
in 1809, it was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the
866:
771:
261:
2149:
6 °C (43 °F). July is the hottest month and January the coldest.
1215:
that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military
3628:
3379:
3316:
Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815–1871
2489:
2440:
2388:
2276:
2087:
2071:
1922:
1910:
1905:. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of
1890:
1875:
1843:
1799:
1795:
1775:
1709:
1617:
1579:
1534:
1525:
1385:
1377:
1189:
1181:
1055:
902:
890:
2387:
Around 1910, 56.8% of the region's land mass was cultivated and 38% was
4620:
4286:
3040:
The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848
2471:
2424:
2416:
2328:
2189:
2153:
2134:
2079:
1882:
1833:
1809:
1787:
1718:
1689:
1228:
1220:
1185:
1153:
1129:
1098:
988:
established by the Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the
433:
2478:
for transporting goods by ship. Railways were run by the state as the
1648:
was formed on 14 November, and elections scheduled on 5 January 1919.
1089:
In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke
4370:
2467:
2404:
2376:
2344:
2324:
2260:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2098:
2038:
1914:
1742:
1560:
1393:
1243:
1216:
951:
was adopted in 1810, and remained in force until the adoption of the
874:
829:, with ecclesiastical and secular territories added to it during the
1586:
stated that a member of Replacement Battalion 171 who returned from
1632:, two Centrists, and two National Liberals made up the government.
1563:
on 28 September 1907. He was succeeded by his son, Grand Duke
4507:
2776:
2529:
2475:
2432:
2428:
2412:
2340:
2312:
2304:
2248:
2027:
1936:
1902:
1592:
1492:
in 1871, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax beer and
1436:
1015:
to all of Baden, upon the expected event of the extinction of the
975:
794:
736:
1019:. As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a
3047:
2408:
2400:
2336:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2272:
2268:
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2256:
2213:
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2197:
2181:
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1894:
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1624:
formed Welfare Committees. The Karlsruhe Welfare Committee and
1238:
This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the
1077:
The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the
2452:
2284:
2280:
2252:
1760:
1132:, which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a
885:, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a
31:
2323:
is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The
2074:
Range, with a mean of 439 metres (1,440 ft), and in the
1265:
and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole,
735:) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the
3095:
3093:
2599:(1826–1907), (since 1852 Regent, since 1856 with the title
2145:
approximately 10 °C (50 °F) and that of the high
1644:. He was one of the last German monarchs to abdicate. The
785:
The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the
2375:, are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual
2315:
of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the
1523:. But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by
924:
Baden continued to assist France militarily, and by the
889:. Baden then changed sides in 1805 to join France under
2447:
was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden
1093:(ruled 1830–1852), the first of the Höchberg line. The
59:
3131:
State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg
2311:
are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield
1839:
The country was divided into the following districts:
1759:
The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect
1327:. However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the
1106:
did much for the material prosperity of the country.
960:
Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the
817:
Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the
3017:((paperback) ed.). Penguin Books. p. 212.
2279:
and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part,
1680:. Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of
1485:) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.
4650:
4634:
4606:
4552:
4506:
4463:
4352:
4269:
4242:
4209:
4135:
4095:
4033:
3988:
3945:
3899:
3883:
3847:
3822:
3652:
3599:
3551:
3542:
3512:
3486:
3470:
3463:
3434:
3413:
3387:
3375:
1246:granted on the condition that Baden would join the
1027:) declaring the counts of Hochberg, the issue of a
619:
605:
595:
586:
576:
571:
557:
547:
524:
509:
499:
486:
474:
469:
454:
439:
429:
410:
395:
381:
362:
347:
333:
321:
297:
277:
267:
257:
223:
129:
4739:Former states and territories of Baden-Württemberg
3302:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2860:"The Salmen – a monument of national significance"
2133:) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to
1820:At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was a
1503:ambitions. His position as husband of the Emperor
1921:derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (
1319:question. The ministry, as one, resigned. In the
3332:(Kohlhammer, 1993), heavily illustrated history.
2524:The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the
897:. France and its allies won the war, and in the
2117:, but none of them is of any significant size.
1362:, was the first to hail the king of Prussia as
1160:, empowered to vote for the establishment of a
2030:and of the mountains which form its boundary.
1688:, which was southern Württemberg and a former
1342:himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the
770:in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in
4769:States and territories disestablished in 1918
4329:
3799:
3351:
1031:between the Grand Duke Charles Frederick and
8:
4671:
4662:
2990:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2656:Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett
1136:, and a fair adjustment of the interests of
999:, by which the territorial disputes between
134:
64:introducing citations to additional sources
3229:(2). Landesverein Badische Heimat: 291–300.
3185:
3183:
3181:
1660:the French military government created the
1616:abdicated the same day while the mayors of
1424:resisted, and, on his death in April 1868,
750:The duchy's 12th-century origins were as a
743:from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the
4764:States and territories established in 1806
4336:
4322:
4314:
4099:
3949:
3806:
3792:
3784:
3548:
3467:
3384:
3358:
3344:
3336:
3172:
3148:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3000:
2528:was governed by a nominated council and a
1640:November, ending 600 years of rule by the
917:, declared himself a sovereign prince and
212:
197:
126:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2484:Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen
2331:supply an abundance of fruit, especially
2058:), which is divided by the valley of the
4759:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2677:Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf
2635:Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck
1567:(ruled 1907–1918, died 1928). His wife,
1380:. The signing on 28 June 1859 of a
1334:Baden announced her withdrawal from the
913:. In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the
218:Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)
54:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3330:Geschichte Badens in Bildern, 1100–1918
2809:
940:(1789–1860) a cousin of French empress
585:
575:
570:
468:
453:
276:
2641:Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim
1731:Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden
582:15,082 km (5,823 sq mi)
27:State in southwest Germany (1806–1918)
3297:(University of Delaware Press, 1980).
3290:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1983).
3288:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920–1945
3236:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920-1945
3160:
3138:from the original on 1 February 2024.
3111:
3099:
2752:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer
2660:1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2651:1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
1846:district had the towns Mannheim, and
1396:and facilitated the establishment of
1288:as abolitionists and union soldiers.
984:In 1815 Baden became a member of the
921:, and received additional territory.
805:. Its unofficial anthem has been the
604:
594:
590:
556:
546:
542:
523:
508:
498:
485:
481:
438:
409:
394:
390:
380:
361:
346:
342:
332:
7:
2710:Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim
2172:of excellent quality were produced;
1149:revolution of February 1848 in Paris
1081:in October 1819, the grand duke had
203:The Grand Duchy of Baden within the
2200:was found in abundance, as well as
2196:were obtained in small quantities.
2156:wealth of Baden was not great, but
1802:, from which appeals passed to the
1515:appointed him, by the hands of the
1257:, under Prince William (afterwards
4754:States of the German Confederation
3815:States of the German Confederation
3240:University of North Carolina Press
2687:1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2480:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
1608:(FVP) parties requested President
944:and adopted daughter of Napoleon.
901:the same year, Baden obtained the
25:
4779:1918 disestablishments in Germany
3263:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
3126:"Novemberrevolution im Südwesten"
2041:in the north is a portion of the
972:Baden in the German Confederation
877:, Charles Frederick received the
4454:
3838:
3454:
3318:(Oxford University Press, 1993).
2964:
2793:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
1913:and those to the north from the
1354:took a conspicuous share in the
801:, and to the east mainly by the
754:that eventually split into two,
700:
675:
168:
152:
47:relies largely or entirely on a
36:
3259:Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden
2848:. Lexington Books. p. 142.
2615:Ministers-President (1809–1918)
2517:, and a research university in
1646:Free People's Republic of Baden
1559:Grand Duke Frederick I died at
1304:, as regent, since the eldest,
1196:, which had invaded Baden from
4774:1806 establishments in Germany
4165:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
3328:Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin, ed.
2788:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2683:Christian Friedrich von Boeckh
1722:) consisting of two chambers.
1597:The abdication certificate of
1529:, the leading Parisian paper:
1013:House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld
1009:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
853:in 1792 saw Baden joining the
845:French Revolution and Napoleon
833:. Upon the dissolution of the
1:
2291:is extensively practised. Of
1578:22,000 industrial workers in
1431:In 1869, the introduction of
1306:Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden
879:Prince-Bishopric of Constance
739:. It originally existed as a
2740:Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban
2647:Karl Christian von Berckheim
1955:County Palatine of the Rhine
1947: Grand Duchy of Baden
1630:Independent Social Democrats
1200:, was routed at Dossenbach.
997:treaty of 16 April 1816
964:in 1813, when he joined the
4749:States of the German Empire
4345:States of the German Empire
3257:Schmidgall, Markus (2012).
2359:, but many others, such as
2319:continue to sell well. The
2244:being the most frequented.
1704:Constitution and government
1698:Federal Republic of Germany
1584:Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering
1392:under the oversight of the
1269:(1814–1878), in his place.
1248:Alliance of the Three Kings
1208:on 10 February, 1849.
402:Sigismund Reitzenstein
4800:
3368:Confederation of the Rhine
3013:Evans, Richard J. (2016).
2844:Edmund C. Clingan (2010).
2629:Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2618:
2552:
2474:and roads, as well as the
2037:in the south to the river
1868:district included Freiburg
1808:(the supreme tribunal) in
1770:The supreme courts lay in
1422:The archbishop of Freiburg
1344:North German Confederation
1113:
1033:Luise Geyer von Geyersberg
915:Confederation of the Rhine
895:War of the Third Coalition
865:being compelled to pay an
4784:Modern history of Germany
4593:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
4452:
4300:
4102:
3952:
3836:
3758:
3452:
3234:Grill, Johnpeter (1983).
2555:List of monarchs of Baden
1941:Baden from 1819 to 1945:
1909:being descended from the
1676:and forming the state of
1346:. He had no wish to give
1296:Towards the German Empire
1259:William I, German Emperor
942:Josephine's first husband
905:and other territories in
851:French Revolutionary Wars
654:
615:
591:
567:
543:
539:
482:
425:
391:
377:
343:
211:
196:
184:
148:
143:
4400:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
3286:Grill, Johnpeter Horst.
2798:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2379:production is exported.
2125:) belongs partly to the
1686:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
1569:Princess Hilda of Nassau
938:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2987:Encyclopædia Britannica
2823:Encyclopædia Britannica
2671:Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2665:Ludwig Georg von Winter
2549:Grand Dukes (1806–1918)
1729:, the president of the
1714:representative assembly
1672:, becoming part of the
1404:principles, making the
1188:on 20 April 1848.
954:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
327:Constitutional monarchy
4672:
4663:
4658:German colonial empire
4588:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2704:Friedrich Adolf Klüber
2534:Archbishop of Freiburg
2497:Education and religion
2055:
2023:
1992:Kingdom of Württemberg
1727:Archbishop of Freiburg
1674:American-occupied zone
1601:
1557:
1541:. It was he who after
1134:progressive income tax
1039:on 10 July 1819.
981:
930:Kingdom of Württemberg
909:at the expense of the
803:Kingdom of Württemberg
732:
559:• Disestablished
135:
75:"Grand Duchy of Baden"
3196:Catholic Encyclopedia
2982:Baden, Grand Duchy of
2127:German federal states
1940:
1604:The NLP, Centre, and
1596:
1531:
1110:1849 Baden Revolution
979:
936:, who was married to
793:, to the west by the
4744:Former grand duchies
4729:Grand Duchy of Baden
4635:Imperial Territories
4488:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4483:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4404:Starostwo of Draheim
3927:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3922:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3639:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3634:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3015:The Pursuit of Power
2540:of the Upper Rhine.
2515:Freiburg im Breisgau
1969:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1866:Freiburg im Breisgau
1457:In the German Empire
1418:freedom of the press
1398:religious institutes
1336:German Confederation
1206:constituent assembly
1044:Act of Confederation
986:German Confederation
926:Treaty of Schönbrunn
849:The outbreak of the
839:German Confederation
831:German mediatisation
819:Margraviate of Baden
791:Grand Duchy of Hesse
720:Grand Duchy of Baden
240:German Confederation
131:Grand Duchy of Baden
60:improve this article
4701: /
4598:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4127:Waldeck and Pyrmont
3311:8.1 (2014): 79–113.
3304:55.5 (1965): 1–132.
3124:Engehausen, Frank.
2764:Heinrich von Bodman
2758:Alexander von Dusch
2698:Karl Georg Hoffmann
2692:Johann Baptist Bekk
2393:agricultural sector
2391:. Before 1870, the
2019:Swiss Confederation
1735:chamber of commerce
1521:Order of the Garter
1441:papal infallibility
1356:Franco-Prussian War
1321:Austro-Prussian War
1267:Ludwig Mieroslawski
1064:National Convention
1029:morganatic marriage
733:Großherzogtum Baden
683:Electorate of Baden
549:• Established
501:• Grand Duchy
234:Rhine Confederation
136:Großherzogtum Baden
4422:Schleswig-Holstein
3151:, p. 123-127.
3102:, p. 291-294.
3087:, p. 100-102.
2746:Franz Wilhelm Nokk
2526:Evangelical Church
2024:
2009:from 1814–48, etc)
1982:Kingdom of Prussia
1959:Kingdom of Bavaria
1855:district included
1642:House of Zähringen
1602:
1553:de bric et de broc
1519:, a Knight of the
1507:'s only daughter,
1317:Schleswig-Holstein
1286:American Civil War
1021:pragmatic sanction
1017:House of Zähringen
990:Congress of Vienna
982:
899:Peace of Pressburg
883:Rhenish Palatinate
797:, to the south by
787:Kingdom of Bavaria
514:German Unification
383:Minister-President
4684:
4683:
4311:
4310:
4265:
4264:
4191:
4178:
4091:
4090:
4035:Ernestine duchies
3781:
3780:
3754:
3753:
3538:
3537:
3450:
3449:
3314:Tuchman, Arleen.
2716:Franz von Stengel
2562:Charles Frederick
2373:coast Douglas-fir
2321:Baden wine region
2086:, an independent
1694:Baden-Württemberg
1692:exclave, to form
1678:Württemberg-Baden
1539:emperor of Russia
1517:Duke of Connaught
1463:National Liberals
1428:remained vacant.
1329:Battle of Werbach
1180:and Franz Joseph
962:Battle of Leipzig
863:Charles Frederick
835:Holy Roman Empire
827:Holy Roman Empire
823:Electoral dignity
780:Republic of Baden
764:Holy Roman Empire
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
696:Republic of Baden
688:
687:
529:German Revolution
412:• 1917–1918
397:• 1809–1810
364:• 1907–1918
354:Charles Frederick
349:• 1806–1811
268:Official language
125:
124:
110:
16:(Redirected from
4791:
4734:History of Baden
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4705:49.017°N 8.400°E
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4677:
4668:
4583:Schaumburg-Lippe
4578:
4570:
4540:
4458:
4437:
4407:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4155:Reuss-Lobenstein
4151:
4150:
4122:Schaumburg-Lippe
4100:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3990:Anhalt (Ascania)
3971:
3950:
3842:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3724:Schaumburg-Lippe
3549:
3468:
3458:
3385:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3276:
3253:
3230:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3114:, p. 15-16.
3109:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2814:
2722:Anton von Stabel
2050:
2015:
1999:
1989:
1975:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1925:), who lived in
1475:Social Democrats
1325:Army of the Main
1240:constituent diet
1178:Friedrich Hecker
1147:The news of the
1116:Baden Revolution
1079:Carlsbad Decrees
871:Tsar Alexander I
727:
704:
703:
692:
691:
679:
678:
672:
671:
656:
655:
535:14 November 1918
531:
516:
421:
406:
373:
358:
329:
288:South Franconian
279:Common languages
250:
216:
201:
172:
156:
138:
127:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
40:
32:
21:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4646:
4642:Alsace–Lorraine
4630:
4602:
4576:
4568:
4548:
4538:
4502:
4498:Weimar-Eisenach
4478:Hesse-Darmstadt
4459:
4450:
4402:and the former
4398:(including the
4397:
4368:
4348:
4342:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4261:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4145:Reuss-Ebersdorf
4131:
4087:
4077:
4069:
4067:Gotha-Altenburg
4061:
4053:
4051:Coburg-Saalfeld
4045:
4029:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3984:
3969:
3941:
3937:Weimar-Eisenach
3912:Hesse-Darmstadt
3895:
3879:
3843:
3834:
3818:
3812:
3782:
3777:
3750:
3648:
3595:
3591:Weimar-Eisenach
3566:Gotha-Altenburg
3561:Coburg-Saalfeld
3544:
3534:
3508:
3482:
3459:
3446:
3430:
3409:
3377:
3371:
3364:
3325:
3283:
3281:Further reading
3273:
3256:
3250:
3233:
3223:Badische Heimat
3220:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3173:Schmidgall 2012
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3149:Schmidgall 2012
3147:
3143:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3085:Schmidgall 2012
3083:
3079:
3073:Schmidgall 2012
3071:
3067:
3061:Schmidgall 2012
3059:
3055:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3001:Schmidgall 2012
2999:
2995:
2980:, ed. (1911). "
2976:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2773:
2768:
2623:
2617:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2499:
2385:
2371:and the exotic
2218:mineral springs
2046:
2022:
2013:
2011:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1919:Swabian Plateau
1826:Roman Catholics
1818:
1706:
1654:
1610:Heinrich Bodman
1459:
1388:, which placed
1374:
1298:
1233:Lorenz Brentano
1118:
1112:
1095:July Revolution
974:
966:Sixth Coalition
949:Napoleonic Code
911:Austrian Empire
907:Further Austria
855:First Coalition
847:
815:
778:under the name
776:Weimar Republic
766:but suffered a
741:sovereign state
723:
701:
676:
650:
608:
598:
579:
560:
550:
532:
527:
520:18 January 1871
517:
512:
505:24 October 1806
502:
492:
460:
445:
419:
417:Heinrich Bodman
413:
404:
398:
371:
365:
356:
350:
325:
317:
313:
280:
253:
248:
219:
207:
192:
180:
179:
178:
173:
165:
164:
162:
157:
139:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4721:
4720:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4554:Principalities
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4185:
4172:
4162:
4152:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4096:Principalities
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:Hildburghausen
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3656:
3654:
3653:Principalities
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Hildburghausen
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3513:Principalities
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3464:States created
3461:
3460:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3366:States of the
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3254:
3248:
3231:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3116:
3104:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3063:, p. 123.
3053:
3030:
3023:
3005:
2993:
2978:Chisholm, Hugh
2865:
2851:
2836:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2511:Roman Catholic
2498:
2495:
2384:
2381:
2361:sweet chestnut
2353:European beech
2333:sweet cherries
2210:potter's earth
2119:Lake Constance
2035:Lake Constance
2012:
1996:
1986:
1972:
1963:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1817:
1814:
1705:
1702:
1662:State of Baden
1653:
1650:
1458:
1455:
1433:civil marriage
1416:of ministers,
1414:responsibility
1373:
1368:
1364:German Emperor
1297:
1294:
1184:, was lost at
1166:united Germany
1152:proclaimed an
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
973:
970:
887:prince-elector
881:, part of the
846:
843:
814:
811:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
689:
686:
685:
680:
668:
667:
662:
652:
651:
649:
648:
642:
636:
630:
623:
621:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
525:
522:
521:
518:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
493:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
455:
452:
451:
446:
440:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
414:
411:
408:
407:
399:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
374:
366:
363:
360:
359:
351:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
299:
295:
294:
281:
278:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
252:
251:
243:
237:
231:
227:
225:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
202:
194:
193:
182:
181:
174:
167:
166:
158:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
133:
130:
123:
122:
58:. Please help
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
18:State of Baden
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4796:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4710:49.017; 8.400
4676:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4569:(Junior Line)
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4465:Grand Duchies
4462:
4457:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4257:Sondershausen
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4197:
4196:Reuss-Schleiz
4194:
4192:
4186:
4179:
4177:(Junior Line)
4173:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Liechtenstein
4110:
4108:
4107:Hesse-Homburg
4105:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:Grand duchies
3898:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:Sondershausen
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Lippe-Detmold
3685:
3683:
3682:Liechtenstein
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:Other duchies
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3553:Saxon duchies
3550:
3547:
3541:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Aschaffenburg
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:Grand Duchies
3485:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:Grand Duchies
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3376:Rank elevated
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:Lee, Loyd E.
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:9783866447271
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:, p. 19.
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:, p. 16.
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 88.
3074:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3024:9780143110422
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3003:, p. 18.
3002:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2973:public domain
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Norway spruce
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:French Empire
1993:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:district had
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1805:Reichsgericht
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:particularist
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:German Empire
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:in 1870. The
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
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1357:
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1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:Gustav Struve
1260:
1256:
1255:Prussian Army
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
978:
971:
969:
967:
963:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Baden-Durlach
753:
748:
746:
745:German Empire
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
699:
697:
694:
693:
690:
684:
681:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
581:
566:
562:
552:
538:
534:
530:
519:
515:
504:
495:27 April 1803
494:
491:
477:
473:
470:Establishment
465:
464:Zweite Kammer
462:
459:
450:
447:
444:
435:
432:
428:
424:
418:
415:
403:
400:
386:
384:
376:
370:
367:
355:
352:
338:
336:
328:
324:
320:
312:
311:Protestantism
309:
306:
303:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
247:
246:German Empire
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
230:State of the:
229:
228:
226:
222:
215:
210:
206:
205:German Empire
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
171:
161:
155:
147:
142:
137:
128:
119:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
57:
51:
50:
49:single source
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4686:
4674:Mitteleuropa
4665:Mittelafrika
4577:(Elder Line)
4575:Reuss-Greiz
4539:(until 1876)
4531:Coburg-Gotha
4472:
4434:West Prussia
4391:Hohenzollern
4387:Hesse-Nassau
4379:East Prussia
4233:(until 1850)
4223:(until 1850)
4211:Hohenzollern
4200:(until 1848)
4190:(Elder Line)
4188:Reuss-Greiz
4159:(until 1824)
4149:(until 1824)
4078:(until 1826)
4070:(until 1826)
4059:Coburg-Gotha
4054:(until 1826)
4025:(until 1847)
4017:(until 1863)
4009:(until 1863)
3906:
3891:Hesse-Kassel
3660:Hohenzollern
3543:Pre-existing
3420:
3329:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3258:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3200:. Retrieved
3194:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3129:
3119:
3107:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3039:
3033:
3014:
3008:
2996:
2985:
2854:
2845:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2821:
2812:
2734:Julius Jolly
2608:Frederick II
2600:
2538:Metropolitan
2523:
2500:
2488:
2483:
2465:
2386:
2283:, wheat and
2246:
2151:
2143:
2130:
2122:
2092:
2076:Katzenbuckel
2068:Hornisgrinde
2043:Black Forest
2032:
2025:
2017:
2001:
1978:Hohenzollern
1917:, while the
1880:
1838:
1819:
1803:
1769:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1739:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1682:West Germany
1658:World War II
1655:
1638:
1603:
1599:Frederick II
1577:
1565:Frederick II
1558:
1552:
1532:
1524:
1498:
1487:
1482:
1467:Centre Party
1460:
1451:Old Catholic
1444:
1430:
1375:
1370:
1348:Napoleon III
1333:
1310:
1299:
1290:
1271:
1252:
1239:
1237:
1213:insurrection
1210:
1202:
1193:
1170:
1146:
1119:
1101:
1088:
1076:
1060:
1048:constitution
1046:, a liberal
1041:
1024:
994:
983:
959:
952:
946:
923:
848:
816:
784:
749:
747:until 1918.
719:
717:
665:Succeeded by
664:
659:
633:Baden gulden
627:Baden thaler
607:• 1905
597:• 1803
578:• Total
449:Erste Kammer
369:Friedrich II
185:
176:Coat of arms
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
46:
29:
4708: /
4608:City-states
4567:Reuss-Gera
4446:Württemberg
4375:Brandenburg
4367:as a whole
4347:(1871–1918)
4270:Free cities
4244:Schwarzburg
4229:Sigmaringen
4182:(from 1848)
4175:Reuss-Gera
4169:(1824-1848)
4062:(from 1826)
4046:(from 1826)
4001:(from 1863)
3970:(from 1839)
3884:Electorates
3875:Württemberg
3817:(1815–1866)
3729:Schwarzburg
3670:Sigmaringen
3405:Württemberg
3370:(1806–1813)
3309:Cliometrica
3215:Works cited
2779:(territory)
2762:1917–1918:
2756:1905–1917:
2750:1901–1905:
2744:1893–1901:
2738:1876–1893:
2732:1868–1876:
2726:1866–1868:
2720:1861–1866:
2714:1856–1860:
2708:1850–1856:
2702:1849–1850:
2696:1848–1849:
2690:1846–1848:
2681:1843–1845:
2675:1839–1843:
2669:1838–1839:
2663:1833–1838:
2654:1818–1831:
2645:1812–1817:
2639:1810–1812:
2633:1810–1810:
2627:1809–1810:
2610:(1857–1928)
2606:1907–1918:
2597:Frederick I
2595:1858–1907:
2592:(1824–1858)
2588:1852–1858:
2585:(1790–1852)
2581:1830–1852:
2578:(1763–1830)
2574:1818–1830:
2571:(1786–1818)
2567:1811–1818:
2564:(1728–1811)
2560:1806–1811:
2457:music boxes
2349:bee-keeping
2226:Badenweiler
2222:Baden-Baden
2139:Switzerland
2111:Eichenersee
2084:Kaiserstuhl
2056:Schwarzwald
1984:from 1850)
1927:Württemberg
1887:Baden-Baden
1830:Protestants
1822:margraviate
1670:Württemberg
1634:Anton Geiss
1606:Progressive
1573:World War I
1548:Württemberg
1483:Freisinnige
1446:Kulturkampf
1410:Catholicism
1371:Kulturkampf
1313:Frederick I
1311:Grand Duke
1282:Switzerland
1072:bureaucrats
1052:legislation
825:within the
799:Switzerland
760:Baden-Baden
752:margraviate
660:Preceded by
458:Lower house
443:Upper house
430:Legislature
305:Catholicism
249:(1871–1918)
242:(1815–1866)
236:(1806–1813)
163:(1891–1918)
116:August 2020
4723:Categories
4430:Westphalia
4252:Rudolstadt
3917:Luxembourg
3774:until 1811
3768:until 1809
3765:until 1810
3734:Rudolstadt
3707:Lobenstein
3530:Regensburg
3478:Westphalia
3249:0807814725
3202:7 November
3161:Grill 1983
3112:Grill 1983
3100:Exner 2016
2804:References
2783:Baden Army
2728:Karl Mathy
2619:See also:
2601:Grand Duke
2553:See also:
2507:Heidelberg
2503:Protestant
2445:Beet sugar
2383:Industries
2365:Scots pine
2357:silver fir
2309:partridges
2238:Friersbach
2147:table-land
2115:Schluchsee
1848:Heidelberg
1816:Population
1784:Heidelberg
1747:Wahlmänner
1614:Wilhelm II
1543:Austerlitz
1513:Edward VII
1471:Socialists
1360:Versailles
1352:Baden army
1198:Strasbourg
1162:parliament
1122:radicalism
1103:Zollverein
1025:Hausgesetz
919:grand duke
807:Badnerlied
768:revolution
645:Papiermark
587:Population
490:Electorate
335:Grand Duke
322:Government
314:(Official)
307:(majority)
292:Palatinate
190:Badnerlied
86:newspapers
4544:Meiningen
4536:Lauenburg
4526:Altenburg
4521:Brunswick
4493:Oldenburg
4414:Rhineland
4395:Pomerania
4304:partially
4282:Frankfurt
4219:Hechingen
4083:Meiningen
4043:Altenburg
3980:Lauenburg
3957:Brunswick
3932:Oldenburg
3771:from 1809
3762:from 1810
3697:Ebersdorf
3665:Hechingen
3644:Oldenburg
3576:Meiningen
3499:Frankfurt
3323:In German
2519:Karlsruhe
2449:ornaments
2441:chemicals
2437:jewellery
2411:ribbons,
2397:machinery
2307:and wild
2242:Peterthal
2234:Griesbach
2107:Wildersee
2103:Mummelsee
2048:‹See Tfd›
1980:(part of
1957:(part of
1933:Geography
1899:Offenburg
1861:Pforzheim
1857:Karlsruhe
1853:Karlsruhe
1780:Offenburg
1772:Karlsruhe
1622:Karlsruhe
1505:William I
1390:education
1384:with the
1382:concordat
1302:Frederick
1274:Waghausel
1225:Karlsruhe
1176:, led by
1158:Frankfurt
1126:Offenburg
1120:By 1847,
1083:prorogued
1037:Frankfurt
957:in 1900.
867:indemnity
772:Offenburg
725:‹See Tfd›
611:2,009,320
298:Religion
284:Alemannic
262:Karlsruhe
144:1806–1918
56:talk page
4353:Kingdoms
4006:Bernburg
3962:Holstein
3848:Kingdoms
3677:Isenburg
3629:Arenberg
3612:Bernburg
3586:Eisenach
3504:Würzburg
3471:Kingdoms
3388:Kingdoms
3380:Napoleon
3136:Archived
3048:66-27186
2829:26 April
2771:See also
2590:Louis II
2490:Mannheim
2472:railways
2389:forested
2329:orchards
2327:and the
2277:beetroot
2261:potatoes
2230:Antogast
2204:, china
2123:Bodensee
2088:volcanic
2072:Odenwald
2064:Feldberg
1923:Schwaben
1911:Alemanni
1891:Bruchsal
1876:Konstanz
1872:Konstanz
1844:Mannheim
1800:Mannheim
1796:Konstanz
1792:Waldshut
1776:Freiburg
1765:railways
1751:electors
1749:(deputy
1710:monarchy
1690:Prussian
1666:Freiburg
1618:Mannheim
1580:Mannheim
1535:Napoleon
1526:Le Temps
1479:Radicals
1406:communes
1386:Holy See
1378:religion
1340:Bismarck
1278:Freiburg
1211:The new
1190:Freiburg
1182:Trefzger
1174:uprising
1099:Prussian
1056:taxation
1011:and his
903:Breisgau
891:Napoleon
857:against
813:Creation
789:and the
639:Goldmark
620:Currency
4621:Hamburg
4508:Duchies
4426:Silesia
4383:Hanover
4365:Prussia
4360:Bavaria
4287:Hamburg
3967:Limburg
3946:Duchies
3870:Hanover
3860:Bavaria
3855:Prussia
3830:Austria
3823:Empires
3746:Waldeck
3712:Schleiz
3435:Duchies
3395:Bavaria
3191:"Baden"
2975::
2818:"Baden"
2583:Leopold
2576:Louis I
2569:Charles
2544:Leaders
2468:exports
2425:leather
2417:tobacco
2407:goods,
2401:woollen
2345:walnuts
2325:gardens
2190:vitriol
2154:mineral
2135:Austria
2082:is the
2080:Dreisam
2016:
2007:Kingdom
2000:
1990:
1976:
1967:
1953:
1883:Rastatt
1832:, 1.5%
1810:Leipzig
1788:Mosbach
1719:Landtag
1626:Soviets
1494:spirits
1426:the see
1402:secular
1221:Rastatt
1186:Kandern
1154:amnesty
1138:capital
1130:militia
1091:Leopold
1068:Louis I
1005:Bavaria
1001:Austria
934:Charles
893:in the
601:210,000
526:•
511:•
488:•
475:History
456:•
441:•
434:Landtag
405:(first)
357:(first)
258:Capital
186:Anthem:
100:scholar
4696:8°24′E
4693:49°1′N
4626:Lübeck
4616:Bremen
4516:Anhalt
4441:Saxony
4418:Saxony
4371:Berlin
4292:Lübeck
4277:Bremen
4022:Köthen
4014:Dessau
3998:Anhalt
3975:Nassau
3865:Saxony
3622:Köthen
3617:Dessau
3607:Anhalt
3581:Weimar
3545:states
3442:Nassau
3400:Saxony
3269:
3246:
3046:
3021:
2969:
2509:, one
2461:organs
2439:, and
2433:clocks
2405:cotton
2377:timber
2347:, and
2341:apples
2216:. The
2202:gypsum
2194:sulfur
2186:cobalt
2178:copper
2174:silver
2131:Länder
2099:Danube
2060:Kinzig
2052:German
2039:Neckar
2014:
1998:
1988:
1974:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1915:Franks
1828:, 37%
1798:, and
1763:, the
1743:pauper
1656:After
1652:Legacy
1561:Mainau
1509:Louise
1394:clergy
1244:Berlin
1231:under
1217:mutiny
1194:legion
1164:for a
1142:labour
875:Russia
859:France
729:German
647:(1914)
641:(1873)
635:(1837)
629:(1829)
478:
420:(last)
387:
372:(last)
339:
272:German
224:Status
188:
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
4651:Other
4562:Lippe
4473:Baden
4410:Posen
4137:Reuss
4117:Lippe
3907:Baden
3702:Greiz
3692:Reuss
3525:Leyen
3426:Hesse
3421:Baden
2777:Baden
2530:synod
2476:Rhine
2429:glass
2421:china
2413:paper
2337:plums
2317:wines
2313:trout
2305:snipe
2289:goats
2257:beans
2249:spelt
2028:Rhine
1903:Basel
1761:taxes
1437:dogma
795:Rhine
737:Rhine
107:JSTOR
93:books
3719:Salm
3494:Berg
3267:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3204:2008
3044:LCCN
3019:ISBN
2831:2008
2466:The
2459:and
2453:toys
2451:and
2409:silk
2403:and
2355:and
2343:and
2301:boar
2297:deer
2293:game
2285:oats
2273:hops
2269:hemp
2265:flax
2240:and
2214:salt
2212:and
2206:clay
2198:Peat
2192:and
2182:gold
2170:zinc
2168:and
2166:lead
2162:coal
2158:iron
2152:The
2137:and
2113:and
2095:Main
1907:Murg
1897:and
1895:Lahr
1859:and
1834:Jews
1620:and
1588:Kiel
1477:and
1229:diet
1140:and
1054:and
1003:and
995:The
947:The
758:and
718:The
572:Area
563:1918
553:1806
160:Flag
79:news
3378:by
2984:".
2536:is
2513:in
2505:in
2281:rye
2253:rye
1700:.
1439:of
1219:at
873:of
62:by
4725::
4432:,
4428:,
4424:,
4420:,
4416:,
4412:,
4408:,
4393:,
4389:,
4385:,
4381:,
4377:,
4373:,
3265:.
3261:.
3242:.
3238:.
3227:96
3225:.
3193:.
3180:^
3134:.
3128:.
3092:^
2868:^
2820:.
2521:.
2463:.
2455:,
2443:.
2435:,
2431:,
2427:,
2423:,
2419:,
2415:,
2399:,
2367:,
2363:,
2339:,
2335:,
2303:,
2299:,
2295:,
2275:,
2271:,
2267:,
2263:,
2259:,
2255:,
2251:,
2236:,
2232:,
2228:,
2224:,
2208:,
2188:,
2184:,
2180:,
2176:,
2164:,
2160:,
2141:.
2109:,
2105:,
2054::
1961:)
1929:.
1893:,
1889:,
1885:,
1812:.
1794:,
1790:,
1786:,
1782:,
1778:,
1774:,
1575:.
1473:,
1469:,
1366:.
1250:.
1168:.
1144:.
1074:.
968:.
841:.
782:.
731::
290:,
286:,
4436:)
4406:)
4369:(
4337:e
4330:t
4323:v
3807:e
3800:t
3793:v
3359:e
3352:t
3345:v
3275:.
3252:.
3206:.
3050:.
3027:.
2862:.
2833:.
2603:)
2482:(
2129:(
2121:(
2045:(
2005:(
1716:(
1551:(
1481:(
1023:(
722:(
118:)
114:(
104:·
97:·
90:·
83:·
66:.
52:.
20:)
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