States of Friesland - Knowledge (XXG)

713: 819:, such as the common defense and foreign policy. For these common matters the provinces had to supply financial contributions and these contributions were with their consent determined in the States General. The States of the provinces were therefore in the first place responsible for the representation of their province in the States General, and for providing the agreed contributions. Legislating about the necessary taxation in each province was therefore an important task of the States (though the collection of those taxes was usually left to the local authorities, who in turn, before 1748, outsourced that task to 1463:(Government Regulations) that the States of Gelderland, of Overijssel and of Utrecht had been forced to accept in 1674 as the price of their re-admission to the Union after their occupation by the French army in 1672, and which had given then-stadtholder William III far-reaching powers of control over their provincial governments. These Regulations had lapsed under the stadtholderless regime, but were now re-introduced for the benefit of William IV. They gave him the right of appointment, or at least approval of appointments, of magistrates on the local level (from a slate of nominees, drawn up by the local 1356:

great misgivings the States of Holland and the other three provinces appointed him in their vacant stadtholder's offices in May 1747. He then moved his court from Leeuwarden to the Hague, and started to consolidate his political position by deftly exploiting the disarray of his political opponents and replacing them with his own partisans, often helped by judiciously applied street violence of Orangist mobs to intimidate his opponents. Friesland was spared this violence, apart from a

1423:; election abuses; the abolition of the regulation of stud horses (which appears to have been an enduring grievance); accountability in the public finances, including the mustering of the troops; reduction of the standing army in peacetime; increase of the minimum size of the parcel of land attached to a vote, to ten pondematen clay soil and twenty pondematen woodland, but only for new cases; the prohibition of payments by the authorities in the form of paper money or 258: 1215:. That commission arrived on 4 January 1673 in Leeuwarden and offered its services to both the Sneek and Leeuwarden groups. Sneek accepted immediately, but Leeuwarden rejected the offer. The Leeuwarden States preferred mediation by the Court of Friesland. However, this ploy failed and the commission from the States General on 21 January 1673 sent an ultimatum to the Leeuwarden States to accept their mediation. After some hesitation this was accepted on 25 January. 1665: 1447: 73: 32: 886:, usually subordinated to the stadtholder of Holland. In peacetime his duties were even less onerous. All of this changed, however, with the Government Regulations that were promulgated by William IV in 1748 at the express "request" of the Frisian States. After that a large number of powers of appointment that previously had belonged to the States themselves, or the 1116: 168: 915:), and customs, and legal precedents from Roman-Dutch law. But certain problems with these largely unwritten norms formed an impetus for several attempts at constitutional reform in the form of the promulgation of a written Government Regulation. These problems were widely felt abuses like the trade in votes in the 1347:

in 1722 also indicated its willingness to accept him as its stadtholder. Between 1731 and 1747 he therefore was already stadtholder in three of the seven provinces of the Republic, but for each separately, and without powers at the national level. In the four other provinces and on the national level

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again roiled public sentiments. A petition of representatives of the cities of 12 September 1672 to the States referred explicitly to the Appeal about Abuses of 1627. The States had already on 2 March 1672 formed a commission to draw up proposals for military and financial reform, but without result,

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was supposed to be located "in the People" and to percolate upward from there to the States of the province by way of the local authorities, where it was eventually "reposited". The States were (at least after 1588, when the last of the Governors-General, who before then were considered the founts of

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However, the elections of January 1787 had already resulted in an Orangist majority in the States, which was immediately used to legislate against the Patriots: Patriot petitions were prohibited as were Patriot demonstrations. But the Patriots did not take this attempt at suppression lying down. Van

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started on 13 September 1787, and soon the resistance of the Frisian Patriots collapsed. Those that could get away, fled to Amsterdam, led by van Beyma and Valckenaer, to take part in the last stand of the Patriots. After the fall of that city on 10 October 1787 most of the Frisian Patriots fled to

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The Frisian stadtholderate was not yet hereditary at this time, but the boy's father had persuaded the States before his death in 1664 to accept him as future stadtholder at his majority in 1675. When William Frederick unexpectedly died in 1664, the mother was treated by the States "as if" she was

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from well-known noble families) to inform them about what had been going on. It should not cause much surprise that the first conclusion the Commission arrived at after its inquiry was that the main cause of the disturbances had been "the little authority, left to the stadtholder, because of which

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was located, was a better choice. The opportunity passed, however, when the Leeuwarden States had Harlingen occupied by States Army troops on 4 September 1787. Meanwhile, Franeker had been reinforced with Patriot militia from Holland, and the city prepared for a siege. While the Leeuwarden States

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The system of suffrage for the States facilitated the accumulation of votes in a few hands of people who bought up land parcels to which votes were attached. To finance these land purchases they generally took out mortgage loans. In any case, around the 1770s the main investors in these mortgage

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went to the States in solemn procession, and presented a further list of 72 demands, and another list of 47 demands on 25 July. These lists contained (in random order) the usual forms of redress of grievances against the combination of offices; forms of official corruption, like sale of offices;

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The French invasion of 1747 showed the military unpreparedness of the Republic, as in 1672, and as in 1672 the population revolted against the States party and demanded that a stadtholder be appointed to take charge of the country's defenses. The only likely candidate was William IV, and despite

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In Leeuwarden the mob put pressure on the Magistrate to promote the appointment of the only 15-year old Prince as Frisian stadtholder, and this was actually done on 13 July 1672. This did not satisfy the reformers, however, and in September 1672 the Leeuwarden Magistrate was forced to allow the

468:. Initially they consisted of two members for each of the "quarters" of Friesland, but in 1584 the quarter of the cites was given three representatives, bringing the total number of members to nine. They formed the true "Executive" on a daily basis and were directly responsible to the States. 1401:

of 1672 would be brought into force, and that the authorities would indicate their willingness to accede to future petitions, or would allow the populace to approach the stadtholder with their grievances. Even more consequential than these demands (that were immediately granted) was that the

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in England). But there were other forms of corruption also, that needed to be addressed. Also, the "rules of the game" embedded in the existing system favored certain political players over others, and this led to attempts to arrive at a more equitable set-up. In Friesland these attempts at

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was in principle an elective office, the actual election was done, not by the voters, but by a supposedly "neutral" institution that was supposed to be "above the local politics." In this case the appointing institution was not yet the stadtholder (as would be the case after 1748), but the

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The Frisian States tried to claw back some of their independence at the occasion of their appointment of William as the Frisian stadtholder in 1766, when they formulated a restrictive Instruction. But the Duke of Brunswick easily deflected this attempt at insubordination. Cf. Israel, p.

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In August 1748 he did send troops "to restore order" (though the disturbances had ceased by then) and delegated a commission of the States General to hold an inquiry into the causes of the unrest in Friesland. This commission consisted of a number of his henchmen from other provinces:

626:, and enjoyed the respect of the local population, whose "natural leaders" they were. These people (though not having pieces of paper, such as patents of nobility, to prove their claim) were generally considered members of the domestic nobility, and they often used noble titles like 1360:, which in other parts of the Republic also had drawn the ire of the population. The States asked for military protection against the mob violence from the stadtholder, but like in other cases where he deemed that violence convenient for his purposes, he refused to send troops. 1471:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (delegate for Gelderland), Gevaerts (Holland), Verelst (Zeeland), Perzoon (Overijssel). They arrived in Leeuwarden at the end of August and immediately started hearings of a number of people specifically selected by William himself (mostly

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to subvert the Patriots, and had the use of a slush-fund of £70,000 to further that end, embarked on a scheme to buy up enough mortgages of Pro-Orangist voters in Friesland, to break the hold of the Mennonites, and secure a definite Orangist majority in the States.

1112:("Mirror of Appeal and Reform") in which he pleaded for a rational and constitutional/legal approach to reform, instead of the wild "revolutionary" approach of the reformers. He proposed that either the States or the Court of Friesland would take the initiative. 2040:

To avoid misunderstandings, making the office hereditary did not mean that the succession was automatic: the States still appointed the stadtholder, and drew up a new Instruction at each occasion. But there was only one candidate for the position: the current

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religious minority, who were discriminated against in public life. Though they could vote in elections, they were not allowed to stand for those elections, which formally deprived them of political influence. But materially they did use their hold over the

850:. Before that, the actual powers of the Frisian stadtholder were very limited by the Instruction the States drafted at the appointment of each of those stadtholders. Ironically, Friesland was the only province that always had a stadtholder, even during the 1488:, a Government Regulation for Friesland after the model of the Regulations for the other provinces mentioned before. After referring to the request of the States of 11 June 1748, the stadtholder enumerated 60 articles, among which were the following: 1230:

then proposed to the States to put the matter in the hands of a commission of the States, formally chaired by the boy-stadtholder, consisting of one representative of each of the land quarters, and two representatives of the city quarter (one of which was

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Little happened after the departure of the Commission at the end of September, however, as everybody seemed to be awaiting the arrival of the stadtholder himself, which was delayed until December 1748. On 21 December 1748 he gave a forceful speech to the

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to strongly influence the elections. They were strongly opposed to the stadtholderate that they saw as the main obstacle to their own emancipation. Through their influence the States had a large minority of Patriot members, and at times even a majority.

1661:), and instructed their delegates in the States General to do likewise. This helped convince the latter body to recognise the United States on 19 April 1782, against the will of the stadtholder, which represented an important diplomatic coup for Adams. 1577:

William left Leeuwarden for The Hague at the end of 1748 in the belief that he had finally laid down a written constitution for Friesland that would actually be observed. However, this appears not to have been the case, as shown by the facts in the

815:, left Dutch territory forever) considered the governing bodies where sovereignty ultimately resided But under the Union of Utrecht the seven provinces had concluded a defensive alliance in 1579 and delegated certain sovereign powers upward to the 563:) and still allow the new owner to use the vote attached to the land (so-called "rooster votes"), but for this reason the Regulation of 1748 stipulated that the new owner should own the house for at least a year, before he could use its vote. 1522:

An ordinary session of the States could last no longer than six weeks, and a number of other regulations concerning the rules of order of the deliberations of the States; extraordinary sessions could only consider the agenda made up by the

1467:, but he was not bound by those nominations), and of officials on the provincial level, among whom delegates to the States General. William also tamped down on "democratic" movements among his followers in other parts of the country. 890:, were taken over by the stadtholder. But the States retained the monopoly of creating and abolishing offices for the discharge of tasks on the provincial level, which may be seen as the principal "executive" function of the States. 754:

in Leeuwarden at the appointed day and time. After the opening of the session they would divide themselves up in four "chambers" (one for each "quarter"), who would start their deliberations in four rooms assigned to these quarters.

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the proximate cause of the reform movement were new taxes that were introduced in connection with the war situation. As so often, the taxpayers rebelled at this, especially those in the cities, who felt unfairly imposed upon. The

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As the tax farms have been abolished, which causes a crisis in the public finances, the States will decide on new taxes to replace these revenues, and a number of reforms of public accountancy and of the collection of taxes were

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But usually the Patriots and the Orangists in the States were more or less in balance and around 1787 the Orangists had a definite majority, though this was uncertain enough that the British ambassador in the Republic, Sir

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charged a number of commissions from their midst to formulate new proposals. This led to a number of further reforms in the following months, such as the new rule that the stadtholder would have a tie-breaking vote in the

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These demands were accepted by the hastily assembled States on 5 June, but meanwhile a large number of citizen-delegates from all over Friesland had assembled in Leeuwarden to present further grievances. These so-called

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the States party dominated, and it also had great influence in the three provinces that had appointed William, which contributed to a steady erosion of his prerogatives in those provinces, according to complaints of his

1343:, who was born six weeks later. He also inherited the office of stadtholder in Friesland and Groningen, but evidently was unable to serve, and his mother acted as a regent until his majority in 1731. During this time 1211:(Arguments) in pamphlet form in which they pleaded their cases during November and December 1672. The quarrel threatened the safety of the Union, so the States General sent a commission to mediate between the warring 449:, and have their own representation in the States. After the revolutionary period of the accession to the Union in 1579-1580 the Clergy and Nobility no longer participated in the States, at least as separate Estates. 1202:

defended this schism in the States with the argument that they had been elected for the entire year of 1672, so the recent elections had been illegal, as was the Resolution of 27 September 1672. The two competing

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at the beginning of the deliberations, but later they were appointed for a number of years, according to a schedule of rotation. All documents for the States (such as petitions) first had to be submitted to the

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came into power that would stay there until the French invasion of 1747, which caused a popular revolt. During this long period, Friesland retained a stadtholder with the usual limited powers. This was first

1235:). This commission took the report of the mediation commission as a starting point and came (after some culling) up with 97 articles, which were promulgated by the Resolution of the States of 19 March 1673. 712: 2047:

of Nassau-Dietz (later Orange-Nassau). Making the office hereditary in both lines did not mean that male descendants did not still have priority, as illustrated by the fact that in 1751 not Princess

882:, was made stadtholder of all the other provinces also), the competence of the Frisian stadtholder was usually limited in wartime to being Captain-General of the Frisian contingent of troops in the 673:

and 22 for the cities). But as so much in Friesland this was not strictly enforced, and often the number of delegates was (much) larger, though the number of votes remained fixed at (30 + 11 =) 41.

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elections. Indeed, vote collectors would buy the plots with borrowed money, giving a mortgage to the lender, and then immediately renting it out to a tenant, who would not be eligible to vote. The

445:, but just before the accession of Friesland to the Union of Utrecht in 1580, they were allowed to form a separate fourth "quarter", apart from the three Goals just mentioned, by then-stadtholder 1602:

until her death in 1759. During this time a so-called "Frisian cabal" of her courtiers made the stadtholderian regime infamous for its corrupt practices. One especially corrupt official was her

608:(i.e. a commoner), while the other had to be a "nobleman." But this immediately posed the problem that Friesland did not have a nobility in the usual sense of families who had received a feudal 1321:

should briefly be recapitulated. After the death of king-stadtholder William III in 1702 the stadtholderate was abolished in all provinces, except Friesland and Groningen, and a regime of

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with resulted in a draft-Resolution for the States of 105 articles, presented on 8 February 1673 to the States. But this draft did not meet with approval. On 17 February the newly elected

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so the petition may be explained from the frustrations of the population at this inaction. The military situation became threatening for Friesland when on 25 June 1672 the troops of the

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at 58,000 men. This necessitated far larger contributions from Friesland to the financing of the war, and hence to imposition of new taxes by the Frisian States. Cf. Israel, pp. 498-499

1431:; abolition of a number of privileges; and many others of more or less importance. Most of these demands were accepted by the States, but with the proviso that these decisions would be 456:(Delegated States) also predated the Dutch Republic. Already in the 1530s they were formed by the States as a counterweight against the Court of Friesland (then still mainly a kind of 1756:

a similar assembly of Provisional Representatives of the People of Friesland formally took over from the States on 19 February 1795. This was replaced by the National Assembly of the

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One example of this Patriot hold over the States was seen in February 1782 when the States accepted the letters of accreditation of the envoy of the "Rebel" United States of America,

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These reforms seemed a great success for the "democratic" forces in Friesland, and a defeat for the old oligarchy. But then the stadtholder intervened. He had already restored the

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The vote was tied to the land and was transferred when the land was sold or otherwise transferred. The minimum size of the taxable parcel so determined the number of votes in the

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was their "First Servant" (mostly in military matters, as he had few other powers before 1748, when the Government Regulations for Friesland were promulgated by then-stadtholder

1753: 214: 634:. On the other hand, members of foreign nobility could be "recognized" as nobles. But all in all, the qualification was vague and gave occasion to much litigation before the 1159:

recommended by Huber in her proposal, and added a large number of new ones, not always of great import, but sometimes of great consequence, like the proposed prohibition of

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for 70,000 guilders. When William V came of age in 1766 and was duly appointed stadtholder in all provinces, he remained under the tutelage of his equally corrupt mentor

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This mob violence was in Friesland, however, canalized into a movement to reform the old regime, starting with a deputation that on 1 June 1748 was sent by the city of

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was opened with a speech by one of the commissioners from the States General, but the commission left Leeuwarden on 1 March 1673, without having attained a result. The

303:(Delegated States) was the executive of the province when the States were not in session (which was most of the time). The States of Friesland were abolished after the 2768: 480:

and eleven cities of Friesland. Each had one vote in its respective Quarter and each of the four Quarters had one vote in the States of Friesland. (In comparison, the

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From this brochure it may be inferred that the abuses were indeed serious. In any case, the commission of the States indeed included many of the points from the 1627

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The States appointed a commission of inquiry on 13 December 1626 that had to gather comments from the population about its grievances through the intermediary of the

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Making the office of Frisian stadtholder hereditary in the House of Orange-Nassau in both the male and female lines, as had in 1747 been done in the other provinces;

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that helped protect the centers of Patriot opposition against the States against repression by the States Army garrison in Leeuwarden. One of those centers was the

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and land-quarters as delegates for the cities; and delegates, closely related by blood or marriage, could not be delegates in the same body at the same time

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and would cause great problems when the proposals were adopted under pressure of the Leeuwarden mob by the States in the Resolution of 27 September 1672.

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finally, there were a number of incompatibilities, like the ineligibility of officers of cities as delegates of the land-quarters, and of officers of the

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as part of its States, and the Clergy was also no longer represented as such (though individual nobles and clergymen could of course be delegates). Every

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could be represented by their guardians. Otherwise, everybody (women, as well as men, natural-born citizens as well as aliens) could exercise the vote.

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Unfortunately, these reforms, though impressive on paper, were honored primarily in the breach. They formed the basis for new attempts at reform in

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the stadtholder decides, and also in conflicts of an administrative or political nature, where the Court of Friesland will no longer be competent;

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city, vied for recognition as the "true" representatives of that province in the States General, van Beyma tried to do the same in Friesland.

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This was quite a constitutional reversal: in olden days the States General had sent stadtholders on such a mission, not the other way around.

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convening of a commission that soon came up with proposals for reform. A petition was handed over to the States and on 18 September 1672 the

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As elsewhere in the Dutch Republic the "center of gravity" of government was located in local government (i.e. the cities and villages).

1913:"Foreign" in this case could mean being a citizen of one of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic, as well as of foreign countries. 1077: 528:), could take part. The minimum size varied with time. In the Government Regulations adopted in 1748 the minimum size was put at five 2728: 2565: 1310:

of 1673. However, despite this seemingly decisive result the new Regulation was again (like the one of 1627) honored in the breach.

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into which Friesland was subdivided. Originally the citizens of the eleven cities were mixed in with the peasants and nobles in the

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the countryside as a means to stop the enemy. This harebrained scheme was averted, but by then the population was in full revolt.

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The "constitution" of Friesland, as in the other provinces of the Republic, was not one written document, but a quilt of medieval

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as a safe place for Patriots. When a split developed in the States of Utrecht in the Summer of 1787, with rival States, one from

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formally succeeded him as stadtholder in all provinces of the Republic, but the government was exercised as Regent by his mother

348: 1317:, was needed to finally arrive at a written constitution that was effective. To understand that crisis the situation during the 113: 620:, for lack of a feudal history. However, Friesland did have notable families of great substance, who lived on castles known as 312: 20: 770:(literally "smaller number" as they were a committee from the States that was smaller than the number of the delegates in the 311:

was founded. They were resurrected in name (but not in substance) in the form of the Provincial States of Friesland under the

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Around the same time Prince Henry Casimir's cousin William III was appointed stadtholder in Holland and Zeeland, ending the

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who remained in Leeuwarden. Valckenaer opposed this, because he thought that militarily Harlingen, where the arsenal of the

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marched to the States and presented a number of demands, partly overlapping with the ones just mentioned, but also that the

1069: 387:, and Third Estate were represented in that body. In Friesland the Third Estate was formed by representatives of the three 120: 2056: 1318: 1076:, who had invaded the Dutch Republic from the East, came near to the Frisian border. The danger was soon averted, but the 855: 356: 2739: 2636: 2019: 1737: 1606: 1452: 1340: 1232: 1073: 919:

and the sale of offices, or in general rampant corruption. The trade in votes led to a situation similar to that of the

879: 851: 524:) in elections in which owners of a taxable parcel of land of a certain minimum size, with a farmhouse on it (so-called 296: 971:

of the States of 17 April 1627, which became known as the Appeal about Abuses. This formed the basis for the so-called

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One of the proposals was to abolish the office of inspector of stud horses as an economy measure. Cf. Wierdsma, p. 71

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was dismissed by the States for his political views in May 1787, which caused the students to riot. This recommended

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for the stadtholder, and secondarily the court of highest instance in the Lordship). During the first years of the

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appointed a commission to deliberate the 53 points in this petition. Around this time the eminent Frisian jurist

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a request to the stadtholder to draw up written Government Regulations to codify the constitutional arrangements.

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prohibition of corrupt practices at elections (an example was to "liquor up" entire villages at election time);

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constitutional reform came to a head during three periods with a "revolutionary flavor": 1627, 1672, and 1748.

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in the context of the Church, and in many countries elicited periodical attempts at suppression (like e.g. the

193: 51: 2055:. The provision about the female line was only introduced to avoid a situation as arose in 1890, when Queen 1618: 738:

and the city governments, who were charged with organizing the elections. The summons usually specified the

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and every city was allowed to send two delegates to the annual session of the States, that was known as the

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This article is about the historic legislature of Friesland. For the contemporary provincial council, see

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in 1790. Many corrupt practices were continued, and the hoped for forceful government of William IV as a

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met for the first time. This took over the powers of the Frisian States. Soon, after the example of the

1591: 1335:, who inherited the office in 1696 (still a minor) and died in 1711. At the time of his death his wife, 1004:

were no longer allowed to create paid offices or pensions; this was exclusively a matter for the States;

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The commission (augmented with the boy-stadtholder) then started with the compilation of a new set of

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on the provincial level, though most civil and criminal law already existed under the system known as

1962: 1958: 1690: 846:) was the true "Executive", but this was only the case in any meaningful sense of the word after the 843: 832: 566:

Not everybody who owned such a taxable parcel was allowed to vote, however. Excluded were members of

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with a Council (in this case the Court of Friesland). But as in other provinces of the Netherlands a

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France, where most congregated in Saint-Omer in the next few years, often feuding among themselves.

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went to Franeker to constitute themselves as the "Franeker" States in opposition to the rest of the

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Interior of the restored Meeting Hall of the States of Friesland (still in use by the modern States)

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prohibition of long absences, and the requirement that officers live in the place where they work;

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And therefore not, as often is incorrectly assumed, in the stadtholders of the several provinces.

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they achieved a permanent existence when Rennenberg in 1577 formally recognized them after the

2724: 2561: 1974: 1923: 1876: 1757: 1658: 1041: 1018: 883: 831:, that was enforced by the courts with the Court of Friesland at their apex. As the notion of 489: 375:

to deliberate about the granting of extraordinary subsidies to the central government (called

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a member of the Dutch Reformed Church (so this was more restrictive than the requirement for

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appointment of representatives of the States in the States General for at least three years.

968: 871: 866:. The office was even made hereditary in Friesland for members of this House in 1675. After 739: 593: 288: 1664: 551:. The system was open to the abuse of amassing these taxable parcels to amass votes in the 2716: 2042: 1961:

had resumed in 1621 and in 1626-1627 the Spaniards and their allies in the context of the

1190:, in which they managed to bring the whole accreditation process to a standstill. The old 928: 878:

who was never a stadtholder of Friesland. Before 1747 (when the then-Frisian stadtholder,

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on this land were rented out in perpetuity for very low rents (sometimes the value of two

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Ambassadors and secret agents: the diplomacy of the first Earl of Malmesbury at the Hague

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This was a novum for Friesland, as it had never had such a Government Regulation imposed.

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The States had on 11 June 1748 requested the stadtholder to come up with a draft for new

2067:. The office of Frisian stadtholder had been hereditary in the male line only since 1675. 1744:

But they returned "with a vengeance" in 1795 when the old Republic was overturned by the

1657:, as the first province in the Union (and the second sovereign body in Europe, after the 1729:

recalled States Army troops, paid for by Friesland, to the province, both sides started

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in the Republic did not materialize. After his unexpected death in 1751 his infant son

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each other, both claiming to be the "true and only legitimate" States of Friesland.

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His most useful contribution as a legal scholar was, however, that he discussed the

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approached the Frisian borders. In 1627 Dutch troops under the Frisian stadtholder

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were to be restored in the cities with regulations updated to modern circumstances;

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Written contracts to acquire an office were prohibited, as was the sale of offices;

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at least 20 years of age (though the minimum age, was sometimes put as high as 25);

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representing the cities also were of two kinds: one had to be a member of the city

492:, each having one vote). Other than most other provinces, Friesland did not have a 461: 203: 1178:

was convened for 14 October 1672, elected under the new Resolution, hence without

963:

and the city governments, and report by 30 January 1627 (i.e. at the time the new

911:

of 30 October 1539, that regulated the elections in Friesland, treaties (like the

842:

It is often assumed that the provincial stadtholder (an office held over from the

1697:

where the faculty and students were strong Patriot partisans. The faculty member

2692: 2660: 1977:, first with 7,000 new troops in 1626, and in 1627 to equality with the Spanish 1864: 1549: 1367:

to the States in Leeuwarden, with a petition, containing the following demands:

1121: 1105: 824: 807: 587: 579: 521: 364: 292: 90: 72: 1504:

had laid down in July), and a number of other regulations concerning elections;

1056:

These points were promulgated by the Resolution of the States of 15 June 1627.

783:, whose members would convey them to their own Chamber, and report back to the 1828: 1706: 1654: 1641: 1587: 1344: 1093: 1045: 795:, which were then submitted to the Chambers for deliberation and consent. The 651: 583: 421:(a farmhouse and yard), with a parcel of land attached that was taxed for the 975:(reform points) of 1627, a terminology that was repeated at later occasions. 1970: 949: 437: 401: 395: 272: 1186:

now started a fight over the letters of accreditation of the newly elected

1132:

of 1627 to decide what was still relevant. Among those points he counted:

724:

was usually convened once a year (in January), by a summons issued by the

2077: 1868: 1848: 1844: 1730: 1702: 1439:

saw this as too much wiggle room, and demanded that the reforms would be

1420: 1326: 1064: 956:

was blamed for this, and this led to a movement to diminish their power.

730: 698: 631: 541: 384: 1796:

as Lord of Friesland had used, but with the royal crown replaced with a

1245:

All disputed decisions of the States of the previous year were annulled;

1897: 1710: 1603: 1295: 1115: 908: 904: 560: 505: 1973:. The Spanish successes, however, necessitated an enlargement of the 1860: 1832: 1081: 1008: 932: 799:

also advised the States on documents from the States General and the

617: 431: 380: 1492:

The minimum size of a vote-carrying parcel of land would again be 5

1427:; incompatibilities of all kinds of public offices, especially for 870:

Friesland never had a stadtholder who was a member of the original

570:

that were "not-admitted". The only admitted denominations were the

1856: 1852: 1663: 1555:

All old laws not contrary to this Regulation will remain in force;

1542: 1445: 1195: 1114: 1052:

would speedily appoint one of these nominees to the vacant office.

998:

Officers could not be absent for periods of more than eight weeks;

711: 627: 622: 1298:

was declared in connection with the events of the preceding year.

2558:

Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813

1901: 1621:. This regime eventually provoked the Patriot Revolt during the 762:

on a daily basis was organized by a steering committee of eight

609: 533: 336: 1036:

would speedily organize an election in which the voters of the

688:

former aliens, who had resided at least ten years in Friesland;

1424: 161: 66: 25: 1558:

All officials will swear an oath to maintain this Regulation;

1374:

repeal of a number of taxes, to be replaced with a so-called

1238:

The new Regulation contained the following important points:

1092:, had already petitioned the States on behalf of her son, to 931:. The sale of offices was a universal abuse that is known as 1014:

Strict regulations about public accountancy were introduced;

291:

and became one of the Seven United Netherlands. The Frisian

2721:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806

2673:"Gewestelijke bestuursinstellingen van Friesland 1580-1795" 1443:

by the stadtholder, which the States hastily consented to.

1736:

Before the civil war could begin in earnest, however, the

1302:

Furthermore, a large number of articles from the previous

1088:, the putative stadtholder after the death of her husband 978:

The most important of these 28 points were the following:

907:, ordinances that predated the Union of Utrecht (like the 363:, its government followed the general Habsburg model of a 661:. These delegates were, however, elected by the combined 371:

was periodically convened to send representatives to the

476:

The States of Friesland were the assembly of the thirty

1944:

During William's stadtholderate in the other provinces

94: 1269:

Aliens could be naturalized after ten years residence;

271:

were the sovereign body that governed the province of

742:

for the session also, though this would not bind the

1754:

Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland

1476:

the authority of the States had become overweening"

1242:

The stadtholder assumed the rights of his ancestors;

989:

Votes recruited with corrupt means would be invalid;

665:

and magistracy, not by each separately. In sum, the

655:; the other a member of the city magistracy, like a 638:(who acted as the competent court in disputes about 596:

was more restricted. In the first place, one of the

2539: 2537: 1680:, who had by then a mandate from the government of 1207:(in Leeuwarden and Sneek) then published so-called 435:). The "electoral districts" were formed by the 30 2624: 967:was to be convened). This procedure resulted in a 2138: 2136: 1167:. This was intended to diminish the power of the 209:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 379:), and as in other provinces the three Estates: 1136:the prohibition of the accumulation of offices; 774:). Initially this committee was elected by the 2266: 2264: 2254: 2252: 835:did not (yet) exist, the States were also the 684:either natural-born citizens of Friesland, or 429:(a land tax that was comparable to the French 313:Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2645:Digitale Bibliotheek der Nederlandse Letteren 1530:In case of conflicts between chambers of the 8: 669:usually consisted of 84 members (60 for the 279:. They were formed in 1580 after the former 99:introducing citations to additional sources 1600:Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange 1561:The stadtholder is the only person who may 1515:from the slate of nominees drawn up in the 1272:Offices could not be transferred to others; 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1808:Heraldica civica et militara De Rode Leeuw 1139:a minimum age for all offices of 23 years; 986:could no longer be appointed to an Office; 746:. After the elections had taken place the 2161: 2159: 2157: 1258:were eligible for all offices (including 1090:William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz 864:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg 574:(and its French-language equivalent, the 245:Learn how and when to remove this message 1946:Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz 1565:and explain this Regulation (but he was 1337:Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel 1306:were included. The whole was called the 1086:Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz 484:were made up of eighteen cities and the 409:. These representatives were elected by 256: 89:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2769:Political history of the Dutch Republic 2560:. New York: Vintage books. p. 63. 2132: 1967:Ernest Casimir I, Count of Nassau-Dietz 1785: 1615:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg 992:Accumulation of offices was prohibited; 262:Coat of Arms of the States of Friesland 2641:"De patriottentijd. Deel 3: 1786-1787" 1484:and handed over his already completed 787:with the advice from the Chamber. The 447:George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg 1011:for decisions in all official bodies; 7: 1770:States of Holland and West Friesland 1629:The schism during the Patriottentijd 1609:, who once sold the governorship of 1500:of woodland (i.e. half the size the 1419:appointment of minors in offices as 1333:John William Friso, Prince of Orange 813:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester 482:States of Holland and West Friesland 16:Sovereign body in the Dutch Republic 2051:succeeded, but her younger brother 1582:("Apologia") of Frisian politician 1313:A new political crisis, the one of 1145:prohibition of the sale of offices; 1110:Spiegel van Doleancie en Reformatie 1750:Committé Révolutionair Provinciaal 1640:loans were wealthy members of the 1262:) with exception of member of the 1078:Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau 766:(two for each quarter) called the 199:for transliterated languages, and 179:of its non-English content, using 14: 2165:Gewestelijke bestuursinstellingen 1358:few riots against the tax farmers 899:Attempts at constitutional reform 823:). The States were generally the 817:States General of the Netherlands 791:also drafted Resolutions for the 373:States General of the Netherlands 41:This article has multiple issues. 2665:De patriottenbeweging: 1780-1787 1586:, published during his exile in 349:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 166: 82:relies largely or entirely on a 71: 30: 1507:The stadtholder (no longer the 1108:published a brochure, entitled 516:elected such delegates, called 49:or discuss these issues on the 21:Provincial Council of Friesland 2061:William III of the Netherlands 1904:; Cf. Wierdsma, p. 16, note 3. 1339:, was pregnant with their son 1021:of troops were to be enforced; 215:multilingual support templates 1: 2059:could not succeed her father 2057:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 1948:was stadtholder in Friesland. 1617:, with whom he concluded the 1319:Second Stadtholderless Period 1198:for 7 November 1672. The old 1017:Strict regulations about the 856:Second Stadtholderless Period 359:in 1515), became part of the 2288:Wierdsma, pp. 95-97, 117-125 2020:First Stadtholderless Period 1738:Prussian invasion of Holland 1689:Beyma mobilized the Patriot 1607:Douwe Sirtema van Grovestins 1548:Only officially established 1341:William IV, Prince of Orange 1233:Allart Pieter van Jongestall 1074:Christoph Bernhard von Galen 880:William IV, Prince of Orange 852:First Stadtholderless Period 355:, and sold by duk George to 297:William IV, Prince of Orange 2738:Wierdsma Schik, P. (1857). 2723:. Oxford University Press. 2201:Wierdsma, p. 16, and note 4 2093:; Cf. Wierdsma, pp. 96, 117 1900:, so slightly less than an 1596:William V, Prince of Orange 1381:abolition of the tax farms; 1070:Prince-Bishopric of Münster 848:Orangist revolution of 1747 680:was required that they be: 488:(College of Nobles) of the 2790: 2486:Israel, p. 1071, 1074-1075 1792:This was the coat of arms 1632: 1573:. it on his own in future) 921:Rotten and pocket boroughs 18: 1804:"Het Wapen van Friesland" 1670:Court Lambertus van Beyma 1584:Court Lambertus van Beyma 1163:standing for election as 839:on the provincial level. 616:, or people who had been 2065:Grand Duke of Luxembourg 1682:William Pitt the Younger 1451:Portrait of stadtholder 1435:by the stadtholder. The 1182:. However, the excluded 1024:In case of vacancies of 937:Sale of Offices Act 1551 393:that made up Friesland: 2774:Historical legislatures 2219:Wierdsma, pp. 25-32, 20 1926:trusses under the roof. 1748:. On 7 February 1795 a 1619:Acte van Consulentschap 568:religious denominations 520:(which literally means 472:Organisation and Powers 2746:(in Dutch). W. Eekhoff 1726:Admiralty of Friesland 1695:University of Franeker 1672: 1456: 1248:The minimum age for a 1125: 876:William III of England 717: 345:George, Duke of Saxony 264: 2522:Wierdsma, pp. 130-132 2513:Wierdsma, pp. 117-125 2504:Wierdsma, pp. 126-127 2495:Wierdsma, pp. 114-115 2432:Israel, pp. 1067-1070 1999:. Cf. Wierdsma, p. 54 1990:Though the office of 1716:About twelve Patriot 1667: 1552:were to be tolerated; 1486:Reglement reformatoir 1449: 1118: 860:House of Nassau-Dietz 750:would convene at the 715: 572:Dutch Reformed Church 466:Pacification of Ghent 260: 110:"States of Friesland" 2607:Colenbrander, p. 279 2589:Colenbrander, p. 278 2543:Colenbrander, p. 115 2477:Wierdsma, pp. 99-113 2091:poincten reformatoir 1776:Notes and references 1496:of clay soil, or 10 1461:Regeringsreglementen 1395:poincten reformatoir 1304:poincten reformatoir 1220:poincten reformatoir 1130:poincten reformatoir 973:poincten reformatoir 874:, that expired with 854:(1650-1672) and the 844:Habsburg Netherlands 833:Separation of powers 361:Habsburg Netherlands 285:Habsburg Netherlands 213:. Knowledge (XXG)'s 177:specify the language 175:This article should 95:improve this article 2580:Cobban, pp. 121-135 2468:Wierdsma, pp. 97-99 2459:Wierdsma, pp. 96-97 2441:Wierdsma, pp. 94-95 2423:Wierdsma, pp. 92-94 2414:Wierdsma, pp. 85-91 2405:Wierdsma, pp. 83-85 2396:Wierdsma, pp. 74-83 2387:Wierdsma, pp. 70-74 2378:Wierdsma, pp. 64-69 2360:Wierdsma, pp. 63-66 2342:Wierdsma, pp. 55-60 2333:Wierdsma, pp. 51-54 2297:Wierdsma, pp. 38-39 2279:Wierdsma, pp. 34-37 2246:Wierdsma, pp. 21-22 2174:Israel, pp. 281-282 2151:Wierdsma, pp. 39-42 2076:This was a form of 1997:Gedeputeerde Staten 1746:Batavian Revolution 1592:benevolent dictator 1525:Gedeputeerde Staten 1509:Gedeputeerde Staten 1414:On 5 July 1748 the 1289:Gedeputeerde Staten 1264:Gedeputeerde Staten 1228:Gedeputeerde Staten 1157:poincts reformatoir 1065:a bad war situation 1050:Gedeputeerde Staten 1034:Gedeputeerde Staten 1002:Gedeputeerde Staten 888:Gedeputeerde Staten 726:Gedeputeerde Staten 701:, mentioned above); 636:Gedeputeerde Staten 454:Gedeputeerde Staten 327:(formerly enjoying 305:Batavian Revolution 301:Gedeputeerde Staten 269:States of Friesland 2637:Colenbrander, H.T. 2237:Wierdsma, p. 20-21 1794:Philip II of Spain 1673: 1457: 1323:Dutch States Party 1252:would be 20 years; 1126: 868:William the Silent 718: 694:an avowed Patriot; 417:) who possessed a 353:King of the Romans 329:Imperial immediacy 325:Lordship of Frisia 281:Lordship of Frisia 265: 2598:Geyl, pp. 185-186 1975:Dutch States Army 1963:Thirty Years' War 1959:Eighty Years' War 1758:Batavian Republic 1709:, the other from 1659:Kingdom of France 1399:poincten decisoir 1308:poincten decisoir 884:Dutch States Army 862:, beginning with 490:County of Holland 335:, but given as a 333:Holy Roman Empire 309:Batavian Republic 307:of 1795 when the 287:) acceded to the 255: 254: 247: 237: 236: 217:may also be used. 160: 159: 145: 64: 2781: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2734: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2668: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2632: 2630: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2259: 2256: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1979:Army of Flanders 1955: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1890: 1884: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1798:crown of a count 1790: 1699:Johan Valckenaer 1397:of 1627 and the 1281:Grand Pensionary 1063:therefore, when 1040:would draw up a 913:Peace of Münster 801:Council of State 758:The work of the 594:Passive suffrage 299:). The board of 289:Union of Utrecht 250: 243: 232: 229: 223: 208: 202: 198: 192: 188: 182: 170: 169: 162: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 75: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2737: 2731: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2531:Israel, p. 1082 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450:Israel, p. 1972 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369:Wierdsma, p. 67 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351:Wierdsma, p. 61 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324:Wierdsma, p. 51 2323: 2319: 2315:Wierdsma, p. 49 2314: 2310: 2306:Wierdsma, p. 48 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270:Wierdsma, p. 25 2269: 2262: 2258:Wierdsma, p. 24 2257: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228:Wierdsma, p. 34 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210:Wierdsma, p. 18 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192:Wierdsma, p. 33 2191: 2187: 2183:Wierdsma, p. 16 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142:Wierdsma, p. 11 2141: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1989: 1985: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1891: 1887: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1766: 1760:in April 1796. 1637: 1631: 1511:) appoints the 1502:gecommitteerden 1455: 1437:gecommitteerden 1416:gecommitteerden 1404:gecommitteerden 1391:gecommitteerden 1291:were abolished; 1277:Land's Advocate 1275:The offices of 1124: 929:Reform Act 1832 901: 896: 872:House of Orange 829:Roman-Dutch law 699:active suffrage 580:Lutheran church 510:Diet (assembly) 474: 413:(comparable to 321: 283:(a part of the 263: 251: 240: 239: 238: 233: 227: 224: 218: 206: 200: 196: 194:transliteration 190: 186: 180: 171: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 88: 76: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2735: 2729: 2713: 2689: 2669: 2657: 2633: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2566: 2545: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2153: 2144: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2082: 2069: 2033: 2024: 2011: 2001: 1983: 1950: 1937: 1928: 1915: 1906: 1885: 1821: 1802:Vries, H. de. 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1731:anathematizing 1691:civic militias 1635:Patriottentijd 1633:Main article: 1630: 1627: 1623:Patriottentijd 1575: 1574: 1569:authorized to 1559: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1520: 1505: 1450: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1372: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1253: 1246: 1243: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1119: 1054: 1053: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1005: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 925:United Kingdom 900: 897: 895: 892: 710: 709: 702: 695: 692: 689: 576:Walloon church 473: 470: 320: 317: 277:Dutch Republic 261: 253: 252: 235: 234: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 93:. 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