155:
598:
during the convention. Thurmond himself had doubts about a third-party bid, but party organizers convinced him to accept the party's nomination, with
Fielding Wright as his running mate. Wright's supporters had hoped that Wright would lead the ticket, but Wright deferred to Thurmond, who had greater national stature. The selection of Thurmond received fairly positive reviews from the national press, as Thurmond had pursued relatively moderate policies on civil rights and did not employ the fiery rhetoric used by other segregationist leaders.
610:. Once in the House and Senate, the Dixiecrats hoped to throw their support to whichever party would agree to their segregationist demands. Even if the Republican ticket won an outright majority of electoral votes (as many expected in 1948), the Dixiecrats hoped that their third-party run would help the South retake its dominant position in the Democratic Party. In implementing their strategy, the States' Rights Democrats faced a complicated set of state election laws, with different states having different processes for choosing
830:
318:
3034:
841:
378:, a combination of legal and informal segregation acts that made blacks second-class citizens, confirming their lack of political power through most of the southern United States. The social and economic systems of the Solid South were based on this structure, although the white Democrats retained all the Congressional seats apportioned for the total population of their states. Three-time Democratic Party presidential candidate
294:
561:
779:. Within the next few decades, a realignment took place whereby most conservatives (economic, cultural, and racial conservatives included) migrated to the Republican Party, with liberals on the same issues going to the Democrats, resulting in more heterogenous national platforms. The Southern states subsequently shifted over time to voting mainly Republican, with the Northeast switching to voting mainly Democratic.
421:
veterans' benefits after the war, the vast majority of
African American veterans were prevented from accessing most benefits due in part to Southern success in congress to have benefits administered by the states instead of the federal government.) Tens of thousands of black civilians at home were recruited in the labor-starved war industries across many urban centers in the country, mainly due to the promotion of
664:
States' Rights
Democrats to paint other Truman loyalists as turncoats generally failed, although the seeds of discontent were planted which in years to come took their toll on Southern moderates. On election day in 1948, the ThurmondâWright ticket carried the previously solidly Democratic states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina, receiving 1,169,021 popular votes and 39
261:, civil rights for African Americans were not specifically incorporated within the New Deal agenda, due in part to Southern control over many key positions of power within the U.S. Congress. Supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states. They opposed
663:
vigorously supported Truman in speeches across the state, much to the consternation of the sitting governor, Benjamin Travis Laney, an ardent
Thurmond supporter. Laney later used McMath's pro-Truman stance against him in the 1950 gubernatorial election, but McMath won re-election handily. Efforts by
601:
The States' Rights
Democrats did not formally declare themselves as being a new third party, but rather said that they were only "recommending" that state Democratic Parties vote for the ThurmondâWright ticket. The goal of the party was to win the 127 electoral votes of the Solid South, in the hopes
420:
With the entry of the United States into the Second World War, Jim Crow was indirectly challenged. More than one and a half million black
Americans served in the U.S. military during World War II, where they received equal pay while serving within segregated units. (While equally entitled to receive
537:
calling for civil rights; 35 Southern delegates walked out. The move was on to remove Truman's name from the ballot in the southern United States. This political maneuvering required the organization of a new and distinct political party, which the
Southern defectors from the Democratic Party chose
694:
of
Louisiana, attempted to keep it in existence in their districts. Wright continued to defend racial segregation, but conceded that complete obstinance along the lines of the 1948 departure from the Democratic Party would cause his home state of Mississippi to lose "its standing with everybody in
597:
would be the presidential nominee, and South
Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond or Mississippi Governor Fielding L. Wright the vice presidential nominee. Laney traveled to Birmingham during the convention, but he ultimately decided that he did not want to join a third party and remained in his hotel
641:
We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. We oppose the elimination of segregation, the repeal of
676:
drew off a nearly equal number of popular votes (1,157,172) from the
Democrats' left wing, although he did not carry any states. The splits in the Democratic Party in the 1948 election had been expected to produce a victory by GOP presidential nominee Dewey, but Truman defeated Dewey in an upset
654:
We call upon all Democrats and upon all other loyal Americans who are opposed to totalitarianism at home and abroad to unite with us in ignominiously defeating Harry S. Truman, Thomas E. Dewey and every other candidate for public office who would establish a Police Nation in the United States of
959:
After the war ended, the symbol became a source of Southern pride and heritage, as well as a remembrance of Confederate soldiers who died in battle. But as racism and segregation gripped the nation in the century following, it became a divisive and violent emblem of the Ku Klux Klan and white
588:
Prior to their own States' Rights Democratic Party convention, it was not clear whether the Dixiecrats would seek to field their own candidate or simply try to prevent Southern electors from voting for Truman. Many in the press predicted that if the Dixiecrats did nominate a ticket,
2297:
714:
Regardless of the power struggle within the Democratic Party concerning segregation policy, the South remained a strongly Democratic voting bloc for local, state, and federal Congressional elections, but increasingly not in presidential elections. Republican
409:, civil rights for African Americans was not specifically incorporated within the New Deal agenda, due in part to Southern control over many key positions of power within the U.S. Congress. Nonetheless, civil rights gained an outspoken champion in First Lady
1965:
1958:
974:, pp. 173â174The adoption of the flag as the unofficial party symbol sparked considerable debate. Ralph McGill spoke out against southerners who âprostitute the Confederate Flag and the song âDixieâ to their own uses.â
369:
voters, including fraud at the polls and attacks on their leaders. The electoral violence culminated in the Democrats regaining control of the state legislatures and passing new constitutions and laws from 1890 to 1908 to
685:
The States' Rights Democratic Party collapsed after the 1948 election, as Truman, the Democratic National Committee, and the New Deal Southern Democrats acted to ensure that the Dixiecrat movement would not return in the
770:
won every former Confederate state except Texas. Thurmond eventually left the Democratic Party and joined the Republican Party in 1964, charging the Democrats with having "abandoned the people" and having repudiated the
1951:
222:, including the first presidential proposal for comprehensive civil and voting rights, many Southern white politicians who objected to this course organized themselves as a breakaway faction. They wished to protect
2500:
3046:
1163:
Equality, Congress of Racial; Committee, Fair Employment Practices; Robinson, Jackie; Randolph, A. Phillip; Ogata, Kenje; Ross, Ellis; Albertin, Walter; White, Walter; Houser, George (October 10, 2014).
946:
646:, the control of private employment by Federal bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. We favor home-rule, local self-government and a minimum interference with individual rights.
281:, its leaders generally returned to the Democratic Party, at least for a time, although the Dixiecrats weakened Democratic identity among white Southerners. The Dixiecrats standard bearer, Senator
1190:
Feldman, Glenn (August 2009). "Southern Disillusionment with the Democratic Party: Cultural Conformity and 'the Great Melding' of Racial and Economic Conservatism in Alabama during World War II".
3096:
2335:
3037:
3086:
960:
supremacist groups. It was also the symbol of the States' Rights Democratic Party, or "Dixiecrats," that formed in 1948 to oppose civil-rights platforms of the Democratic Party.
3141:
3106:
3126:
277:
racial discrimination. On non-racial issues, they held heterogeneous beliefs. Despite the Dixiecrats' success in several states, Truman was narrowly re-elected. After the
3146:
3136:
3131:
2887:
3042:
3151:
3121:
3091:
2354:
3116:
2328:
476:
338:
334:
329:
voted Democratic in all 23 presidential elections from 1876 through 1964; other states were not quite as solid but generally supported Democrats for president.
2535:
2302:
935:
2727:
467:". (This referred to the Southern Democratic Party's control of presidential elections in the South and most seats in Congress, partly through decades of
2812:
2737:
2022:
776:
564:
1948 electoral votes by state. The Dixiecrats carried Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, and received one additional electoral vote in
170:
909:
3111:
2757:
2049:
468:
371:
2972:
2797:
2732:
2580:
2321:
2235:
2225:
2211:
2184:
2174:
2160:
2146:
2119:
2092:
2065:
2038:
2011:
823:
759:
751:
735:
724:
720:
687:
502:
492:
278:
2902:
2892:
2585:
2525:
1634:
669:
227:
2862:
2520:
2485:
2345:
873:
603:
3156:
2565:
1894:
1866:
1838:
1719:
1063:
2877:
2657:
2284:
2195:
1922:
2817:
2802:
2470:
2450:
2425:
805:
696:
530:
383:
1613:
1586:
1166:"World War II and Post War (1940â1949) - The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom | Exhibitions - Library of Congress"
1025:
3161:
2937:
2772:
2767:
2742:
2717:
2545:
2460:
1745:
1398:
483:
African Americans had found the Democratic Party in the North, West and the national Democratic party more suited to their interests.
480:
602:
of denying TrumanâBarkley or DeweyâWarren an overall majority of electoral votes, and thus throwing the presidential election to the
2967:
2827:
2792:
2409:
1974:
1406:
1326:
816:
772:
439:
Democrats in Congress almost unanimously opposed. Southern Democratic ideology on non-racial issues was heterogeneous. Some such as
2867:
30:
This article is about the American political party established in 1948. For the post-Reconstruction southern Democratic Party, see
154:
2942:
2852:
2822:
2787:
2560:
2465:
2378:
2371:
2274:
2030:
1555:
728:
207:
106:
96:
665:
633:
In numbers greater than the 6,000 that attended the first, the States' Rights Democrats held a boisterous second convention in
611:
435:
in 1944 and 1948), along with many Democrats from the northern and western states, supported civil rights legislation that the
922:
In 1948, the newly-formed segregationist Dixiecrat party adopted the flag as a symbol of resistance to the federal government.
2807:
2722:
2430:
800:
734:
received just under 0.2 percent of the popular vote running as the presidential nominee of the States' Rights Party. In the
614:. The States' Rights Democrats eventually succeeded in making the ThurmondâWright ticket the official Democratic ticket in
533:. In July, the convention nominated Truman to run for a full term and adopted a plank proposed by Northern liberals led by
3052:
2782:
2777:
2480:
2258:
518:
310:
2897:
2570:
1318:
542:
113:
463:
in 1964, as the Republican standard bearer opposed civil rights laws. The Dixiecrats represented the weakening of the "
2997:
2977:
2957:
2637:
2404:
2389:
2156:
2076:
2057:
1666:
699:, but all Southern delegations were seated after agreeing to a party loyalty pledge. Segregationist Alabama Senator
2947:
2917:
2652:
2515:
2130:
541:
Just days after the 1948 Democratic National Convention, the States' Rights Democrats held their own convention at
175:
1312:
3012:
2962:
2837:
2707:
2647:
2490:
2440:
1392:
517:
of Mississippi, met to consider the place of Southerners within the Democratic Party. After a tense meeting with
165:
3002:
1165:
703:
was selected as the Democratic vice-presidential nominee in 1952, helping to boost party loyalty in the South.
553:
attended, most major Southern Democrats did not attend the conference. Among those absent were Georgia Senator
406:
258:
1943:
898:
3101:
2932:
2475:
2445:
2007:
643:
350:
2747:
1266:
337:
by overwhelming margins in both local and national elections, (the few exceptions include minor pockets of
2605:
2595:
2550:
2540:
2435:
868:
452:
379:
239:
203:
1756:
2872:
2857:
2702:
2697:
2575:
2279:
2061:
594:
402:
394:
354:
254:
246:
1471:
390:, expecting the organization would soon fold. Bryan disliked the Klan but never publicly attacked it.
2510:
2088:
716:
607:
506:
429:
422:
1788:
1138:
829:
17:
3081:
2992:
2712:
2692:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2555:
2455:
1705:
1499:"A Term Denied: The Election Campaigns of Gov. Sid McMath through the Eyes of the Arkansas Gazette"
554:
526:
472:
2313:
365:, Democrats used paramilitary insurgents and other activists to disrupt and intimidate Republican
317:
2832:
2687:
2115:
1639:
1591:
1560:
1248:
1207:
1001:
878:
845:
747:
731:
514:
440:
362:
262:
215:
199:
126:
1919:
3007:
2530:
2495:
2268:
1890:
1862:
1834:
1808:
1741:
1715:
1681:
1644:
1402:
1322:
1274:
1059:
522:
410:
223:
219:
2982:
2912:
2907:
2882:
2642:
2505:
2003:
1800:
1768:
1238:
1199:
993:
673:
573:
1498:
309:
are also considered part of this subregion. Historically, each of these states were in the
3057:
2922:
2847:
2842:
2762:
2752:
2682:
2207:
2152:
1926:
840:
755:
711:
The Dixiecrats are considered to have begun the weakening of the Democratic Solid South.
577:
569:
534:
498:
432:
211:
121:
1227:"'Never Argue with the Gallup Poll': Thomas Dewey, Civil Rights and the Election of 1948"
557:, who had finished with the second-most delegates in the Democratic presidential ballot.
471:
entrenched by Southern state legislatures between 1890 and 1908.) The Republicans of the
2298:
List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections
1938:
509:
to end discrimination in the military in 1948. A group of Southern governors, including
2987:
2263:
2138:
2111:
2034:
1772:
1030:
834:
767:
627:
550:
510:
456:
346:
302:
282:
56:
293:
3075:
2166:
2084:
1211:
763:
743:
739:
700:
691:
634:
448:
414:
306:
1635:"Thurmond Break is Made Official; He Will Work as Republican for Goldwater Election"
1556:"Democrats Vote Today; Southerners Seated; Truman Puts His Support Behind Stevenson"
984:
Lemmon, Sarah McCulloh (December 1951). "The Ideology of the 'Dixiecrat' Movement".
560:
425:, which required defense industries not to discriminate based on ethnicity or race.
2927:
2677:
2221:
2203:
2170:
2142:
1995:
903:
475:
in the South also turned against blacks. Blacks had formerly been aligned with the
387:
266:
51:
1804:
1884:
1856:
1828:
1709:
1099:
1053:
2362:
2180:
623:
581:
464:
358:
322:
231:
31:
2217:
1349:
Starr, J. Barton (1970). "Birmingham and the 'Dixiecrat' Convention of 1948".
1243:
1226:
1203:
660:
546:
436:
342:
298:
1812:
1685:
1648:
1278:
1757:"The Dixiecrat Rebellion: Long-Term Partisan Implications in the Deep South"
1701:
783:
637:, on August 14, 1948, where they adopted their party platform which stated:
619:
565:
1667:"Fielding L. Wright (1946-1952): Legacy of a White-Supremacist Progressive"
333:
Since the beginning of Reconstruction, Southern white voters supported the
206:. It arose due to a Southern regional split in opposition to the national
2231:
590:
444:
398:
375:
366:
326:
250:
1252:
297:
The states in dark red compose the Deep South today. Adjoining areas of
285:
of South Carolina, eventually switched to the Republican Party in 1964.
1476:
Political Party Platforms, Parties Receiving Electoral Votes: 1840-2004
1139:"How the GI Bill's Promise Was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans"
1005:
615:
1930:
1123:
218:
of the military in 1948 and other actions to address civil rights of
1711:
Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond
997:
630:. In other states, they were forced to run as a third-party ticket.
525:, the Southern governors agreed to convene their own convention in
1439:
1437:
479:
before being excluded from politics in the region, but during the
235:
1472:"Platform of the States Rights Democratic Party, August 14, 1948"
1529:(Jackson, MS:University Press of Mississippi, 1977) pp. 185-189.
529:
if Truman and civil rights supporters emerged victorious at the
405:. While many Democrats in the South had shifted toward favoring
2317:
1947:
1830:
The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968
1394:
The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968
940:
758:
won all four states that Thurmond had carried in 1948. In the
460:
1975:
Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets
1886:
Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South
936:"The Complicated Political History Of The Confederate Flag"
695:
America." Former Dixiecrats received some backlash at the
545:
in Birmingham, on July 17. While several leaders from the
257:. While many Democrats in the South supported substantive
202:
political party in the United States, active primarily in
3038:
State and local political parties (without national body)
1858:
The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election
1587:"Demise of the Southern Democrat Is Now Nearly Complete"
1124:"African American Service Men and Women in World War II"
568:(colored in orange). States in blue voted for Democrats
1101:
William Jennings Bryan: 1915-1925. Political puritan. 3
782:
By the early 2010s, statistician and political analyst
413:, and supportive approaches from the administration's "
899:"8 things you didn't know about the Confederate flag"
1789:"Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change"
1026:"The Next New Deal Must Be for Black Americans, Too"
2670:
2630:
2623:
2418:
2397:
2388:
2361:
2249:
2194:
2129:
2102:
2075:
2048:
2021:
1994:
1981:
143:
135:
112:
102:
92:
77:
62:
50:
41:
1052:Bibby, John F.; Maisel, L. Sandy (April 9, 1998).
230:. Its members were referred to as "Dixiecrats", a
538:to brand as the States' Rights Democratic Party.
428:Members of the Republican Party (which nominated
382:opposed a highly controversial resolution at the
357:of central Texas) forming what was known as the "
3097:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
1386:
1384:
1055:Two Parties--or More?: The American Party System
786:wrote of the "demise of the Southern Democrat".
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
652:
639:
3087:Defunct political parties in the United States
2355:List of political parties in the United States
1740:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
659:In Arkansas, Democratic gubernatorial nominee
214:, the leader of the Democratic Party, ordered
2329:
1959:
8:
2303:History of conservatism in the United States
1614:"1956 Presidential General Election Results"
1455:
1443:
1428:
1298:
971:
44:States' Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats)
3142:1948 disestablishments in the United States
1466:
1464:
3107:Political terminology of the United States
2667:
2627:
2394:
2336:
2322:
2314:
1991:
1966:
1952:
1944:
793:
746:of Virginia received the votes of several
606:and the vice presidential election to the
455:. The Dixiecrats' presidential candidate,
153:
38:
3127:Political repression in the United States
1242:
742:won several Southern states, and Senator
3147:1948 United States presidential election
3137:Political parties disestablished in 1948
3132:1948 establishments in the United States
1549:
1547:
777:presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater
559:
497:After Roosevelt died, the new president
493:1948 United States presidential election
374:and many poor whites. They also imposed
316:
292:
194:), also colloquially referred to as the
27:1948 U.S. segregationist political party
1391:Frederickson, Kari (January 14, 2003).
897:Costa-Roberts, Daniel (June 21, 2015),
889:
3152:Politics of the Southern United States
2486:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
2346:political parties in the United States
1939:1948 Platform of Oklahoma's Dixiecrats
1085:
1024:Lung-Amam, Willow (January 18, 2021).
912:from the original on September 7, 2022
874:Politics of the Southern United States
604:United States House of Representatives
3122:Political parties established in 1948
3092:History of the Southern United States
1580:
1578:
1538:
949:from the original on January 25, 2022
750:from Alabama and Mississippi. In the
576:; those in red voted for Republicans
503:President's Committee on Civil Rights
7:
3117:White supremacy in the United States
1755:Buchanan, Scott E. (December 2005).
1506:University of Central Arkansas â UCA
1019:
1017:
1015:
521:(DNC) chairman and Truman confidant
190:(whose members are often called the
18:States' Rights Democratic Party
2471:Freedom Road Socialist Organization
1554:White, William S. (July 25, 1952).
719:won several Southern states in the
697:1952 Democratic National Convention
531:1948 Democratic National Convention
384:1924 Democratic National Convention
3043:Presidential nominating convention
1773:10.1111/j.1747-1346.2005.tb00221.x
1674:The Journal of Mississippi History
1399:University of North Carolina Press
1137:Blakemore, Erin (April 20, 2021).
790:Presidential candidate performance
690:. Some Southern diehards, such as
25:
1738:Politics and society in the South
1478:. The American Presidency Project
1058:. Avalon Publishing. p. 35.
934:Taylor, Jessica (June 22, 2015),
361:". Even during the last years of
3112:Democratic Party (United States)
3033:
3032:
1889:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1833:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
1787:Ragan, Fred D. (April 1, 1995).
1527:Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta
839:
828:
775:; he subsequently worked on the
729:Commissioner of Internal Revenue
2104:States' Rights Democratic Party
1665:Smith, James Patterson (2019).
1585:Cohn, Nate (December 4, 2014).
727:. In the 1956 election, former
188:States' Rights Democratic Party
1827:Frederickson, Kari A. (2001).
1098:Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1969).
1:
3053:Politics of the United States
2275:National States' Rights Party
2259:Straight-Out Democratic Party
1805:10.1080/03612759.1995.9951079
1793:History: Reviews of New Books
650:The platform went on to say:
519:Democratic National Committee
501:established a highly visible
311:Confederate States of America
3157:Protestant political parties
2743:Democratic-Republican (1844)
2571:South Carolina Workers Party
1351:Alabama Historical Quarterly
1319:University Press of Kentucky
1267:"Letters on the Republicans"
443:supported the tenets of the
397:occurred largely due to the
249:occurred largely due to the
1231:Journal of American Studies
1192:Journal of American Studies
725:1956 presidential elections
549:such as Strom Thurmond and
139:Red, white, blue (official)
3178:
2501:National Progressive Party
2426:African People's Socialist
2131:American Independent Party
2023:Constitutional Union Party
1855:Karabell, Zachary (2000).
760:1968 presidential election
752:1964 presidential election
736:1960 presidential election
688:1952 presidential election
490:
487:1948 presidential election
469:disfranchisement of blacks
372:disenfranchise most blacks
29:
3162:White nationalist parties
3025:
2953:States Rights (Dixiecrat)
2352:
2293:
2050:National Democratic Party
1925:October 12, 2012, at the
1244:10.1017/S0021875804008400
1204:10.1017/S0021875809990028
766:or third-party candidate
166:Politics of United States
161:
152:
2546:Socialism and Liberation
1932:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1883:Perman, Michael (2009).
1311:Donaldson, Gary (2000).
1104:. pp. 162, 177, 184
2823:National States' Rights
2678:American (Know Nothing)
2526:Progressive Labor Party
2008:Andrew Jackson Donelson
1225:Topping, Simon (2004).
2551:Serve America Movement
2541:Renew America Movement
1643:. September 17, 1964.
869:Boll weevil (politics)
657:
648:
644:miscegenation statutes
585:
513:of South Carolina and
453:conservative coalition
401:policies of President
380:William Jennings Bryan
341:electoral strength in
330:
314:
289:Background (1865â1948)
253:policies of President
240:Southern United States
2958:Traditionalist Worker
2638:Democratic-Republican
2576:Social Democrats, USA
2566:Socialist Alternative
2062:Simon Bolivar Buckner
1988:national popular vote
1761:Politics & Policy
672:presidential nominee
612:presidential electors
595:Benjamin Travis Laney
563:
407:economic intervention
403:Franklin D. Roosevelt
395:political realignment
320:
296:
269:and other aspects of
265:and wanted to retain
259:economic intervention
255:Franklin D. Roosevelt
247:political realignment
224:the ability of states
2813:National Renaissance
2738:Constitutional Union
1982:Presidential tickets
1736:Black, Earl (1987).
1706:Thompson, Marilyn W.
1401:. pp. 135â142.
1321:. pp. 118â122.
1314:Truman Defeats Dewey
717:Dwight D. Eisenhower
681:Subsequent elections
608:United States Senate
543:Municipal Auditorium
507:Executive Order 9981
430:Governor of New York
423:Executive Order 8802
238:", referring to the
3013:Youth International
2963:Unconditional Union
2868:Populist (People's)
2778:Independence (2007)
2773:Independence (1906)
2733:Constitution (1952)
2708:American Vegetarian
2648:National Republican
2491:Legal Marijuana Now
2441:American Solidarity
1918:Scott E. Buchanan,
1458:, pp. 133â147.
1446:, pp. 145â147.
1273:. January 6, 2012.
555:Richard Russell Jr.
527:Birmingham, Alabama
473:lily-white movement
2893:Progressive (1948)
2888:Progressive (1924)
2883:Progressive (1912)
2818:National Socialist
2798:Liberal Republican
2768:Human Rights Party
2728:Communist Workers'
2581:Socialist Equality
2269:Unpledged electors
2252:right-wing parties
2157:Thomas J. Anderson
2116:Fielding L. Wright
1986:one percent of the
1640:The New York Times
1592:The New York Times
1561:The New York Times
879:Southern Democrats
846:Fielding L. Wright
748:unpledged electors
732:T. Coleman Andrews
586:
515:Fielding L. Wright
441:Fielding L. Wright
331:
315:
263:racial integration
242:, and "Democrat".
228:racial segregation
210:. After President
198:was a short-lived
127:Racial segregation
3069:
3068:
3021:
3020:
2938:Social Democratic
2933:Silver Republican
2903:Radical Democracy
2898:Proletarian Party
2666:
2665:
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2586:Socialist Workers
2476:Freedom Socialist
2446:Christian Liberty
2311:
2310:
2245:
2244:
2183:/Eileen Shearer (
2089:Thomas C. O'Brien
1984:that won at least
1896:978-0-8078-3324-7
1868:978-0-375-40086-5
1840:978-0-8078-4910-1
1721:978-1-58648-392-0
1714:. PublicAffairs.
1708:(June 27, 2006).
1541:, pp. 77â78.
1456:Frederickson 2001
1444:Frederickson 2001
1429:Frederickson 2001
1299:Frederickson 2001
1065:978-0-8133-9993-5
972:Frederickson 2001
860:
859:
773:U.S. Constitution
670:Progressive Party
523:J. Howard McGrath
447:, others such as
411:Eleanor Roosevelt
220:African Americans
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171:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
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2948:Socialist (1901)
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2561:Socialist Action
2556:Socialist (1973)
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393:In the 1930s, a
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245:In the 1930s, a
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801:Pres. candidate
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570:Harry S. Truman
535:Hubert Humphrey
499:Harry S. Truman
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433:Thomas E. Dewey
386:condemning the
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1913:External links
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1767:(4): 754â769.
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1271:The Economist
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762:, Republican
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2973:Union (1861)
2968:Union (1850)
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2833:New Alliance
2793:Labor (1996)
2788:Labor (1919)
2748:FarmerâLabor
2688:Anti-Masonic
2461:Constitution
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2204:Bob Richards
2171:William Dyke
2143:Curtis LeMay
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1885:
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1029:
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144:Party flag (
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3008:Young Lords
2828:Natural Law
2531:Prohibition
2410:Libertarian
2181:John Rarick
1659:Works cited
1170:www.loc.gov
1143:History.com
1086:Perman 2009
813:Percentage
624:Mississippi
582:Earl Warren
505:and issued
465:Solid South
459:, became a
451:joined the
359:Solid South
323:Solid South
232:portmanteau
216:integration
32:Solid South
3082:Dixiecrats
3076:Categories
2983:U.S. Labor
2918:Red Guards
2913:Readjuster
2908:Raza Unida
2853:Opposition
2718:Boston Tea
2643:Federalist
2379:Republican
2372:Democratic
2218:David Duke
1920:Dixiecrats
1799:(3): 111.
1702:Bass, Jack
1598:August 21,
1539:Smith 2019
1482:January 1,
1414:October 7,
1334:October 8,
1284:August 21,
661:Sid McMath
547:Deep South
461:Republican
437:Deep South
343:Appalachia
339:Republican
299:East Texas
192:Dixiecrats
2848:Nullifier
2843:New Union
2838:New Party
2763:Greenback
2753:Free Soil
2511:Marijuana
2456:Communist
2344:National
2031:John Bell
1902:April 25,
1874:April 25,
1861:. Knopf.
1846:April 25,
1818:April 25,
1813:0361-2759
1778:April 25,
1727:April 25,
1686:0022-2771
1649:0362-4331
1619:April 25,
1511:April 25,
1279:0013-0613
1212:145634908
1108:April 25,
1088:, part 4.
1071:April 24,
885:Footnotes
784:Nate Cohn
677:victory.
666:electoral
620:Louisiana
593:Governor
566:Tennessee
351:Gillespie
204:the South
176:Elections
78:Dissolved
2878:Populist
2723:Citizens
2521:People's
2451:Citizens
2431:Alliance
2271:movement
2232:Bo Gritz
1923:Archived
1567:July 20,
1253:27557513
1148:March 5,
947:archived
910:archived
863:See also
655:America.
591:Arkansas
445:New Deal
399:New Deal
376:Jim Crow
367:freedman
327:Arkansas
275:de facto
251:New Deal
146:de facto
114:Ideology
3003:Workers
2783:Justice
2496:Liberal
2419:Smaller
1006:2571628
943:website
906:website
668:votes.
616:Alabama
271:de jure
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136:Colors
52:Leader
2596:Unity
2405:Green
2077:Union
1678:LXXXI
1670:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1249:JSTOR
1208:S2CID
1002:JSTOR
797:Year
236:Dixie
3047:List
2653:Whig
2236:1992
2226:1988
2212:1984
2185:1980
2175:1976
2161:1972
2147:1968
2120:1948
2093:1936
2066:1896
2039:1860
2012:1856
1904:2023
1891:ISBN
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