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Empirical distribution function

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drawn from that distribution, and the horizontal steps of the blue step function (including the leftmost point in each step but not including the rightmost point) form the empirical distribution function of that sample.
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data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.
2109: 947:. This expression asserts the pointwise convergence of the empirical distribution function to the true cumulative distribution function. There is a stronger result, called the 358: 1591: 1260: 1968:{\displaystyle \limsup _{n\to \infty }{\frac {\sqrt {n}}{\ln ^{2}n}}{\big \|}{\sqrt {n}}({\widehat {F}}_{n}-F)-G_{F,n}{\big \|}_{\infty }<\infty ,\quad {\text{a.s.}}} 2700: 2840:
As per the above bounds, we can plot the Empirical CDF, CDF and confidence intervals for different distributions by using any one of the statistical implementations.
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of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the
4690: 2959: 2644: 2036: 5195: 5345: 4969: 321:{\displaystyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)={\frac {{\mbox{number of elements in the sample}}\leq t}{n}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {1} _{X_{i}\leq t},} 1437:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}{\big (}{\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)-F(t){\big )}\ \ {\xrightarrow {d}}\ \ {\mathcal {N}}{\Big (}0,F(t){\big (}1-F(t){\big )}{\Big )}.} 2471:{\displaystyle \limsup _{n\to \infty }{\frac {{\sqrt {n}}\|{\widehat {F}}_{n}-F\|_{\infty }}{\sqrt {2\ln \ln n}}}\leq {\frac {1}{2}},\quad {\text{a.s.}}} 3610: 3277: 2830:{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)-\varepsilon \leq F(x)\leq F_{n}(x)+\varepsilon \;{\text{ where }}\varepsilon ={\sqrt {\frac {\ln {\frac {2}{\alpha }}}{2n}}}.} 2035:
can also be quantified in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the sup-norm of this expression. Number of results exist in this venue, for example the
4743: 5182: 1101:{\displaystyle \|{\widehat {F}}_{n}-F\|_{\infty }\equiv \sup _{t\in \mathbb {R} }{\big |}{\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)-F(t){\big |}\ \xrightarrow {} \ 0.} 2856:, we compute an empirical cumulative distribution function, with several methods for plotting, printing and computing with such an “ecdf” object. 2236: 2042: 818: 1653: 3114: 3030: 3605: 3305: 4209: 3357: 5597: 1177: 5619: 4992: 4884: 3255: 3205: 3167: 3090: 2595:{\displaystyle \liminf _{n\to \infty }{\sqrt {2n\ln \ln n}}\|{\widehat {F}}_{n}-F\|_{\infty }={\frac {\pi }{2}},\quad {\text{a.s.}}} 1981: 1459: 5170: 5044: 176: 108: 96: 54: 5228: 4889: 4634: 3595: 140: 4219: 5279: 4491: 4298: 4187: 4145: 3135: 3384: 948: 136: 5522: 4481: 2346: 4531: 5073: 5022: 5007: 4997: 4866: 4738: 4705: 4486: 4316: 2930: 1194: 1118: 899: 741: 58: 5142: 4443: 1112: 5417: 5218: 4197: 3866: 3330: 1544: 735: 5302: 5269: 2989: 3221: 1516: 5624: 5274: 5017: 4776: 4682: 4662: 4570: 4281: 4099: 3582: 3454: 3054: 365: 4448: 4214: 4072: 2884: 2300: 5034: 4802: 4523: 4377: 4306: 4226: 4084: 4065: 3773: 3494: 1599: 5147: 382: 5517: 5284: 4832: 4797: 4761: 4546: 3988: 3897: 3856: 3768: 3459: 3298: 4554: 4538: 5426: 5039: 4979: 4916: 4276: 4138: 4128: 3978: 3892: 2890: 2637: 2333: 803: 443: 5187: 5124: 2853: 531: 5464: 5394: 4879: 4766: 3763: 3660: 3567: 3446: 3345: 2979: 2217:{\displaystyle \Pr \!{\Big (}{\sqrt {n}}\|{\widehat {F}}_{n}-F\|_{\infty }>z{\Big )}\leq 2e^{-2z^{2}}.} 422: 31: 5585: 4463: 1448: 5489: 5431: 5374: 5200: 5093: 5002: 4728: 4612: 4471: 4353: 4345: 4160: 4056: 4034: 3993: 3958: 3925: 3871: 3846: 3801: 3740: 3700: 3502: 3325: 2964: 2902: 1184: 489: 104: 5568: 4458: 53:
The green curve, which asymptotically approaches heights of 0 and 1 without reaching them, is the true
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goes to infinity, the asymptotic properties of the two definitions that are given above are the same.
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The uniform rate of convergence in Donsker’s theorem can be quantified by the result known as the
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The asymptotic distribution can be further characterized in several different ways. First, the
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A non-exhaustive list of software implementations of Empirical Distribution function includes:
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of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.
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A modern introduction to probability and statistics: Understanding why and how
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Empirical CDF, CDF and confidence interval plots for various sample sizes of
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Empirical CDF, CDF and confidence interval plots for various sample sizes of
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Empirical CDF, CDF and confidence interval plots for various sample sizes of
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In fact, Kolmogorov has shown that if the cumulative distribution function
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Distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample
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may be reasonably used here instead of the sup-norm. For example, the
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for testing the goodness-of-fit between the empirical distribution
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we can use Empirical cumulative distribution function (cdf) plot
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An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values
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has asymptotically normal distribution with the standard
3025:. Michel Dekking. London: Springer. 2005. p. 219. 1647:. The covariance structure of this Gaussian process is 591:
However, in some textbooks, the definition is given as
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and the assumed true cumulative distribution function
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
139:. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of 5503: 5440: 5393: 5356: 5311: 5293: 5260: 5251: 5209: 5156: 5117: 5066: 5057: 4978: 4935: 4865: 4831: 4785: 4752: 4714: 4681: 4593: 4502: 4421: 4376: 4344: 4297: 4242: 4168: 4159: 3969: 3911: 3885: 3837: 3792: 3739: 3626: 3581: 3555: 3537: 3493: 3445: 3365: 3356: 3248:
Empirical Processes with Applications to Statistics
2829: 2694: 2668: 2594: 2470: 2324: 2289: 2216: 2095: 2027: 1967: 1804: 1629: 1585: 1535: 1505: 1436: 1254: 1231:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 1230: 1155:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 1154: 1100: 936:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 935: 885: 778:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 777: 698: 565: 480: 413: 352: 320: 2881:, we can fit probability distribution to our data 2177: 2119: 2116: 1426: 1369: 2492: 2360: 2113: 1830: 1009: 4744:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) 1536:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle t\in \mathbb {R} } 1111:The sup-norm in this expression is called the 3299: 1419: 1394: 1331: 1281: 1078: 1028: 8: 2561: 2532: 2414: 2385: 2325:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \|B\|_{\infty }} 2312: 2305: 2277: 2248: 2160: 2131: 2083: 2054: 2039:provides bound on the tail probabilities of 996: 967: 3126:Madsen, H.O., Krenk, S., Lind, S.C. (2006) 1630:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle G_{F}=B\circ F} 5353: 5340: 5257: 5063: 4932: 4907: 4678: 4654: 4382: 4165: 3966: 3953: 3736: 3723: 3362: 3353: 3340: 3306: 3292: 3284: 2780: 1978:Alternatively, the rate of convergence of 414:{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{X_{i}\leq t}} 131:The empirical distribution function is an 89:empirical cumulative distribution function 2802: 2792: 2781: 2759: 2716: 2710: 2681: 2652: 2647:the interval that contains the true CDF, 2587: 2573: 2564: 2548: 2537: 2536: 2507: 2495: 2489: 2463: 2449: 2417: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2378: 2375: 2363: 2357: 2315: 2302: 2280: 2264: 2253: 2252: 2241: 2238: 2203: 2192: 2176: 2175: 2163: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2086: 2070: 2059: 2058: 2047: 2044: 2009: 1998: 1997: 1986: 1983: 1960: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1924: 1902: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1827: 1790: 1771: 1749: 1736: 1719: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1666: 1655: 1608: 1601: 1555: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1487: 1476: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1393: 1392: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1272: 1270: 1245: 1243: 1212: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1136: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1077: 1076: 1046: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1012: 999: 983: 972: 971: 965: 917: 906: 905: 901: 853: 835: 824: 823: 820: 759: 748: 747: 743: 682: 677: 672: 665: 654: 632: 614: 603: 602: 599: 548: 537: 536: 533: 463: 452: 451: 445: 397: 392: 387: 384: 344: 339: 336: 301: 296: 291: 284: 273: 259: 237: 234: 216: 205: 204: 201: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3145: 3143: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2917:, using the plotly.express.ecdf function 3012: 2345:Another result, which follows from the 69: 5270:Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) 3196:. Cambridge University Press. p.  3158:. Cambridge University Press. p.  3081:. Cambridge University Press. p.  3046: 481:{\displaystyle n{\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 175:real random variables with the common 2960:Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality 2911:, using the seaborn.ecdfplot function 2645:Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality 2037:Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality 566:{\displaystyle {\widehat {F}}_{n}(t)} 7: 5580: 5280:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model 3109:. Springer, p. 36, Definition 2.4. 2336:that does not depend on the form of 173:independent, identically distributed 5592: 4875:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova) 2233:is continuous, then the expression 4970:Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics 3596:Pearson product-moment correlation 3130:. Dover Publications. p. 148-149. 2975:Estimating quantiles from a sample 2565: 2502: 2418: 2370: 2316: 2281: 2164: 2087: 1953: 1945: 1840: 1657: 1576: 1567: 1513:, viewed as a function indexed by 1000: 25: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5554: 5553: 3278:Empirical distribution functions 3271: 2923:, we can plot Empirical CDF plot 2887:, we can plot Empirical CDF plot 673: 388: 353:{\displaystyle \mathbf {1} _{A}} 340: 292: 240:number of elements in the sample 177:cumulative distribution function 109:cumulative distribution function 55:cumulative distribution function 40: 5229:Least-squares spectral analysis 2586: 2462: 1959: 1447:This result is extended by the 191:empirical distribution function 85:empirical distribution function 70:Click here to load a new graph. 4210:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 2771: 2765: 2749: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2663: 2657: 2499: 2367: 2021: 1993: 1914: 1886: 1837: 1796: 1783: 1777: 1764: 1755: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1703: 1690: 1677: 1663: 1586:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle D} 1579: 1561: 1499: 1471: 1414: 1408: 1389: 1383: 1326: 1320: 1311: 1305: 1224: 1218: 1148: 1142: 1073: 1067: 1058: 1052: 929: 923: 877: 871: 847: 841: 771: 765: 626: 620: 560: 554: 475: 469: 228: 222: 1: 5523:Geographic information system 4739:Simultaneous equations models 2893:, we can use scipy.stats.ecdf 2347:law of the iterated logarithm 2297:converges in distribution to 4706:Coefficient of determination 4317:Uniformly most powerful test 3188:van der Vaart, A.W. (1998). 3150:van der Vaart, A.W. (1998). 3128:Methods of Structural Safety 3073:van der Vaart, A.W. (1998). 1113:Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic 59:standard normal distribution 5275:Proportional hazards models 5219:Spectral density estimation 5201:Vector autoregression (VAR) 4635:Maximum posterior estimator 3867:Randomized controlled trial 1255:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}} 736:strong law of large numbers 5641: 5035:Multivariate distributions 3455:Average absolute deviation 2844:Statistical implementation 1178:CramĂ©r–von Mises statistic 29: 5549: 5352: 5339: 5023:Structural equation model 4931: 4906: 4677: 4653: 4385: 4359:Score/Lagrange multiplier 3965: 3952: 3774:Sample size determination 3735: 3722: 3352: 3339: 3321: 2875:, create an Empirical CDF 2695:{\displaystyle 1-\alpha } 1545:converges in distribution 1451:, which asserts that the 949:Glivenko–Cantelli theorem 423:Bernoulli random variable 137:Glivenko–Cantelli theorem 87:(commonly also called an 5620:Nonparametric statistics 5518:Environmental statistics 5040:Elliptical distributions 4833:Generalized linear model 4762:Simple linear regression 4532:Hodges–Lehmann estimator 3989:Probability distribution 3898:Stochastic approximation 3460:Coefficient of variation 490:binomial random variable 18:Statistical distribution 5178:Cross-correlation (XCF) 4786:Non-standard predictors 4220:Lehmann–ScheffĂ© theorem 3893:Adaptive clinical trial 2334:Kolmogorov distribution 5574:Mathematics portal 5395:Engineering statistics 5303:Nelson–Aalen estimator 4880:Analysis of covariance 4767:Ordinary least squares 4691:Pearson product-moment 4095:Statistical functional 4006:Empirical distribution 3839:Controlled experiments 3568:Frequency distribution 3346:Descriptive statistics 3053:: CS1 maint: others ( 2992:for censored processes 2990:Kaplan–Meier estimator 2980:Frequency (statistics) 2831: 2696: 2670: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2596: 2472: 2326: 2291: 2218: 2097: 2029: 1969: 1806: 1631: 1587: 1537: 1507: 1438: 1256: 1232: 1156: 1102: 937: 887: 779: 700: 670: 567: 482: 415: 354: 322: 289: 32:Frequency distribution 5490:Population statistics 5432:System identification 5166:Autocorrelation (ACF) 5094:Exponential smoothing 5008:Discriminant analysis 5003:Canonical correlation 4867:Partition of variance 4729:Regression validation 4573:(Jonckheere–Terpstra) 4472:Likelihood-ratio test 4161:Frequentist inference 4073:Location–scale family 3994:Sampling distribution 3959:Statistical inference 3926:Cross-sectional study 3913:Observational studies 3872:Randomized experiment 3701:Stem-and-leaf display 3503:Central limit theorem 3192:Asymptotic statistics 3154:Asymptotic statistics 3077:Asymptotic statistics 2965:Empirical probability 2832: 2697: 2671: 2638:triangle distribution 2635: 2624: 2613: 2597: 2473: 2327: 2292: 2219: 2098: 2030: 1970: 1807: 1632: 1588: 1538: 1508: 1439: 1262:rate of convergence: 1257: 1233: 1185:central limit theorem 1157: 1103: 938: 888: 806:, for every value of 780: 710:Asymptotic properties 701: 650: 568: 483: 416: 355: 323: 269: 97:distribution function 5413:Probabilistic design 4998:Principal components 4841:Exponential families 4793:Nonlinear regression 4772:General linear model 4734:Mixed effects models 4724:Errors and residuals 4701:Confounding variable 4603:Bayesian probability 4581:Van der Waerden test 4571:Ordered alternative 4336:Multiple comparisons 4215:Rao–Blackwellization 4178:Estimating equations 4134:Statistical distance 3852:Factorial experiment 3385:Arithmetic-Geometric 3280:at Wikimedia Commons 2985:Empirical likelihood 2955:Distribution fitting 2709: 2680: 2669:{\displaystyle F(x)} 2651: 2606:Confidence intervals 2488: 2356: 2301: 2237: 2110: 2043: 1982: 1826: 1654: 1600: 1554: 1517: 1460: 1269: 1242: 1195: 1119: 964: 900: 819: 742: 598: 532: 528:. This implies that 444: 383: 335: 200: 99:associated with the 5485:Official statistics 5408:Methods engineering 5089:Seasonal adjustment 4857:Poisson regressions 4777:Bayesian regression 4716:Regression analysis 4696:Partial correlation 4668:Regression analysis 4267:Prediction interval 4262:Likelihood interval 4252:Confidence interval 4244:Interval estimation 4205:Unbiased estimators 4023:Model specification 3903:Up-and-down designs 3591:Partial correlation 3547:Index of dispersion 3465:Interquartile range 3250:. New York: Wiley. 2676:, with probability 2627:Cauchy distribution 2616:normal distribution 1817:Hungarian embedding 1351: 896:thus the estimator 862: 5505:Spatial statistics 5385:Medical statistics 5285:First hitting time 5239:Whittle likelihood 4890:Degrees of freedom 4885:Multivariate ANOVA 4818:Heteroscedasticity 4630:Bayesian estimator 4595:Bayesian inference 4444:Kolmogorov–Smirnov 4329:Randomization test 4299:Testing hypotheses 4272:Tolerance interval 4183:Maximum likelihood 4078:Exponential family 4011:Density estimation 3971:Statistical theory 3931:Natural experiment 3877:Scientific control 3794:Survey methodology 3480:Standard deviation 2827: 2692: 2666: 2641: 2630: 2619: 2592: 2506: 2468: 2374: 2322: 2321: 2287: 2286: 2214: 2093: 2092: 2025: 2024: 1965: 1844: 1802: 1627: 1626: 1583: 1582: 1533: 1532: 1503: 1502: 1434: 1252: 1228: 1227: 1176:gives rise to the 1152: 1151: 1098: 1025: 933: 932: 883: 775: 774: 696: 563: 478: 411: 350: 318: 242: 5625:Empirical process 5607: 5606: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5480:National accounts 5450:Actuarial science 5442:Social statistics 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5262:Survival function 5247: 5246: 5109:Granger causality 4950:Contingency table 4925:Survival analysis 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4754:Linear regression 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4620:Credible interval 4589: 4588: 4372: 4371: 4188:Method of moments 4057:Parametric family 4018:Statistical model 3948: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3862:Random assignment 3784:Statistical power 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3563:Contingency table 3533: 3532: 3400:Generalized/power 3276:Media related to 3115:978-1-4471-3675-0 3105:Coles, S. (2001) 3032:978-1-85233-896-1 2996:Survival function 2970:Empirical process 2822: 2821: 2810: 2784: 2783: where  2590: 2581: 2545: 2530: 2491: 2466: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2398: 2383: 2359: 2261: 2246: 2144: 2129: 2067: 2052: 2006: 1991: 1963: 1899: 1884: 1870: 1851: 1829: 1593:to the mean-zero 1484: 1469: 1454:empirical process 1449:Donsker’s theorem 1359: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1296: 1277: 1250: 1209: 1133: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1043: 1008: 980: 914: 867: 863: 861: 852: 832: 756: 648: 611: 545: 460: 267: 254: 241: 213: 115:that jumps up by 101:empirical measure 16:(Redirected from 5632: 5595: 5594: 5583: 5582: 5572: 5571: 5557: 5556: 5460:Crime statistics 5354: 5341: 5258: 5224:Fourier analysis 5211:Frequency domain 5191: 5138: 5104:Structural break 5064: 5013:Cluster analysis 4960:Log-linear model 4933: 4908: 4849: 4823:Homoscedasticity 4679: 4655: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4557:(Kruskal–Wallis) 4542: 4527: 4482:Cross validation 4467: 4449:Anderson–Darling 4396: 4383: 4354:Likelihood-ratio 4346:Parametric tests 4324:Permutation test 4307:1- & 2-tails 4198:Minimum distance 4170:Point estimation 4166: 4117:Optimal decision 4068: 3967: 3954: 3936:Quasi-experiment 3886:Adaptive designs 3737: 3724: 3601:Rank correlation 3363: 3354: 3341: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3275: 3261: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3195: 3185: 3174: 3173: 3157: 3147: 3138: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3080: 3070: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3017: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2782: 2764: 2763: 2721: 2720: 2702:is specified as 2701: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2531: 2508: 2505: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2341: 2332:, which has the 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2007: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1862: 1861: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1776: 1775: 1754: 1753: 1741: 1740: 1715: 1714: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1688: 1676: 1675: 1643:is the standard 1642: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1613: 1612: 1595:Gaussian process 1592: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1398: 1397: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1273: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1004: 1003: 988: 987: 982: 981: 973: 956: 942: 940: 939: 934: 922: 921: 916: 915: 907: 892: 890: 889: 884: 865: 864: 859: 854: 850: 840: 839: 834: 833: 825: 811: 802: 795: 784: 782: 781: 776: 764: 763: 758: 757: 749: 738:, the estimator 730: 725:approaches 1 as 724: 720: + 1)/ 714:Since the ratio 705: 703: 702: 697: 695: 694: 687: 686: 676: 669: 664: 649: 647: 633: 619: 618: 613: 612: 604: 587: 572: 570: 569: 564: 553: 552: 547: 546: 538: 527: 505: 487: 485: 484: 479: 468: 467: 462: 461: 453: 439: 420: 418: 417: 412: 410: 409: 402: 401: 391: 379:, the indicator 378: 372: 359: 357: 356: 351: 349: 348: 343: 327: 325: 324: 319: 314: 313: 306: 305: 295: 288: 283: 268: 260: 255: 250: 243: 239: 235: 221: 220: 215: 214: 206: 188: 170: 127: 121: 73: 71: 44: 21: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5566: 5537: 5499: 5436: 5422:quality control 5389: 5371:Clinical trials 5348: 5323: 5307: 5295:Hazard function 5289: 5243: 5205: 5189: 5152: 5148:Breusch–Godfrey 5136: 5113: 5053: 5028:Factor analysis 4974: 4955:Graphical model 4927: 4894: 4861: 4847: 4827: 4781: 4748: 4710: 4673: 4672: 4641: 4585: 4572: 4564: 4556: 4540: 4525: 4504:Rank statistics 4498: 4477:Model selection 4465: 4423:Goodness of fit 4417: 4394: 4368: 4340: 4293: 4238: 4227:Median unbiased 4155: 4066: 3999:Order statistic 3961: 3940: 3907: 3881: 3833: 3788: 3731: 3729:Data collection 3710: 3622: 3577: 3551: 3529: 3489: 3441: 3358:Continuous data 3348: 3335: 3317: 3312: 3268: 3258: 3238: 3235: 3233:Further reading 3230: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3170: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3072: 3071: 3062: 3045: 3033: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3009: 2940: 2846: 2813: 2795: 2755: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2678: 2677: 2649: 2648: 2608: 2560: 2535: 2486: 2485: 2413: 2388: 2377: 2354: 2353: 2337: 2311: 2299: 2298: 2276: 2251: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2199: 2188: 2159: 2134: 2108: 2107: 2082: 2057: 2041: 2040: 1996: 1980: 1979: 1936: 1920: 1889: 1853: 1852: 1824: 1823: 1786: 1767: 1745: 1732: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1667: 1652: 1651: 1645:Brownian bridge 1638: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1552: 1551: 1549:Skorokhod space 1515: 1514: 1474: 1458: 1457: 1286: 1267: 1266: 1240: 1239: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1163: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1033: 995: 970: 962: 961: 952: 904: 898: 897: 822: 817: 816: 807: 797: 786: 746: 740: 739: 726: 715: 712: 678: 671: 637: 601: 596: 595: 578: 535: 530: 529: 510: 496: 450: 442: 441: 426: 425:with parameter 393: 386: 381: 380: 374: 368: 338: 333: 332: 297: 290: 236: 203: 198: 197: 179: 168: 159: 152: 149: 123: 122:at each of the 116: 77: 76: 75: 67: 52: 47: 46: 45: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5638: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5563: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5368: 5366:Bioinformatics 5362: 5360: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5171:partial (PACF) 5162: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5118:Specific tests 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5020: 5018:Classification 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4965:McNemar's test 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4911: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4803:Semiparametric 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4544: 4541:(Mann–Whitney) 4536: 4535: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4466:(Shapiro–Wilk) 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4398: 4386: 4380: 4378:Specific tests 4374: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3829:Standard error 3826: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3759:Optimal design 3756: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3556:Summary tables 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3390:Contraharmonic 3387: 3382: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3267: 3266:External links 3264: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3213: 3206: 3175: 3168: 3139: 3119: 3098: 3091: 3060: 3031: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493:lim inf 2479: 2478: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361:lim sup 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2225: 2224: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1976: 1975: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1831:lim sup 1813: 1812: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1428: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1350: 1346: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1283: 1276: 1249: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1170:norm functions 1150: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1109: 1108: 1097: 1089: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 986: 979: 976: 969: 931: 928: 925: 920: 913: 910: 894: 893: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 857: 849: 846: 843: 838: 831: 828: 773: 770: 767: 762: 755: 752: 711: 708: 707: 706: 693: 690: 685: 681: 675: 668: 663: 660: 657: 653: 646: 643: 640: 636: 631: 628: 625: 622: 617: 610: 607: 577:estimator for 562: 559: 556: 551: 544: 541: 477: 474: 471: 466: 459: 456: 449: 408: 405: 400: 396: 390: 373:. For a fixed 347: 342: 329: 328: 317: 312: 309: 304: 300: 294: 287: 282: 279: 276: 272: 266: 263: 258: 253: 249: 246: 233: 230: 227: 224: 219: 212: 209: 193:is defined as 164: 157: 148: 145: 49: 48: 39: 38: 37: 36: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5637: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Geostatistics 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5495:Psychometrics 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5358:Biostatistics 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5320: 5319:Log-rank test 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5190:(Box–Jenkins) 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Durbin–Watson 5141: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5125:Dickey–Fuller 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099:Cointegration 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Decomposition 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Cohen's kappa 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Nonparametric 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547:Nonparametric 4545: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4517:Sample median 4515: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122:loss function 4120: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Questionnaire 3822: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651:Control chart 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3257:0-471-86725-X 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:Wellner, J.A. 3241: 3240:Shorack, G.R. 3237: 3236: 3232: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3207:0-521-78450-6 3203: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169:0-521-78450-6 3165: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3092:0-521-78450-6 3088: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2660: 2654: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2496: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2380: 2364: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2308: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2172: 2169: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2126: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2049: 2038: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1988: 1956: 1950: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1881: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1834: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1524: 1521: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1466: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1431: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1348: 1344: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1247: 1221: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1145: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1114: 1095: 1087: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1016: 1013: 1005: 992: 989: 984: 977: 974: 960: 959: 958: 955: 950: 946: 926: 918: 911: 908: 880: 874: 868: 855: 844: 836: 829: 826: 815: 814: 813: 810: 805: 804:almost surely 800: 793: 789: 785:converges to 768: 760: 753: 750: 737: 732: 729: 723: 719: 709: 691: 688: 683: 679: 666: 661: 658: 655: 651: 644: 641: 638: 634: 629: 623: 615: 608: 605: 594: 593: 592: 589: 585: 581: 576: 557: 549: 542: 539: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 503: 499: 495: 491: 472: 464: 457: 454: 447: 437: 433: 429: 424: 406: 403: 398: 394: 377: 371: 367: 363: 345: 315: 310: 307: 302: 298: 285: 280: 277: 274: 270: 264: 261: 256: 251: 247: 244: 231: 225: 217: 210: 207: 196: 195: 194: 192: 186: 182: 178: 174: 167: 163: 156: 146: 144: 142: 138: 134: 129: 126: 120: 114: 113:step function 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 72: 64: 60: 56: 51: 43: 33: 19: 5596: 5584: 5565: 5558: 5470:Econometrics 5420: / 5403:Chemometrics 5380:Epidemiology 5373: / 5346:Applications 5188:ARIMA model 5135:Q-statistic 5084:Stationarity 4980:Multivariate 4923: / 4919: / 4917:Multivariate 4915: / 4855: / 4851: / 4625:Bayes factor 4524:Signed rank 4436: 4410: 4402: 4390: 4085:Completeness 4005: 3921:Cohort study 3819:Opinion poll 3754:Missing data 3741:Study design 3696:Scatter plot 3618:Scatter plot 3611:Spearman's ρ 3573:Grouped data 3247: 3216: 3191: 3153: 3127: 3122: 3106: 3101: 3076: 3021: 3015: 2931:az.plot_ecdf 2929:, using the 2867:jmp from SAS 2847: 2839: 2642: 2480: 2344: 2338: 2229: 2226: 1977: 1814: 1639: 1452: 1446: 1188: 1187:states that 1182: 1164: 1110: 953: 895: 808: 798: 791: 787: 733: 727: 721: 717: 713: 590: 583: 579: 523: 519: 515: 511: 501: 497: 435: 431: 427: 375: 369: 330: 190: 184: 180: 165: 161: 154: 150: 130: 124: 118: 92: 88: 84: 78: 5598:WikiProject 5513:Cartography 5475:Jurimetrics 5427:Reliability 5158:Time domain 5137:(Ljung–Box) 5059:Time-series 4937:Categorical 4921:Time-series 4913:Categorical 4848:(Bernoulli) 4683:Correlation 4663:Correlation 4459:Jarque–Bera 4431:Chi-squared 4193:M-estimator 4146:Asymptotics 4090:Sufficiency 3857:Interaction 3769:Replication 3749:Effect size 3706:Violin plot 3686:Radar chart 3666:Forest plot 3656:Correlogram 3606:Kendall's τ 2897:Statsmodels 2349:, is that 189:. Then the 141:convergence 5614:Categories 5465:Demography 5183:ARMA model 4988:Regression 4565:(Friedman) 4526:(Wilcoxon) 4464:Normality 4454:Lilliefors 4401:Student's 4277:Resampling 4151:Robustness 4139:divergence 4129:Efficiency 4067:(monotone) 4062:Likelihood 3979:Population 3812:Stratified 3764:Population 3583:Dependence 3539:Count data 3470:Percentile 3447:Dispersion 3380:Arithmetic 3315:Statistics 3136:0486445976 3007:References 2950:Count data 2903:Matplotlib 2854:R software 945:consistent 147:Definition 81:statistics 30:See also: 4846:Logistic 4613:posterior 4539:Rank sum 4287:Jackknife 4282:Bootstrap 4100:Bootstrap 4035:Parameter 3984:Statistic 3779:Statistic 3691:Run chart 3676:Pie chart 3671:Histogram 3661:Fan chart 3636:Bar chart 3518:L-moments 3405:Geometric 3049:cite book 3041:262680588 2946:functions 2808:α 2800:⁡ 2787:ε 2778:ε 2753:≤ 2738:≤ 2735:ε 2732:− 2690:α 2687:− 2576:π 2566:∞ 2562:‖ 2555:− 2543:^ 2533:‖ 2525:⁡ 2519:⁡ 2503:∞ 2500:→ 2447:≤ 2438:⁡ 2432:⁡ 2419:∞ 2415:‖ 2408:− 2396:^ 2386:‖ 2371:∞ 2368:→ 2317:∞ 2313:‖ 2306:‖ 2282:∞ 2278:‖ 2271:− 2259:^ 2249:‖ 2194:− 2183:≤ 2165:∞ 2161:‖ 2154:− 2142:^ 2132:‖ 2088:∞ 2084:‖ 2077:− 2065:^ 2055:‖ 2016:− 2004:^ 1954:∞ 1946:∞ 1918:− 1909:− 1897:^ 1864:⁡ 1841:∞ 1838:→ 1759:− 1743:∧ 1661:⁡ 1621:∘ 1577:∞ 1568:∞ 1565:− 1525:∈ 1494:− 1482:^ 1403:− 1315:− 1294:^ 1207:^ 1189:pointwise 1131:^ 1062:− 1041:^ 1017:∈ 1006:≡ 1001:∞ 997:‖ 990:− 978:^ 968:‖ 912:^ 830:^ 754:^ 689:≤ 652:∑ 609:^ 543:^ 458:^ 404:≤ 362:indicator 308:≤ 271:∑ 245:≤ 211:^ 95:) is the 5560:Category 5253:Survival 5130:Johansen 4853:Binomial 4808:Isotonic 4395:(normal) 4040:location 3847:Blocking 3802:Sampling 3681:Q–Q plot 3646:Box plot 3628:Graphics 3523:Skewness 3513:Kurtosis 3485:Variance 3415:Heronian 3410:Harmonic 3246:(1986). 3001:Q–Q plot 2938:See also 2933:function 2885:Dataplot 2879:Mathwave 1940:‖ 1875:‖ 1637:, where 1345:→ 1168:. Other 1088:→ 856:→ 575:unbiased 508:variance 440:; hence 133:estimate 5586:Commons 5533:Kriging 5418:Process 5375:studies 5234:Wavelet 5067:General 4234:Plug-in 4028:L space 3807:Cluster 3508:Moments 3326:Outline 2909:Seaborn 2873:Minitab 2643:As per 1547:in the 734:By the 360:is the 107:. This 57:of the 5455:Census 5045:Normal 4993:Manova 4813:Robust 4563:2-way 4555:1-way 4393:-test 4064:  3641:Biplot 3432:Median 3425:Lehmer 3367:Center 3254:  3204:  3166:  3134:  3113:  3089:  3039:  3029:  2944:CĂ dlĂ g 2915:Plotly 2861:MATLAB 1358:  1355:  1340:  1337:  1174:L-norm 1093:  1084:  866:  851:  573:is an 518:)(1 − 331:where 105:sample 63:sample 5079:Trend 4608:prior 4550:anova 4439:-test 4413:-test 4405:-test 4312:Power 4257:Pivot 4050:shape 4045:scale 3495:Shape 3475:Range 3420:Heinz 3395:Cubic 3331:Index 2927:ArviZ 2921:Excel 2891:Scipy 492:with 488:is a 421:is a 366:event 160:, 
, 111:is a 103:of a 83:, an 5312:Test 4512:Sign 4364:Wald 3437:Mode 3375:Mean 3252:ISBN 3202:ISBN 3164:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3111:ISBN 3087:ISBN 3055:link 3037:OCLC 3027:ISBN 2589:a.s. 2481:and 2465:a.s. 2170:> 1962:a.s. 1951:< 860:a.s. 506:and 494:mean 151:Let 93:eCDF 4492:BIC 4487:AIC 3198:268 3160:266 3083:265 2859:In 2852:In 1010:sup 943:is 801:→ ∞ 796:as 364:of 171:be 79:In 5616:: 3242:; 3200:. 3178:^ 3162:. 3142:^ 3085:. 3063:^ 3051:}} 3047:{{ 3035:. 2797:ln 2522:ln 2516:ln 2435:ln 2429:ln 2342:. 2114:Pr 2103:: 1855:ln 1819:: 1543:, 1191:, 1180:. 1096:0. 957:: 812:: 588:. 526:)) 512:nF 498:nF 430:= 117:1/ 91:, 74:) 4437:G 4411:F 4403:t 4391:Z 4110:V 4105:U 3307:e 3300:t 3293:v 3260:. 3224:. 3210:. 3172:. 3117:. 3095:. 3057:) 3043:. 2825:. 2818:n 2815:2 2805:2 2790:= 2775:+ 2772:) 2769:x 2766:( 2761:n 2757:F 2750:) 2747:x 2744:( 2741:F 2729:) 2726:x 2723:( 2718:n 2714:F 2684:1 2664:) 2661:x 2658:( 2655:F 2584:, 2579:2 2571:= 2558:F 2550:n 2540:F 2528:n 2513:n 2510:2 2497:n 2460:, 2455:2 2452:1 2441:n 2426:2 2411:F 2403:n 2393:F 2381:n 2365:n 2339:F 2309:B 2274:F 2266:n 2256:F 2244:n 2230:F 2212:. 2205:2 2201:z 2197:2 2190:e 2186:2 2178:) 2173:z 2157:F 2149:n 2139:F 2127:n 2120:( 2080:F 2072:n 2062:F 2050:n 2022:) 2019:F 2011:n 2001:F 1994:( 1989:n 1957:, 1932:n 1929:, 1926:F 1922:G 1915:) 1912:F 1904:n 1894:F 1887:( 1882:n 1867:n 1859:2 1849:n 1835:n 1800:. 1797:) 1792:2 1788:t 1784:( 1781:F 1778:) 1773:1 1769:t 1765:( 1762:F 1756:) 1751:2 1747:t 1738:1 1734:t 1730:( 1727:F 1724:= 1721:] 1717:) 1712:2 1708:t 1704:( 1699:F 1695:G 1691:) 1686:1 1682:t 1678:( 1673:F 1669:G 1664:[ 1658:E 1640:B 1624:F 1618:B 1615:= 1610:F 1606:G 1580:] 1574:+ 1571:, 1562:[ 1559:D 1529:R 1522:t 1500:) 1497:F 1489:n 1479:F 1472:( 1467:n 1432:. 1427:) 1420:) 1415:) 1412:t 1409:( 1406:F 1400:1 1395:( 1390:) 1387:t 1384:( 1381:F 1378:, 1375:0 1370:( 1363:N 1349:d 1332:) 1327:) 1324:t 1321:( 1318:F 1312:) 1309:t 1306:( 1301:n 1291:F 1282:( 1275:n 1248:n 1225:) 1222:t 1219:( 1214:n 1204:F 1165:F 1149:) 1146:t 1143:( 1138:n 1128:F 1079:| 1074:) 1071:t 1068:( 1065:F 1059:) 1056:t 1053:( 1048:n 1038:F 1029:| 1021:R 1014:t 993:F 985:n 975:F 954:t 930:) 927:t 924:( 919:n 909:F 881:; 878:) 875:t 872:( 869:F 848:) 845:t 842:( 837:n 827:F 809:t 799:n 794:) 792:t 790:( 788:F 772:) 769:t 766:( 761:n 751:F 728:n 722:n 718:n 716:( 692:t 684:i 680:X 674:1 667:n 662:1 659:= 656:i 645:1 642:+ 639:n 635:1 630:= 627:) 624:t 621:( 616:n 606:F 586:) 584:t 582:( 580:F 561:) 558:t 555:( 550:n 540:F 524:t 522:( 520:F 516:t 514:( 504:) 502:t 500:( 476:) 473:t 470:( 465:n 455:F 448:n 438:) 436:t 434:( 432:F 428:p 407:t 399:i 395:X 389:1 376:t 370:A 346:A 341:1 316:, 311:t 303:i 299:X 293:1 286:n 281:1 278:= 275:i 265:n 262:1 257:= 252:n 248:t 232:= 229:) 226:t 223:( 218:n 208:F 187:) 185:t 183:( 181:F 169:) 166:n 162:X 158:1 155:X 153:( 125:n 119:n 66:( 20:)

Index

Statistical distribution
Frequency distribution
The green curve, which asymptotically approaches heights of 0 and 1 without reaching them, is the true cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. The grey hash marks represent the observations in a particular sample drawn from that distribution, and the horizontal steps of the blue step function (including the leftmost point in each step but not including the rightmost point) form the empirical distribution function of that sample. (Click here to load a new graph.)

cumulative distribution function
standard normal distribution
sample
Click here to load a new graph.
statistics
distribution function
empirical measure
sample
cumulative distribution function
step function
estimate
Glivenko–Cantelli theorem
convergence
independent, identically distributed
cumulative distribution function
indicator
event
Bernoulli random variable
binomial random variable
mean
variance
unbiased
strong law of large numbers
almost surely
consistent
Glivenko–Cantelli theorem

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