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many times and the number of heads and tails counted, the ratio of heads to tails will be very close to 1 (about as many heads as tails); but after only a few throws, outcomes with a significant excess of heads over tails or vice versa are common; if an experiment with a few throws is repeated over
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is susceptible to statistical fluctuations as the actual number of electrons per unit time (the current) will fluctuate; this produces detectable and unavoidable electrical noise known as
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processes. They are fundamental and unavoidable. It can be proved that the relative fluctuations reduce as the square root of the number of identical processes.
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processes occur, it can be shown that the outcomes fluctuate (vary in time) and that the fluctuations are inversely proportional to the
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so small that not many electrons are involved flowing through a
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Statistical fluctuations are responsible for many results of
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As an example that will be familiar to all, if a fair
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