114:
157:, programs had to explicitly connect to the appropriate input and output devices. OS-specific intricacies caused this to be a tedious programming task. On many systems it was necessary to obtain control of environment settings, access a local file table, determine the intended data set, and handle hardware correctly in the case of a
132:
Streams may be used to chain applications, meaning that the output stream of one program can be redirected to be the input stream to another application. In many operating systems this is expressed by listing the application names, separated by the vertical bar character, for this reason often called
191:
Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output to terminal keyboard and terminal display, respectively, by default — the program (and programmer) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program (unless it chose a different
433:
is involved. For example, in common situations the standard error stream is unbuffered but the standard output stream is line-buffered; in this case, text written to standard error later may appear on the terminal earlier, if the standard output stream buffer is not yet full.
2177:
Some GUI programs, primarily on Unix, still write debug information to standard error. Others (such as many Unix media players) may read files from standard input. Popular
Windows programs that open a separate console window in addition to their GUI windows are the emulators
777:# ALGOL 68 example # main:( REAL number; getf(stand in,($ g$ ,number)); printf(($ "Number is: "g(6,4)"OR "$ ,number)); # OR # putf(stand out,($ " Number is: "g(6,4)"!"$ ,number)); newline(stand out) )
121:
Users generally know standard streams as input and output channels that handle data coming from an input device, or that write data from the application. The data may be text with any encoding, or
180:, which removed the need for a program to know or care what kind of devices it was communicating with. Older operating systems forced upon the programmer a record structure and frequently
418:
is redirected to input of the next program or a text file, but errors from each program still go directly to the text terminal so they can be reviewed by the user in real time.
1193:(stdout, stderr) objects, which only allow access to the underlying standard streams on a text basis. Full binary access to the standard streams must be performed through the
2170:, is also analogous to standard streams. On these operating systems, graphical applications can provide functionality through a system-wide menu that operates on the current
502:
Standard error was added to Unix in the 1970s after several wasted phototypesetting runs ended with error messages being typeset instead of displayed on the user's terminal.
184:
data semantics and device control. Unix eliminated this complexity with the concept of a data stream: an ordered sequence of data bytes which can be read until the
2524:
2514:
2342:", edited by A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck, C.H.A. Koster, M. Sintzoff, C.H. Lindsey, L.G.L.T. Meertens and R.G. Fisker, Section 10.3.
2139:(GUIs) do not always make use of the standard streams; they do when GUIs are wrappers of underlying scripts and/or console programs, for instance the
244:, standard input is inherited from the parent process. In the case of an interactive shell, that is usually associated with the input device of a
2437:
2147:
project make use of stdin, stdout, and stderr, and are based on simple scripts rather than a complete GUI programmed and compiled in C/C++ using
2318:
2538:
2143:
package manager GUI, which wraps apt commands in Debian and/or Ubuntu. GUIs created with scripting tools like Zenity and KDialog by
814:, the standard input, output, and error streams are attached to the existing Unix file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 respectively. In a
1159:(for stderr). Basic read and write capabilities for the stdin and stdout streams are also accessible directly through the class
1140:
868:
to accept "-" as representing standard input, which spread to other utilities and became a part of the operating system as a
81:(input via keyboard, output via monitor), but standard streams abstract this. When a command is executed via an interactive
2387:
2339:
1851:
429:
to the same destination, such as the text terminal. Messages appear in the same order as the program writes them, unless
910:
904:
898:
217:
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the
2257:
893:
310:
Standard output is a stream to which a program writes its output data. The program requests data transfer with the
839:
402:, allowing output and errors to be distinguished, and is analogous to a function returning a pair of values – see
345:, standard output is inherited from the parent process. In the case of an interactive shell, that is usually the
2360:
2136:
1824:
204:
200:
188:. A program may also write bytes as desired and need not, and cannot easily declare their count or grouping.
2511:
2208:
342:
241:
90:
2490:
2270:
1828:
811:
518:
has the equivalent of Unix file descriptors: By convention, many
Fortran implementations use unit numbers
473:, the former being unbuffered and the latter using the same buffering mechanism as all other C++ streams.
234:
2292:
745:
403:
399:
46:
2429:
295:
203:
runtime environment was obliged to support it as well. As a result, most C runtime environments (and
299:
253:
193:
38:
2179:
2459:
2314:
2223:
2140:
162:
129:, its standard error stream is redirected into a log file, typically for error analysis purposes.
2404:
2310:
2213:
395:
or diagnostics. It is a stream independent of standard output and can be redirected separately.
316:
126:
2494:
2544:
2534:
881:
245:
158:
82:
1854:, shows how to redirect the standard input both to the standard output and to a text file.
2518:
438:
415:
353:
264:
196:
to establish connections, or the equivalent burden had to be orchestrated by the program.
134:
94:
2192:
can use stdin as a communication interface with an interpreted program to realize a GUI.
192:
paradigm). In contrast, previous operating systems usually required some—often complex—
2464:
1144:
877:
873:
865:
328:
249:
142:
102:
78:
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407:
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334:
223:
98:
86:
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496:
to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using
483:
to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using
476:
170:
145:, providing the user control over the display of the output stream on the display.
117:
The standard streams for input, output, and error in a common default configuration
50:
49:
between a computer program and its environment when it begins execution. The three
2380:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
113:
861:
430:
298:. Similar abstractions exist in the standard I/O libraries of practically every
185:
122:
2378:
414:
is redirected (so not readily observed). For example, output of a program in a
30:
This article is about standard I/O file descriptors. For System V streams, see
2297:
The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6—IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
2189:
2171:
744:'s input and output facilities were collectively referred to as the transput.
181:
166:
138:
391:
Standard error is another output stream typically used by programs to output
2564:
322:
2570:
2558:
410:
which started the program to provide the best chance of being seen even if
860:(designer and implementer of the original Unix operating system) modified
2237:
2167:
2163:
821:
741:
730:
207:), regardless of the operating system, provide equivalent functionality.
515:
489:
31:
233:
programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take
17:
2232:
2183:
2260:, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, 68(8), October 1984.
2199:
paradigm "presents" GUI elements sent to an extended output stream.
465:
standard header provides two variables associated with this stream:
2352:
221:
operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the
2228:
815:
442:
357:
268:
260:
112:
2460:"Adding graphic elements to your scripts with Zenity and KDialog"
2196:
314:
operation. Not all programs generate output. For example, the
154:
2152:
2144:
237:, but perform their operations without any stream data input.
1842:
of that class to access the standard streams of the process.
2271:"What are stdin, stdout and stderr in Linux? | CodePre.com"
229:
1868:# Save the current stdout so that we can revert sys.stdout
27:
Connected input and output streams for computer programs
752:
standard. The model included three standard channels:
534:
module was standardized to include the named constants
89:
on which the shell is running, but can be changed with
2508:, Control Data Corporation, Part Number 60436000, 1978
2502:, Control Data Corporation, Part Number 60407000, 1974
2315:"[TUHS] Graphic Systems C/A/T phototypesetter"
1746:"The specified value is not a valid number!"
1448:"The specified value is not a valid number!"
77:). Originally I/O happened via a physically connected
2155:, or other equivalent proprietary widget framework.
2340:
1147:languages, the standard streams are referred to by
876:. Diagnostics were part of standard output through
733:was criticized for having no standard file access.
2111:# Restore sys.stdout to our old saved file handler
176:One of Unix's several groundbreaking advances was
2353:"Stdin(3): Standard I/O streams - Linux man page"
137:character. A well-known example is the use of a
2512:Level 68 Introduction to Programming on MULTICS
2506:NOS Version 1 Applications Programmer's Instant
2006:") this is to the redirected --->"
199:Since Unix provided standard streams, the Unix
85:, the streams are typically connected to the
8:
2430:".NET Framework 4.7.1, mscorlib, console.cs"
2238:Standard streams in the Files-11 file system
2051:") this is to the actual --->"
1791:"The specified number is too big!"
1496:"The specified number is too big!"
530:for stderr. In Fortran-2003, the intrinsic
286:global variable. Similarly, the global C++
2545:Console Class, .NET Framework Class Library
2174:in the GUI, no matter in what application.
2030:# Prints to the actual saved stdout handler
404:Semi-predicate problem: Multi valued return
2386:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
896:, the standard streams are referred to by
252:) which is ultimately linked to a user's
2531:Lions' Commentary on UNIX Sixth Edition
2249:
884:created the concept of standard error.
798:Number is: +3.142 OR Number is: +3.142!
173:, card punch, or interactive terminal.
546:to portably specify the unit numbers.
421:It is acceptable and normal to direct
2525:Evolution of the MVS Operating System
101:inherits the standard streams of its
7:
1979:# Prints to the redirected stdout ()
356:for standard output is 1 (one); the
267:for standard input is 0 (zero); the
153:In most operating systems predating
1871:# after we complete our redirection
1659:' If Parse() threw an exception
1203:System.Console.OpenStandardOutput()
838:should be used instead rather than
2573:- by The Linux Information Project
2567:- by The Linux Information Project
2561:- by The Linux Information Project
2393:from the original on Dec 15, 2023.
1850:The following example, written in
1701:"No number was entered!"
1400:"No number was entered!"
1207:System.Console.OpenStandardError()
1199:System.Console.OpenStandardInput()
748:coordinated the definition of the
45:are preconnected input and output
25:
2440:from the original on Dec 10, 2017
2363:from the original on Jun 8, 2023.
1904:# Redirect sys.stdout to the file
441:for standard error is defined by
1355:// If Parse() threw an exception
449:header file provides the symbol
282:abstraction is provided via the
2321:from the original on 2020-09-25
1524:' Visual Basic .NET example
406:. The usual destination is the
2258:"A Stream Input-Output System"
1169:System.Console.Out.WriteLine()
1:
2547:, Microsoft Corporation, 2008
2521:, Honeywell Corporation, 1981
2405:"System (Java Platform SE 7)"
2197:Common Lisp Interface Manager
1846:2000 - : Python (2 or 3)
1641:"Number is: {0:F3}"
1334:"Number is: {0:F3}"
349:which initiated the program.
125:. When a program is run as a
53:(I/O) connections are called
2434:Reference Source - Microsoft
294:provides an abstraction via
2500:KRONOS 2.1 Reference Manual
2603:
2565:Standard Output Definition
2458:Kißling, Kristian (2009).
1822:System.Diagnostics.Process
1165:System.Console.WriteLine()
786:
783:
320:command (variously called
29:
2571:Standard Error Definition
2559:Standard Input Definition
2137:Graphical user interfaces
1827:one can use the instance
774:
1856:
1521:
1211:
916:
775:
630:
548:
338:) is silent on success.
306:Standard output (stdout)
2527:, IBM Corporation, 1981
2299:. The Open Group. 2004.
2209:Redirection (computing)
1167:can be used instead of
387:Standard error (stderr)
1925:"myfile.txt"
1057:"Number is:"
812:C programming language
633:! Fortran 2003 example
617:' NUMBER IS: '
453:; the corresponding C
400:semi-predicate problem
367:; the corresponding C
278:; the corresponding C
235:command-line arguments
213:Standard input (stdin)
118:
47:communication channels
1859:#!/usr/bin/env python
1677:ArgumentNullException
1367:ArgumentNullException
711:'Number is: '
375:; similarly, the C++
141:application, such as
116:
2162:, as implemented on
1197:objects returned by
1191:System.IO.TextWriter
1187:System.IO.TextReader
1183:System.Console.Error
1157:System.Console.Error
551:! FORTRAN 77 example
492:-style shells allow
479:-style shells allow
300:programming language
194:job control language
97:. More generally, a
39:computer programming
2224:C file input/output
908:(for stdout), and
854:are also provided.
771:
163:magnetic tape drive
2517:2021-02-25 at the
2409:Oracle Help Center
2293:"<unistd.h>"
2214:Stream (computing)
1820:When applying the
1179:System.Console.Out
1153:System.Console.Out
1108:"Error:"
842:. File pointers
767:
119:
2495:The GNU C Library
2273:. 2 December 2021
1767:OverflowException
1463:OverflowException
1175:System.Console.In
1155:(for stdout) and
1149:System.Console.In
973:InputStreamReader
882:Dennis M. Ritchie
806:1970s: C and Unix
803:
802:
290:variable of type
159:punch card reader
16:(Redirected from
2594:
2491:Standard Streams
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2317:(Mailing list).
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2090:# Close the file
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463:<iostream>
460:
456:
452:
447:<unistd.h>
445:as 2 (two); the
398:This solves the
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378:
377:<iostream>
374:
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366:
362:
361:<unistd.h>
293:
292:<iostream>
289:
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272:<unistd.h>
178:abstract devices
43:standard streams
21:
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2519:Wayback Machine
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2256:D. M. Ritchie,
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1722:FormatException
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532:ISO_FORTRAN_ENV
531:
527:
526:for stdout and
523:
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487:
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455:<stdio.h>
454:
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439:file descriptor
423:standard output
412:standard output
389:
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368:
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215:
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5:
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2553:External links
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2533:, John Lions,
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2465:Linux Magazine
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2375:McIlroy, M. D.
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2313:(2013-12-11).
2311:Johnson, Steve
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1161:System.Console
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952:BufferedReader
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880:, after which
866:Version 5 Unix
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511:1950s: Fortran
509:
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485:
481:standard error
427:standard error
393:error messages
388:
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363:definition is
307:
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2265:
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870:special file
858:Ken Thompson
856:
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847:
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828:STDIN_FILENO
827:
826:definitions
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486:2>&1
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475:
459:FILE* stderr
457:variable is
446:
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373:FILE* stdout
371:variable is
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51:input/output
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1135:2000s: .NET
1027:parseDouble
720:end program
699:OUTPUT_UNIT
540:OUTPUT_UNIT
522:for stdin,
317:file rename
296:C++ streams
284:FILE* stdin
186:end of file
123:binary data
109:Application
91:redirection
2471:2021-04-11
2444:2017-12-10
2325:2020-11-07
2244:References
2190:GTK-server
1829:properties
1143:and other
1120:getMessage
911:System.err
905:System.out
888:1995: Java
762:stand back
672:INPUT_UNIT
544:ERROR_UNIT
536:INPUT_UNIT
499:>&
461:. The C++
343:redirected
242:redirected
167:disk drive
149:Background
139:pagination
2172:selection
1785:WriteLine
1740:WriteLine
1695:WriteLine
1635:WriteLine
1490:WriteLine
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1328:WriteLine
1078:Exception
899:System.in
878:Version 6
874:Version 8
758:stand out
471:std::clog
467:std::cerr
431:buffering
381:std::cout
2581:Category
2515:Archived
2438:Archived
2388:Archived
2377:(1987).
2361:Archived
2319:Archived
2203:See also
2168:Mac OS X
2164:NeXTSTEP
2141:Synaptic
1815:Function
1578:ReadLine
1530:Function
1277:ReadLine
1006:readLine
822:unistd.h
787:Output:
754:stand in
750:transput
742:ALGOL 68
731:ALGOL 60
636:program
560:INTEGER
554:PROGRAM
506:Timeline
416:pipeline
288:std::cin
254:keyboard
246:terminal
135:pipeline
95:pipeline
2483:Sources
2414:20 July
2357:die.net
2277:8 April
1776:Console
1731:Console
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1569:Console
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810:In the
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516:Fortran
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240:Unless
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1707:Catch
1662:Catch
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593:WRITE
443:POSIX
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269:POSIX
261:POSIX
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2000:ctrs
1961:ctrs
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925:void
894:Java
862:sort
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