437:
49:
371:
1023:
723:, without any coaling stops. This ship was arguably more revolutionary than her predecessors. She was one of the first ships to be built with a double hull with watertight compartments and was the first liner to have four funnels. She was the biggest liner throughout the rest of the 19th century with a gross tonnage of almost 20,000 tons and had a passenger-carrying capacity of thousands. The ship was ahead of her time and went through a turbulent history, never being put to her intended use. The first transatlantic steamer built of steel was
897:
976:
1014:
running at 200 pounds per square inch (1,400 kPa). The tramp steamers that operated at the end of the 1880s could sail at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) with a fuel consumption of 0.5 ounces (14 g) of coal per ton mile travelled. This level of efficiency meant that steamships could now operate as the primary method of maritime transport in the vast majority of commercial situations. In 1890, steamers constituted 57% of world's tonnage, and by World War I their share raised to 93%.
847:) were built with propellers that could be lifted clear of the water to reduce drag when under sail power alone. These ships struggled to be successful on the route to China, as the standing rigging required when sailing was a handicap when steaming into a head wind, most notably against the southwest monsoon when returning with a cargo of new tea. Though the auxiliary steamers persisted in competing in far eastern trade for a few years (and it was
627:
27:
961:, but it was clear that triple expansion engines needed steam at, by the standards of the day, very high pressures. The existing boiler technology could not deliver this. Wrought iron could not provide the strength for the higher pressures. Steel became available in larger quantities in the 1870s, but the quality was variable. The overall design of boilers was improved in the early 1860s, with the
1112:
1179:
1279:
2736:
48:
314:
1006:, a fuel consumption of 1.28 pounds (0.58 kg) of coal per indicated horsepower. This was a reduction in fuel consumption of about 60%, compared to a typical steamer built ten years earlier. In service, this translated into less than 40 tons of coal a day when travelling at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Her maiden outward voyage to
370:
1324:
Most larger warships of the world's navies were propelled by steam turbines burning bunker fuel in both World Wars, apart from obsolete ships with reciprocating machines from the turn of the century, and rare cases of usage of diesel engines in larger warships. Steam turbines burning fuel remained in
417:
was injected between these two surfaces to lubricate and separate them. This arrangement was not sufficient for higher engine powers and oil lubricated "collar" thrust bearings became standard from the early 1850s. This was superseded at the beginning of the 20th century by floating pad bearing which
1013:
Other similar ships were rapidly brought into service over the next few years. By 1885 the usual boiler pressure was 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa) and virtually all ocean-going steamships being built were ordered with triple expansion engines. Within a few years, new installations were
912:
of coal a day. This fuel consumption was a saving from between 23 and 14 long tons a day, compared to other contemporary steamers. Not only did less coal need to be carried to travel a given distance, but fewer firemen were needed to fuel the boilers, so crew costs and their accommodation space were
552:
was an iron-strapped, wooden, side-wheel paddle steamer, with four masts to hoist the auxiliary sails. The sails were not just to provide auxiliary propulsion, but also were used in rough seas to keep the ship on an even keel and ensure that both paddle wheels remained in the water, driving the ship
545:
design sparked controversy from critics that contended that she was too big. The principle that Brunel understood was that the carrying capacity of a hull increases as the cube of its dimensions, while water resistance only increases as the square of its dimensions. This meant that large ships were
1418:
which use boil-off gas from the cargo tanks as fuel. However, even there the development of dual-fuel engines has pushed steam turbines into a niche market with about 10% market share in newbuildings in 2013. Lately, there has been some development in hybrid power plants where the steam turbine is
953:
Throughout the 1870s, compound-engined steamships and sailing vessels coexisted in an economic equilibrium: the operating costs of steamships were still too high in certain trades, so sail was the only commercial option in many situations. The compound engine, where steam was expanded twice in two
382:
and associated bearings were required. The stern tube contains the propeller shaft where it passes through the hull structure. It should provide an unrestricted delivery of power by the propeller shaft. The combination of hull and stern tube must avoid any flexing that will bend the shaft or cause
154:
as the main motive source became standard on these early vessels. It was an effective means of propulsion under ideal conditions but otherwise had serious drawbacks. The paddle-wheel performed best when it operated at a certain depth, however when the depth of the ship changed from added weight it
1539:
The distance by a modern shipping route calculator is 13,373 nautical miles (24,767 km; 15,389 mi) from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope. Using the same calculator, a route through the
Mediterranean and Suez Canal is 10,124 nautical miles (18,750 km; 11,650 mi). The
536:
was the first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings, starting in 1838. In 1836 Isambard
Kingdom Brunel and a group of Bristol investors formed the Great Western Steamship Company to build a line of steamships for the Bristol-New York route. The idea of regular
148:, from 1783. Once the technology of steam was mastered at this level, steam engines were mounted on larger, and eventually, ocean-going vessels. Becoming reliable, and propelled by screw rather than paddlewheels, the technology changed the design of ships for faster, more economic propulsion.
614:
of 1838, the Great
Western Steamship Company assembled the same engineering team that had collaborated so successfully before. This time however, Brunel, whose reputation was at its height, came to assert overall control over design of the ship—a state of affairs that would have far-reaching
203:
998:. The difference was the use of two double ended Scotch type steel boilers, running at 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa). These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure.
495:, England, on 20 June 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours). A claimant to the title of the first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power is the British-built Dutch-owned
331:
as the mechanism of propulsion. These steamships quickly became more popular, because the propeller's efficiency was consistent regardless of the depth at which it operated. Being smaller in size and mass and being completely submerged, it was also far less prone to damage.
940:
was difficult and expensive – so this distance saving was not available to them. Steamships immediately made use of this new waterway and found themselves in high demand in China for the start of the 1870 tea season. The steamships were able to obtain a much higher rate of
972:(launched in 1874). She was fitted with boilers that operated at 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa) – but these had technical problems and had to be replaced with ones that ran at 90 pounds per square inch (620 kPa). This substantially degraded performance.
663:
ship then in service—in 1838, and was soon converted to iron-hulled technology. He scrapped his plans to build a wooden ship and persuaded the company directors to build an iron-hulled ship. Iron's advantages included being much cheaper than wood, not being subject to
840:
Another partial solution was the Steam
Auxiliary Ship – a vessel with a steam engine, but also rigged as a sailing vessel. The steam engine would only be used when conditions were unsuitable for sailing – in light or contrary winds. Some of this type (for instance
224:
first crossed the
Atlantic Ocean arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819, although most of the voyage was actually made under sail. The first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power may have been the British-built Dutch-owned
387:
that prevents water from entering the hull along the tube. Some early stern tubes were made of brass and operated as a water lubricated bearing along the entire length. In other instances a long bush of soft metal was fitted in the after end of the stern tube.
2158:
1255:, and was far easier to control. Diesel engines also required far less supervision and maintenance than steam engines, and as an internal combustion engine it did not need boilers or a water supply, therefore was more space efficient and cheaper to build.
1063:
set a new standard for ocean travel by having its first-class cabins amidships, with the added amenity of large portholes, electricity and running water. The size of ocean liners increased from 1880 to meet the needs of the
802:. The distance from either is roughly the same, between 14,000 to 15,000 nautical miles (26,000 to 28,000 km; 16,000 to 17,000 mi), traveling down the Atlantic, around the southern tip of Africa, and across the
866:) would not allow ships to exceed 20 or 25 pounds per square inch (140 or 170 kPa). Compound engines were a known source of improved efficiency – but generally not used at sea due to the low pressures available.
436:
829:. While this worked for passengers and some high value cargo, sail was still the only solution for virtually all trade between China and Western Europe or East Coast America. Most notable of these cargoes was
1353:
Thousands of
Liberty Ships (powered by steam piston engines) and Victory Ships (powered by steam turbine engines) were built in World War II. A few of these survive as floating museums and sail occasionally:
1138:(QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986. The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was the
954:
separate cylinders, still had inefficiencies. The solution was the triple expansion engine, in which steam was successively expanded in a high pressure, intermediate pressure and a low pressure cylinder.
873:, a P&O ship, had a compound engine – and achieved better efficiency than other ships of the time. Her boilers ran at 26 pounds per square inch (180 kPa) but relied on a substantial amount of
945:
than sailing ships and the insurance premium for the cargo was less. So successful were the steamers using the Suez Canal that, in 1871, 45 were built in Clyde shipyards alone for Far
Eastern trade.
936:
in 1869 gave a distance saving of about 3,250 nautical miles (6,020 km; 3,740 mi) on the route from China to London. The canal was not a practical option for sailing vessels, as using a
1243:, steamers still constituted 73% of world's tonnage, and similar percentage remained in early 1950s. The decline of the steamship began soon thereafter. Many had been lost in the war, and marine
1468:
1270:
soon after World War Two. Most steamers were used up to their maximum economical life span, and no commercial ocean-going steamers with reciprocating engines have been built since the 1960s.
883:, who had entered marine engineering and ship management after an apprenticeship in railway engineering, experimented with boiler pressures of 60 pounds per square inch (410 kPa) in
2452:
768:
at the tip of South
America, and arrived at San Francisco, California, after a four-month and 21-day journey. The first steamship to operate on the Pacific Ocean was the paddle steamer
2746:
1540:
difference is 3,249 nautical miles (6,017 km; 3,739 mi). A sailing vessel would take a longer route to obtain the best winds, so this comparison is only an approximation.
676:—the flexing of the hull as waves pass beneath it—becomes too great. Iron hulls are far less subject to hogging, so that the potential size of an iron-hulled ship is much greater.
1628:
1088:
of
Glasgow, Scotland, in 1884. They were record breakers by the standards of the time, and were the largest liners then in service, plying the Liverpool to New York route.
1473:
810:
994:
went into service on the route from
Britain to Australia. Her triple expansion engine was designed by Dr A C Kirk, the engineer who had developed the machinery for
1689:
538:
1410:
were built until the 1970s, the use of steam for marine propulsion in the commercial market has declined dramatically due to the development of more efficient
122:
As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns, new trade routes opened up. The steamship has been described as a "major driver of the first wave of trade
921:
on the outward and return journey, with a time on passage substantially less than the competing sailing vessels. Holt had already ordered two sister ships to
1478:
893:
in 1865. Holt had designed a particularly compact compound engine and taken great care with the hull design, producing a light, strong, easily driven hull.
99:. The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 19th century; however, there were exceptions that came before. Steamships usually use the
579:
between them. The ship proved satisfactory in service and initiated the transatlantic route, acting as a model for all following Atlantic paddle-steamers.
2252:
Marek Błuś (2003). "Co się stało z parowcami? Zmierzch historycznego napędu" [What happened to steamers? A decline of the historical propulsion].
1350:, was the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, and was built in the late 1950s as a demonstration project for the potential use of nuclear energy.
1330:
697:
s paddlewheels, and took an immediate interest in the new technology, and Smith, sensing a prestigious new customer for his own company, agreed to lend
199:
in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h).
111:(using a propeller or screw). As paddle steamers became less common, "SS" is incorrectly assumed by many to stand for "steamship". Ships powered by
553:
in a straight line. The hull was built of oak by traditional methods. She was the largest steamship for one year, until the British and American's
413:
had a 2 ft diameter gunmetal plate on the forward end of the shaft which bore against a steel plate attached to the engine beds. Water at 200
291:-driven steamship for open water seagoing. She had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the
858:
What was needed was a big improvement in fuel efficiency. While the boilers for steam engines on land were allowed to run at high pressures, the
1161:). Thomas Assheton Smith was an English aristocrat who forwarded the design of the steam yacht in conjunction with the Scottish marine engineer
367:
used chain drive to transmit power from a paddler's engine to the propeller shaft – the result of a late design change to propeller propulsion.
448:
Steam-powered ships were named with a prefix designating their propeller configuration i.e. single, twin, triple-screw. Single-screw Steamship
295:, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. The first screw-driven propeller steamship introduced in America was on a ship built by
2449:
483:, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship, with the first half of the journey making use of the steam engine.
2039:
2008:
2222:
Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1728:
2425:
2358:
1778:
Corlett, ECB (1993). "Chapter 4: The Screw Propeller and Merchant Shipping 1840–1865". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1392:
A steam turbine ship can be either direct propulsion (the turbines, equipped with a reduction gear, rotate directly the propellers), or
2144:
The Clipper Ship Era, An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews 1843-1869
1640:
887:. Holt was able to persuade the Board of Trade to allow these boiler pressures and, in partnership with his brother Phillip launched
672:, and its much greater structural strength. The practical limit on the length of a wooden-hulled ship is about 300 feet, after which
2715:
2614:
2560:
2531:
2400:
2231:
2197:
2126:
2092:
1787:
1226:
908:
The efficiency of Holt's package of boiler pressure, compound engine and hull design gave a ship that could steam at 10 knots on 20
395:
had this arrangement fail on her first transatlantic voyage, with very large amounts of uneven wear. The problem was solved with a
360:. A paddle steamer's engines drive a shaft that is positioned above the waterline, with the cylinders positioned below the shaft.
2772:
2055:
1910:
806:. Before 1866, no steamship could carry enough coal to make this voyage and have enough space left to carry a commercial cargo.
795:
742:
738:
313:
2633:
2510:
1935:
1483:
1400:
1204:
731:
560:
259:
The first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings was the British side-wheel paddle steamer
2117:
Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "Chapter 9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1897:
Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day
519:
on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship
249:
on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship
1463:
1420:
1145:
1097:
was the largest steamship in the world when she sank in 1912; a subsequent major sinking of a steamer was that of the
1022:
356:
Steam engines had to be designed with the power delivered at the bottom of the machinery, to give direct drive to the
56:
1189:
476:
The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship
2294:
1252:
1200:
863:
634:
296:
112:
1321:(with a late design change shortly before her keel was laid down) and was soon followed by all subsequent liners.
1208:
1193:
158:
Within a few decades of the development of the river and canal steamboat, the first steamships began to cross the
2471:
1600:
1429:
1340:
2568:
2312:
1636:
1407:
1301:
1162:
958:
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to Brunel for extended tests. Over several months, Smith and Brunel tested a number of different propellers on
646:
188:
1557:(previous section), the relative sizes and the cruising speeds of the two ships should be taken into account:
593:
began her first regular passenger and cargo service by a steamship in 1840, sailing from Liverpool to Boston.
126:(1870–1913)" and contributor to "an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history".
1247:
had finally matured as an economical and viable alternative to steam power. The diesel engine had far better
925:
by the time she had returned from her first trip to China in 1866, operating these ships in the newly formed
1605:
1049:
775:
267:
896:
705:
in order to find the most efficient design, a four-bladed model submitted by Smith. When launched in 1843,
2767:
2587:
1570:
1562:
1355:
1084:
were the last two Cunard liners of the period to be fitted with auxiliary sails. Both ships were built by
975:
516:
419:
414:
246:
2740:
2660:
2517:
1396:(the turbines rotate electric generators, which in turn feed electric motors operating the propellers).
1311:
1282:
2368:
724:
1158:
1003:
962:
746:
687:
576:
327:
The key innovation that made ocean-going steamers viable was the change from the paddle-wheel to the
317:
284:
80:
2762:
2619:
1550:
1419:
used together with gas engines. As of August 2017 the newest class of Steam Turbine ships are the
1369:
1126:
1085:
888:
673:
607:
was the first ship to combine these two innovations. After the initial success of its first liner,
690:
Propeller Steamship Company. Brunel had been looking into methods of improving the performance of
1843:
1764:
1736:
1433:
1383:
1248:
1026:
987:
842:
769:
638:
603:, also built by Brunel, became the first iron-hulled screw-driven ship to cross the Atlantic. SS
328:
308:
192:
379:
2722:
2429:
1266:
had already been equipped with marine diesels, and diesel engines superseded both steamers and
399:
water-lubricated bearing, patented in 1858. This became standard practice and is in use today.
2711:
2642:
2610:
2556:
2527:
2506:
2363:
2227:
2193:
2122:
2088:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1783:
1705:
1683:
1335:), because of needs of high power and speed, although from 1970s they were mostly replaced by
1134:
1057:
753:
720:
660:
488:
338:
of Scotland is widely given credit for applying the first screw propeller to an engine at his
202:
1613:
2276:
1437:
1362:
926:
713:
626:
608:
597:
554:
530:
520:
407:
389:
361:
260:
250:
207:
53:
1436:, but by the heat generated by nuclear reactor. Most atomic-powered ships today are either
2456:
1376:
1153:
Most luxury yachts at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries were steam driven (see
1065:
1053:
1045:
1041:
965:
boilers – but at that date these still ran at the lower pressures that were then current.
761:
650:
357:
196:
2669:
2404:
1914:
2654:
2627:
2597:
2514:
1837:
1758:
1339:. Large naval vessels and submarines continue to be operated with steam turbines, using
138:, conceived in the first half of the 18th century, with the first working steamboat and
2602:
2545:
1458:
859:
572:
504:
403:
353:
The development of screw propulsion relied on the following technological innovations.
234:
175:
159:
139:
96:
31:
719:, was built in 1854–1857 with the intent of linking Great Britain with India, via the
567:
was launched on 19 July 1837 and then sailed to London, where she was fitted with two
2756:
2059:
1594:
1411:
1393:
1318:
1297:
1244:
1098:
822:
680:
587:
537:
scheduled transatlantic service was under discussion by several groups and the rival
277:
123:
2146:. G P Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, The Knickerbocker Press. pp. 331–332.
1426:
built by Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) starting in 2016 and comprising five units.
546:
more fuel efficient, something very important for long voyages across the Atlantic.
418:
automatically built up wedges of oil which could withstand bearing pressures of 500
2280:
1263:
1259:
1240:
1154:
942:
803:
396:
384:
347:
343:
88:
26:
2386:
1939:
1262:
were the last major steamship class equipped with reciprocating engines. The last
615:
consequences for the company. Construction was carried out in a specially adapted
155:
further submerged the paddle wheel causing a substantial decrease in performance.
2535:
2496:
1803:
2681:
2027:
Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships
1996:
Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships
1960:
1415:
1344:
1336:
1178:
1140:
1105:
1078:
1033:
880:
874:
867:
779:
653:
583:
477:
431:
271:
218:
183:
100:
34:
1310:, in 1897, the use of steam turbines for propulsion quickly spread. The Cunard
1278:
1111:
213:, the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, on its maiden voyage in 1838
1267:
1071:
1052:
made trans-oceanic shipping on a large scale economically viable. In 1870 the
933:
852:
814:
568:
512:
339:
335:
292:
242:
144:
686:, the first screw-propelled steamship, completed only a few months before by
1506:. There were a number of successful screw propeller driven vessels prior to
1453:
1441:
1007:
918:
909:
765:
508:
492:
288:
238:
195:, and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the
135:
92:
84:
20:
2524:
Captains of the Old Steam Navy: Makers of the American Tradition, 1840–1880
1839:
Steam Navigation: And Its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and the United
1760:
Steam Navigation: And Its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and the United
402:
Since the motive power of screw propulsion is delivered along the shaft, a
2735:
2607:
Battleships in Transition, the Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860
2700:
1326:
1306:
799:
669:
616:
2316:
2298:
406:
is needed to transfer that load to the hull without excessive friction.
1115:
1091:
834:
826:
665:
620:
64:
41:
2474:
The Motorship: insight for marine technology professionals 04AUG2017.
2267:
Dawson, Charles (November 1999), "S.S. Thetis, a Daring Experiment",
783:
167:
162:. The first sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat
151:
929:. His competitors rapidly copied his ideas for their own new ships.
1010:
took 42 days, with one coaling stop, carrying 4,000 tons of cargo.
468:
for Royal Mail Steamship overruled the screw configuration prefix.
1432:
are basically steam turbine vessels. The boiler is heated, not by
1406:(1972–1973), ALP Pacesetter-class container ships (1973–1974) and
1277:
1132:
was the largest passenger steamship ever built. Launched in 1969,
1121:
was the largest steamship in the world in 1912 (sank on 15 April).
1110:
1021:
974:
895:
625:
500:
435:
369:
312:
230:
201:
171:
47:
982:, the first successful commercial use of triple expansion engines
679:
In the spring of 1840 Brunel also had the opportunity to inspect
2650:
The logbook of the captain's clerk: adventures in the China seas
2574:
Dawson, Charles (2006). "Thomas Assheton Smith's Steam Yachts".
818:
1629:"Globalisation and Economic Development: A Lesson from History"
1292:, was one of the first ocean liners to adopt the steam turbine.
2696:
Steam-ships: The story of their development to the present day
2190:
Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830-1930
2183:
2181:
2179:
1469:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)#Travel
1172:
937:
830:
320:
1836 patent for his propeller design originally fitted to the
2505:. Warren & Company Publishers Philadelphia. p. 502.
2450:
Is there still a commercial future for marine steam turbines?
1317:, built in 1906 was one of the first ocean liners to use the
917:
was able to sail from London to China with a coaling stop at
2459:
Marine Propulsion & Auxiliary Machinery, 30 March 2016.
374:
Image of stern tube and propeller shaft in a lighthouse ship
119:, so it is not correct to use "SS" for most modern vessels.
2698:. United Kingdom: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd. p. 284.
503:
and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from
233:
and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from
2085:
The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
794:
The most testing route for steam was from Britain or the
270:
in 1838, which inaugurated the era of the trans-Atlantic
2626:. Harper & Brothers, New York, London, p. 325.
2542:
Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65
2224:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
2119:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
1780:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
1526:—designed for service on inland waterways—as opposed to
968:
The first ship fitted with triple expansion engines was
2679:. Steve Walske Exhibition at WESTPEX 2011. p. 32.
2592:
Robert Fulton, engineer and artist: his life and works
1399:
While steam turbine-driven merchant ships such as the
809:
A partial solution to this problem was adopted by the
444:
as she struck the Cherry Street Bridge in Toledo, Ohio
181:
The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton
2426:"APL:History - Featured Vessels, President Jefferson"
1867:
The Iron Ship: the Story of Brunel's SS Great Britain
2492:
High Speed Steam Navigation and Steamship Perfection
1002:
was a marked success, achieving in trials, at 1,800
134:
Steamships were preceded by smaller vessels, called
2708:
A History of Ironclads: The Power of Iron Over Wood
2256:(in Polish). Vol. 2/2003 (39). pp. 85–86.
1150:, reportedly sold to Turkish shipbreakers in 2013.
957:The theory of this was established in the 1850s by
2159:"London - Fuzhou distance is 10120 NM - SeaRoutes"
1593:
2640:. Turnbull and Smith, San Francisco. p. 104.
641:is believed to be the first ever taken of a ship.
299:in 1844 and many more ships and routes followed.
2667:. Dodd, Mead and company, New York. p. 194.
1474:List of steam frigates of the United States Navy
851:that carried the first cargo of tea through the
811:Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company
67:aircraft carrier to use conventional steam power
2624:From sail to steam: recollections of naval life
2387:"Turboelectric Drive in American Capital Ships"
2226:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126.
2121:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 158–159.
745:began on 28 February 1849, with the arrival of
1782:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 96–100.
1300:. After the demonstration by British engineer
2188:Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993).
1804:"Maritime Services Directory – RINA acronyms"
821:, with connecting steamship routes along the
813:(P&O), using an overland section between
737:The first regular steamship service from the
539:British and American Steam Navigation Company
8:
2638:A sketch of the new route to China and Japan
2401:"APL:History - Timeline: 1960-Present, 1970"
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2078:
2076:
1479:Bibliography of early American naval history
986:There were a few further experiments until
559:went into service. Built at the shipyard of
460:. Steam turbine-driven ships had the prefix
2594:. John Lane, New York, London. p. 333.
2058:. Vancouver Maritime Museum. Archived from
1938:. Brunel’s SS Great Britain. Archived from
1288:, built in 1906, and the sister to the RMS
1207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1040:By 1870 a number of inventions such as the
44:is the world's last seagoing paddle steamer
2494:. E. & F. N. Spon, London. p. 59.
1860:
1858:
1856:
1710:. Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 399
1688:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1325:warship construction until the end of the
637:, April 1844. This historic photograph by
2472:Versatile LNG carrier series for Malaysia
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1227:Learn how and when to remove this message
1565:, 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph),
1549:If this fuel consumption is compared to
52:An aerial starboard quarter view of the
25:
2665:Robert Fulton: his life and its results
2247:
2245:
2243:
1585:
1573:, 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).
1495:
855:), they soon moved on to other routes.
491:, US, on 22 May 1819, arriving in
19:Usually distinguished from the smaller
2555:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 544.
2544:. Naval Institute Press. p. 232,
2526:. Naval Institute Press, p. 356,
2346:. New York: Collier Books. p. 15.
1681:
709:was by far the largest vessel afloat.
529:The British side-wheel paddle steamer
2747:Transportation Photographs Collection
1895:Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957).
1806:. Royal Institute of Naval Architects
1296:Most steamships today are powered by
645:Brunel was given a chance to inspect
7:
2677:Civil War Blockade Mail: 1861 - 1865
2315:. Chris' Cunard Page. Archived from
1614:participating institution membership
1205:adding citations to reliable sources
1068:to the United States and Australia.
2503:The steam navy of the United States
1304:of his steam turbine-driven yacht,
790:Long-distance commercial steamships
541:was established at the same time.
499:, a wooden 438-ton vessel built in
383:uneven wear. The inboard end has a
229:, a wooden 438-ton vessel built in
87:, that is propelled by one or more
2749:- University of Washington Library
2710:. The History Press. p. 284.
1882:The Annihilation of Time and Space
14:
2357:McCandlish, Laura (13 May 2008).
2192:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2087:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
1823:
1627:Pascali, Luigi (24 August 2017).
764:on 6 October 1848, rounded
2734:
2553:Marine Propellers and Propulsion
2428:. September 2014. Archived from
2403:. September 2014. Archived from
2297:. The Red Duster. Archived from
1899:. John De Graff. pp. 41–45.
1661:
1177:
1032:, an important turning point in
1913:. The Cunarders. Archived from
743:West Coast of the United States
283:, built in Britain in 1839 by
2634:Pacific Mail Steamship Company
2281:10.1080/00253359.1999.10656768
1522:. However, these vessels were
1484:Lake steamers of North America
1329:(eg. Russian aircraft carrier
774:, launched in 1836 to service
734:and entering service in 1879.
732:Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers
206:The side-wheel paddle steamer
115:use a prefix such as "MV" for
1:
2359:"Savannah calls on Baltimore"
2342:Maxtone-Graham, John (1972).
1729:"Steamships/steamships_dn_07"
1530:, built for seagoing service.
712:Brunel's last major project,
83:, typically ocean-faring and
2522:Bradford, James C. (1986).
2367:. p. D1. Archived from
2083:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
1414:. One notable exception are
862:(under the authority of the
472:First ocean-going steamships
91:that typically move (turn)
16:Type of steam-powered vessel
2706:Quarstein, John V. (2006).
2652:. J.S. Sewall. p. 278.
2648:Sewall, John Smith (1905).
2329:
1464:History of the steam engine
113:internal combustion engines
2789:
2609:. Conway Maritime Press.
2540:Canney, Donald L. (1998).
2501:Bennett, Frank M. (1897).
2490:Armstrong, Robert (1859).
1999:. HarperCollins. pp.
1880:American Heritage (1991).
1253:reciprocating steam engine
1144:, launched in 1984, later
864:Merchant Shipping Act 1854
596:In 1845 the revolutionary
573:Maudslay, Sons & Field
429:
306:
18:
2476:Retrieved 2017-08-05.
2461:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
2142:Clark, Arthur H. (1911).
2030:. HarperCollins. p.
1601:Oxford English Dictionary
1408:very large crude carriers
511:on 26 April 1827 to
456:, Triple-Screw Steamship
346:, beginning the use of a
241:on 26 April 1827 to
103:designations of "PS" for
75:, often referred to as a
2694:Fletcher, R. A. (1910).
2157:systems, maritime data.
1676:Wherries & Waterways
1637:Economic History Society
1510:, including Smith's own
1502:The emphasis here is on
1169:Decline of the steamship
949:Triple expansion engines
649:'s 213-foot (65 m)
569:side-lever steam engines
303:Screw-propeller steamers
287:, was the world's first
2773:Steam engine technology
2588:Dickinson, Henry Winram
2163:m.classic.searoutes.com
1606:Oxford University Press
1050:triple-expansion engine
833:, typically carried in
464:. In the UK the prefix
452:, Twin-Screw Steamship
268:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2701:(at Project Gutenberg)
2675:Walske, Steve (2011).
2661:Thurston, Robert Henry
2551:Carlton, John (2012).
2254:Morza, Statki i Okręty
1865:Corlett, Ewan (1975).
1678:, Lavenham, p. 61
1293:
1122:
1037:
1018:Era of the ocean liner
983:
905:
796:East Coast of the U.S.
778:trading posts between
642:
561:Patterson & Mercer
445:
375:
350:screw for propulsion.
324:
214:
68:
45:
2622:, n (1907). p :
2344:The Only Way to Cross
2330:Dawson, Journal, 2006
2295:"THE WHITE STAR LINE"
2024:Fox, Stephen (2003).
1993:Fox, Stephen (2003).
1842:. W. Briggs. p.
1836:Croil, James (1898).
1763:. W. Briggs. p.
1757:Croil, James (1898).
1430:Nuclear powered ships
1281:
1159:Cox & King yachts
1114:
1025:
978:
899:
825:and then through the
629:
439:
373:
316:
205:
63:, which was the last
51:
29:
2743:at Wikimedia Commons
2620:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
2576:The Mariner's Mirror
2371:on February 1, 2013.
2269:The Mariner's Mirror
1704:Stephen, L. (1894).
1201:improve this section
1086:John Elder & Co.
1077:and her sister ship
1004:indicated horsepower
776:Hudson's Bay Company
577:indicated horsepower
318:Francis Pettit Smith
285:Francis Pettit Smith
81:steam-powered vessel
2385:Czarnecki, Joseph.
2374:(Purchase required)
1733:artistaswitness.com
1674:Malster, R (1971),
1604:(Online ed.).
1424:-class LNG carriers
1343:to boil the water.
932:The opening of the
187:, built in 1821 by
170:; she steamed from
2455:2017-01-24 at the
1520:Robert F. Stockton
1434:heat of combustion
1404:-class cargo ships
1294:
1249:thermal efficiency
1125:Launched in 1938,
1123:
1038:
984:
906:
659:—the largest iron-
643:
446:
376:
325:
309:Propeller (marine)
217:The American ship
215:
193:Horseley Ironworks
69:
46:
2739:Media related to
2364:The Baltimore Sun
2041:978-0-06-019595-3
2010:978-0-06-019595-3
1936:"A Brief History"
1848:SS Royal William.
1612:(Subscription or
1438:aircraft carriers
1332:Admiral Kuznetsov
1237:
1236:
1229:
1135:Queen Elizabeth 2
754:San Francisco Bay
721:Cape of Good Hope
651:(English) channel
571:from the firm of
489:Savannah, Georgia
487:left the port of
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2738:
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2668:
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2099:
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2080:
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2068:
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2052:
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2021:
2015:
2014:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1926:
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1923:
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1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1735:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1643:on 1 August 2020
1639:. Archived from
1624:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1516:Francis B. Ogden
1500:
1372:American Victory
1358:Jeremiah O'Brien
1341:nuclear reactors
1232:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1181:
1173:
1106:World War I
927:Blue Funnel Line
696:
635:Cumberland Basin
575:, producing 750
342:works, an early
54:aircraft carrier
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2753:
2752:
2731:
2718:
2705:
2693:
2690:
2688:Further reading
2674:
2659:
2647:
2632:
2603:Lambert, Andrew
2586:
2573:
2563:
2550:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:Wayback Machine
2448:
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2394:
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2336:
2328:
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2311:
2310:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
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1874:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1514:and Ericsson's
1501:
1497:
1492:
1450:
1386:Red Oak Victory
1302:Charles Parsons
1276:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1198:
1182:
1171:
1129:Queen Elizabeth
1104:, as an act of
1066:human migration
1054:White Star Line
1046:compound engine
1042:screw propeller
1020:
951:
792:
782:Washington and
762:New York Harbor
694:
543:Great Western's
474:
434:
428:
358:propeller shaft
329:screw-propeller
311:
305:
289:screw propeller
197:English Channel
166:, an ex-French
132:
79:, is a type of
59:John F. Kennedy
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2730:
2729:External links
2727:
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2716:
2703:
2689:
2686:
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2645:
2630:
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2334:
2322:
2319:on 2010-04-06.
2304:
2301:on 2010-08-19.
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2016:
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1980:
1952:
1927:
1911:"Ship History"
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1824:Thurston, 1891
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1459:Paddle steamer
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950:
947:
860:Board of Trade
791:
788:
639:William Talbot
505:Hellevoetsluis
473:
470:
427:
424:
404:thrust bearing
304:
301:
235:Hellevoetsluis
178:in July 1813.
160:Atlantic Ocean
140:paddle steamer
131:
128:
105:paddle steamer
32:paddle steamer
15:
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9:
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2768:Steam engines
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2062:on 2007-09-28
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1987:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:Great Britain
1956:
1953:
1942:on 2010-03-24
1941:
1937:
1931:
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1917:on 2016-04-04
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1662:Carlton, 2012
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1512:Francis Smith
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1394:turboelectric
1390:
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1381:
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1367:
1366:
1365:John W. Brown
1360:
1359:
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1320:
1319:steam turbine
1316:
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1291:
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1264:Victory ships
1261:
1260:Liberty ships
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1186:This section
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1163:Robert Napier
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1147:Atlantic Star
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823:Mediterranean
820:
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727:Buenos Ayrean
722:
718:
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716:Great Eastern
710:
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707:Great Britain
704:
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693:
692:Great Britain
689:
688:F. P. Smith's
685:
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632:
631:Great Britain
628:
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606:
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600:Great Britain
594:
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566:
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562:
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556:British Queen
551:
550:Great Western
547:
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533:Great Western
527:
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523:Royal William
518:
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410:Great Britain
405:
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386:
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378:An effective
372:
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124:globalization
120:
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110:
109:screw steamer
106:
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98:
94:
90:
89:steam engines
86:
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66:
62:
61: (CV-67)
60:
55:
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33:
28:
22:
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2541:
2523:
2502:
2491:
2484:Bibliography
2467:
2445:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2395:
2380:
2369:the original
2362:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2325:
2317:the original
2307:
2299:the original
2289:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2223:
2189:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2118:
2084:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2050:
2026:
2019:
1995:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:
1962:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1905:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1779:
1773:
1759:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1706:
1699:
1675:
1669:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1633:The Long Run
1632:
1622:
1599:
1588:
1566:
1558:
1555: (1865)
1552:
1545:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1428:
1421:
1416:LNG carriers
1401:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1379:Lane Victory
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1337:gas turbines
1331:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1274:1970–present
1257:
1241:World War II
1238:
1223:
1217:October 2021
1214:
1199:Please help
1187:
1155:luxury yacht
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1070:
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1039:
1028:
1012:
999:
995:
992: (1881)
989:
985:
979:
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931:
922:
914:
907:
901:
889:
884:
879:
868:
857:
848:
843:
839:
808:
804:Indian Ocean
793:
770:
757:
748:
736:
726:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
691:
682:
678:
656:
644:
630:
610:
604:
599:
595:
589:
581:
564:
563:in Bristol,
555:
549:
548:
542:
532:
528:
522:
496:
484:
479:
475:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
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441:
409:
401:
397:lignum vitae
391:
385:stuffing box
377:
363:
355:
352:
348:hydrodynamic
344:steam engine
334:
326:
321:
297:Thomas Clyde
279:
276:
262:
258:
252:
226:
220:
216:
209:
182:
180:
163:
157:
152:Paddlewheels
150:
143:
133:
121:
117:motor vessel
116:
108:
107:or "SS" for
104:
97:paddlewheels
76:
72:
70:
58:
36:
2582:(3): 331ff.
1826:pp. 168–169
1647:14 November
1595:"steamship"
1268:windjammers
1034:ocean liner
963:Scotch-type
881:Alfred Holt
780:Puget Sound
730:, built by
654:packet ship
623:, England.
584:Cunard Line
432:Ship prefix
426:Name prefix
272:ocean liner
189:Aaron Manby
184:Aaron Manby
2763:Steamships
2757:Categories
2741:Steamships
2511:1176467921
2436:2014-09-23
2411:2014-09-23
2168:23 October
2066:2007-11-26
1974:2008-12-31
1969:Brunel 200
1946:2013-11-24
1921:2013-11-24
1810:2017-12-28
1743:2017-12-28
1714:2017-12-28
1616:required.)
1581:References
1508:Archimedes
1442:submarines
1314:Mauretania
1285:Mauretania
1048:, and the
959:John Elder
934:Suez Canal
853:Suez Canal
815:Alexandria
758:California
749:California
739:East Coast
703:Archimedes
699:Archimedes
683:Archimedes
647:John Laird
513:Paramaribo
430:See also:
380:stern tube
340:Birmingham
336:James Watt
322:Archimedes
307:See also:
293:Royal Navy
280:Archimedes
266:built by
243:Paramaribo
164:Experiment
145:Pyroscaphe
136:steamboats
93:propellers
2332:, p.331ff
1869:. Conway.
1567:Agamemnon
1553:Agamemnon
1454:Steamboat
1290:Lusitania
1251:than the
1188:does not
1127:RMS
1116:RMS
1101:Lusitania
1099:RMS
1092:RMS
1079:RMS
1072:RMS
1058:RMS
1008:Melbourne
996:Propontis
970:Propontis
923:Agamemnon
919:Mauritius
915:Agamemnon
913:reduced.
910:long tons
902:Agamemnon
890:Agamemnon
875:superheat
766:Cape Horn
590:Britannia
588:RMS
526:in 1833.
509:Rotterdam
493:Liverpool
422:or more.
256:in 1833.
239:Rotterdam
85:seaworthy
73:steamship
57:USS
21:steamboat
2663:(1891).
2636:(1867).
2605:(1984).
2590:(1913).
2453:Archived
2313:"Umbria"
2056:"Beaver"
1684:citation
1559:Aberdeen
1551:SS
1448:See also
1384:SS
1377:SS
1370:SS
1363:SS
1356:SS
1347:Savannah
1327:Cold War
1307:Turbinia
1000:Aberdeen
990:Aberdeen
988:SS
980:Aberdeen
869:Carnatic
849:Erl King
844:Erl King
835:clippers
800:Far East
747:SS
725:SS
714:SS
681:SS
670:woodworm
617:dry dock
609:SS
598:SS
531:SS
521:SS
485:Savannah
480:Savannah
478:SS
440:Steamer
408:SS
390:SS
362:SS
278:SS
261:SS
251:SS
221:Savannah
219:SS
208:SS
176:Yarmouth
37:Waverley
35:PS
2001:147–148
1209:removed
1194:sources
1157:; also
1141:Fairsky
1118:Titanic
1094:Titanic
1081:Etruria
1060:Oceanic
1029:Oceanic
943:freight
885:Cleator
827:Red Sea
798:to the
741:to the
674:hogging
666:dry rot
657:Rainbow
633:in the
621:Bristol
517:Surinam
507:, near
497:Curaçao
247:Surinam
237:, near
227:Curaçao
191:at the
130:History
77:steamer
65:US Navy
42:Swanage
2714:
2670:E'Book
2655:E'Book
2643:E'Book
2628:E'Book
2613:
2598:E'Book
2559:
2530:
2515:E'Book
2509:
2497:E'Book
2230:
2196:
2125:
2091:
2038:
2007:
1786:
1382:, and
1074:Umbria
1044:, the
1036:design
904:(1865)
871:(1863)
784:Alaska
771:Beaver
756:. The
661:hulled
168:lugger
142:, the
101:prefix
1610:
1569:2,270
1561:3,616
1528:ships
1524:boats
1490:Notes
1402:Algol
760:left
695:'
501:Dover
231:Dover
172:Leeds
2723:Book
2712:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2518:Url2
2507:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2170:2021
2123:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1961:"SS
1784:ISBN
1690:link
1664:p.23
1649:2020
1518:and
1504:ship
1312:RMS
1283:RMS
1258:The
1192:any
1190:cite
1027:RMS
819:Suez
817:and
582:The
458:TrSS
442:Yuma
30:The
2682:Url
2569:Url
2546:Url
2536:Url
2277:doi
2032:144
1707:DNB
1571:GRT
1563:GRT
1440:or
1345:NS
1239:By
1203:by
1056:’s
938:tug
900:SS
831:tea
752:in
668:or
619:in
586:'s
466:RMS
454:TSS
420:psi
415:psi
174:to
95:or
40:at
2759::
2580:92
2578:.
2567:,
2534:,
2513:,
2361:.
2273:85
2271:,
2242:^
2208:^
2178:^
2161:.
2103:^
2075:^
2034:.
2003:.
1983:^
1967:.
1855:^
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1844:54
1765:54
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1686:}}
1682:{{
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1368:,
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515:,
462:TS
450:SS
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245:,
71:A
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2279::
2236:.
2202:.
2172:.
2131:.
2097:.
2069:.
2044:.
2013:.
1977:.
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1949:.
1924:.
1884:.
1813:.
1792:.
1767:.
1746:.
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1694:.
1692:)
1651:.
1608:.
1230:)
1224:(
1219:)
1215:(
1211:.
1197:.
23:.
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