448:
60:
382:
1034:
734:, without any coaling stops. This ship was arguably more revolutionary than her predecessors. She was one of the first ships to be built with a double hull with watertight compartments and was the first liner to have four funnels. She was the biggest liner throughout the rest of the 19th century with a gross tonnage of almost 20,000 tons and had a passenger-carrying capacity of thousands. The ship was ahead of her time and went through a turbulent history, never being put to her intended use. The first transatlantic steamer built of steel was
908:
987:
1025:
running at 200 pounds per square inch (1,400 kPa). The tramp steamers that operated at the end of the 1880s could sail at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) with a fuel consumption of 0.5 ounces (14 g) of coal per ton mile travelled. This level of efficiency meant that steamships could now operate as the primary method of maritime transport in the vast majority of commercial situations. In 1890, steamers constituted 57% of world's tonnage, and by World War I their share raised to 93%.
858:) were built with propellers that could be lifted clear of the water to reduce drag when under sail power alone. These ships struggled to be successful on the route to China, as the standing rigging required when sailing was a handicap when steaming into a head wind, most notably against the southwest monsoon when returning with a cargo of new tea. Though the auxiliary steamers persisted in competing in far eastern trade for a few years (and it was
638:
38:
972:, but it was clear that triple expansion engines needed steam at, by the standards of the day, very high pressures. The existing boiler technology could not deliver this. Wrought iron could not provide the strength for the higher pressures. Steel became available in larger quantities in the 1870s, but the quality was variable. The overall design of boilers was improved in the early 1860s, with the
1123:
1190:
1290:
2747:
59:
325:
1017:, a fuel consumption of 1.28 pounds (0.58 kg) of coal per indicated horsepower. This was a reduction in fuel consumption of about 60%, compared to a typical steamer built ten years earlier. In service, this translated into less than 40 tons of coal a day when travelling at 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). Her maiden outward voyage to
381:
1335:
Most larger warships of the world's navies were propelled by steam turbines burning bunker fuel in both World Wars, apart from obsolete ships with reciprocating machines from the turn of the century, and rare cases of usage of diesel engines in larger warships. Steam turbines burning fuel remained in
428:
was injected between these two surfaces to lubricate and separate them. This arrangement was not sufficient for higher engine powers and oil lubricated "collar" thrust bearings became standard from the early 1850s. This was superseded at the beginning of the 20th century by floating pad bearing which
1024:
Other similar ships were rapidly brought into service over the next few years. By 1885 the usual boiler pressure was 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa) and virtually all ocean-going steamships being built were ordered with triple expansion engines. Within a few years, new installations were
923:
of coal a day. This fuel consumption was a saving from between 23 and 14 long tons a day, compared to other contemporary steamers. Not only did less coal need to be carried to travel a given distance, but fewer firemen were needed to fuel the boilers, so crew costs and their accommodation space were
563:
was an iron-strapped, wooden, side-wheel paddle steamer, with four masts to hoist the auxiliary sails. The sails were not just to provide auxiliary propulsion, but also were used in rough seas to keep the ship on an even keel and ensure that both paddle wheels remained in the water, driving the ship
556:
design sparked controversy from critics that contended that she was too big. The principle that Brunel understood was that the carrying capacity of a hull increases as the cube of its dimensions, while water resistance only increases as the square of its dimensions. This meant that large ships were
1429:
which use boil-off gas from the cargo tanks as fuel. However, even there the development of dual-fuel engines has pushed steam turbines into a niche market with about 10% market share in newbuildings in 2013. Lately, there has been some development in hybrid power plants where the steam turbine is
964:
Throughout the 1870s, compound-engined steamships and sailing vessels coexisted in an economic equilibrium: the operating costs of steamships were still too high in certain trades, so sail was the only commercial option in many situations. The compound engine, where steam was expanded twice in two
393:
and associated bearings were required. The stern tube contains the propeller shaft where it passes through the hull structure. It should provide an unrestricted delivery of power by the propeller shaft. The combination of hull and stern tube must avoid any flexing that will bend the shaft or cause
165:
as the main motive source became standard on these early vessels. It was an effective means of propulsion under ideal conditions but otherwise had serious drawbacks. The paddle-wheel performed best when it operated at a certain depth, however when the depth of the ship changed from added weight it
1550:
The distance by a modern shipping route calculator is 13,373 nautical miles (24,767 km; 15,389 mi) from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope. Using the same calculator, a route through the
Mediterranean and Suez Canal is 10,124 nautical miles (18,750 km; 11,650 mi). The
547:
was the first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings, starting in 1838. In 1836 Isambard
Kingdom Brunel and a group of Bristol investors formed the Great Western Steamship Company to build a line of steamships for the Bristol-New York route. The idea of regular
159:, from 1783. Once the technology of steam was mastered at this level, steam engines were mounted on larger, and eventually, ocean-going vessels. Becoming reliable, and propelled by screw rather than paddlewheels, the technology changed the design of ships for faster, more economic propulsion.
625:
of 1838, the Great
Western Steamship Company assembled the same engineering team that had collaborated so successfully before. This time however, Brunel, whose reputation was at its height, came to assert overall control over design of the ship—a state of affairs that would have far-reaching
214:
1009:. The difference was the use of two double ended Scotch type steel boilers, running at 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa). These boilers had patent corrugated furnaces that overcame the competing problems of heat transfer and sufficient strength to deal with the boiler pressure.
506:, England, on 20 June 1819; her steam engine having been in use for part of the time on 18 days (estimates vary from 8 to 80 hours). A claimant to the title of the first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power is the British-built Dutch-owned
342:
as the mechanism of propulsion. These steamships quickly became more popular, because the propeller's efficiency was consistent regardless of the depth at which it operated. Being smaller in size and mass and being completely submerged, it was also far less prone to damage.
951:
was difficult and expensive – so this distance saving was not available to them. Steamships immediately made use of this new waterway and found themselves in high demand in China for the start of the 1870 tea season. The steamships were able to obtain a much higher rate of
983:(launched in 1874). She was fitted with boilers that operated at 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa) – but these had technical problems and had to be replaced with ones that ran at 90 pounds per square inch (620 kPa). This substantially degraded performance.
674:
ship then in service—in 1838, and was soon converted to iron-hulled technology. He scrapped his plans to build a wooden ship and persuaded the company directors to build an iron-hulled ship. Iron's advantages included being much cheaper than wood, not being subject to
851:
Another partial solution was the Steam
Auxiliary Ship – a vessel with a steam engine, but also rigged as a sailing vessel. The steam engine would only be used when conditions were unsuitable for sailing – in light or contrary winds. Some of this type (for instance
235:
first crossed the
Atlantic Ocean arriving in Liverpool, England, on June 20, 1819, although most of the voyage was actually made under sail. The first ship to make the transatlantic trip substantially under steam power may have been the British-built Dutch-owned
398:
that prevents water from entering the hull along the tube. Some early stern tubes were made of brass and operated as a water lubricated bearing along the entire length. In other instances a long bush of soft metal was fitted in the after end of the stern tube.
2169:
1266:, and was far easier to control. Diesel engines also required far less supervision and maintenance than steam engines, and as an internal combustion engine it did not need boilers or a water supply, therefore was more space efficient and cheaper to build.
1074:
set a new standard for ocean travel by having its first-class cabins amidships, with the added amenity of large portholes, electricity and running water. The size of ocean liners increased from 1880 to meet the needs of the
813:. The distance from either is roughly the same, between 14,000 to 15,000 nautical miles (26,000 to 28,000 km; 16,000 to 17,000 mi), traveling down the Atlantic, around the southern tip of Africa, and across the
877:) would not allow ships to exceed 20 or 25 pounds per square inch (140 or 170 kPa). Compound engines were a known source of improved efficiency – but generally not used at sea due to the low pressures available.
447:
840:. While this worked for passengers and some high value cargo, sail was still the only solution for virtually all trade between China and Western Europe or East Coast America. Most notable of these cargoes was
1364:
Thousands of
Liberty Ships (powered by steam piston engines) and Victory Ships (powered by steam turbine engines) were built in World War II. A few of these survive as floating museums and sail occasionally:
1149:(QE2) was the last passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a scheduled liner voyage before she was converted to diesels in 1986. The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was the
965:
separate cylinders, still had inefficiencies. The solution was the triple expansion engine, in which steam was successively expanded in a high pressure, intermediate pressure and a low pressure cylinder.
884:, a P&O ship, had a compound engine – and achieved better efficiency than other ships of the time. Her boilers ran at 26 pounds per square inch (180 kPa) but relied on a substantial amount of
956:
than sailing ships and the insurance premium for the cargo was less. So successful were the steamers using the Suez Canal that, in 1871, 45 were built in Clyde shipyards alone for Far
Eastern trade.
947:
in 1869 gave a distance saving of about 3,250 nautical miles (6,020 km; 3,740 mi) on the route from China to London. The canal was not a practical option for sailing vessels, as using a
1254:, steamers still constituted 73% of world's tonnage, and similar percentage remained in early 1950s. The decline of the steamship began soon thereafter. Many had been lost in the war, and marine
1479:
1281:
soon after World War Two. Most steamers were used up to their maximum economical life span, and no commercial ocean-going steamers with reciprocating engines have been built since the 1960s.
894:, who had entered marine engineering and ship management after an apprenticeship in railway engineering, experimented with boiler pressures of 60 pounds per square inch (410 kPa) in
2463:
779:
at the tip of South
America, and arrived at San Francisco, California, after a four-month and 21-day journey. The first steamship to operate on the Pacific Ocean was the paddle steamer
2757:
1551:
difference is 3,249 nautical miles (6,017 km; 3,739 mi). A sailing vessel would take a longer route to obtain the best winds, so this comparison is only an approximation.
687:—the flexing of the hull as waves pass beneath it—becomes too great. Iron hulls are far less subject to hogging, so that the potential size of an iron-hulled ship is much greater.
1639:
1099:
of
Glasgow, Scotland, in 1884. They were record breakers by the standards of the time, and were the largest liners then in service, plying the Liverpool to New York route.
1484:
821:
1005:
went into service on the route from
Britain to Australia. Her triple expansion engine was designed by Dr A C Kirk, the engineer who had developed the machinery for
1700:
549:
1421:
were built until the 1970s, the use of steam for marine propulsion in the commercial market has declined dramatically due to the development of more efficient
133:
As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns, new trade routes opened up. The steamship has been described as a "major driver of the first wave of trade
932:
on the outward and return journey, with a time on passage substantially less than the competing sailing vessels. Holt had already ordered two sister ships to
1489:
904:
in 1865. Holt had designed a particularly compact compound engine and taken great care with the hull design, producing a light, strong, easily driven hull.
110:. The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 19th century; however, there were exceptions that came before. Steamships usually use the
590:
between them. The ship proved satisfactory in service and initiated the transatlantic route, acting as a model for all following Atlantic paddle-steamers.
2263:
Marek Błuś (2003). "Co się stało z parowcami? Zmierzch historycznego napędu" [What happened to steamers? A decline of the historical propulsion].
1361:, was the first nuclear-powered cargo-passenger ship, and was built in the late 1950s as a demonstration project for the potential use of nuclear energy.
1341:
708:
s paddlewheels, and took an immediate interest in the new technology, and Smith, sensing a prestigious new customer for his own company, agreed to lend
210:
in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h).
122:(using a propeller or screw). As paddle steamers became less common, "SS" is incorrectly assumed by many to stand for "steamship". Ships powered by
564:
in a straight line. The hull was built of oak by traditional methods. She was the largest steamship for one year, until the British and American's
424:
had a 2 ft diameter gunmetal plate on the forward end of the shaft which bore against a steel plate attached to the engine beds. Water at 200
302:-driven steamship for open water seagoing. She had considerable influence on ship development, encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the
869:
What was needed was a big improvement in fuel efficiency. While the boilers for steam engines on land were allowed to run at high pressures, the
1172:). Thomas Assheton Smith was an English aristocrat who forwarded the design of the steam yacht in conjunction with the Scottish marine engineer
378:
used chain drive to transmit power from a paddler's engine to the propeller shaft – the result of a late design change to propeller propulsion.
459:
Steam-powered ships were named with a prefix designating their propeller configuration i.e. single, twin, triple-screw. Single-screw Steamship
306:, in addition to her influence on commercial vessels. The first screw-driven propeller steamship introduced in America was on a ship built by
2460:
494:, though she was actually a hybrid between a steamship and a sailing ship, with the first half of the journey making use of the steam engine.
2050:
2019:
2233:
Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1739:
2436:
2369:
1789:
Corlett, ECB (1993). "Chapter 4: The Screw Propeller and Merchant Shipping 1840–1865". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1403:
A steam turbine ship can be either direct propulsion (the turbines, equipped with a reduction gear, rotate directly the propellers), or
2155:
The Clipper Ship Era, An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews 1843-1869
1651:
898:. Holt was able to persuade the Board of Trade to allow these boiler pressures and, in partnership with his brother Phillip launched
683:, and its much greater structural strength. The practical limit on the length of a wooden-hulled ship is about 300 feet, after which
2726:
2625:
2571:
2542:
2411:
2242:
2208:
2137:
2103:
1798:
1237:
919:
The efficiency of Holt's package of boiler pressure, compound engine and hull design gave a ship that could steam at 10 knots on 20
406:
had this arrangement fail on her first transatlantic voyage, with very large amounts of uneven wear. The problem was solved with a
371:. A paddle steamer's engines drive a shaft that is positioned above the waterline, with the cylinders positioned below the shaft.
2783:
2066:
1921:
817:. Before 1866, no steamship could carry enough coal to make this voyage and have enough space left to carry a commercial cargo.
806:
753:
749:
324:
2644:
2521:
1946:
1494:
1411:
1215:
742:
571:
270:
The first steamship purpose-built for regularly scheduled trans-Atlantic crossings was the British side-wheel paddle steamer
2128:
Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "Chapter 9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
1908:
Passenger Liners of the Western Ocean: A Record of Atlantic Steam and Motor Passenger Vessels from 1838 to the Present Day
530:
on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship
260:
on 24 May, spending 11 days under steam on the way out and more on the return. Another claimant is the Canadian ship
1474:
1431:
1156:
1108:
was the largest steamship in the world when she sank in 1912; a subsequent major sinking of a steamer was that of the
1033:
367:
Steam engines had to be designed with the power delivered at the bottom of the machinery, to give direct drive to the
67:
1200:
487:
The first steamship credited with crossing the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe was the American ship
2305:
1263:
1211:
874:
645:
307:
123:
1332:(with a late design change shortly before her keel was laid down) and was soon followed by all subsequent liners.
1219:
1204:
169:
Within a few decades of the development of the river and canal steamboat, the first steamships began to cross the
2482:
1611:
1440:
1351:
2579:
2323:
1647:
1418:
1312:
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969:
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to Brunel for extended tests. Over several months, Smith and Brunel tested a number of different propellers on
657:
199:
1568:(previous section), the relative sizes and the cruising speeds of the two ships should be taken into account:
604:
began her first regular passenger and cargo service by a steamship in 1840, sailing from Liverpool to Boston.
137:(1870–1913)" and contributor to "an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history".
1258:
had finally matured as an economical and viable alternative to steam power. The diesel engine had far better
936:
by the time she had returned from her first trip to China in 1866, operating these ships in the newly formed
1616:
1060:
786:
278:
907:
716:
in order to find the most efficient design, a four-bladed model submitted by Smith. When launched in 1843,
2778:
2598:
1581:
1573:
1366:
1095:
were the last two Cunard liners of the period to be fitted with auxiliary sails. Both ships were built by
986:
527:
430:
425:
257:
2751:
2671:
2528:
1407:(the turbines rotate electric generators, which in turn feed electric motors operating the propellers).
1322:
1293:
2379:
735:
1169:
1014:
973:
757:
698:
587:
338:
The key innovation that made ocean-going steamers viable was the change from the paddle-wheel to the
328:
295:
91:
2773:
2630:
1561:
1430:
used together with gas engines. As of August 2017 the newest class of Steam Turbine ships are the
1380:
1137:
1096:
899:
684:
618:
was the first ship to combine these two innovations. After the initial success of its first liner,
701:
Propeller Steamship Company. Brunel had been looking into methods of improving the performance of
1854:
1775:
1747:
1444:
1394:
1259:
1037:
998:
853:
780:
649:
614:, also built by Brunel, became the first iron-hulled screw-driven ship to cross the Atlantic. SS
339:
319:
203:
390:
2733:
2440:
1277:
had already been equipped with marine diesels, and diesel engines superseded both steamers and
410:
water-lubricated bearing, patented in 1858. This became standard practice and is in use today.
2722:
2653:
2621:
2567:
2538:
2517:
2374:
2238:
2204:
2133:
2099:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1794:
1716:
1694:
1346:), because of needs of high power and speed, although from 1970s they were mostly replaced by
1145:
1068:
764:
731:
671:
499:
349:
of Scotland is widely given credit for applying the first screw propeller to an engine at his
213:
1624:
2287:
1448:
1373:
937:
724:
637:
619:
608:
565:
541:
531:
418:
400:
372:
271:
261:
218:
64:
1447:, but by the heat generated by nuclear reactor. Most atomic-powered ships today are either
2467:
1387:
1164:
Most luxury yachts at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries were steam driven (see
1076:
1064:
1056:
1052:
976:
boilers – but at that date these still ran at the lower pressures that were then current.
772:
661:
368:
207:
2680:
2415:
1925:
2665:
2638:
2608:
2525:
1848:
1769:
1350:. Large naval vessels and submarines continue to be operated with steam turbines, using
149:, conceived in the first half of the 18th century, with the first working steamboat and
2613:
2556:
1469:
870:
583:
515:
414:
364:
The development of screw propulsion relied on the following technological innovations.
245:
186:
170:
150:
107:
42:
730:, was built in 1854–1857 with the intent of linking Great Britain with India, via the
578:
was launched on 19 July 1837 and then sailed to London, where she was fitted with two
2767:
2070:
1605:
1422:
1404:
1329:
1308:
1255:
1109:
833:
691:
598:
548:
scheduled transatlantic service was under discussion by several groups and the rival
288:
134:
2157:. G P Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, The Knickerbocker Press. pp. 331–332.
1437:
built by Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) starting in 2016 and comprising five units.
557:
more fuel efficient, something very important for long voyages across the Atlantic.
429:
automatically built up wedges of oil which could withstand bearing pressures of 500
2291:
1274:
1270:
1251:
1165:
953:
814:
407:
395:
358:
354:
99:
37:
2397:
1950:
1273:
were the last major steamship class equipped with reciprocating engines. The last
626:
consequences for the company. Construction was carried out in a specially adapted
166:
further submerged the paddle wheel causing a substantial decrease in performance.
2546:
2507:
1814:
2692:
2038:
Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships
2007:
Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships
1971:
1426:
1355:
1347:
1189:
1151:
1116:
1089:
1044:
891:
885:
878:
790:
664:
594:
488:
442:
282:
229:
194:
111:
45:
1321:, in 1897, the use of steam turbines for propulsion quickly spread. The Cunard
1289:
1122:
224:, the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, on its maiden voyage in 1838
1278:
1082:
1063:
made trans-oceanic shipping on a large scale economically viable. In 1870 the
944:
863:
825:
579:
523:
350:
346:
303:
253:
155:
697:, the first screw-propelled steamship, completed only a few months before by
1517:. There were a number of successful screw propeller driven vessels prior to
1464:
1452:
1018:
929:
920:
776:
519:
503:
299:
249:
206:, and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the
146:
103:
95:
31:
2535:
Captains of the Old Steam Navy: Makers of the American Tradition, 1840–1880
1850:
Steam Navigation: And Its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and the United
1771:
Steam Navigation: And Its Relation to the Commerce of Canada and the United
413:
Since the motive power of screw propulsion is delivered along the shaft, a
2746:
2618:
Battleships in Transition, the Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860
17:
2711:
1337:
1317:
810:
680:
627:
2327:
2309:
417:
is needed to transfer that load to the hull without excessive friction.
1126:
1102:
845:
837:
676:
631:
75:
52:
2485:
The Motorship: insight for marine technology professionals 04AUG2017.
2278:
Dawson, Charles (November 1999), "S.S. Thetis, a Daring Experiment",
794:
178:
173:. The first sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat
162:
940:. His competitors rapidly copied his ideas for their own new ships.
1021:
took 42 days, with one coaling stop, carrying 4,000 tons of cargo.
479:
for Royal Mail Steamship overruled the screw configuration prefix.
1443:
are basically steam turbine vessels. The boiler is heated, not by
1417:(1972–1973), ALP Pacesetter-class container ships (1973–1974) and
1288:
1143:
was the largest passenger steamship ever built. Launched in 1969,
1132:
was the largest steamship in the world in 1912 (sank on 15 April).
1121:
1032:
985:
906:
636:
511:
446:
380:
323:
241:
212:
182:
58:
993:, the first successful commercial use of triple expansion engines
690:
In the spring of 1840 Brunel also had the opportunity to inspect
2661:
The logbook of the captain's clerk: adventures in the China seas
2585:
Dawson, Charles (2006). "Thomas Assheton Smith's Steam Yachts".
829:
1640:"Globalisation and Economic Development: A Lesson from History"
1303:, was one of the first ocean liners to adopt the steam turbine.
2707:
Steam-ships: The story of their development to the present day
2201:
Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830-1930
2194:
2192:
2190:
1480:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)#Travel
1183:
948:
841:
331:
1836 patent for his propeller design originally fitted to the
2516:. Warren & Company Publishers Philadelphia. p. 502.
2461:
Is there still a commercial future for marine steam turbines?
1328:, built in 1906 was one of the first ocean liners to use the
928:
was able to sail from London to China with a coaling stop at
2470:
Marine Propulsion & Auxiliary Machinery, 30 March 2016.
385:
Image of stern tube and propeller shaft in a lighthouse ship
130:, so it is not correct to use "SS" for most modern vessels.
2709:. United Kingdom: Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd. p. 284.
514:
and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from
244:
and powered by two 50 hp engines, which crossed from
2096:
The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875
805:
The most testing route for steam was from Britain or the
281:
in 1838, which inaugurated the era of the trans-Atlantic
2637:. Harper & Brothers, New York, London, p. 325.
2553:
Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65
2235:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
2130:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
1791:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
1537:—designed for service on inland waterways—as opposed to
979:
The first ship fitted with triple expansion engines was
2690:. Steve Walske Exhibition at WESTPEX 2011. p. 32.
2603:
Robert Fulton, engineer and artist: his life and works
1410:
While steam turbine-driven merchant ships such as the
820:
A partial solution to this problem was adopted by the
455:
as she struck the Cherry Street Bridge in Toledo, Ohio
192:
The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton
2437:"APL:History - Featured Vessels, President Jefferson"
1878:
The Iron Ship: the Story of Brunel's SS Great Britain
2503:
High Speed Steam Navigation and Steamship Perfection
1013:
was a marked success, achieving in trials, at 1,800
145:
Steamships were preceded by smaller vessels, called
2719:
A History of Ironclads: The Power of Iron Over Wood
2267:(in Polish). Vol. 2/2003 (39). pp. 85–86.
1161:, reportedly sold to Turkish shipbreakers in 2013.
968:The theory of this was established in the 1850s by
2170:"London - Fuzhou distance is 10120 NM - SeaRoutes"
1604:
2651:. Turnbull and Smith, San Francisco. p. 104.
652:is believed to be the first ever taken of a ship.
310:in 1844 and many more ships and routes followed.
2678:. Dodd, Mead and company, New York. p. 194.
1485:List of steam frigates of the United States Navy
862:that carried the first cargo of tea through the
822:Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company
78:aircraft carrier to use conventional steam power
2635:From sail to steam: recollections of naval life
2398:"Turboelectric Drive in American Capital Ships"
2237:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126.
2132:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 158–159.
756:began on 28 February 1849, with the arrival of
1793:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 96–100.
1311:. After the demonstration by British engineer
2199:Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993).
1815:"Maritime Services Directory – RINA acronyms"
832:, with connecting steamship routes along the
824:(P&O), using an overland section between
748:The first regular steamship service from the
550:British and American Steam Navigation Company
8:
2649:A sketch of the new route to China and Japan
2412:"APL:History - Timeline: 1960-Present, 1970"
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2089:
2087:
1490:Bibliography of early American naval history
997:There were a few further experiments until
570:went into service. Built at the shipyard of
471:. Steam turbine-driven ships had the prefix
2605:. John Lane, New York, London. p. 333.
2069:. Vancouver Maritime Museum. Archived from
1949:. Brunel’s SS Great Britain. Archived from
1299:, built in 1906, and the sister to the RMS
1218:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1051:By 1870 a number of inventions such as the
55:is the world's last seagoing paddle steamer
2505:. E. & F. N. Spon, London. p. 59.
1871:
1869:
1867:
1721:. Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 399
1699:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1336:warship construction until the end of the
648:, April 1844. This historic photograph by
2483:Versatile LNG carrier series for Malaysia
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1238:Learn how and when to remove this message
1576:, 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph),
1560:If this fuel consumption is compared to
63:An aerial starboard quarter view of the
36:
2676:Robert Fulton: his life and its results
2258:
2256:
2254:
1596:
1584:, 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).
1506:
866:), they soon moved on to other routes.
502:, US, on 22 May 1819, arriving in
30:Usually distinguished from the smaller
2566:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 544.
2555:. Naval Institute Press. p. 232,
2537:. Naval Institute Press, p. 356,
2357:. New York: Collier Books. p. 15.
1692:
720:was by far the largest vessel afloat.
540:The British side-wheel paddle steamer
2758:Transportation Photographs Collection
1906:Gibbs, Charles Robert Vernon (1957).
1817:. Royal Institute of Naval Architects
1307:Most steamships today are powered by
656:Brunel was given a chance to inspect
7:
2688:Civil War Blockade Mail: 1861 - 1865
2326:. Chris' Cunard Page. Archived from
1625:participating institution membership
1216:adding citations to reliable sources
1079:to the United States and Australia.
2514:The steam navy of the United States
1315:of his steam turbine-driven yacht,
801:Long-distance commercial steamships
552:was established at the same time.
510:, a wooden 438-ton vessel built in
394:uneven wear. The inboard end has a
240:, a wooden 438-ton vessel built in
98:, that is propelled by one or more
2760:- University of Washington Library
2721:. The History Press. p. 284.
1893:The Annihilation of Time and Space
25:
2368:McCandlish, Laura (13 May 2008).
2203:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2098:. Conway Maritime Press Limited.
1834:
1638:Pascali, Luigi (24 August 2017).
775:on 6 October 1848, rounded
2745:
2564:Marine Propellers and Propulsion
2439:. September 2014. Archived from
2414:. September 2014. Archived from
2308:. The Red Duster. Archived from
1910:. John De Graff. pp. 41–45.
1672:
1188:
1043:, an important turning point in
1924:. The Cunarders. Archived from
754:West Coast of the United States
294:, built in Britain in 1839 by
2645:Pacific Mail Steamship Company
2292:10.1080/00253359.1999.10656768
1533:. However, these vessels were
1495:Lake steamers of North America
1340:(eg. Russian aircraft carrier
785:, launched in 1836 to service
745:and entering service in 1879.
743:Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers
217:The side-wheel paddle steamer
126:use a prefix such as "MV" for
1:
2370:"Savannah calls on Baltimore"
2353:Maxtone-Graham, John (1972).
1740:"Steamships/steamships_dn_07"
1541:, built for seagoing service.
723:Brunel's last major project,
94:, typically ocean-faring and
2533:Bradford, James C. (1986).
2378:. p. D1. Archived from
2094:MacGregor, David R. (1983).
1425:. One notable exception are
873:(under the authority of the
483:First ocean-going steamships
102:that typically move (turn)
27:Type of steam-powered vessel
2717:Quarstein, John V. (2006).
2663:. J.S. Sewall. p. 278.
2659:Sewall, John Smith (1905).
2340:
1475:History of the steam engine
124:internal combustion engines
2800:
2620:. Conway Maritime Press.
2551:Canney, Donald L. (1998).
2512:Bennett, Frank M. (1897).
2501:Armstrong, Robert (1859).
2010:. HarperCollins. pp.
1891:American Heritage (1991).
1264:reciprocating steam engine
1155:, launched in 1984, later
875:Merchant Shipping Act 1854
607:In 1845 the revolutionary
584:Maudslay, Sons & Field
440:
317:
29:
2487:Retrieved 2017-08-05.
2472:Retrieved 2017-03-11.
2153:Clark, Arthur H. (1911).
2041:. HarperCollins. p.
1612:Oxford English Dictionary
1419:very large crude carriers
522:on 26 April 1827 to
467:, Triple-Screw Steamship
357:, beginning the use of a
252:on 26 April 1827 to
114:designations of "PS" for
86:, often referred to as a
2705:Fletcher, R. A. (1910).
2168:systems, maritime data.
1687:Wherries & Waterways
1648:Economic History Society
1521:, including Smith's own
1513:The emphasis here is on
1180:Decline of the steamship
960:Triple expansion engines
660:'s 213-foot (65 m)
580:side-lever steam engines
314:Screw-propeller steamers
298:, was the world's first
2784:Steam engine technology
2599:Dickinson, Henry Winram
2174:m.classic.searoutes.com
1617:Oxford University Press
1061:triple-expansion engine
844:, typically carried in
475:. In the UK the prefix
463:, Twin-Screw Steamship
279:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2712:(at Project Gutenberg)
2686:Walske, Steve (2011).
2672:Thurston, Robert Henry
2562:Carlton, John (2012).
2265:Morza, Statki i Okręty
1876:Corlett, Ewan (1975).
1689:, Lavenham, p. 61
1304:
1133:
1048:
1029:Era of the ocean liner
994:
916:
807:East Coast of the U.S.
789:trading posts between
653:
572:Patterson & Mercer
456:
386:
361:screw for propulsion.
335:
225:
79:
56:
2633:, n (1907). p :
2355:The Only Way to Cross
2341:Dawson, Journal, 2006
2306:"THE WHITE STAR LINE"
2035:Fox, Stephen (2003).
2004:Fox, Stephen (2003).
1853:. W. Briggs. p.
1847:Croil, James (1898).
1774:. W. Briggs. p.
1768:Croil, James (1898).
1441:Nuclear powered ships
1292:
1170:Cox & King yachts
1125:
1036:
989:
910:
836:and then through the
640:
450:
384:
327:
216:
74:, which was the last
62:
40:
2754:at Wikimedia Commons
2631:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
2587:The Mariner's Mirror
2382:on February 1, 2013.
2280:The Mariner's Mirror
1715:Stephen, L. (1894).
1212:improve this section
1097:John Elder & Co.
1088:and her sister ship
1015:indicated horsepower
787:Hudson's Bay Company
588:indicated horsepower
329:Francis Pettit Smith
296:Francis Pettit Smith
92:steam-powered vessel
2396:Czarnecki, Joseph.
2385:(Purchase required)
1744:artistaswitness.com
1685:Malster, R (1971),
1615:(Online ed.).
1435:-class LNG carriers
1354:to boil the water.
943:The opening of the
198:, built in 1821 by
181:; she steamed from
2466:2017-01-24 at the
1531:Robert F. Stockton
1445:heat of combustion
1415:-class cargo ships
1305:
1260:thermal efficiency
1136:Launched in 1938,
1134:
1049:
995:
917:
670:—the largest iron-
654:
457:
387:
336:
320:Propeller (marine)
228:The American ship
226:
204:Horseley Ironworks
80:
57:
2750:Media related to
2375:The Baltimore Sun
2052:978-0-06-019595-3
2021:978-0-06-019595-3
1947:"A Brief History"
1859:SS Royal William.
1623:(Subscription or
1449:aircraft carriers
1343:Admiral Kuznetsov
1248:
1247:
1240:
1146:Queen Elizabeth 2
765:San Francisco Bay
732:Cape of Good Hope
662:(English) channel
582:from the firm of
500:Savannah, Georgia
498:left the port of
16:(Redirected from
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1811:
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1804:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:. Archived from
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1654:on 1 August 2020
1650:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1527:Francis B. Ogden
1511:
1383:American Victory
1369:Jeremiah O'Brien
1352:nuclear reactors
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1192:
1184:
1117:World War I
938:Blue Funnel Line
707:
646:Cumberland Basin
586:, producing 750
353:works, an early
65:aircraft carrier
21:
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2798:
2794:
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2699:Further reading
2685:
2670:
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2614:Lambert, Andrew
2597:
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2500:
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2471:
2468:Wayback Machine
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2002:
1993:
1984:
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1965:
1956:
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1603:
1602:
1598:
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1589:
1588:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1525:and Ericsson's
1512:
1508:
1503:
1461:
1397:Red Oak Victory
1313:Charles Parsons
1287:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1209:
1193:
1182:
1140:Queen Elizabeth
1115:, as an act of
1077:human migration
1065:White Star Line
1057:compound engine
1053:screw propeller
1031:
962:
803:
793:Washington and
773:New York Harbor
705:
554:Great Western's
485:
445:
439:
369:propeller shaft
340:screw-propeller
322:
316:
300:screw propeller
208:English Channel
177:, an ex-French
143:
90:, is a type of
70:John F. Kennedy
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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2795:
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2741:
2740:External links
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2333:
2330:on 2010-04-06.
2315:
2312:on 2010-08-19.
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1835:Thurston, 1891
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871:Board of Trade
802:
799:
650:William Talbot
516:Hellevoetsluis
484:
481:
438:
435:
415:thrust bearing
315:
312:
246:Hellevoetsluis
189:in July 1813.
171:Atlantic Ocean
151:paddle steamer
142:
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116:paddle steamer
43:paddle steamer
26:
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2779:Steam engines
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1974:Great Britain
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1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:This section
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1174:Robert Napier
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:Atlantic Star
1154:
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849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Mediterranean
831:
827:
823:
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812:
808:
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798:
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788:
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783:
778:
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766:
762:
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755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
739:
738:Buenos Ayrean
733:
729:
728:
727:Great Eastern
721:
719:
718:Great Britain
715:
711:
704:
703:Great Britain
700:
699:F. P. Smith's
696:
695:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:
642:Great Britain
639:
635:
633:
629:
624:
623:
622:Great Western
617:
616:Great Britain
613:
612:
611:Great Britain
605:
603:
602:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Great Western
573:
569:
568:
567:British Queen
562:
561:Great Western
558:
555:
551:
546:
545:
544:Great Western
538:
536:
535:
534:Royal William
529:
525:
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427:
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421:Great Britain
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:
403:Great Eastern
397:
392:
389:An effective
383:
379:
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375:Great Britain
370:
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274:Great Western
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264:Royal William
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221:Great Western
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148:
140:
138:
136:
135:globalization
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:screw steamer
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:steam engines
97:
93:
89:
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73:
72: (CV-67)
71:
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19:
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2563:
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2534:
2513:
2502:
2495:Bibliography
2478:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2406:
2391:
2380:the original
2373:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2336:
2328:the original
2318:
2310:the original
2300:
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2234:
2200:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2129:
2095:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2037:
2030:
2006:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1973:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1916:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1809:
1790:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1717:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1644:The Long Run
1643:
1633:
1610:
1599:
1577:
1569:
1566: (1865)
1563:
1556:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1439:
1432:
1427:LNG carriers
1412:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1390:Lane Victory
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1348:gas turbines
1342:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1285:1970–present
1268:
1252:World War II
1249:
1234:
1228:October 2021
1225:
1210:Please help
1198:
1166:luxury yacht
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1139:
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1128:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1091:
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1006:
1003: (1881)
1000:
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978:
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963:
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925:
918:
912:
900:
895:
890:
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819:
815:Indian Ocean
804:
781:
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759:
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737:
726:
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713:
709:
702:
693:
689:
667:
655:
641:
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615:
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606:
600:
592:
575:
574:in Bristol,
566:
560:
559:
553:
543:
539:
533:
507:
495:
490:
486:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:
452:
420:
412:
408:lignum vitae
402:
396:stuffing box
388:
374:
366:
363:
359:hydrodynamic
355:steam engine
345:
337:
332:
308:Thomas Clyde
290:
287:
273:
269:
263:
237:
231:
227:
220:
193:
191:
174:
168:
163:Paddlewheels
161:
154:
144:
132:
128:motor vessel
127:
119:
118:or "SS" for
115:
108:paddlewheels
87:
83:
81:
69:
47:
2593:(3): 331ff.
1837:pp. 168–169
1658:14 November
1606:"steamship"
1279:windjammers
1045:ocean liner
974:Scotch-type
892:Alfred Holt
791:Puget Sound
741:, built by
665:packet ship
634:, England.
595:Cunard Line
443:Ship prefix
437:Name prefix
283:ocean liner
200:Aaron Manby
195:Aaron Manby
2774:Steamships
2768:Categories
2752:Steamships
2522:1176467921
2447:2014-09-23
2422:2014-09-23
2179:23 October
2077:2007-11-26
1985:2008-12-31
1980:Brunel 200
1957:2013-11-24
1932:2013-11-24
1821:2017-12-28
1754:2017-12-28
1725:2017-12-28
1627:required.)
1592:References
1519:Archimedes
1453:submarines
1325:Mauretania
1296:Mauretania
1059:, and the
970:John Elder
945:Suez Canal
864:Suez Canal
826:Alexandria
769:California
760:California
750:East Coast
714:Archimedes
710:Archimedes
694:Archimedes
658:John Laird
524:Paramaribo
441:See also:
391:stern tube
351:Birmingham
347:James Watt
333:Archimedes
318:See also:
304:Royal Navy
291:Archimedes
277:built by
254:Paramaribo
175:Experiment
156:Pyroscaphe
147:steamboats
104:propellers
18:Steamships
2343:, p.331ff
1880:. Conway.
1578:Agamemnon
1564:Agamemnon
1465:Steamboat
1301:Lusitania
1262:than the
1199:does not
1138:RMS
1127:RMS
1112:Lusitania
1110:RMS
1103:RMS
1090:RMS
1083:RMS
1069:RMS
1019:Melbourne
1007:Propontis
981:Propontis
934:Agamemnon
930:Mauritius
926:Agamemnon
924:reduced.
921:long tons
913:Agamemnon
901:Agamemnon
886:superheat
777:Cape Horn
601:Britannia
599:RMS
537:in 1833.
520:Rotterdam
504:Liverpool
433:or more.
267:in 1833.
250:Rotterdam
96:seaworthy
84:steamship
68:USS
32:steamboat
2674:(1891).
2647:(1867).
2616:(1984).
2601:(1913).
2464:Archived
2324:"Umbria"
2067:"Beaver"
1695:citation
1570:Aberdeen
1562:SS
1459:See also
1395:SS
1388:SS
1381:SS
1374:SS
1367:SS
1358:Savannah
1338:Cold War
1318:Turbinia
1011:Aberdeen
1001:Aberdeen
999:SS
991:Aberdeen
880:Carnatic
860:Erl King
855:Erl King
846:clippers
811:Far East
758:SS
736:SS
725:SS
692:SS
681:woodworm
628:dry dock
620:SS
609:SS
542:SS
532:SS
496:Savannah
491:Savannah
489:SS
451:Steamer
419:SS
401:SS
373:SS
289:SS
272:SS
262:SS
232:Savannah
230:SS
219:SS
187:Yarmouth
48:Waverley
46:PS
2012:147–148
1220:removed
1205:sources
1168:; also
1152:Fairsky
1129:Titanic
1105:Titanic
1092:Etruria
1071:Oceanic
1040:Oceanic
954:freight
896:Cleator
838:Red Sea
809:to the
752:to the
685:hogging
677:dry rot
668:Rainbow
644:in the
632:Bristol
528:Surinam
518:, near
508:Curaçao
258:Surinam
248:, near
238:Curaçao
202:at the
141:History
88:steamer
76:US Navy
53:Swanage
2725:
2681:E'Book
2666:E'Book
2654:E'Book
2639:E'Book
2624:
2609:E'Book
2570:
2541:
2526:E'Book
2520:
2508:E'Book
2241:
2207:
2136:
2102:
2049:
2018:
1797:
1393:, and
1085:Umbria
1055:, the
1047:design
915:(1865)
882:(1863)
795:Alaska
782:Beaver
767:. The
672:hulled
179:lugger
153:, the
112:prefix
1621:
1580:2,270
1572:3,616
1539:ships
1535:boats
1501:Notes
1413:Algol
771:left
706:'
512:Dover
242:Dover
183:Leeds
2734:Book
2723:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2529:Url2
2518:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2181:2021
2134:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1972:"SS
1795:ISBN
1701:link
1675:p.23
1660:2020
1529:and
1515:ship
1323:RMS
1294:RMS
1269:The
1203:any
1201:cite
1038:RMS
830:Suez
828:and
593:The
469:TrSS
453:Yuma
41:The
2693:Url
2580:Url
2557:Url
2547:Url
2288:doi
2043:144
1718:DNB
1582:GRT
1574:GRT
1451:or
1356:NS
1250:By
1214:by
1067:’s
949:tug
911:SS
842:tea
763:in
679:or
630:in
597:'s
477:RMS
465:TSS
431:psi
426:psi
185:to
106:or
51:at
2770::
2591:92
2589:.
2578:,
2545:,
2524:,
2372:.
2284:85
2282:,
2253:^
2219:^
2189:^
2172:.
2114:^
2086:^
2045:.
2014:.
1994:^
1978:.
1866:^
1857:.
1855:54
1776:54
1742:.
1697:}}
1693:{{
1646:.
1642:.
1609:.
1455:.
1400:.
1386:,
1379:,
1372:,
1176:.
1119:.
888:.
848:.
797:.
526:,
473:TS
461:SS
285:.
256:,
82:A
2731:.
2607:,
2576:.
2450:.
2425:.
2400:.
2295:.
2290::
2247:.
2213:.
2183:.
2142:.
2108:.
2080:.
2055:.
2024:.
1988:.
1976:"
1960:.
1935:.
1895:.
1824:.
1803:.
1778:.
1757:.
1728:.
1705:.
1703:)
1662:.
1619:.
1241:)
1235:(
1230:)
1226:(
1222:.
1208:.
34:.
20:)
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