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departments within this research area, as well as the writing of numerous articles and scientific papers. Around the same time, discussion about “bio-inspired plantoid robots” began. These machines could, for example, use a light mechanical system similar to plant roots to restore washed-out or contaminated soils. Some scientists still refuse to talk about the intelligence of plants and even about their "consciousness", as this leads to new philosophical questions, for example: if plants perceive wounds or aggression, and then respond to them, carrying out various biochemical processes, is it possible to draw analogies with pain in animals here? In 2008, a petition signed by thirty-six
European and North American biologists urged to avoid using the term “plant neuroscience” in scientific usage. On the other hand, the hypothesis of a common intelligence in plants seems to immediately attract the attention of the general public.
301:
organs such as eyes, ears, skin, tongue. The reproductive organs of plants are diverse in principle of their functioning, while in animals they are more unified. According to
Mancuso, this suggests that the plants "smell", "listen", "communicate" (between individuals of the same species, and sometimes with other species) and "learn" (through a certain form of memory, including the memory of their immune system), using their entire modular organism (which allows plants to resist both predatory and herbivorous animals better). Mancuso often refers to
33:
205:(in particular, the tips of the roots, which are very sensitive to various types of stimuli, such as pressure, temperature, certain sounds, humidity, and damage). According to an article published in 2004 by a group of botanists (which included Mancuso), the areas of the root apices interact with each other, forming a structure whose functions they proposed to be similar to the functions of an animal's brain.
253:, describes his view of how plants have found and tested “brilliant” solutions to the various problems that humanity faces today for hundreds of millions of years. Plants, partly due to symbiosis with bacteria and fungi, “invented” well-optimized and stable methods of colonizing the earth's surface and then the lower atmosphere. Plants also created one of the most important
224:. In 2012, Mancuso and his colleagues found that plants have receptors that make their roots sensitive to sound and the direction of its distribution. Other biologists four years prior claimed that trees in conditions of acute water shortage can emit sounds which can be more than just passive signs of
370:
diffuso"). Some plants, for example, are capable of secreting substances that attract insects and animals that plants use for their own needs. Chemicals synthesized by plants often have a very complex effect on the behavior of animals and insects (an example is the mutually beneficial relationship of
369:
Thus, plants adapt to life in almost all sufficiently lit terrestrial and aquatic environments, encountering both herbivores and predatory insects and animals. Although plants do not have a specific organ comparable to the brain, they use the equivalent of the so-called "Diffuse brain" (it. "Cervello
187:
Mancuso developed an interest in the research of plants during his university studies. Since 2001, he has been a professor at the
University of Florence, and in 2005 he founded the International Laboratory of Plant Neurobiology, designed to study physiology, behavior, molecular biology, intelligence,
365:
was mistakenly considered by many people to be “what distinguishes us from other living beings,” but if we consider intelligence as the ability to solve and overcome problems, we have to recognize that plants possess it, and it is intelligence that allows plants to develop and respond to most of the
462:
According to his view, academicians were initially highly skeptical of even a simple concept like “plant behavior” or "plant learning", and until 2005 there was an unspoken ban on a discussion of “plant behavior” in academic circles, but subsequent discoveries have led to the creation of university
414:
project, he took part in the creation of a "bio-inspired" robot that imitated certain natural properties of the roots, and could, for example, explore an area that is difficult to access or contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident or the use of bacteriological weapons. The
Plantoid project is
219:
Mancuso concluded that in the course of evolution, plants had to work out solutions to the problems inherent in organisms attached to a substrate. Although plants have neither nerves nor a brain, they have a social life and, therefore, analogs of the sensory organs, though very different from those
466:
In his view, cultural and even theoretical prerequisites still hinder the quantitative and qualitative assessment (through experiments in particular) of the cognitive abilities of plants, because the scientific methodology for assessing intelligence itself was originally built to study humans and
300:
Mancuso notes that vascular plants have an analogue of the circulatory system, consisting of several organs (in particular reproductive organs), but that unlike highly organized animals, plants have receptors distributed throughout the body, while animals have receptors concentrated in specific
346:
confirms the existence of plant cells behaving as synapses. In 2005, Mancuso, together with several biochemists, developed a “non-invasive” microelectrode based on carbon nanotube technology for measuring and fixing the flow of information that can circulate in plants.
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is so endowed with sensitivity that it can direct the movements of plant parts, like the brain of some lower animals. The brain is present in the front of the body, perceives sensations from the senses and directs various
291:
According to
Mancuso, since the beginning of the 1990s, some scientists began to recognize that plants have not only the ability to communicate with each other, but also their own form of intelligence.
961:
385:
Mancuso and his colleagues recall that at the end of his life, when
Charles Darwin became more interested in plants, in a book called "The Power of Movement in Plants", Darwin wrote:
338:. Plants can carry out the biosynthesis of molecules that are supposed to be homologous to molecules that perform important functions in animals (for example, molecules that activate
403:
In 2010, Mancuso gave a lecture in Oxford on the movement of roots in the soil: how they look for water, nutrients and capture new spaces. Mancuso was also an invited speaker at the
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171:. He is the director of the International Laboratory of Plant Neurobiology, steering committee member of the Society of Plant Signaling and Behavior, editor-in-chief of the
496:
105:
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in animals. He considers the key to understanding this can be found in some cells (gametes and bacteria), corals, sponges, and in the behavior of organisms such as
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556:
Mancuso, S., & Viola, A. (2015). Brilliant green: The surprising history and science of plant intelligence. Island Press. Translation by Joan Benham of
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Brenner E. D., Stahlberg R., Mancuso S., Vivanco J., Baluska F., Van
Volkenburgh E. (2006). "Plant neurobiology: an integrated view of plant signaling".
822:
238:
the root apices are very sensitive to light (a few seconds of illumination are enough to cause an immediate and strong reaction of the molecules of the
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Noninvasive and continuous recordings of auxin fluxes in intact root apex with a carbon nanotube-modified and self-referencing microelectrode
519:
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and terrestrial plants have certain abilities for the perception of light. Mancuso and his colleagues showed that in the laboratory
775:
315:, carnivorous mites that are ready to consume colonies of the red spider mites. Mancuso and his colleagues emphasized the role of
847:
1802:
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Plant neurobiology. From stimulus perception to adaptive behavior of plants, via integrated chemical and electrical signaling
214:
145:
487:
93:
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that perform immune and hormonal functions in animals, in particular, signaling of steroid and neurological hormones).
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528:
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Schapire, A. L., Voigt, B., Jasik, J., Rosado, A., Lopez-Cobollo, R., Menzel, D., … & Botella, M. A. (2008)
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and an autonomous floating greenhouse, which was offered for mass production to the
Chilean government in 2016.
176:
565:
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Santelia, D., Vincenzetti, V., Azzarello, E., Bovet, L., Fukao, Y., Düchtig, P., … & Geisler, M. (2005).
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Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 1 is required for the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cell viability
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Modulation of P-glycoproteins by auxin transport inhibitors is mediated by interaction with immunophilins
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Bailly A., Sovero V., Vincenzetti V., Santelia D., Bartnik D., Koenig B. W., … & Geisler M. (2008).
800:
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Brenner, E. D., Stahlberg, R., Mancuso, S., Vivanco, J., Baluška, F., & Van
Volkenburgh, E. (2006).
444:
1606:
Penser comme une plante: perspectives sur l'écologie comportementale et la nature cognitive des plantes
553:
Mancuso, S. (Ed.). (2011). Measuring roots: an updated approach. Springer
Science & Business Media.
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111:
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Root apices as plant command centres: the unique ‘brain-like’ status of the root apex transition zone
335:
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MDR‐like ABC transporter AtPGP4 is involved in auxin‐mediated lateral root and root hair development
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306:
243:
709:
167:, professor of the Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry department at his alma mater, the
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Yokawa, Ken; Kagenishi, Tomoko; Kawano, Tomonori; Mancuso, Stefano; Baluška, František (2011).
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Ultrasonic acoustic emissions in drought-stressed trees — more than signals from cavitation?
927:
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404:
320:
285:
281:
242:). These phenomena complemented earlier observations and studies of living roots made using
140:
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The Revolutionary Genius of Plants: A New Understanding of Plant Intelligence and Behavior,
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The Revolutionary Genius of Plants: A New Understanding of Plant Intelligence and Behavior
643:
356:
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1371:
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In 2014, at the University of Florence, Mancuso created a startup specializing in plant
32:
1734:
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1002:
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499:— “Plant revolution: le piante hanno già inventato il nostro futuro” book, May 21, 2018
493:
Award of the Austrian Ministry of Research and Economy for the Book of the Year, 2016
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animals (artificial intelligence studies have been added to this relatively recently).
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The secret life of plants: how they memorise, communicate, problem solve and socialise
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331:
231:
1722:
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Trewavas A. Green plants as intelligent organisms. Trends Plant Sci 2005 ;10:413-9.
371:
362:
266:
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1204:
823:"Il georgofilo Stefano Mancuso è uno dei "20 italiani che ci cambieranno la vita""
517:
Baluška, F., Volkmann, D., Hlavacka, A., Mancuso, S., & Barlow, P. W. (2006).
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Hydraulic and electrical transmission of wound-induced signals in Vitis vinifera
277:
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254:
235:
100:
Award of the Austrian Ministry of Research and Economy for the Book of the Year
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Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano; Volkmann, Dieter; Barlow, Peter (2009).
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Immunological «memory» in the induced accumulation of nicotine in wild Tobacco
547:
Out of sight but not out of mind: alternative means of communication in plants
225:
1003:"Illumination of Arabidopsis roots induces immediate burst of ROS production"
922:
523:. In Communication in plants (pp. 19–35). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
459:, a concept that is the subject of controversy in the scientific community.
302:
57:
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Plants are able to synthesize molecules that play a role similar to animal
1730:
The Intelligent Plant. Scientists debate a new way of understanding flora
411:
343:
221:
164:
1464:"The interview with Stefano Mancuso by Frederic Mouchon. April 8, 2018.
1412:"The interview with Stefano Mancuso by Frederic Mouchon. April 8, 2018.
1135:
Volkov A.G, Carrell H., Adesina T., Markin V.S. & Jovanov E. (2008)
1511:
Mancuso, Stefano; Temperini, Renaud; Viola, Alessandra (4 April 2018).
429:
262:
1332:
872:. The International Laboratory for Plant Neurobiology official website
1748:
journal article by Stefano Mancuso and František Baluška, indexed by
754:"The Society of Plant Signaling and Behavior steering committee list"
734:. The International Laboratory of Plant Neurobiology official website
327:
258:
135:
1301:
1276:
1104:
Trewavas A. Plant intelligence. Naturwissenschaften 2005a;92:401-13.
776:"Editorial board list of the Plant Signaling & Behavior journal"
710:"Stefano Mancuso's current academic rank and department information"
544:
Gagliano M, Renton M, Duvdevani N, Timmins M & Mancuso S (2012)
1646:
1240:
Trewavas, Anthony (2005). "Green plants as intelligent organisms".
99:
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316:
61:
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Root apex transition zone: a signaling-response nexus in the root
850:(in French). France Culture radio (April 20, 2019). 20 April 2019
437:
Plant revolution: le piante hanno già inventato il nostro futuro.
424:
Verde brillante: Sensibilità e intelligenza del mondo vegetale.
422:
In 2013, with co-author Alessandra Viola, he published the book
1061:
Plant revolution: le piante hanno già inventato il nostro futuro
890:
Baluska F., Mancuso S., Volkmann D., & Barlow, P. W. (2010)
869:
309:, releases a complex of molecules into the air that can attract
257:
on our planet, and launched the production of clean energy from
251:
Plant revolution: le piante hanno già inventato il nostro futuro
202:
558:
Verde brillante: Sensibilità e intelligenza del mondo vegetale,
1711:
756:. The Society of Plant Signaling and Behavior official website
619:
Verde brillante, sensibilità e intelligenza del mondo vegetale
375:
1758:
Smarty Plants: Inside the World's Only Plant-Intelligence Lab
1248:(9) (Trends in Plant Science ed.). Cell Press: 413–419.
1199:(8) (Trends in Plant Science ed.). Cell Press: 413–419.
1177:
Mancuso S., Marras A. M., Magnus V., & Baluška F. (2005)
731:
1466:
Stefano Mancuso, l'homme qui murmure a l'oreille des plantes
1414:
Stefano Mancuso, l'homme qui murmure a l'oreille des plantes
1333:"Умные муравьи. Часть 1: Симбиоз с растениями от 09.02.2018"
959:
Baluska F., Mancuso S., Volkmann D., & Barlow P. (2004)
497:
it:Premio letterario Galileo per la divulgazione scientifica
1356:"The 'root-brain' hypothesis of Charles and Francis Darwin"
366:
problems that they encounter throughout their ontogenesis.
502:
Environmental award on the Tignano festival, July 18, 2019
529:
Plant neurobiology: an integrated view of plant signaling
825:. Information newsletter by the Accademia dei Georgofili
1168:
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(31), 21817-21826.
389:"... it would not be an exaggeration to say that the
535:
Gagliano, M., Mancuso, S., & Robert, D. (2012).
455:
Mancuso conducts research in the field of so-called
490:- National Award for Scientific Dissemination, 2013
419:by consortium of the scientists including Mancuso.
128:
86:
76:
68:
39:
23:
842:
840:
520:Neurobiological view of plants and their body plan
201:Mancuso studied the abilities of plants and their
1751:The National Center for Biotechnology Information
848:"Stefano Mancuso's interview on the french radio"
1764:article by Nicole Martinelli (October 30, 2007)
974:Gagliano M., Mancuso S. & Robert D. (2012)
906:"Root Apex Transition Zone as Oscillatory Zone"
803:. The Accademia dei Georgofili official website
387:
106:Premio Galileo per la divulgazione scientifica
1738:article by Michael Pollan (December 16, 2013)
1124:Plant neurobiology — all metaphors have value
955:
953:
951:
904:Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano (2013).
712:. The University Of Florence official website
474:, which was translated in English in 2021 as
8:
1793:Academic staff of the University of Florence
1225:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
621:, con Alessandra Viola, Giunti editore, 2013
1708:Stefano Mancuso: Plant intelligence is real
1181:. Analytical biochemistry, 341(2), 344–351
1139:. Plant Signaling & Behavior 3:490-492
978:. Trends in plant science, 17(6), 323—325.
894:. Trends in plant science, 15(7), 402—408.
541:. Trends in plant science, 17(6), 323—325.
532:. Trends in plant science, 11(8), 413—419.
307:red spider mite (lat. tetranychus urticae)
31:
20:
1718:Are plants intelligent? New book says yes
1659:"Premio per l'ambiente a Stefano Mancuso"
1595:. Functional Plant Biology, 26(1), 55-61.
1387:
1300:
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361:Mancuso notes that for a very long time,
1726:article by Jeremy Hance (August 4, 2015)
1691:Official website of the Plantoid project
976:Towards understanding plant bioacoustics
613:Botanica. Viaggio nell’universo vegetale
538:Towards understanding plant bioacoustics
1492:. The Plantoid project official website
655:
305:as an example, which, when attacked by
1704:article by Amy Fleming (April 5, 2020)
1608:. Cahiers philosophiques, (2), 39-41.(
1470:(in French). Le Parisien. 8 April 2018
1418:(in French). Le Parisien. 8 April 2018
1218:
1148:Baldwin I.T. & Schmelz E.A (1996)
1126:. Trends in Plant Science 2007; 12:231
439:The English translation of the book,
378:, in particular the phenomenon of the
1548:(in Italian). www.pianteinnovative.it
1122:Trewavas A. Response to Alpi et al.:
732:"Membership list of the LINV project"
323:, similar to those found in animals.
7:
627:, con Carlo Petrini, Slow Foof, 2015
578:. The Plant Cell, 20(12), 3374-3388.
569:. FEBS letters, 579(24), 5399-5406.
488:it:Premio Nazionale di Divulgazione
188:and other fields of plant science.
1746:The Plant Signaling & Behavior
987:Zweifel R. & Zeugin F. (2008)
780:Taylor & Francis Group website
689:"Stefano Mancuso's books examples"
601:L’incredibile viaggio delle piante
560:with a foreword by Michael Pollan.
14:
284:according to the principles of a
163:(born 9 May 1965) is an Italian
94:Premio Nazionale di Divulgazione
1571:. Copyright page: Atria Books.
1440:The roots of plant intelligence
1287:(6874) (Nature ed.): 841.
965:. Biologia, 59(Suppl 13), 7-19.
1808:20th-century Italian botanists
1798:21st-century Italian botanists
1444:. www.ted.com. 11 October 2010
1360:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1007:Plant Signaling & Behavior
173:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1:
1788:University of Florence alumni
1546:"The Jellyfish Barge project"
1254:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005
1205:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009
1093:Aspects of plant intelligence
1647:Wissenschaftsbuch des Jahres
175:journal and a member of the
1714:article (November 20, 2015)
1824:
1514:L Intelligence des plantes
1095:. Annals of Botany 92:1-20
991:New Phytol. 179, 1070—1079
910:Frontiers in Plant Science
666:. publications indexed by
631:Uomini che amano le piante
354:
212:
1626:. London: Profile Books.
1622:Mancuso, Stefano (2021).
1567:Mancuso, Stefano (2017).
1058:Mancuso, Stefano (2017).
550:. PLoS One, 7(5), e37382.
415:still developing for the
154:
121:
30:
177:Accademia dei Georgofili
1242:Trends in Plant Science
1193:Trends in Plant Science
1137:Plant electrical memory
923:10.3389/fpls.2013.00354
595:La nazione delle piante
472:La nazione delle piante
399:Professional activities
382:in Amazonian forests).
312:phytoseiulus persimilis
1380:10.4161/psb.4.12.10574
1027:10.4161/psb.6.10.18165
870:"LINV AT FIRST GLANCE"
633:, Giunti editore, 2014
615:, Aboca edizioni, 2017
609:, Giunti editore, 2017
435:In 2017, he published
396:
169:University of Florence
112:Tignano festival award
81:University of Florence
1803:People from Catanzaro
1335:(in Russian). Hren.su
1275:Trewavas, A. (2002).
470:In 2019 he published
405:TED Global conference
355:Further information:
213:Further information:
197:Root system of plants
1624:The Nation of Plants
1152:. Ecology 77:236-246
801:"Academic list 2019"
476:The Nation of Plants
336:monosodium glutamate
319:, which function as
1604:Bertrand A. (2018)
1591:Mancuso S. (1999).
1372:2009PlSiB...4.1121B
1293:2002Natur.415..841T
1091:Trewavas A. (2003)
1019:2011PlSiB...6.1460Y
589:La pianta del mondo
451:Philosophical views
417:European Commission
244:confocal microscopy
1665:on 9 October 2020.
1438:"Stefano Mancuso.
1277:"Mindless mastery"
457:plant neurobiology
445:Vanessa Di Stefano
407:in the same year.
351:Plant intelligence
296:Plants and animals
1578:978-1-5011-8785-8
1366:(12): 1121–1127.
1013:(10): 1460–1464.
664:"Stefano Mancuso"
321:neurotransmitters
158:
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410:In 2012, in the
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282:biodegradability
215:Plant perception
209:Plant perception
146:Plant perception
141:Plant physiology
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16:Italian botanist
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