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Regarding stelai (Greek plural of stele), in the period of the
Archaic style in Ancient Athens (600 BC) stele often showed certain archetypes of figures, such as the male athlete. Generally their figures were singular, though there are instances of two or more figures from this time period. Moving into the 6th and 5th centuries BC, Greek stelai declined and then rose in popularity again in Athens and evolved to show scenes with multiple figures, often of a family unit or a household scene. One such notable example is the Stele of Hegeso. Typically grave stelai are made of marble and carved in relief, and like most Ancient Greek sculpture they were vibrantly painted. For more examples of stelai, the Getty Museum's published Catalog of Greek Funerary Sculpture is a valuable resource
1788:
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772:
208:
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1934:
759:, which is a popular tourist attraction. Elsewhere, many unwanted steles can also be found in selected places in Beijing, such as Dong Yue Miao, the Five Pagoda Temple, and the Bell Tower, again assembled to attract tourists and also as a means of solving the problem faced by local authorities of what to do with them. The long, wordy, and detailed inscriptions on these steles are almost impossible to read for most are lightly engraved on white marble in characters only an inch or so in size, thus being difficult to see since the slabs are often 3m or more tall.
2003:
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600:
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1471:
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63:
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830:. They consist of tall sculpted stone shafts or slabs and are often associated with low circular stones referred to as altars, although their actual function is uncertain. Many stelae were sculpted in low relief, although plain monuments are found throughout the Maya region. The sculpting of these monuments spread throughout the Maya area during the
1339:
195:(headstone, tombstone, gravestone, or marker) may technically be considered the modern equivalent of ancient stelae, though the term is very rarely applied in this way. Equally, stele-like forms in non-Western cultures may be called by other terms, and the words "stele" and "stelae" are most consistently applied in
434:
Stele fulfilled several functions. There were votive, commemorative, and liminal or boundary stelae, but the largest group was the tomb stelae. Their picture area showed the owner of the stele, often with his family, and an inscription listed the name and titles of the deceased after a prayer to one,
1968:
1787:
560:
Greek funerary markers, especially in Attica, had a long and evolutionary history in Athens. From public and extravagant processional funerals to different types of pottery used to store ashes after cremation, visibility has always been a large part of
Ancient Greek funerary markers in Athens.
1500:
442:
Liminal, or boundary, stele were used to mark size and location of fields and the country's borders. Votive stelae were exclusively erected in temples by pilgrims to pay homage to the gods or sacred animals. Commemorative stelae were placed in temples by the pharaoh, or his senior officials,
2002:
1752:
438:
In the mastaba tombs of the Old
Kingdom (2686 - 2181 BC), stelae functioned as false doors, symbolizing passage between the present and the afterlife, which allowed the deceased to receive offerings. These were both real and represented by formulae on the false door.
43:
510:, had a commemorative function or served as boundary markers. Although sometimes plain, most bore a cuneiform inscription that would detail the stele's function or the reasons for its erection. The stele from Van's "western niche" contained annals of the reign of
1074:. In the latter area, there are a number of anthropomorphic and phallic stelae, which are associated with graves of rectangular shape flanked by vertical slabs. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.
1391:
1563:
431:. These vertical slabs of stone are used as tombstones, for religious usage, and to mark boundaries, and are most commonly made of limestone and sandstone, or harder kinds of stone such as granite or diorite, but wood was also used in later times.
1881:
1444:
1050:
is one of nine megalithic pillar sites in the central Gurage Zone of
Ethiopia. As of 1997, 118 stele were reported in the area. Along with the stelae in the Hadiya Zone, the structures are identified by local residents as
1651:
976:
More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at
1933:
451:, describing the campaigns of the Nubian pharaoh Piye as he reconquered the country; the Restoration Stele of Tutankhamun (1336 - 1327 BC), detailing the religious reforms enacted after the Amarna period; and the
1761:
689:
Erecting steles at tombs or temples eventually became a widespread social and religious phenomenon. Emperors found it necessary to promulgate laws, regulating the use of funerary steles by the population. The
1821:
1848:
1470:
762:
There are more than 100,000 surviving stone inscriptions in China. However, only approximately 30,000 have been transcribed or had rubbings made, and fewer than those 30,000 have been formally studied.
1534:
1425:
222:
Steles have also been used to publish laws and decrees, to record a ruler's exploits and honors, to mark sacred territories or mortgaged properties, as territorial markers, as the boundary steles of
1111:, which point to a medieval period of activity at the tail end of the Adal Sultanate's reign. Among these settlements, Aw Barkhadle is surrounded by a number of ancient stelae. Burial sites near
946:
Khmer inscriptions are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved sometimes on steles, but more generally on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland
459:. In Ptolemaic times (332 - 30 BC), decrees issued by the pharaoh and the priesthood were inscribed on stelae in hieroglyphs, demotic script and Greek, the most famous example of which is the
2926:
1714:
1043:
erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet.
721:
make seven stone inscriptions commemorating and praising his work, of which fragments of two survive. One of the most famous mountain steles is the 13 m (43 ft) high stele at
534:
suggests this reuse was a deliberate desire to capitalize on the potency of the past. Some scholars have suggested
Urartian steles may have influenced the development of the Armenian
1593:
1622:
634:
of famous historical figures. In addition to their commemorative value, many
Chinese steles are regarded as exemplars of traditional Chinese calligraphic scripts, especially the
1734:
834:(250–900 AD), and these pairings of sculpted stelae and circular altars are considered a hallmark of Classic Maya civilization. The earliest dated stela to have been found
402:
created a field of some 2,700 blank steles. The memorial is meant to be read not only as the field, but also as an erasure of data that refer to memory of the
Holocaust.
630:
with a funerary, commemorative, or edifying text. They can commemorate talented writers and officials, inscribe poems, portraits, or maps, and frequently contain the
435:
or several, of the gods of the dead and request for offerings. Less frequently, an autobiographical text provided additional information about the individual's life.
1691:
755:
Thousands of steles, surplus to the original requirements, and no longer associated with the person they were erected for or to, have been assembled in Xi'an's
184:. Stelae were occasionally erected as memorials to battles. For example, along with other memorials, there are more than half-a-dozen steles erected on the
3227:
2808:
494:
between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Some were located within temple complexes, set within monumental rock-cut niches (such as the niche of the Rock of
1004:
stones are vertical grave and boundary markers, erected at hundreds of sites in
Ireland throughout the first millennium AD, bearing inscriptions in the
2559:
Grossman, Janet
Burnett. Greek Funerary Sculpture : Catalogue of the Collections at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: JPaul Getty Museum, 2001. Print.
1982:
3223:
2949:
1099:), it denoted the final resting place of a local saint. Surveys by A.T. Curle in 1934 on several of these important ruined cities recovered various
390:
859:
had its origin around 400 BC and continued through to the end of the
Classic Period, around 900, although some monuments were reused in the
732:
A number of such stone monuments have preserved the origin and history of China's minority religious communities. The 8th-century Christians of
443:
detailing important events of his reign. Some of the most widely known Egyptian stelae include: the Kamose Stelae, recounting the defeat of the
207:
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3330:
185:
71:
3149:
3082:
3032:
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2697:
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2420:
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1830:
2550:
Campbell, Gordon. The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.
2297:
1361:
67:
2875:
2182:
710:, while the lower-level officials had to be satisfied with steles with plain rounded tops, standing on simple rectangular pedestals.
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3119:
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2791:
2221:
2173:
2129:
1375:
111:
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3345:
569:
2013:
666:
740:, which survived adverse events of the later history by being buried underground for several centuries. Steles created by the
3275:
2902:
2894:
Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12-17 December 1997
2350:
554:
2286:
Stele: Upright slab of stone, worked or unworked, erected for memorial or cuitic purposes. Sometimes inscribed or decorated.
2541:
Robinson, Edward. "An Archaic Greek Grave Monument." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 8.5 (1913): 94. CrossRef. Web.
893:. Stelae in a few sites display a much more three-dimensional appearance where locally available stone permits, such as at
885:
Hundreds of stelae have been recorded in the Maya region, displaying a wide stylistic variation. Many are upright slabs of
3340:
3263:
2270:
Reich, Ronny; Katzenstein, Hannah (1992). "Glossary of Archaeological Terms". In Kempinski, Aharon; Reich, Ronny (eds.).
1353:
3299:
2532:
Caskey, L. D. "An Archaic Greek Grave Stele in Boston." American Journal of Archaeology 15.3 (1911): 293. CrossRef. Web.
1940:
1253:
848:. During the Classic Period almost every Maya kingdom in the southern lowlands raised stelae in its ceremonial centre.
3304:, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles
686:) containing biographical information on deceased people began to be written on stone tablets rather than wooden ones.
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1220:
782:
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1308:
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1047:
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978:
673:
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constitute one of the largest and most significant sources of information on those civilisations, in particular
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decoration, but most Maya stelae were probably brightly painted in red, yellow, black, blue and other colours.
726:
599:
199:
contexts to objects from Europe, the ancient Near East and Egypt, China, and sometimes Pre-Columbian America.
3218:(Spring–Autumn 1996). "Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation".
3215:
2591:
2016:, featuring typical geometric and solar forms, as it was the custom since the period previous to Roman times
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860:
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1779:
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1100:
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have a number of steles of considerable antiquity as well, often containing both Chinese and Arabic text.
428:
377:
of North and South America that are made out of stone may also be considered a specialized type of stele.
181:
24:
20:
2078:
1986:
1540:
1477:
1283:
1243:
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662:
527:
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sculpted on one or more faces, with available surfaces sculpted with figures carved in relief and with
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1417:
1413:
627:
411:
149:. The surface of the stele often has text, ornamentation, or both. These may be inscribed, carved in
55:
1916:
1209:
1142:
973:
Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization.
631:
305:
301:
2029:
1749:
3247:
3239:
1357:
1302:
1199:
1159:
1147:
1066:
The stelae at Tiya and other areas in central Ethiopia are similar to those on the route between
914:
623:
479:
3111:
936:
618:) have been a major medium of stone inscription in China, the earliest examples dating from the
1016:
702:
and officialdom: the top noblemen and mandarins were eligible for steles installed on top of a
3279:
3179:
3169:
3145:
3125:
3115:
3078:
3028:
2984:
2898:
2871:
2844:
2787:
2416:
2275:
2043:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1836:
1600:
1511:
1462:
1164:
823:
550:
531:
421:
313:
275:
231:
2978:
2303:
3231:
3090:
2941:
2192:
2147:
2103:
1960:
1952:
1924:
1854:
1817:
1809:
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1169:
1040:
966:) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer
699:
575:
85:
36:
32:
296:. The most famous example of an inscribed stela leading to increased understanding is the
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1920:
1813:
1570:
1507:
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1214:
1151:
1067:
1005:
707:
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635:
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steles were freestanding stone obelisks that served a variety of purposes, erected in the
452:
289:
173:
62:
3194:
Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya
713:
Steles are found at nearly every significant mountain and historical site in China. The
584:
1978:
1956:
1873:
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1680:
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1585:
1458:
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1060:
1028:
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that destroyed their synagogue several times, to tell us something about their world.
737:
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507:
506:
in 1916), or erected beside tombs. Others stood in isolated positions and, such as the
399:
344:
309:
196:
165:
120:
28:
771:
514:, with events detailed yearly and with each year separated by the phrase "For the God
427:
Egyptian steles (or Stelae, Books of Stone) have been found dating as far back as the
42:
3319:
3251:
3105:
2053:
1888:
1741:
1702:
1698:
1581:
1298:
1258:
1248:
1225:
1128:
994:
852:
714:
698:, listed a number of stele types available as status symbols to various ranks of the
518:
I accomplished these deeds". Urartian steles are sometimes found reused as Christian
503:
499:
460:
448:
366:
297:
285:
142:
2437:
1989:. Typical inscriptions include the names of the deceased interred under the stones.
347:
of Scotland, often intricately carved, date from between the 6th and 9th centuries.
3307:
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2342:
1805:
1725:
1658:
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and declined at the same time as this institution. The production of stelae by the
781:, dating to 731, is the best preserved monument from the city. It depicts the king
756:
745:
741:
691:
642:
604:
588:
328:
267:
169:
3158:
312:. Two steles built into the walls of a church are major documents relating to the
164:
or commemorative purposes. Stelae as slabs of stone would also be used as ancient
3022:
2892:
2865:
2783:
Ancient Stone Sites of New England and the Debate Over Early European Exploration
2035:
1767:
1662:
1398:
1194:
1189:
1087:
890:
827:
817:
670:
654:
650:
646:
619:
546:
495:
355:
235:
141:, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the
2572:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 6th edition (2022): 81.
2025:
1912:
1896:
1614:
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580:
511:
456:
378:
374:
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293:
192:
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515:
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3129:
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1974:
1948:
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1522:
1273:
1179:
967:
932:
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886:
879:
845:
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603:
Chinese ink rubbings of the 1489 (left) and 1512 (right) steles left by the
340:
223:
3192:
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2073:
898:
1944:
1869:
1840:
1745:
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1032:
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336:
332:
263:
255:
146:
51:
47:
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1123:
989:
416:
2332:
By Egypt Exploration Society Archaeological Survey of Egypt 1908, p. 19
2063:
2009:
1526:
1268:
1104:
1082:
1036:
955:
836:
791:
658:
519:
483:
382:
362:
351:
251:
247:
161:
54:, depicting King K'ac Yipyaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Shell"), as drawn by
615:
1904:
1865:
1801:
1632:
1551:
1491:
1480:
1096:
1092:
902:
875:
523:
487:
471:
444:
395:
320:
239:
230:, or to commemorate military victories. They were widely used in the
227:
177:
150:
901:. Plain stelae do not appear to have been painted nor overlaid with
744:
in 1489, 1512, and 1663, have survived the repeated flooding of the
622:. Chinese steles are generally rectangular stone tablets upon which
385:, are among the most common types of stele seen in Western culture.
284:
The large number of stelae, including inscriptions, surviving from
2246:
1721:
1555:
1314:
1278:
1141:
1136:
1122:
1112:
1015:
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988:
918:
841:
718:
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568:
545:
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324:
271:
259:
243:
206:
157:
61:
3222:. 29–30 (29/30 The Pre-Columbian). Cambridge, Massachusetts, US:
3094:. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Jun. 2015.
1108:
1078:
1021:
963:
592:
491:
188:
at the locations of notable actions by participants in battle.
2840:
Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers
2210:
2204:
2165:
2159:
2115:
1332:
97:
23:. Several terms redirect here. For other uses of "Stela", see
2353:
1980, pp. 66ff) or Shalmaneser's stela at Saluria (Boardman,
1008:
language. They have occasionally been described as "steles."
133:
123:
2415:. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 214–223.
717:
made five tours of his domain in the 3rd century BC and had
2121:
455:, which features the first known historical mention of the
103:
840:
in the Maya lowlands was recovered from the great city of
2980:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
2521:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
2508:
Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia
1348:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
928:
882:, at least 166, although they are very poorly preserved.
381:, typically with inscribed name and often with inscribed
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2137:
based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes
694:
laws, instituted in the 14th century by its founder the
3301:
The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
2675:
2673:
2274:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. p. 312.
420:
Egyptian hieroglyphs on an Egyptian funerary stela in
2222:
2213:
2198:
2174:
2153:
2130:
2109:
1580: BC), engraved on the back of a reused stele of
851:
Stelae became closely associated with the concept of
112:
91:
2927:"Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae"
2467:"Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History"
2207:
2201:
2162:
2156:
2118:
2112:
878:
raised the greatest number of stelae known from any
729:
commemorating his imperial sacrifices there in 725.
100:
94:
2195:
2150:
2106:
1872:, displaying efforts at modern preservation of the
797:Stela H, a high-relief in-the-round sculpture from
88:
3309:Egyptian Stelae in Field Museum of Natural History
3157:
935:" (683 CE) at the beginning of the text. Found in
3003:G.W.B. Huntingford, "The Town of Amud, Somalia",
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2696:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFuente_et_al.1999 (
2646:, vol. II, Brill Archive, pp. 451–452
2592:"The Stele of Mount Hua Temple at The West Alp"
927:. It contains the oldest, firmly dated use of "
2662:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartinGrube2000 (
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
676:. During the Han dynasty, tomb inscriptions (
645:are rare: there are a handful from before the
2767:
2731:
2691:
2460:
2458:
1360:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
677:
35:. For the Ten Commandments stone tablet, see
8:
1494:and assigned to the Abealzu-Filigosa culture
211:The funerary stele of Thrasea and Euandria,
3228:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2657:
1354:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
66:Stele to the French 8th Infantry Regiment.
3164:(6th ed.). Stanford, California, US:
3156:Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006).
2972:
2970:
2298:Commons:Category:Battle of Waterloo steles
1031:contains many stelae. In the highlands of
1983:Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
1431:Egyptian grave stela of Nehemes-Ra-tawy,
1376:Learn how and when to remove this message
931:" as a decimal figure, seen in the date "
300:, which led to the breakthrough allowing
3274:(6 ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3224:President and Fellows of Harvard College
1951:in 1409 with trilingual inscriptions in
1059:(Ahmad "Gurey" or "Gran"), ruler of the
1055:or "Gran's stone", in reference to Imam
41:
16:Stone or wooden slab erected as a marker
3260:The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place
3138:Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica
2867:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, Volume 1
2743:
2489:
2487:
2262:
2090:
1387:
391:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
2755:
2719:
2679:
1613:BC), used as a boundary marker and to
1085:, whenever an old site had the prefix
1077:Near the ancient northwestern town of
156:Stelae were created for many reasons.
2897:. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 370.
1584:'s, with the earliest mention of the
304:to be read. An informative stele of
258:, and, most likely independently, in
7:
3200:(Master's thesis). Provo, Utah, US:
354:is a specialized kind of stele. The
323:), set up without inscriptions from
3088:Collon, Dominique, et al. "Stele."
3027:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98.
2234:
2097:The plural in English is sometimes
1839:, a slab cross from Early Medieval
1525:receiving his law from the sun god
1352:Please help improve the section by
923:The Sambor Inscription, written in
3312:, documentation of collection 1936
2640:de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1892),
2272:The Architecture of Ancient Israel
2183:inflection of Greek nouns in Latin
1091:in its name (such as the ruins of
822:Maya stelae were fashioned by the
14:
3051:. Somali Heritage and Archaeology
2983:. The Red Sea Press. p. 90.
2837:Menninger, Karl (10 April 2013).
2523:, 2015, footnote 311 on page 198.
2413:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
1797:(781) records the success of the
725:with the personal calligraphy of
583:Renovation Stele dated Year 9 of
412:Art of ancient Egypt § Stele
335:, were monuments of pre-literate
3220:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
2191:
2146:
2102:
2028:
2001:
1967:
1932:
1880:
1847:
1829:
1786:
1760:
1733:
1728:period, built sometime after 583
1713:
1701:(196 BC), establishing the
1690:
1650:
1621:
1592:
1562:
1533:
1499:
1469:
1443:
1424:
1390:
1362:Manual of Style on use of images
1337:
790:
770:
84:
3191:Stewart, Daniel Moroni (2009).
3110:. London, UK and New York, US:
2780:Goudsward, David (5 May 2014).
2302:Timmermans, D. (7 March 2012).
2012:in Bidarray, western Pyrenees,
1744:of the Yamanoue Stele (681) in
1541:Baal with Thunderbolt
657:, and several hundred from the
641:Chinese steles from before the
3276:Harvard University Asia Center
2351:University of California Press
2185:, and sometimes anglicized to
1774:(8th century), depicting
555:Archaeological Museum of Corfu
1:
3356:Archaeological artefact types
3331:Stone monuments and memorials
3272:Chinese History: A New Manual
3264:University of Minnesota Press
3075:The Cambridge Ancient History
2643:The Religious System of China
2471:Biodiversity Heritage Library
2465:Allen, Thomas George (1936).
2438:"The Stelae of Ancient Egypt"
1990:
1858:
1673:
1666:
1636:
1607:
1574:
1544:
1515:
1484:
1451:
1432:
1406:
1115:likewise feature old stelae.
1020:A sword symbol on a stele at
864:
478:kingdom which existed in the
212:
68:One of more than half a dozen
3270:Wilkinson, Endymion (2022),
2341:e.g., Piye's victory stela (
2008:A disc shaped gravestone or
1628:A votive stela honoring the
1599:An unusually well-preserved
1254:Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten
1219:The Doctorate steles at the
2925:Fattovich, Rodolfo (1987).
2347:Ancient Egyptian Literature
1895:, Prince of Xining (1348),
1679:BC original located in the
1550: century BC), an
1512:Code of Hammurabi
1290:In the Western Hemisphere:
1221:Temple of Literature, Hanoi
649:, roughly a dozen from the
270:civilisations, notably the
3389:
3142:Cambridge University Press
2891:Fukui, Katsuyoshi (1997).
2864:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
2495:Urartian Art and Artifacts
1822:forbidden to travel abroad
1264:Stele of Ankh-ef-en-Khonsu
1057:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
912:
870:–1521). The major city of
815:
409:
134:
124:
18:
3166:Stanford University Press
3107:Maya Art and Architecture
2853:– via Google Books.
2796:– via Google Books.
2768:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2732:Sharer & Traxler 2006
2570:Chinese History: A Manual
2411:Strudwick, Helen (2006).
1521: BC), depicting the
1307:Guatemala: Stela 14 from
678:
266:, and, independently, by
172:government notices or as
3351:Ancient Near East steles
3236:10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947
3202:Brigham Young University
3077:, Part 1, 2nd Edition, (
3021:Briggs, Phillip (2012).
2870:. ABC-CLIO. p. 30.
727:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
3361:Egyptian artefact types
3346:Ancient Egyptian stelas
2843:. Courier Corporation.
2658:Martin & Grube 2000
1490: BC) recovered at
1313:Honduras: Stela H from
1226:The Ram Khamhaeng stele
186:battlefield of Waterloo
2946:10.3406/ethio.1987.931
2059:Monumental inscription
1778:, the consort of king
1720:A Buddhist Stele from
1358:moving relevant images
1231:Ukrainian stone stelae
1155:
1139:
1024:
998:
943:
608:
596:
557:
429:First Dynasty of Egypt
424:
388:Most recently, in the
219:
191:A traditional Western
75:
70:steles located on the
59:
31:. For the battle, see
25:Stela (disambiguation)
21:Stele (disambiguation)
3136:Pool, Christopher A.
3096:Subscription required
2630:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2614:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2596:Vincent's Calligraphy
2581:Wilkinson (2022): 81.
2308:The British monuments
2079:Stele of the Vultures
1987:Newport, Rhode Island
1780:Shield Jaguar II
1776:Lady Eveningstar
1642: BC), carved at
1284:Stone of the Guanches
1244:Decree of Nectanebo I
1145:
1126:
1019:
992:
922:
783:Yuknoom Took' K'awiil
667:Northern and Southern
602:
572:
549:
419:
262:and elsewhere in the
210:
160:stelae were used for
65:
45:
3341:Inscriptions by type
3073:Boardman, John, ed.
2977:Lewis, I.M. (1998).
2568:Endymion Wilkinson,
2245:) when derived from
2229:).) or occasionally
1295:Tres Zapotes Stela C
308:is preserved in the
302:Egyptian hieroglyphs
72:Waterloo battlefield
56:Frederick Catherwood
27:. For the town, see
19:For other uses, see
3226:acting through the
3112:Thames & Hudson
2813:www.connemara.irish
2304:"Waterloo Campaign"
1994: 18th century
1816:. It is borne by a
1478:neolithic Sardinian
1457: BC) from the
1210:Pig stele of Edessa
1146:A victory stele of
757:Stele Forest Museum
306:Tiglath-Pileser III
3049:"National Museums"
2934:Annales d'Éthiopie
2692:Fuente et al. 1999
1903:in six languages:
1672:recreation of the
1303:La Mojarra Stela 1
1175:King Ezana's Stela
1160:Stele of Vespasian
1156:
1154:Mesopotamian king.
1140:
1025:
999:
944:
915:Khmer inscriptions
624:Chinese characters
609:
597:
558:
522:gravestones or as
480:Armenian Highlands
425:
371:specialized steles
220:
76:
60:
3150:978-0-521-78312-5
3083:978-0-521-22496-3
3034:978-1-84162-371-9
2990:978-1-56902-103-3
2809:"connemara.irish"
2510:, 2015, p177-182.
2422:978-1-4351-4654-9
2392:Till (2005): 168.
2281:978-965-221-013-5
2044:Cantabrian stelae
1893:Stele of Sulaiman
1463:Sion, Switzerland
1386:
1385:
1378:
1269:The Opa Oranmiyan
1165:Code of Hammurabi
891:hieroglyphic text
824:Maya civilization
706:and crowned with
611:Steles (Chinese:
595:, Shandong, China
551:Stele of Arniadas
528:Armenian churches
422:Manchester Museum
319:Standing stones (
314:Etruscan language
232:ancient Near East
3378:
3366:Heraldic charges
3336:Stone sculptures
3289:
3255:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3187:
3163:
3160:The Ancient Maya
3133:
3091:Grove Art Online
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2948:. Archived from
2931:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2815:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2267:
2250:
2236:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2095:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1971:
1936:
1884:
1863:
1860:
1851:
1833:
1790:
1764:
1737:
1717:
1694:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1654:
1641:
1638:
1630:Thracian goddess
1625:
1612:
1609:
1596:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1520:
1517:
1503:
1489:
1486:
1473:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1411:
1408:
1394:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1170:Gwanggaeto Stele
869:
866:
794:
774:
736:left behind the
708:hornless dragons
681:
680:
498:, discovered by
398:, the architect
339:cultures in the
217:
214:
174:boundary markers
137:
136:
127:
126:
115:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
37:Tablets of Stone
33:Battle of Stelai
3388:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3316:
3315:
3296:
3286:
3269:
3258:Till, Karen E.
3214:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3176:
3155:
3122:
3100:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2671:
2661:
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2652:
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2618:
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2505:
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2492:
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2473:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2223:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1979:funerary stelae
1972:
1963:
1937:
1928:
1885:
1876:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1791:
1782:
1765:
1756:
1755:steles in Japan
1738:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1597:
1588:
1577:
1571:Merneptah Stele
1567:
1558:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1518:
1504:
1495:
1487:
1474:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1412: BC) from
1409:
1395:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1239:Merneptah Stele
1215:Stone of Terpon
1152:23rd-century BC
1121:
1014:
1006:Primitive Irish
993:Ogham stone in
987:
937:Kratié province
917:
911:
867:
853:divine kingship
820:
814:
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
795:
787:
786:
775:
653:, 160 from the
636:clerical script
567:
544:
469:
453:Merneptah Stele
414:
408:
290:Central America
215:
205:
113:
87:
83:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3295:
3294:External links
3292:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3267:
3256:
3212:
3188:
3174:
3153:
3134:
3120:
3098:
3086:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3040:
3033:
3013:
3011:(1978), p. 184
2996:
2989:
2966:
2917:
2903:
2883:
2877:978-1598846546
2876:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2799:
2792:
2772:
2770:, p. 183.
2760:
2758:, p. 158.
2748:
2736:
2734:, p. 235.
2724:
2722:, p. 149.
2703:
2694:, p. 187.
2684:
2669:
2660:, p. 113.
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2632:
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2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:Basque Country
2007:
2000:
1998:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1874:Pictish stones
1853:
1846:
1844:
1837:Rodney's Stone
1835:
1828:
1826:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1719:
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1466:
1459:Petit Chasseur
1449:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1367:(October 2018)
1345:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:Raimondi Stela
1317:
1311:
1309:Piedras Negras
1305:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
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1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1120:
1119:Notable steles
1117:
1070:and Loyada in
1061:Adal Sultanate
1053:Yegragn Dingay
1046:Additionally,
1029:Horn of Africa
1013:
1012:Horn of Africa
1010:
986:
983:
948:Southeast Asia
913:Main article:
910:
907:
832:Classic Period
816:Main article:
813:
810:
796:
789:
788:
777:Stela 51 from
776:
769:
768:
767:
766:
765:
750:China's Muslim
704:stone tortoise
696:Hongwu Emperor
591:(AD 1349), in
566:
563:
543:
540:
508:Kelashin Stele
468:
465:
407:
404:
400:Peter Eisenman
345:Pictish stones
341:Late Stone Age
310:British Museum
204:
201:
197:archaeological
182:property lines
153:, or painted.
29:Stelae (Crete)
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3369:
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3332:
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3298:
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3285:9780674260184
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3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:Stuart, David
3213:
3203:
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3181:
3177:
3175:0-8047-4817-9
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3121:0-500-20327-X
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3041:
3036:
3030:
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3017:
3014:
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3006:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2955:on 2015-09-24
2951:
2947:
2943:
2940:(14): 43–69.
2939:
2935:
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2900:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2873:
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2868:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2850:9780486319773
2846:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2819:on 2017-10-26
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2793:9781476604862
2789:
2786:. McFarland.
2785:
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2752:
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2496:
2490:
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2484:
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2468:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2439:
2436:Dunn, Jimmy.
2432:
2429:
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2418:
2414:
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2240:
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2227:
2218:
2188:
2184:
2181:based on the
2180:
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2144:
2140:
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2135:
2126:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Kurgan stelae
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1855:Sueno's Stone
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
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1827:
1823:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
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1789:
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295:
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286:ancient Egypt
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3259:
3219:
3205:. Retrieved
3193:
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3106:
3102:Miller, Mary
3089:
3074:
3068:Bibliography
3053:. Retrieved
3043:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2979:
2957:. Retrieved
2950:the original
2937:
2933:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2893:
2886:
2866:
2859:
2839:
2832:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:the original
2812:
2807:elisabetta.
2802:
2782:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2746:, p. 8.
2744:Stewart 2009
2739:
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2687:
2682:, p. 9.
2653:
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2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
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2519:C. Maranci,
2515:
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2506:C. Maranci,
2502:
2497:, 1968, p32.
2494:
2493:G. Azarpay,
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:
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1401:'s funerary
1372:
1366:
1347:
1279:Burao steles
1185:Lemnos stela
1086:
1076:
1065:
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1026:
1000:
979:Angkor Borei
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742:Kaifeng Jews
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610:
605:Kaifeng Jews
589:Yuan dynasty
585:Zhizheng era
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370:
359:high crosses
349:
329:North Africa
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283:
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268:Mesoamerican
221:
190:
155:
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129:
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3230:: 148–171.
2959:7 September
2910:23 December
2756:Stuart 1996
2720:Stuart 1996
2680:Miller 1999
2349:Vol 3, The
2036:Asia portal
1941:Galle stele
1795:Xi'an Stele
1703:divine cult
1670: 1520
1663:Demosthenes
1586:name Israel
1578: 1200
1554:stele from
1548: 14th
1519: 1750
1488: 2500
1455: 2500
1450:Stele #25 (
1418:4th dynasty
1410: 2575
1399:Nefertiabet
1235:In Africa:
1205:Xi'an Stele
1195:Mesha Stele
1190:Lapis Niger
861:Postclassic
828:Mesoamerica
826:of ancient
818:Maya stelae
812:Maya stelae
738:Xi'an Stele
655:Eastern Han
651:Western Han
647:Qin dynasty
632:calligraphy
626:are carved
620:Qin dynasty
379:Gravestones
375:Totem poles
294:Maya stelae
236:Mesopotamia
3320:Categories
3207:2016-02-09
3055:13 October
3024:Somaliland
2904:4879749761
2823:2017-10-25
2601:2017-05-16
2442:Tour Egypt
2257:References
1996:and later.
1975:Tombstones
1862: 9th
1799:missionary
1677: 280
1640: 400
1611: 520
1436: 760
1403:slab stele
1103:, such as
868: 900
581:Yan Temple
512:Sarduri II
482:of modern
457:Israelites
410:See also:
337:Megalithic
216: 365
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3252:193661049
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2069:Runestone
2049:Headstone
1981:) at the
1949:Sri Lanka
1917:'Phags-pa
1808:China in
1772:Yaxchilan
1753:protected
1748:, one of
1707:Ptolemy V
1397:Princess
1274:Gao-Saney
1200:Naram-Sin
1180:Kul Tigin
1148:Naram-Sin
1101:artefacts
997:, Ireland
968:epigraphy
925:Old Khmer
887:limestone
880:Maya city
846:Guatemala
723:Mount Tai
674:dynasties
224:Akhenaton
132:, plural
3244:20166947
3184:57577446
3144:, 2007 (
3130:41659173
3104:(1999).
2383:, p. 277
2381:op. cit.
2368:op. cit.
2355:op. cit.
2022:See also
1945:Zheng He
1943:left by
1870:Scotland
1841:Scotland
1770:35 from
1746:Takasaki
1681:Athenian
1552:Ugaritic
1293:Mexico:
1072:Djibouti
1041:Axumites
1033:Ethiopia
960:Thailand
952:Cambodia
941:Cambodia
909:Cambodia
872:Calakmul
803:Honduras
779:Calakmul
700:nobility
628:intaglio
536:khachkar
520:Armenian
476:Iron Age
472:Urartian
333:Scotland
264:Far East
256:Ethiopia
176:to mark
162:funerary
147:monument
119:), from
52:Honduras
2330:Memoirs
2064:Obelisk
2010:hilarri
1961:Persian
1953:Chinese
1925:Chinese
1909:Tibetan
1897:bearing
1891:of the
1889:rubbing
1810:Chinese
1742:rubbing
1527:Shamash
1510:of the
1508:lunette
1438:–656 BC
1329:Gallery
1105:pottery
1083:Somalia
1037:Eritrea
985:Ireland
956:Vietnam
837:in situ
553:at the
532:Maranci
484:Armenia
447:; the
383:epitaph
363:Ireland
356:Insular
352:obelisk
321:menhirs
288:and in
252:Eritrea
248:Somalia
203:History
178:borders
58:in 1839
3371:Stones
3326:Steles
3282:
3266:, 2005
3250:
3242:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3128:
3118:
3081:
3031:
3005:Azania
2987:
2901:
2874:
2847:
2790:
2476:May 4,
2447:8 July
2419:
2379:Pool,
2366:Pool,
2320:Collon
2278:
2239:stelas
2187:steles
2139:stelae
2099:stelai
2074:Stećci
1959:, and
1923:, and
1921:Tangut
1913:Uyghur
1905:Nepali
1866:Forres
1814:Syriac
1802:Alopen
1684:market
1644:Athens
1633:Bendis
1492:Laconi
1481:menhir
1356:or by
1319:Peru:
1097:Awbube
1093:Awbare
1039:, the
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876:Mexico
669:, and
579:-born
542:Greece
524:spolia
504:Orbeli
488:Turkey
467:Urartu
445:Hyksos
396:Berlin
343:. The
240:Greece
228:Amarna
151:relief
139:stēlai
135:στήλαι
3248:S2CID
3240:JSTOR
3198:(PDF)
2953:(PDF)
2930:(PDF)
2247:Latin
2243:stelæ
2231:stela
2226:-leez
2143:stelæ
2085:Notes
1957:Tamil
1768:Stele
1750:three
1722:China
1601:Greek
1556:Syria
1414:Egypt
1315:Copan
1137:Aksum
1133:stele
1129:Ezana
1127:King
1113:Burao
1109:coins
1002:Ogham
895:Copán
842:Tikal
799:Copán
734:Xi'an
719:Li Si
684:mùzhì
565:China
516:Haldi
406:Egypt
325:Libya
272:Olmec
260:China
244:Egypt
170:Roman
166:Greek
158:Grave
145:as a
130:stēlē
125:στήλη
121:Greek
80:stele
48:Copán
3280:ISBN
3180:OCLC
3170:ISBN
3146:ISBN
3126:OCLC
3116:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3057:2013
3029:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2961:2014
2912:2014
2899:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2698:help
2664:help
2478:2020
2449:2014
2417:ISBN
2276:ISBN
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2178:-lee
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