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Enterprises of Texas, Inc., capitalized by
Paramount and its financial backers, and began buying up theaters throughout Texas and Oklahoma. Hulsey had been very successful with his theaters, but had reinvested his profits in theater expansion and leveraged his position with bank loans. As Lynch moved through Hulsey's territory purchasing theaters, a wire for $ 1 million arrived at Hulsey's bank for the credit of Southern Enterprises of Texas, Inc. Hulsey's banker called him in, and Hulsey promptly sold out to Paramount. With the fall of Hulsey, and Paramount's infiltration of the First National board of directors through various theater chain acquisitions delivered in part by Lynch, First National crumbled as an effective competitor leaving Paramount the preeminent motion picture production and distribution company.
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a new company with him, Southern
Enterprises, Inc. The purpose of Southern Enterprises was to take over Lynch's exclusive distribution franchise and to acquire theaters in order to repel the First National challenge. Although Southern Enterprises was owned half by Lynch and half by Paramount, Paramount was cash strapped due to other acquisitions and did not have money available to fund the new company. Not to be deterred, Lynch advanced Paramount's share of the Southern Enterprises capital on the condition that he remain in control until the loan was repaid.
293:, brought suit against Lynch claiming they had been swindled. Lynch's actions were ultimately vindicated when he prevailed in the lawsuit. The presiding judge found that Lynch explicitly made no representations, and the bondholder's committee, which was represented by able and sophisticated businessmen, simply found that it had made a bad deal. The Columbus Hotel remained in the Lynch family until the 1960s managed Lynch's son and grandson, S.A. Lynch, Jr. and Stephen A. Lynch, III. The Columbus was demolished in the 1980s and
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arriving in a town served by a First
National affiliated theater owner and offering to buy out the theater owner. If the theater owner refused, Lynch and his associates threatened to build a bigger, better theater across the street from the existing theater in order to put the theater owner out of business. The tactic worked, and the Dynamite Gang added continually to the Southern Enterprises theater chain.
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of retirement during
Paramount's 1933 bankruptcy to deal with its theater holdings. Lynch later assumed control of Paramount's South Florida theater operations, which he ran until 1945 when he retired for the second and final time from active involvement in the motion picture industry. One of Lynch's Southern Enterprises employees,
51:, and Jane Susannah Butler Lynch. Lynch was raised in his family's Asheville grocery business. Lynch stood out in his youth as a football and baseball star (earning the nickname "Diamond Lynch"), and was coaching and managing professionally by his early 20s. Lynch served the head football and baseball coach at
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was never completed. Lynch, however, had the resources to hold the Sunset
Islands lots off the market and wait for conditions to improve. The islands remained landscaped but undeveloped until the 1930s, when the first lots went up for sale. Today the Sunset Islands remain one of the most exclusive
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Rather than starting from scratch to amass theaters, Paramount turned to, among others, Lynch. Lynch, who was already a heavy
Paramount shareholder having obtained Hodkinson's stock following his ouster in 1916 following the merger of Paramount into Famous Players Lasky, convinced Paramount to form
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Following the fall of First
National as a rival to Paramount, and Lynch's sale of his Southern Enterprises, Inc. theater chain, Lynch retired to Miami Beach Florida in the early 1920s and assumed a more anonymous role with Paramount as a member of the Paramount Special Board. Lynch was brought out
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Ultimately, Lynch's tactics gave rise to controversy and disputes with
Paramount. By that time, Paramount's financial position had improved and at the end of 1922 it negotiated a $ 5.7 million deal to pay off its debt to Lynch and acquire the Southern Enterprises theater chain, which then numbered
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While Lynch's principal business was the motion picture industry, he had dealings as a major financier in many other industries over the course of his life. While most of these activities do not merit special mention, one in particular stands out as an example of the tenacity and aggression Lynch
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As the public outrage over
Paramount's practices subsided after the fall of First National, so did the government attorneys' encouragement to continue. After several years of prosecution, the case ultimately went away with the admonition that Paramount cease and desist its block booking practices
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and several others. The
Federal Trade Commission charged that Lynch and the others had violated antitrust law by using oppression and coercion in the acquisition of theaters, utilizing the block booking method of distribution, and by forcing Paramount customers to exclude other producer's product
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One principal target in the Battle for the Theaters was the Hulsey circuit in Texas and Oklahoma. Hulsey was one of the more prominent First National members, and Paramount felt obtaining the Hulsey circuit was one of the keys to breaking the threat First National posed. Lynch organized Southern
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Southern Enterprises, seeking to break into markets controlled by First National, sent Lynch and his so-called "Wrecking Crew" or "Dynamite Gang" through the South to acquire theaters by whatever means necessary. Testimony at Federal Trade Commission hearings related stories of Lynch and his gang
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in order to create a competing stream of pictures for distribution to its members. First National quickly amassed a sufficient number of theaters under its umbrella to threaten the continued preeminence of Paramount. In order to prevent First National from pushing it out of the market, Paramount
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In 1909, Lynch, fresh off a successful baseball season with the local Asheville team, bought a stake in and began managing one of the first movie theaters in Asheville. From 1909 through the early nineteen teens, Lynch continued to acquire movie theaters at a prodigious rate. By the mid nineteen
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Lynch's Columbus Hotel purchase proved controversial. Lynch purchased the partially finished hotel out of an involuntary bankruptcy proceeding commenced against the bond underwriter that had financed the hotel's construction. Following Lynch's purchase, the bondholder's committee, headed by
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began to fall apart in 1917 amidst financial scandals involving the Aitkins and lost its three 'star' directors and many of its star actors. Lynch, who by that time had had a falling out with Hodkinson and a third owner, Pawley, bought out both in order to obtain sole control of Triangle
168:" whereby a theater owner, if he wanted to show any Paramount pictures, would have to agree to take a block of Paramount product at a set price, sight unseen. Block booking was made possible for Paramount in part due to the exclusive contract between its principal supplier, the
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Lynch maintained a relatively low profile in his dealings with Paramount. However, with Triangle Distributing Company he branded certain Triangle output as "Distributed by S.A. Lynch Enterprises," perhaps the most notable example being "The Cold Deck," a 1917 Western starring
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embarked upon a massive effort to obtain theaters to rival, if not crush, First National. The period of aggressive theater acquisition and competition between Paramount and First National has been dubbed by some as the "Battle for the Theaters."
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organization (which was initially a motion picture distribution rather than production company). Through the remainder of the nineteen teens, Lynch continued acquiring theaters and distributing Paramount product throughout the South.
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Distributing. Even after Triangle Film Company had effectively dissolved, Lynch was able to make a profit with Triangle Distributing Company by re-cutting and releasing previously created (and sometimes previously released)
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Lynch's activities during the Battle of the Theaters became front-page news in 1921 with the Federal Trade Commission's filing of an anti-trust suit against Lynch, Southern Enterprises, Famous PlayersβLasky Corporation,
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and sought-after addresses in Miami Beach. Lynch himself built a residence on the southwest corner of Sunset II named "Sunshine Cottage," which was featured on tour-boat rides to see houses of the rich and famous.
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of the 1920s ended in a catastrophic land bust just as Lynch finished filling the islands. Other developers were not able to withstand the bust; at least one partially completed man-made island project,
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team. Lynch was married twice, first to Flora Camilla Posey, who obtained a divorce from Lynch in 1924, and later to Julia Dodd Adair, an Atlanta socialite, whom he married in 1925.
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organized by Harry and Roy Aitken. Triangle had, in a very short span of time, become arguably the preeminent movie studio. Triangle's strength lay with its three star directors,
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In the mid-1920s, flush from the Paramount buyout, Lynch turned his attention to real estate development. During the Florida land boom of the early 1920s, Lynch developed the
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429:. Lynch also turned his attention to the houseboats built by the Mathis Yacht Building Company. Over the course of his life, Lynch owned three of these yachts, the 85-foot
133:. The Aitkens spun off the distribution side of Triangle in an effort to raise additional capital. In the process, the Aitkens brought in Hodkinson, who brought in Lynch.
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took over Lynch's daily activities with Paramount following his second retirement, and ultimately took over as President of Paramount following Adolph Zukor's tenure.
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displayed in his business dealings. For several years during the early 1950s, Lynch waged a furious court battle in an effort to take over control of the
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for coercive uses, and permit individual theater owners to opt out of individual features for racial or religious opposition (but only after arbitration).
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teens, Lynch had enough clout as a theater owner to obtain a 25-year exclusive right to distribute Paramount motion pictures in 11 southern states from
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In 1917, Lynch, at the urging of his Paramount colleague Hodkinson, bought into the Triangle Distributing Company, the distribution arm of the
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Following his retirement from Paramount in the early 1920s, Lynch began his lifelong interest in yachting. In the mid-1920s, Lynch obtained
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in 1903 as a coach and player for its baseball team, and later, in 1922, Lynch bought the minor league professional baseball team the
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and Paramount, in order to stabilize revenues and increase profits, implemented a subscription system for theaters known as "
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Several major theater circuit owners, unhappy with Paramount's block booking arrangement, banded together in 1917 to form
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Lynch also notably created the Sunset Islands, a series of four man made islands in Biscayne Bay just north of the
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also had an interest in the 17-story Columbus Hotel at Biscayne boulevard and N.E. First Street with S.A. Lynch.
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As a young man, Lynch was a star athlete, excelling at both baseball and football. Lynch had a brief stint at
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Miami Millions, The Story of the 1925 Florida Land Boom and How it Turned into a Boomerang
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the poster for which is still considered by some one of the all-time great movie posters.
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Corporation and the first real motion picture star, the former "Biograph Girl,"
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31:(September 3, 1882 – October 4, 1969), known more commonly as
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Balio, Tino, "The American Film Industry", Copyright 1976, 1985 ed., p. 121.
121:. Triangle films also featured the premier actors of the day, including
425:, was a competitor of Rod Stephens, father of the famous yacht designer
47:, the son of Stephen Scott Lynch, a Civil War veteran wounded in the
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The Cravath Firm and its Predecessors, 1819-1947, v. 3, p. 363, n. 4
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The Cravath Firm and its Predecessors, 1819-1947, v. 3, p. 363, n. 1
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Dreams for Sale, The Rise and Fall of the Triangle Film Corporation
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Dreams for Sale, The Rise and Fall of the Triangle Film Corporation
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History of the American Film Industry, From its Beginnings to 1931
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History of the American Film Industry, From its Beginnings to 1931
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History of the American Film Industry, From its Beginnings to 1931
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History of the American Film Industry, From its Beginnings to 1931
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History of the American Film Industry, From its Beginnings to 1931
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following a full restoration completed in 2008), and the 98-foot
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The Cravath Firm and its Predecessors, 1819-1947, v. 3, p. 363
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180:'s films, and theater owners felt compelled to obtain them.
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Post-retirement involvement in the motion picture industry
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Almost from the beginning of the motion picture industry,
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Beginnings as a theater owner and Paramount distributor
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Maryville College: A History of 150 Years, 1819β1969
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Columbus Hotel Corp. et al. v. Hotel Management Co.
444:(presidential yacht) (launched on July 4, 1926, as
35:, was an early motion picture industry pioneer.
90:Involvement with Triangle Distributing Company
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787:Boxoffice Magazine, March 30, 1940, page 123.
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339:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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398:representing the DuPont family interests.
208:Federal Trade Commission antitrust charges
758:1964 International Motion Picture Almanac
359:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:output as new features, well into 1919.
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1247:Tusculum Pioneers head football coaches
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433:, named for his daughter, the 105-foot
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1537:People from Asheville, North Carolina
912:Maryville Scots head football coaches
297:was constructed on the site in 2005.
7:
760:, Quigley Publishing Company, p. 181
524:"Baker-Himel Scored Another Shutout"
337:adding citations to reliable sources
156:Paramount's battle for the theaters
19:For the musician and comedian, see
61:Tusculum College Pioneers football
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243:Career as a real estate developer
1542:People from Miami Beach, Florida
1532:Maryville Scots football coaches
1527:Maryville Scots baseball coaches
833:, 81 F.Supp. 926 (D.C.Fla. 1949)
831:In re Florida East Coast Ry. Co.
769:New York Times, August 16, 1933.
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1517:American film studio executives
699:New York Times, January 7, 1923
532:. November 1, 1903 – via
796:New York Times, Sept. 16, 1927
778:New York Times, July 24, 1936,
67:Motion picture industry career
1:
1205:# denotes interim head coach
843:Atlanta Journal Constitution
690:, Copyright 1970, pp. 256-7.
598:, Copyright 1971, pp. 167-8.
1547:Film producers from Florida
845:, September 14, 1922, p. 19
176:. The public clamored for
81:, founder of the fledgling
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1522:Film distributors (people)
392:Florida East Coast Railway
280:Columbus Hotel controversy
18:
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733:, Copyright 1970, p. 368.
677:, Copyright 1966, p. 222.
664:, Copyright 1970, p. 255.
651:, Copyright 1966, p. 219.
611:, Copyright 1970, p. 252.
585:, Copyright 1971, p. 171.
572:, Copyright 1970, p. 254.
150:Triangle Film Corporation
145:Triangle Film Corporation
107:Triangle Film Corporation
45:Asheville, North Carolina
21:Stephen Lynch (musician)
529:The Journal and Tribune
385:Other business dealings
729:Hampton, Benjamin B.,
686:Hampton, Benjamin B.,
660:Hampton, Benjamin B.,
607:Hampton, Benjamin B.,
568:Hampton, Benjamin B.,
474:"Stephen Andrew Lynch"
287:George Emlen Roosevelt
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16:American film producer
821:, 116 Fla. 464 (1934)
675:Motion Picture Empire
649:Motion Picture Empire
437:, sister-ship to the
402:Sports and recreation
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1268:Stephen Andrew Lynch
957:Stephen Andrew Lynch
871:Stephen Andrew Lynch
805:Ballinger, Kenneth,
720:, September 1, 1921.
333:improve this section
222:from their screens.
170:Famous Players Lasky
57:Maryville, Tennessee
53:Maryville University
49:Battle of Gettysburg
29:Stephen Andrew Lynch
504:. Maryville College
255:Lindsey Hopkins Sr.
997:Arthur E. Mitchell
594:Lahue, Kalton C.,
581:Lahue, Kalton C.,
291:Theodore Roosevelt
204:in excess of 200.
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83:Paramount Pictures
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673:Jobes, Gertrude,
647:Jobes, Gertrude,
556:, October 3, 1909
554:Asheville Citizen
480:. January 5, 2022
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99:The Cold Deck
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39:Personal life
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482:. Retrieved
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119:Mack Sennett
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101:movie poster
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1512:1969 deaths
1507:1882 births
1478:(2016β2023)
1470:(1998β2015)
1462:(1995β1997)
1454:(1991β1994)
1446:(1951β1990)
1438:(1947β1950)
1422:(1942β1945)
1414:(1940β1941)
1406:(1938β1939)
1390:(1928β1936)
1382:(1926β1927)
1342:(1919β1921)
1334:(1917β1918)
1326:(1915β1916)
1318:(1913β1914)
1310:(1910β1912)
1278:(1904β1906)
1262:(1901β1902)
1191:(2014β2019)
1189:Shaun Hayes
1183:(2012β2014)
1175:(2003β2011)
1167:(1988β2002)
1159:(1986β1987)
1151:(1983β1985)
1149:Bobby Salor
1143:(1981β1982)
1133:Dan Zaneski
1127:(1978β1979)
1119:(1974β1977)
1103:(1971β1972)
1095:(1964β1970)
1087:(1959β1963)
1079:(1946β1958)
1071:(1943β1945)
1063:(1921β1942)
1055:(1919β1920)
1045:Bob Clemens
1031:(1915β1916)
999:(1909β1911)
983:(1906β1907)
959:(1902β1903)
935:(1898β1899)
927:(1892β1897)
295:50 Biscayne
270:Palm Island
266:Star Island
219:Jesse Lasky
115:Thomas Ince
1501:Categories
1476:Jerry Odom
1452:Tom Bryant
1412:Laird Holt
1372:Sam Graham
1364:Tom McCann
1181:Mike Rader
1165:Phil Wilks
1117:Jim Jordan
1029:Art Kiefer
989:Horace Fox
460:References
454:North Star
33:S.A. Lynch
1396:Ty Disney
1348:Hal Blair
1141:Art Ogden
320:does not
1486:(2024β )
1388:Sam Doak
1340:Sam Doak
1199:(2020β )
1111:# (1973)
508:March 7,
1444:No team
1420:No team
1332:Unknown
1316:Unknown
1308:No team
1300:Unknown
1284:No team
1276:Unknown
1260:Unknown
1197:Ben Fox
1069:No team
949:No team
933:No team
450:Freedom
446:Freedom
441:Sequoia
396:Ed Ball
341:removed
326:sources
1430:(1946)
1398:(1937)
1374:(1925)
1366:(1924)
1358:(1923)
1350:(1922)
1302:(1909)
1294:(1908)
1286:(1907)
1270:(1903)
1135:(1980)
1047:(1918)
1039:(1917)
1023:(1914)
1015:(1913)
1007:(1912)
991:(1908)
975:(1905)
967:(1904)
951:(1901)
943:(1900)
435:Sunset
129:, and
423:Rival
419:Rival
510:2018
486:2024
439:USS
431:Jane
324:any
322:cite
272:and
117:and
873:at
335:by
55:in
1503::
750:^
561:^
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362:)
356:(
351:)
347:(
343:.
329:.
23:.
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