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The
Sandwich tern is a medium-large tern with grey upperparts, white underparts, a yellow-tipped black bill, and a shaggy black crest which becomes less extensive in winter with a white crown. Young birds bear grey and brown scalloped plumage on their backs and wings. It is a vocal bird. It nests in
357:
in appearance, but usually with a more delicate, lighter build and shorter, weaker legs. They have long, pointed wings, which gives them a fast buoyant flight, and often a deeply forked tail. Most species are grey above and white below, and have a black cap which is reduced or flecked with white in
444:
The
Sandwich tern's thin, sharp bill is black with a yellow tip. Its short legs are black. Its upper wings are pale grey and its underparts white, and this tern looks very pale in flight, although the primary flight feathers darken during the summer. In winter, the adult Sandwich tern's forehead
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This species breeds in very dense colonies on coasts and islands, and exceptionally inland on suitable large freshwater lakes close to the coast. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one to three eggs. Unlike some of the smaller white terns, it is not very aggressive toward potential predators,
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is more similar to the
Sandwich tern, but has a reversal of the bill colour, yellow with a black tip; it does not overlap in range with the Sandwich tern so confusion is unlikely. Cabot's tern is the most similar, sharing the black bill with a yellow tip, but differs in the bill being obviously
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The
Sandwich tern has an extensive global range estimated at 100,000–1,000,000 km (39,000–386,000 sq mi). It has a population estimated at 460,000–500,000 individuals. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the
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terns, the
Sandwich tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by Arctic terns. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.
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stouter, and also differs in moult timing, losing its black forehead earlier in the summer. Its juveniles also lack the scaly pattern of
Sandwich tern, being a plainer grey (though this can be confused with first-winter plumage of Sandwich tern).
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studies which confirmed that the three types of head pattern (white crown, black cap, and black cap with a white blaze on the forehead) found among the terns corresponded to distinct clades. The current genus name is derived from
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becomes extensively white. Juvenile
Sandwich terns have dark tips to their tails, an all-blackish bill (lacking the yellow tip, but sometimes yellowish at the base) and a scaly appearance on their back and wings, like juvenile
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The lesser crested tern and elegant tern differ in having all-orange bills; lesser crested also differs in having a grey rump and marginally stouter bill, and elegant in having a slightly longer, more slender bill. The
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This is a medium-large tern, 36–41 cm (14–16 in) long with an 95–105 cm (37–41 in) wingspan, which is unlikely to be confused within most of its range. The weight ranges from 200-300 g.
571:) applies. Parties to the agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation actions, which are describes in a detailed action plan. This plan should address key issues such as species and
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Bridge, Eli S.; Jones, Andrew W.; Baker, Allan J. (2005). "A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution".
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population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.
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Sandwich tern feeds by plunge diving for fish, usually in marine environments, and the offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.
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relying on the sheer density of the nests—often only 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) apart and nesting close to other more aggressive species such as
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Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the
Western Palearctic. Volume 4: Terns to woodpeckers
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The
Sandwich tern is among the taxa to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (
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This bird has no subspecies. Two former subspecies are now treated as a separate species,
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Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
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The Sandwich tern is a vocal bird; its call is a characteristic loud grating
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575:, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation.
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Living with gulls: trading of food and predation in the Sandwich Tern
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The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)
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The Sandwich tern was originally described by ornithologist
920:"Annex 2: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies"
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Garner, Martin; Lewington, Ian; Crook, Jason (2007).
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829:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48−62.
765:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
456:A Sandwich tern (left, with a deformed bill) among
698:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694591A154517364.en
1063:at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
769:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 764.
353:The terns are small to medium-sized seabirds,
49:Adult in breeding plumage, Northumberland, UK
590:approaching its waiting offspring with a fish
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975:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995).
793:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
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330:a ground scrape and lays one to three eggs.
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1007:11370/51438613-1ca3-4f4c-8cf1-5933785422a7
888:"Identification of American Sandwich Tern"
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1806:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)
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417:); this breeds on the Atlantic coasts of
861:. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp.
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1786:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
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1336:sandwich-tern-thalasseus-sandvicensis
796:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
724:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
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1624:79fe9969-4017-4917-b610-06560e248806
1001:(PhD Thesis). University Groningen.
950:African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement
270:. It is very closely related to the
1751:IUCN Red List least concern species
684:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
349:Sandwich tern in flight, Dorset, UK
449:but with less black on the crown.
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1079:Audio recordings of Sandwich tern
977:Terns of Europe and North America
858:RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe
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1776:Birds of the Dominican Republic
1096:Field Guide: Birds of the World
1021:BirdLife species factsheet for
673:BirdLife International (2019).
553:Sandwich tern looking for prey
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1791:Birds of subantarctic islands
1061:Sandwich tern species account
1057:at VIREO (Drexel University)
979:. London: Christopher Helm.
632:Sandwich terns on the dune,
1055:Sandwich tern photo gallery
994:Stienen, Eric W.M. (2006).
744:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010
541:Plunge-diving Sandwich tern
529:Plunge-diving Sandwich tern
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647:Sandwich terns resting in
1067:Interactive range map of
1030:"Thalasseus sandvicensis"
901:: 273–287. Archived from
790:Jobling, James A (2010).
691:: e.T22694591A154517364.
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952:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat
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1801:Birds described in 1787
1518:Thalasseus-sandvicensis
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1090:Thalasseus sandvicensis
1069:Thalasseus sandvicensis
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677:Thalasseus sandvicensis
259:Thalasseus sandvicensis
195:Thalasseus sandvicensis
1781:Birds of South America
1771:Birds of the Caribbean
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222:Blue: wintering range
1761:Birds of Central Asia
1474:Paleobiology Database
1042:"Sandwich tern media"
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1619:Fauna Europaea (new)
573:habitat conservation
509:to avoid predation.
467:Chinese crested tern
458:lesser crested terns
280:Chinese crested tern
177:T. sandvicensis
1559:sterna-sandvicensis
1530:Sterna sandvicensis
1189:Sterna_sandvicensis
998:Sterna sandvicencis
823:Sterna sandvicensis
821:Cramp, S. (1985). "
736:2005MolPE..35..459B
367:Sterna sandvicensis
272:lesser crested tern
236:Sterna sandvicensis
56:Conservation status
18:Sterna sandvicensis
1074:IUCN Red List maps
507:black-headed gulls
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491:Sandwich tern call
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1126:Taxon identifiers
855:Hume, R. (2002).
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314:and winters in
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946:"Introduction"
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908:on 2014-10-23.
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620:ID composite
607:common terns
602:
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396:sandvicensis
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1710:SeaLifeBase
1435:Neotropical
1396:NatureServe
1344:iNaturalist
1158:Wikispecies
1108:media from
704:19 November
425:Description
402:, Latham's
365:in 1787 as
363:John Latham
312:Caspian Sea
1756:Thalasseus
1745:Categories
1513:Xeno-canto
1083:Xeno-canto
657:References
634:Heligoland
514:Thalasseus
372:Thalasseus
335:Thalasseus
304:Palearctic
300:T. elegans
164:Thalasseus
1545:Q20782441
512:Like all
496:Behaviour
355:gull-like
333:Like all
324:Sri Lanka
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1650:11074318
1539:Wikidata
1401:2.103220
1388:22694591
1362:11260449
1225:22694591
1220:BirdLife
1209:BioLib:
1143:Wikidata
752:15804415
479:kerr ink
392:Thalassa
341:Taxonomy
228:Synonyms
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1637:5229223
1440:santer1
1313:2481240
1287:santer1
1261:bob6110
1248:santer1
1197:Avibase
1034:Avibase
800:, 383.
732:Bibcode
475:kear-ik
310:to the
294:), and
268:Laridae
262:) is a
245:, 1788
205:, 1787)
159:Genus:
153:Laridae
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1728:137166
1702:137166
1676:176927
1593:EURING
1554:ARKive
1505:413044
1479:372755
1466:154128
1427:126723
1375:176932
1349:144541
1320:GNAB:
1238:112596
1177:santer
1149:Q27547
1110:ARKive
1101:Flickr
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956:28 May
930:28 May
869:
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773:
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649:Sweden
559:Status
322:, and
308:Europe
243:Gmelin
203:Latham
1723:WoRMS
1715:84325
1663:62988
1645:IRMNG
1611:96955
1580:EUNIS
1572:6ZSDH
1500:WoRMS
1492:17629
1357:IRMNG
1295:EUNIS
1282:eBird
1274:7C5FT
1245:BOW:
906:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
605:with
389:Greek
320:India
306:from
1697:OBIS
1671:ITIS
1632:GBIF
1598:6110
1585:1284
1422:NCBI
1383:IUCN
1370:ITIS
1308:GBIF
1300:1318
1233:BOLD
1212:8709
981:ISBN
958:2016
932:2016
867:ISBN
831:ISBN
802:ISBN
771:ISBN
748:PMID
706:2021
689:2019
569:AEWA
505:and
377:Boie
264:tern
252:The
133:Aves
1684:NBN
1658:ISC
1567:CoL
1487:TSA
1409:NBN
1331:IBC
1269:CoL
1256:BTO
1184:ADW
1173:ABA
1099:on
1093:in
1081:on
1072:at
1003:hdl
863:186
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740:doi
693:doi
477:or
384:DNA
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
