290:, and methylprednisolone, plus albuterol, beclomethasone, dexamethasone, cromolyn, salmeterol and clarithromycin. Within days of beginning the glucocorticoid treatment, however, the patient began to show symptoms that included major depression, irritability, muscle weakness, and hallucinations ("stars" or "spots"). The patient had a fraternal twin brother, and the two previously performed in parallel academically, but following the steroid treatment the patient exhibited poor memory, attention, concentration, insomnia, and avoidance of eye contact. As a result, he began to fall behind his twin brother in academic, developmental, and social areas. The treatment with steroids was stopped and three years later (while still taking buspirone, albuterol, fluticasone and salmeterol inhalers, loratadine and theophylline) the boy showed gradual improvement, but MRI brain scans revealed that the patient's hippocampal volume was 19.5% smaller than that of his twin. His teachers reported continued deficits in memory function, new learning efficiency, verbal reasoning skills, organizational skills, attention, and concentration, deficits which were confirmed by neuropsychological testing; as such, stopping the treatment with steroids brought on a substantial but incomplete relief, the damage being possibly permanent.
308:. Large dosage variations in the patient's medication (including a self-increased dosage from 10 mg/day to as much as 100 mg/day for at least 3 months) produced extreme behavioral changes, from missed appointments to physical altercations, and eventually admission to a psychiatric ward and later to a locked Alzheimer facility. During this time, neuropsychological testing showed a decline in the patient's previously superior IQ as well as deficits in memory, language, fluency, and visuospatial function, which given the patient's age was considered to be compatible with early dementia. When the steroid treatment ended after a year, the patent's confusion and disorganized appearance stopped immediately. Within several weeks, testing showed strong improvement in almost all cognitive functions. His doctors were surprised at the improvement, since the results were inconsistent with a diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's. Testing after 14 months showed a large jump in Full Scale IQ from 87 to 124, but mild dysfunction in executive function, memory, attentional control, and verbal/nonverbal memory remained.
53:, the term "steroid dementia syndrome" is particularly useful because it recognizes both the cause of the syndrome and the specific effects of glucocorticoids on cognitive function. Further, the more precise terminology clearly distinguishes the condition from full-blown Cushing's syndrome, which is extremely broad regarding the causes (endogenous or exogenous, pituitary or adrenal) and the multitude of symptoms (ranging from skin disorders to osteoporosis), and from
147:
2115:
2136:
45:. Dementia-like symptoms have been found in some individuals who have been exposed to glucocorticoid medication, often dispensed in the form of asthma, arthritis, and anti-inflammatory steroid medications. The condition reverses, but not always completely, within months after steroid treatment is stopped.
118:
are particularly sensitive to elevated circulating levels of glucocorticoids even in the absence of stress. Scientific studies have mainly focused on the impact of glucocorticoids on the hippocampus because of its role in memory processes and on the prefrontal cortex for its role in attention and
126:
Elevated glucocorticoid activity is associated with down-regulation of GRs (known as "glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis"), which diminishes neuroreparative activity and attenuates neurogenesis that can result in decreased hippocampal volume with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure.
794:
Paul Rossby, S.; Nalepa, Irena; Huang, Mei; Perrin, Charles; Burt, Alvin M.; Schmidt, Dennis E.; Gillespie, David D.; Sulser, Fridolin (July 1995). "Norepinephrine-independent regulation of GRII mRNA in vivo by a tricyclic antidepressant".
281:
Wolkowitz et al. (2001) presented a 10-year-old male patient, with no prior psychiatric history, who showed significant declines in academic performance that began during a 5-week course of glucocorticoid treatment for acute
48:
The term "steroid dementia" was coined by Varney et al. (1984) in reference to the effects of long-term glucocorticoid use in 1,500 patients. While the condition generally falls under the classification of
2461:
547:
Wolkowitz, Owen M.; Lupien, Sonia J.; Bigler, Erin; Levin, R Bronson; Canick, Jonathan (1 December 2004). "The "Steroid
Dementia Syndrome": An Unrecognized Complication of Glucocorticoid Treatment".
65:
Cognitive symptoms from steroids appear within the first few weeks of treatment, appear to be dose dependent, and may or may not be accompanied by steroid psychosis or other
Cushing's-type symptoms.
261:
medications have been known to be associated with significant side effects involving behavior and mood, regardless of previous psychiatric or cognitive condition, since the early 1950s. But
711:
Peiffer, Andy; Veilleux, Sylvie; Barden, Nicholas (January 1991). "Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain".
98:
These symptoms have been shown to improve within months to a year after discontinuing glucocorticoid medication, but residual impairments following prolonged steroid use can remain.
3135:
296:
et al. (2005) reported the case of a 72-year-old man, described as professionally successful, intelligent, and cultivated, with polymyalgia rheumatica, who after being treated with
2454:
2067:
1147:
1049:
Keenan, PA; Jacobson, MW; Soleymani, RM; Mayes, MD; Stress, ME; Yaldoo, DT (1996). "The effect on memory of chronic prednisone treatment in patients with systemic disease".
2447:
2124:
41:
describes the signs and symptoms of hippocampal and prefrontal cortical dysfunction, such as deficits in memory, attention, and executive function, induced by
759:
Seckl, Jonathan R.; Fink, George (1992). "Antidepressants
Increase Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptor mRNA Expression in Rat Hippocampus in vivo".
373:
Ancelin, Marie-Laure; Carrière, Isabelle; Helmer, Catherine; Rouaud, Olivier; Pasquier, Florence; Berr, Claudine; Chaudieu, Isabelle; Ritchie, Karen (2012).
3130:
1137:
1918:
330:
Wolkowitz, Owen M.; Lupien, Sonia J.; Bigler, Erin D. (2007). "The 'Steroid
Dementia Syndrome': A Possible Model of Human Glucocorticoid Neurotoxicity".
265:
side effects of steroid medications involving memory and attention are not as widely publicized and may be misdiagnosed as separate conditions, such as
2173:
1115:
134:. Similarly, variations in individual hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness can modulate the type and number of side effects.
3097:
2405:
1491:
1778:
1771:
1878:
1521:
1384:
243:
512:; Krey, Lewis C.; McEwen, Bruce S. (1986). "The Neuroendocrinology of Stress and Aging: The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis".
1674:
1130:
224:
181:
Aside from discontinuation of glucocorticoid medication, potential treatments discussed in the research literature include:
838:
Hall, Richard C W; Popkin, Michael K; Stickney, Sondra K; Gardner, Earl R (1979). "Presentation of the
Steroid Psychoses".
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1373:
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931:
Brown, ES (2009). "Effects of glucocorticoids on mood, memory, and the hippocampus. Treatment and preventive therapy".
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Belanoff, Joseph K; Gross, Kristin; Yager, Alison; Schatzberg, Alan F (2001). "Corticosteroids and cognition".
131:
304:, which several behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry consultants initially diagnosed as early dementia or
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Variations in individual sensitivity to glucocorticoid medications may be due to either GR hypofunction or
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42:
390:
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Regions of the brain with a high density of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) including the
988:
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2019:
2014:
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640:
607:
258:
75:
57:, which identifies neither the source nor the symptoms of excess circulatory cortisol.
1033:
884:
Sacks, Oliver; Shulman, Melanie (2005). "Steroid dementia: An overlooked diagnosis?".
146:
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200:
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2190:
2009:
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1664:
1622:
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1362:
1357:
375:"Steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cognitive decline, and dementia"
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111:
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1969:
1964:
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1812:
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1313:
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1199:
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343:
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211:
196:
968:
Wolkowitz, Owen M.; Burke, Heather; Epel, Elissa S.; Reus, Victor I. (2009).
576:
3063:
2673:
2508:
2366:
2310:
2285:
1979:
1959:
1933:
1908:
1843:
1821:
1649:
1562:
1436:
568:
262:
230:
1107:
1090:
1041:
1004:
952:
905:
690:
665:"Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor"
649:
584:
398:
351:
1070:
1062:
816:
780:
732:
681:
664:
533:
487:
448:
440:
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2381:
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1940:
1913:
1352:
1285:
1204:
859:
525:
301:
2056:
1974:
1639:
1406:
1228:
1178:
1091:"Glucocorticoids, stress and exacerbation of excitotoxic neuron death"
772:
606:
Marques, Andrea H.; Silverman, Marni N.; Sternberg, Esther M. (2009).
188:
psychoactive drugs that up-regulate the GRII glucocorticoid receptor:
1738:
1401:
283:
425:"Reversible steroid dementia in patients without steroid psychosis"
2038:
1748:
1243:
204:
466:(1998). "Mood Symptoms during Corticosteroid Therapy: A Review".
1742:
2526:
Desoxycortone (deoxycortone, cortexone, 11-deoxycorticosterone)
2443:
2155:
1119:
141:
608:"Glucocorticoid Dysregulations and Their Clinical Correlates"
157:
1148:
3039:
3003:
2585:
2499:
2490:
2344:
2256:
2198:
2065:
2037:
1993:
1802:
1737:
1700:
1648:
1561:
1505:
1465:
1422:
1306:
1242:
1154:
26:
21:
2954:Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)
423:Varney, NR; Alexander, B; MacIndoe, JH (1984).
325:
323:
321:
3136:Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids
2595:Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted):
2455:
2167:
1131:
706:
704:
702:
700:
8:
1146:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
879:
877:
754:
752:
750:
418:
416:
2521:Cortodoxone (cortexolone, 11-deoxycortisol)
2276:Canrenoate potassium (potassium canrenoate)
2496:
2462:
2448:
2440:
2174:
2160:
2152:
1138:
1124:
1116:
977:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
612:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
549:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
18:
2618:Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)
1106:
680:
639:
2725:Methasones and related (16-substituted):
249:stress reduction therapies and exercise.
840:Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
317:
2208:11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone)
2125:Pharmacological classification systems
1492:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
2949:Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)
1772:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
94:academic or occupational performance.
7:
391:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.038
1385:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
269:(ADHD or ADD) in children or early
3131:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators
898:10.1212/01.WNL.0000151977.18440.C3
429:The American Journal of Psychiatry
14:
669:The British Journal of Psychiatry
244:brain-derived neurotrophic factor
68:The symptoms include deficits in
2134:
2114:
2113:
997:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04980.x
945:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04981.x
852:10.1097/00005053-197904000-00006
632:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04987.x
286:flare. The medications included
145:
2921:Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized):
1522:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
1022:Journal of Psychiatric Research
663:McQUADE, R. (1 November 2000).
225:corticotropin-releasing hormone
2989:Triamcinolone acetonide esters
2213:11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone)
1:
2974:Formocortal (fluoroformylone)
1274:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
1034:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00018-8
2691:Methylprednisolone aceponate
1985:Wakefulness-promoting agents
809:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00459-4
725:10.1016/0306-4530(91)90034-Q
468:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
72:verbal and non-verbal memory
191:tricyclic antidepressants:
3198:
1635:Intravenous immunoglobulin
300:developed a psychosis and
267:attention deficit disorder
3092:
2684:Methylprednisolone esters
2400:
2228:Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
2109:
480:10.3109/10673229809000307
344:10.1080/13554790701475468
39:Steroid dementia syndrome
22:Steroid dementia syndrome
2914:Ulobetasol (halobetasol)
2555:Hydrocortisone aceponate
1690:Topoisomerase inhibitors
1374:renin–angiotensin system
1368:Calcium channel blockers
1095:Seminars in Neuroscience
713:Psychoneuroendocrinology
3141:List of corticosteroids
2984:Triamcinolone acetonide
2818:Diflucortolone valerate
2633:Fluorometholone acetate
2248:Fludrocortisone acetate
2238:Desoxycortone enanthate
569:10.1196/annals.1314.018
210:serotonin antagonists:
83:sustained concentration
2964:Fluocinolone acetonide
2865:Fluticasone propionate
2657:Fluprednisolone esters
2575:Pregnenolone succinate
2258:Antimineralocorticoids
2187:antimineralocorticoids
1482:Hormonal contraception
1412:Bile acid sequestrants
1193:Proton-pump inhibitors
1156:gastrointestinal tract
1108:10.1006/smns.1994.1041
237:dehydroepiandrosterone
154:This section is empty.
2852:Fluprednidene acetate
2762:Clobetasol propionate
2548:Hydrocortisone esters
2233:Desoxycortone acetate
1063:10.1212/WNL.47.6.1396
682:10.1192/bjp.177.5.390
441:10.1176/ajp.141.3.369
379:Neurobiology of Aging
273:in elderly patients.
2845:Fluocortolone esters
2801:Dexamethasone esters
2750:Betamethasone esters
2738:Beclometasone esters
2570:Pregnenolone acetate
2560:Prebediolone acetate
2531:Desoxycortone esters
2091:Radiopharmaceuticals
1879:Antiparkinson agents
526:10.1210/edrv-7-3-284
462:Brown, E. Sherwood;
185:anti-glucocorticoids
32:Neurology/psychiatry
3182:Hippocampus (brain)
3041:Synthesis modifiers
3005:Antiglucocorticoids
2860:Fluticasone furoate
2779:Clocortolone esters
2716:Tixocortol pivalate
2645:Fluperolone acetate
2475:antiglucocorticoids
2345:Synthesis modifiers
1874:Antimigraine agents
1864:Antidementia agents
1767:Anti-inflammatories
1457:Medicated dressings
1397:Antihyperlipidemics
1224:Diabetes medication
1087:Sapolsky, Robert M.
989:2009NYASA1179...19W
624:2009NYASA1179....1M
561:2004NYASA1032..191W
510:Sapolsky, Robert M.
306:Alzheimer's disease
271:Alzheimer's disease
3119:Never to phase III
3031:Ulipristal acetate
2887:Mometasone furoate
2679:Methylprednisolone
2427:Never to phase III
2200:Mineralocorticoids
2183:Mineralocorticoids
1727:Immunosuppressants
1597:Antimycobacterials
1553:Antithyroid agents
1537:Mineralocorticoids
1341:Cardiac stimulants
1331:Cardiac glycosides
1323:cardiac therapy /
1219:Anti-obesity drugs
761:Neuroendocrinology
216:mood stabilizers:
121:executive function
87:executive function
61:Signs and symptoms
51:Cushing's syndrome
3149:
3148:
3054:Aminoglutethimide
2999:
2998:
2514:Cortisone acetate
2437:
2436:
2357:Aminoglutethimide
2149:
2148:
2052:Ophthalmologicals
1762:Anabolic steroids
1665:Anticancer agents
1628:Ectoparasiticides
1348:Antihypertensives
1296:Antifibrinolytics
970:"Glucocorticoids"
773:10.1159/000126180
514:Endocrine Reviews
227:(CRH) antagonists
174:
173:
116:prefrontal cortex
91:psychomotor speed
55:hypercortisolemia
36:
35:
16:Medical condition
3189:
2598:Chloroprednisone
2497:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2138:
2117:
2116:
2101:Senotherapeutics
1955:Neuroprotectives
1950:Mood stabilizers
1849:Anti-ADHD agents
1789:Muscle relaxants
1722:Immunostimulants
1717:Immunomodulators
1549:Thyroid hormones
1487:Fertility agents
1390:Renin inhibitors
1281:Antihemorrhagics
1248:forming organs (
1234:Dietary minerals
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1082:
1045:
1016:
974:
964:
933:Ann N Y Acad Sci
918:
917:
881:
872:
871:
835:
829:
828:
791:
785:
784:
756:
745:
744:
708:
695:
694:
684:
660:
654:
653:
643:
603:
597:
596:
544:
538:
537:
506:
500:
499:
459:
453:
452:
420:
411:
410:
370:
364:
363:
327:
169:
166:
156:You can help by
149:
142:
19:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3172:Glucocorticoids
3167:Corticosteroids
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3124:
3109:Clinical trials
3088:
3035:
2995:
2652:Fluprednisolone
2628:Fluorometholone
2613:Fludrocortisone
2581:
2492:Glucocorticoids
2486:
2471:Glucocorticoids
2468:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2417:Clinical trials
2396:
2340:
2252:
2243:Fludrocortisone
2194:
2180:
2150:
2145:
2141:Medicine portal
2105:
2061:
2033:
2028:
2020:Cough medicines
2015:Bronchodilators
1996:
1989:
1869:Antidepressants
1859:Anticonvulsants
1807:
1798:
1794:Bisphosphonates
1784:Corticosteroids
1746:
1733:
1705:
1696:
1680:Spindle poisons
1670:Antimetabolites
1653:
1644:
1566:
1557:
1532:Glucocorticoids
1527:Corticosteroids
1508:
1501:
1468:
1461:
1418:
1336:Antiarrhythmics
1309:
1302:
1259:Antithrombotics
1247:
1238:
1214:Antipropulsives
1210:Antidiarrhoeals
1187:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1085:
1057:(6): 1396–402.
1048:
1019:
972:
967:
930:
927:
925:Further reading
922:
921:
883:
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875:
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461:
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422:
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372:
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329:
328:
319:
314:
279:
256:
242:small molecule
179:
170:
164:
161:
140:
104:
102:Pathophysiology
63:
43:glucocorticoids
17:
12:
11:
5:
3195:
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3179:
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3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2813:Diflucortolone
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2791:Desoximetasone
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2538:Hydrocortisone
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2336:Spironolactone
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Canrenoic acid
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Corticosterone
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Contrast media
2083:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2039:sensory organs
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Antipsychotics
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Antiaddictives
1851:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1809:nervous system
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Antirheumatics
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:Antineoplastic
1682:
1677:
1672:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Antiprotozoals
1613:Antiparasitics
1610:
1605:
1600:
1593:Antibacterials
1589:Antimicrobials
1585:
1583:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:Antipsoriatics
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:ACE inhibitors
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1319:
1317:
1308:cardiovascular
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1269:Anticoagulants
1266:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1083:
1046:
1017:
965:
926:
923:
920:
919:
873:
830:
803:(1–2): 79–82.
797:Brain Research
786:
767:(6): 621–626.
746:
719:(6): 505–515.
696:
675:(5): 390–395.
655:
598:
555:(1): 191–194.
539:
520:(3): 284–301.
501:
464:Suppes, Trisha
454:
412:
385:(9): 2082–90.
365:
338:(3): 189–200.
316:
315:
313:
310:
278:
275:
259:Glucocorticoid
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:(BDNF) analogs
240:
234:
228:
222:
221:
220:
214:
208:
186:
178:
175:
172:
171:
152:
150:
139:
136:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
89:
84:
81:
78:
76:working memory
73:
62:
59:
34:
33:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3194:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Carbenoxolone
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Triamcinolone
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Paramethasone
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:Fluocortolone
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:Dexamethasone
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:Betamethasone
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:Beclometasone
2731:
2729:
2728:Alclometasone
2726:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Prednicarbate
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Difluprednate
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Carbenoxolone
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Decongestants
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Dissociatives
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:Hallucinogens
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Anthelmintics
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:genitourinary
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Antipruritics
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Beta blockers
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Antiplatelets
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1101:(5): 323–31.
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:(3): 127–45.
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
928:
924:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:(4): 229–36.
845:
841:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
656:
651:
647:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:(5): 239–46.
473:
469:
465:
458:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:(3): 369–72.
434:
430:
426:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:
324:
322:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
219:
215:
213:
209:
206:
202:
201:amitriptyline
198:
194:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
176:
168:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
143:
137:
135:
133:
132:hyperfunction
128:
124:
122:
117:
113:
109:
101:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
82:
79:
77:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
60:
58:
56:
52:
46:
44:
40:
31:
29:
25:
20:
3069:Ketoconazole
3026:Mifepristone
3021:Ketoconazole
3016:Aglepristone
3013:Antagonists:
3012:
2969:Fluocinonide
2920:
2899:Prednylidene
2877:Meprednisone
2872:Halometasone
2856:Fluticasone
2825:Fluclorolone
2774:Clocortolone
2724:
2701:Prednisolone
2623:Fluocinolone
2594:
2565:Pregnenolone
2387:Osilodrostat
2372:Ketoconazole
2331:Progesterone
2326:Nitrendipine
2291:Drospirenone
1924:Psychedelics
1894:Aphrodisiacs
1568:infestations
1544:Sex hormones
1497:Sex hormones
1442:Cicatrizants
1372:
1358:Vasodilators
1325:antianginals
1322:
1174:stomach acid
1173:
1098:
1094:
1054:
1050:
1025:
1021:
983:(1): 19–40.
980:
976:
936:
932:
892:(4): 707–9.
889:
885:
843:
839:
833:
800:
796:
789:
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601:
552:
548:
542:
517:
513:
504:
471:
467:
457:
432:
428:
382:
378:
368:
335:
331:
292:
280:
277:Case Studies
257:
180:
162:
158:adding to it
153:
129:
125:
112:hypothalamus
105:
97:
67:
64:
47:
38:
37:
3105:from market
3049:Acetoxolone
2979:Halcinonide
2959:Flunisolide
2939:Deflazacort
2934:Ciclesonide
2830:Flumetasone
2808:Diflorasone
2769:Clobetasone
2668:+tobramycin
2664:Loteprednol
2640:Fluperolone
2413:from market
2352:Acetoxolone
2218:Aldosterone
2057:Otologicals
2029:antagonists
1995:respiratory
1970:Orexigenics
1965:Neurotoxins
1914:Euphoriants
1904:Entactogens
1899:Depressants
1889:Anxiolytics
1827:Anesthetics
1603:Antifungals
1200:Antiemetics
1188:antagonists
618:(1): 1–18.
233:antagonists
193:desipramine
108:hippocampus
3156:Categories
3084:Trilostane
3074:Metyrapone
2929:Budesonide
2924:Amcinonide
2904:Rimexolone
2882:Mometasone
2835:Fluocortin
2786:Cortivazol
2757:Clobetasol
2711:Tixocortol
2706:Prednisone
2603:Cloprednol
2392:Trilostane
2377:Metyrapone
2321:Nimodipine
2316:Nifedipine
2306:Finerenone
2301:Felodipine
2296:Eplerenone
2271:Benidipine
2266:Amlodipine
1980:Stimulants
1960:Nootropics
1934:Deliriants
1909:Entheogens
1844:Anorectics
1822:Analgesics
1675:Alkylating
1608:Antivirals
1563:infections
1437:Emollients
1291:Coagulants
1161:metabolism
312:References
298:prednisone
288:prednisone
212:ketanserin
197:imipramine
165:March 2018
3177:Syndromes
3115:Phase III
3103:Withdrawn
3064:Enoxolone
2674:Medrysone
2587:Synthetic
2509:Cortisone
2423:Phase III
2411:Withdrawn
2367:Enoxolone
2311:Gestodene
2286:Canrenone
2130:ATC codes
2096:Dressings
2081:Antidotes
1945:Sedatives
1941:Hypnotics
1650:malignant
1507:endocrine
1353:Diuretics
1286:Platelets
1246:and blood
1205:Laxatives
1051:Neurology
1013:265730121
939:: 41–55.
914:216052576
886:Neurology
577:1749-6632
332:Neurocase
263:cognitive
231:glutamate
177:Treatment
138:Diagnosis
80:attention
28:Specialty
3162:Dementia
3127:See also
3079:Mitotane
2944:Desonide
2542:cortisol
2382:Mitotane
1975:Serenics
1640:Vaccines
1407:Fibrates
1229:Vitamins
1179:Antacids
1089:(1994).
1079:20430943
1042:11461709
1005:19906230
961:11033832
953:19906231
906:15728296
868:45515092
825:36641273
741:43798108
691:11059990
650:19906229
593:31310103
585:15677408
496:33237915
407:11008868
399:22071123
360:39340010
352:17786779
302:dementia
2501:Natural
1832:General
1739:muscles
1708:L03–L04
1704:disease
1656:L01–L02
1652:disease
1402:Statins
1071:8960717
985:Bibcode
817:7583316
781:1321353
733:1811246
641:2933142
620:Bibcode
557:Bibcode
534:3527687
488:9493946
449:6703100
254:History
218:lithium
207:do not)
3098:WHO-EM
2406:WHO-EM
2139:
2118:
2066:other
1997:system
1749:joints
1702:immune
1509:system
1469:system
1310:system
1077:
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1040:
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860:438794
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494:
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447:
405:
397:
358:
350:
284:asthma
239:(DHEA)
199:, and
114:, and
2120:Drugs
1837:Local
1804:brain
1743:bones
1244:blood
1075:S2CID
1009:S2CID
973:(PDF)
957:S2CID
910:S2CID
864:S2CID
821:S2CID
737:S2CID
589:S2CID
492:S2CID
403:S2CID
356:S2CID
294:Sacks
205:SSRIs
2473:and
2185:and
1747:and
1424:skin
1067:PMID
1038:PMID
1001:PMID
981:1179
949:PMID
937:1179
902:PMID
856:PMID
813:PMID
777:PMID
729:PMID
687:PMID
646:PMID
616:1179
581:PMID
573:ISSN
553:1032
530:PMID
484:PMID
445:PMID
395:PMID
348:PMID
2483:H02
2479:D07
2191:H02
2068:ATC
1806:and
1565:and
1103:doi
1059:doi
1030:doi
993:doi
941:doi
894:doi
848:doi
844:167
805:doi
801:687
769:doi
721:doi
677:doi
673:177
636:PMC
628:doi
565:doi
522:doi
476:doi
437:doi
433:141
387:doi
340:doi
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