460:) overcomes the low sound levels by electronically amplifying body sounds. However, amplification of stethoscope contact artifacts, and component cutoffs (frequency response thresholds of electronic stethoscope microphones, pre-amps, amps, and speakers) limit electronically amplified stethoscopes' overall utility by amplifying mid-range sounds, while simultaneously attenuating high- and low- frequency range sounds. Currently, a number of companies offer electronic stethoscopes. Electronic stethoscopes require conversion of acoustic sound waves to electrical signals which can then be amplified and processed for optimal listening. Unlike acoustic stethoscopes, which are all based on the same physics, transducers in electronic stethoscopes vary widely. The simplest and least effective method of sound detection is achieved by placing a microphone in the chestpiece. This method suffers from ambient noise interference and has fallen out of favor. Another method, used in Welch-Allyn's Meditron stethoscope, comprises placement of a piezoelectric crystal at the head of a metal shaft, the bottom of the shaft making contact with a diaphragm. 3M also uses a piezo-electric crystal placed within foam behind a thick rubber-like diaphragm. The Thinklabs' Rhythm 32 uses an
440:
diaphragm is placed on the patient, body sounds vibrate the diaphragm, creating acoustic pressure waves which travel up the tubing to the listener's ears. If the bell is placed on the patient, the vibrations of the skin directly produce acoustic pressure waves traveling up to the listener's ears. The bell transmits low frequency sounds, while the diaphragm transmits higher frequency sounds. To deliver the acoustic energy primarily to either the bell or diaphragm, the tube connecting into the chamber between bell and diaphragm is open on only one side and can rotate. The opening is visible when connected into the bell. Rotating the tube 180 degrees in the head connects it to the diaphragm. This two-sided stethoscope was invented by
Rappaport and Sprague in the early part of the 20th century.
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increased excursion of the diaphragm member in a Z-axis with respect to the plane of the sound collecting area. The left shift to a lower resonant frequency increases the volume of some low frequency sounds due to the longer waves propagated by the increased excursion of the hard diaphragm member suspended in the concentric accountic surround. Conversely, restricting excursion of the diaphragm by pressing the stethoscope diaphragm surface firmly against the anatomical area overlying the physiological sounds of interest, the acoustic surround could also be used to dampen excursion of the diaphragm in response to "z"-axis pressure against a concentric fret. This raises the frequency bias by shortening the wavelength to auscultate a higher range of physiological sounds.
601:
Doppler enables the auscultation of valvular movements and blood flow sounds that are undetected during cardiac examination with a stethoscope in adults. The
Doppler auscultation presented a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of aortic regurgitations while classic stethoscope auscultation presented a sensitivity of 58%. Moreover, Doppler auscultation was superior in the detection of impaired ventricular relaxation. Since the physics of Doppler auscultation and classic auscultation are different, it has been suggested that both methods could complement each other. A military noise-immune Doppler based stethoscope has recently been developed for auscultation of patients in loud sound environments (up to 110 dB).
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265:. Laennec invented the stethoscope because he was not comfortable placing his ear directly onto a woman's chest in order to listen to her heart. He observed that a rolled piece of paper, placed between the individual's chest and his ear, could amplify heart sounds without requiring physical contact. Laennec's device was similar to the common
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Prevailing opinions on the utility of the stethoscope in current clinical practice vary depending on the medical specialty. Studies have shown that auscultation skill (i.e., the ability to make a diagnosis based on what is heard through a stethoscope) has been in decline for some time, such that some
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Stethoscopes are a symbol of healthcare professionals. Healthcare providers are often seen or depicted wearing a stethoscope around the neck. A 2012 research paper claimed that the stethoscope, when compared to other medical equipment, had the highest positive impact on the perceived trustworthiness
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In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852, George Philip
Cammann perfected the design of the stethoscope instrument (that used both ears) for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by
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Stethoscopes usually have rubber earpieces, which aid comfort and create a seal with the ear, improving the acoustic function of the device. Stethoscopes can be modified by replacing the standard earpieces with moulded versions, which improve comfort and transmission of sound. Moulded earpieces can
374:
In 1999, Richard
Deslauriers patented the first external noise reducing stethoscope, the DRG Puretone. It featured two parallel lumens containing two steel coils which dissipated infiltrating noise as inaudible heat energy. The steel coil "insulation" added .30 lb to each stethoscope. In 2005,
191:
Less commonly, "mechanic's stethoscopes", equipped with rod shaped chestpieces, are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines (for example, sounds and vibrations emitted by worn ball bearings), such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal
350:
which became
Philips Medical Systems, before the walnut-boxed, $ 300, original Rappaport-Sprague stethoscope was finally abandoned ca. 2004, along with Philips' brand (manufactured by Andromed, of Montreal, Canada) electronic stethoscope model. The Rappaport-Sprague model stethoscope was heavy and
337:
has argued that the invention of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the current sense of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system even if there are no observable symptoms. This re-conceptualization occurred in part, Duffin
600:
waves reflected from organs within the body. Motion is detected by the change in frequency, due to the
Doppler effect, of the reflected waves. Hence the Doppler stethoscope is particularly suited to deal with moving objects such as a beating heart. It was recently demonstrated that continuous
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device, can be a recording device, and can provide noise reduction, signal enhancement, and both visual and audio output. Around 2001, Stethographics introduced PC-based software which enabled a phonocardiograph, graphic representation of cardiologic and pulmonologic sounds to be generated, and
439:
Acoustic stethoscopes operate on the transmission of sound from the chest piece, via air-filled hollow tubes, to the listener's ears. The chestpiece usually consists of two sides that can be placed against the patient for sensing sound: a diaphragm (plastic disc) or bell (hollow cup). If the
370:
professor, created a new stethoscope that was lighter than previous models and had improved acoustics. In the late 1970s, 3M-Littmann introduced the tunable diaphragm: a very hard (G-10) glass-epoxy resin diaphragm member with an overmolded silicone flexible acoustic surround which permitted
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described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope, but he noted in his paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird's
523:
apps that can use the phone as a stethoscope. At least one uses the phone's own microphone to amplify sound, produce a visualization, and e-mail the results. These apps may be used for training purposes or as novelties, but have not yet gained acceptance for professional medical use.
341:
Rappaport and
Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s, which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system. The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by
307:
auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice.
629:. The 3D stethoscope was developed by Dr. Tarek Loubani and a team of medical and technology specialists. The 3D-stethoscope was developed as part of the Glia project, and its design is open source from the outset. The stethoscope gained widespread media coverage in Summer 2015.
464:
with a conductive inner surface to form a capacitive sensor. This diaphragm responds to sound waves, with changes in an electric field replacing changes in air pressure. The Eko Core enables wireless transmission of heart sounds to a smartphone or tablet. The Eko Duo can take
351:
short (18–24 in (46–61 cm)) with an antiquated appearance recognizable by their two large independent latex rubber tubes connecting an exposed leaf-spring-joined pair of opposing F-shaped chrome-plated brass binaural ear tubes with a dual-head chest piece.
1326:
Bachtiger, Patrik; Petri, Camille F; Scott, Francesca E; Ri Park, Se; Kelshiker, Mihir A; Sahemey, Harpreet K; Dumea, Bianca; Alquero, Regine; Padam, Pritpal S; Hatrick, Isobel R; Ali, Alfa; Ribeiro, Maria; Cheung, Wing-See; Bual, Nina; Rana, Bushra (2022-02-01).
164:, or listening to internal sounds of an animal or human body. It typically has a small disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the skin, with either one or two tubes connected to two earpieces. A stethoscope can be used to listen to the sounds made by the
1246:
Roerecke, M; Kaczorowski, J; Myers, MG (2019), "Comparing automated office blood pressure readings with other methods of blood pressure measurement for identifying patients with possible hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
1228:
269:, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a "microphone". Laennec called his device the "stethoscope" (
317:
at the Royal
Society in 1858; the stethophone had two separate bells, allowing the user to hear and compare sounds derived from two discrete locations. This was used to do definitive studies on binaural hearing and
1329:"Point-of-care screening for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction using artificial intelligence during ECG-enabled stethoscope examination in London, UK: a prospective, observational, multicentre study"
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Mc
Loughlin MJ and Mc Loughlin S. Cardiac auscultation: Preliminary findings of a pilot study using continuous Wave Doppler and comparison with classic auscultation Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jul 31; 167(2):5
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denotes all such listening, mediate or not.) The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829. In 1840,
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Amazon.com: Cardiac
Auscultation With Continuous Wave Doppler Stethoscope: A new method 200 years after Laennec's invention eBook: Mario Jorge Mc Loughlin, Santiago Mc Loughlin: Kindle Store
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through the stethoscope headphones, allowing for more detailed study for general research as well as evaluation and consultation regarding a particular patient's condition and
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346:. HP's medical products division was spun off as part of Agilent Technologies, Inc., where it became Agilent Healthcare. Agilent Healthcare was purchased by
1375:
Palaniappan R, Sundaraj K, Ahamed NU, Arjunan A, Sundaraj S. Computer-based Respiratory Sound Analysis: A Systematic Review. IETE Tech Rev 2013;30:248–56
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parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks.
1600:, provides heart sounds, heart murmurs, and breath sounds in order to help medical students and others improve their physical diagnosis skills
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1112:"Cardiac auscultation: preliminary findings of a pilot study using continuous Wave Doppler and comparison with classic auscultation"
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1061:"Impact of the Presence of Medical Equipment in Images on Viewers' Perceptions of the Trustworthiness of an Individual On-Screen"
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Early flexible tube stethoscopes. Golding Bird's instrument is on the left. The instrument on the right is the stethophone.
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The need for a 3D-stethoscope was borne out of a lack of stethoscopes and other vital medical equipment because of the
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Some electronic stethoscopes feature direct audio output that can be used with an external recording device, such as a
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argues, because prior to stethoscopes, there were no non-lethal instruments for exploring internal anatomy.
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2015:
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with inflatable cuff and stethoscope is gradually being replaced with automated blood pressure monitors.
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2004:
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Matt McFarland, "Eko's stethoscope shows the potential of digital technology to reinvent health care",
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1998:
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1034:
965:
1609:"The invention of the stethoscope: A milestone in cardiology", analysis of Laennec's text (1819) on
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Prior to the 1960s, the esophageal stethoscope was a part of the routine intraoperative monitoring.
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774:(1835). New York : Samuel Wood & Sons; Philadelphia : Desilver, Thomas & Co. .
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with a tool intermediate between the individual's body and the physician's ear. (Today the word
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interpreted according to related algorithms. All of these features are helpful for purposes of
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The Quarterly Journal of Foreign Medicine and Surgery and of the Sciences Connected with Them
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The first stethoscope that could work with a smartphone application was introduced in 2015
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Microbiological sterilization, disinfection, quarantine & biological waste management
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1151:"The Traditional Stethoscope May Be Obsolete but the Need for Human Connection Is Not"
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programs to analyze the recorded heart sounds pathological or innocent heart murmurs.
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Because the sounds are transmitted electronically, an electronic stethoscope can be a
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2599:
2455:
1712:
1697:
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De l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumon et du coeur
693:
561:
is an acoustic stethoscope shaped like a listening trumpet. It is placed against the
470:
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as well as echocardiograms. This enables clinicians to screen for conditions such as
362:
Several other minor refinements were made to stethoscopes until, in the early 1960s,
1384:
Bianca K. Chung, Brad Tritle, "The power of mobile devices and patient engagement",
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1958:
1953:
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stethoscope became the basis for the 3D-printed stethoscope developed by Loubani.
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62:
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of a healthy 16 year old girl's heart, as heard with a digital stethoscope on the
1567:
Brodsky, J; Lemmens, H (2007). "The history of anesthesia for thoracic surgery".
1127:
636:, where Loubani, a Palestinian-Canadian, worked as an emergency physician during
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118:
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833:
626:
574:
548:
540:
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1411:
Smart Medicine: How the Changing Role of Doctors Will Revolutionize Health Care
1304:
508:
recorder. The same connection can be used to listen to the previously recorded
427:
402:
In general practice, traditional blood pressure measurement using a mechanical
277:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2475:
2433:
2393:
1869:
1829:
1021:
1008:
940:"Advantages presented by the employment of a stethoscope with a flexible tube"
786:"Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The Man Behind the Stethoscope"
670:
597:
520:
169:
144:
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1864:
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1293:"Smart stethoscope uses artificial intelligence to screen for heart failure"
1111:
566:
1580:
1362:
1278:
1229:"Heart doctors are listening for clues to the future of their stethoscopes"
1213:
1174:
1135:
1096:
819:
28:
1059:
Jiwa, Moyez; Millett, Stephan; Meng, Xingqiong; Hewitt, Vivien M. (2012).
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262:
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52:
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1948:
1844:
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562:
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be cast by an audiologist or made by the stethoscope user from a kit.
375:
DRG's diagnostics division was acquired by TRIMLINE Medical Products.
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1779:
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173:
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771:
A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation
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1390:
Engage! Transforming Healthcare Through Digital Patient Engagement
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570:
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382:
353:
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232:
224:
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A doctor using a stethoscope on a patient's abdomen to listen to
592:
A Doppler stethoscope is an electronic device that measures the
177:
2614:
2121:
1624:
1543:"Gazan medico team 3D-prints world-leading stethoscope for 30c"
473:, which would not be possible with a traditional stethoscope.
1620:
505:
962:"Big Ideas: Jacalyn Duffin on the History of the Stethoscope"
100:
1038:
907:
Wilks, p. 490, cites Comins, "A flexible stethoscope",
720:"Binaural Hearing – Before and After the Stethophone"
2829:
2748:
2722:
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2648:
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2051:
1967:
1914:
1878:
1822:
1767:
1721:
78:
68:
58:
48:
38:
21:
399:medical educators are working to re-establish it.
865:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 316.
838:Victorian London: the life of a city, 1840–1870
718:Wade, Nicholas J.; Deutsch, Diana (July 2008).
988:"History of Littmann Stethoscopes at a glance"
920:Samuel Wilks, "Evolution of the stethoscope",
2626:
2133:
1636:
1198:"The stethoscope – obsolescence or marriage?"
217:This early stethoscope belonged to Laennec. (
8:
2723:System non-specific clinical specializations
1606:University of Washington School of Medicine
621:is an open-source medical device meant for
573:. The fetal stethoscope is also known as a
569:woman to listen to the heart sounds of the
543:used by a U.S. Army Reserve nurse in Uganda
488:Electronic stethoscopes are also used with
2633:
2619:
2611:
2265:
2140:
2126:
2118:
1643:
1629:
1621:
1604:Demonstrations: Heart Sounds & Murmurs
1477:, pp. 290–96, New Age International, 2006
713:
711:
709:
326:and eventually led to an understanding of
27:
1352:
1268:
1086:
1076:
809:
281:, "chest scope"), and he called its use "
768:'Laennec, R. T. H.; Forbes, John, Sir,
261:. It consisted of a wooden tube and was
1110:McLoughlin, Mario J (30 October 2012).
705:
142:
18:
1988:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
1510:. Mario J Mc Loughlin. 5 January 2013
1453:. Academic Publishers. pp. 47–.
840:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
184:, it is commonly used when measuring
7:
2749:System specific clinical specialties
2697:Fundamental clinical specializations
1149:Wann, Samuel L (21 September 2022).
1065:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2656:Laboratory diagnosis & research
1388:, chapter 8 in Jan Oldenburg (ed),
1116:International Journal of Cardiology
887:"Laennec's new system of diagnosis"
298:stethoscope had a single earpiece.
2063:reform debate in the United States
1155:The American Journal of Cardiology
395:of the practitioner seen with it.
14:
2090:(Category Health care by country)
1475:A Textbook of Medical Instruments
485:(remote diagnosis) and teaching.
2642:Medical instruments and implants
2102:
2101:
673:
245:The stethoscope was invented in
143:Problems playing this file? See
116:
16:Medical device for auscultation
1447:Arup Kumar Majhi (2016-08-16).
1261:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6551
1227:Bernstein, Lenny (2016-01-02),
950:, pp. 440–12, 11 December 1840.
928:, no. 28, pp. 488–91, Feb 1883
431:Acoustic stethoscope, with the
423:Parts of a binaural stethoscope
313:described his invention of the
255:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
195:A stethoscope that intensifies
180:. In combination with a manual
1799:Academic health science centre
758:. Paris: Brosson & Chaudé.
625:and manufactured via means of
456:An electronic stethoscope (or
285:auscultation", because it was
1:
2036:Health information management
2021:health information technology
1759:Health information management
1450:Bedside Clinics In Obstetrics
1345:10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00256-9
1167:10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.08.020
2011:Translational bioinformatics
1541:Pauli, Darren (2015-08-14).
1128:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.223
863:Mending Bodies, Saving Souls
2786:Obstetrics & Gynecology
2041:Consumer health informatics
1035:"TRIMLINE Medical Products"
784:Roguin A (September 2006).
490:computer-aided auscultation
322:that advanced knowledge of
172:, as well as blood flow in
2906:
1598:The Auscultation Assistant
1305:10.3310/nihrevidence_56245
634:blockade of the Gaza Strip
546:
241:-type stethoscope in ivory
2873:Medical testing equipment
2801:Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
2444:Precordial catch syndrome
2344:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2097:
2031:Public health informatics
1944:Electronic health records
1814:Supervised injection site
1754:Allied health professions
1658:
1333:The Lancet Digital Health
638:the 2012 conflict in Gaza
462:electromagnetic diaphragm
84: (208 years ago)
26:
2830:Post-mortem examinations
2649:Diagnostics and research
613:A 3D-printed stethoscope
2527:Charcot–Leyden crystals
1979:Medical image computing
1929:Artificial intelligence
1569:Minerva Anestesiologica
861:Risse, Guenter (1999).
516:, or remote diagnosis.
311:Somerville Scott Alison
2244:Whispered pectoriloquy
2016:Translational medicine
944:London Medical Gazette
752:Laennec, René (1819).
619:3D-printed stethoscope
614:
544:
453:
452:Electronic stethoscope
436:
424:
391:
368:Harvard Medical School
359:
333:The medical historian
242:
230:
222:
219:Science Museum, London
105:
2005:Computational biology
1906:Universal precautions
1529:Official project site
1022:U.S. patent 3,951,230
1009:U.S. patent 3,108,652
964:. TVO. Archived from
689:Doppler fetal monitor
643:Littmann Cardiology 3
612:
538:
451:
430:
422:
386:
357:
236:
228:
216:
104:
2522:Curschmann's spirals
2370:Respiratory distress
2209:Pleural friction rub
1999:Behavior informatics
1392:, Himss Books, 2012
968:on 27 September 2013
1983:imaging informatics
1891:Cultural competence
1299:. 18 January 2023.
802:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230
320:auditory processing
199:sounds is called a
2888:1816 introductions
2563:pulmonary embolism
2535:chronic bronchitis
2375:Respiratory arrest
2354:Ataxic respiration
2349:Kussmaul breathing
2339:Biot's respiration
2334:Agonal respiration
2230:Elicited findings
2174:Respiratory sounds
2153:respiratory system
2149:Signs and symptoms
1969:Health informatics
1744:Healthcare science
1417:, Macmillan, 2011
1196:Murphy, R (2005),
615:
545:
467:electrocardiograms
454:
437:
425:
392:
360:
324:sound localization
243:
231:
229:Early stethoscopes
223:
112:Stethoscope Sounds
106:
33:Modern stethoscope
2868:Medical equipment
2863:French inventions
2850:
2849:
2842:Forensic sciences
2608:
2607:
2422:
2421:
2115:
2114:
1879:Skills / training
1803:Teaching hospital
1616:
1460:978-93-83420-87-2
1437:, Washington Post
1078:10.2196/jmir.1986
960:Duffin, Jacalyn.
872:978-0-19-505523-8
739:10.1121/1.2994724
555:fetal stethoscope
122:
96:
95:
2895:
2883:Sound technology
2821:Vascular surgery
2771:Gastroenterology
2709:General medicine
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2293:Hyperventilation
2266:
2151:relating to the
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2104:
1993:Neuroinformatics
1934:Connected health
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:. United Kingdom
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1409:William Hanson,
1407:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1339:(2): e117–e125.
1323:
1317:
1316:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
957:
951:
918:
912:
905:
899:
898:
883:
877:
876:
858:
852:
851:
830:
824:
823:
813:
781:
775:
766:
760:
759:
749:
743:
742:
724:
715:
683:
678:
677:
676:
640:. The 1960s-era
404:sphygmomanometer
379:Current practice
302:Binaural devices
182:sphygmomanometer
124:
123:
103:
92:
90:
85:
31:
19:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2825:
2744:
2740:Plastic surgery
2718:
2714:General surgery
2692:
2680:
2644:
2639:
2609:
2604:
2582:pulmonary edema
2574:Westermark sign
2491:Post-nasal drip
2486:Silhouette sign
2418:
2409:Mouth breathing
2358:
2322:
2298:Hypoventilation
2255:
2155:
2146:
2116:
2111:
2093:
2047:
2046:
2045:
1963:
1910:
1874:
1850:Overutilization
1818:
1809:Pharmacy school
1775:Assisted living
1763:
1717:
1654:
1649:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1408:
1404:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1249:JAMA Intern Med
1245:
1244:
1240:
1233:Washington Post
1226:
1225:
1221:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1109:
1108:
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1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
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1033:
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1028:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1002:
993:
991:
986:
985:
981:
971:
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959:
958:
954:
937:
922:Popular Science
919:
915:
911:29 August 1829.
906:
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873:
860:
859:
855:
848:
832:
831:
827:
783:
782:
778:
767:
763:
751:
750:
746:
727:Acoustics Today
722:
717:
716:
707:
702:
681:Medicine portal
679:
674:
672:
669:
660:
652:
607:
590:
551:
533:
519:There are some
498:
446:
417:
412:
381:
344:Hewlett-Packard
328:binaural fusion
304:
209:
150:
149:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:tricuspid valve
125:
117:
114:
107:
101:
88:
86:
83:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2891:
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2768:
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2752:
2750:
2746:
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2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Anesthesiology
2726:
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2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
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2623:
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2578:
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2559:
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2545:
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2524:
2512:
2511:
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2498:
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2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
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2451:
2446:
2441:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Breath holding
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
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2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:United Kingdom
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Digital health
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:3D bioprinting
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Bedside manner
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1795:Medical school
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
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1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1592:External links
1590:
1587:
1586:
1575:(10): 513–24.
1559:
1533:
1521:
1497:
1487:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1402:
1377:
1368:
1318:
1284:
1255:(3): 351–362,
1238:
1219:
1208:(5): 660–661,
1188:
1141:
1122:(2): 590–591.
1102:
1051:
1026:
1013:
1000:
979:
952:
938:Golding Bird,
913:
900:
897:: 51–68, 1820.
878:
871:
853:
847:978-0297847335
846:
825:
776:
761:
744:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
685:
684:
668:
665:
659:
656:
651:
648:
606:
603:
594:Doppler effect
589:
586:
582:Adolphe Pinard
547:Main article:
532:
529:
497:
494:
445:
442:
416:
413:
411:
408:
380:
377:
364:David Littmann
335:Jacalyn Duffin
303:
300:
208:
205:
186:blood pressure
140:
126:
115:
110:
109:
108:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
43:Medical device
40:
39:Classification
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Medical tests
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Ophthalmology
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Endocrinology
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:Sterilization
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2600:Golden S sign
2598:
2596:
2595:Hamman's sign
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Hoover's sign
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Nail clubbing
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
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2378:
2376:
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2368:
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2355:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
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2222:
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2200:
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2158:
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2143:
2138:
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2131:
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2124:
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2108:
2100:
2099:
2096:
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2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:United States
2056:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:in healthcare
2006:
2003:
2001:in healthcare
2000:
1997:
1995:in healthcare
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
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1578:
1574:
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1563:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
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1522:
1509:
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1501:
1498:
1491:
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1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1456:
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1451:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:NIHR Evidence
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1041:on 2009-03-06
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
989:
983:
980:
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923:
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879:
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868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
843:
839:
835:
829:
826:
821:
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812:
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787:
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773:
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762:
757:
756:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
714:
712:
710:
706:
699:
695:
694:Speaking tube
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
671:
666:
664:
657:
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647:
645:
644:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
611:
604:
602:
599:
595:
587:
585:
584:(1844–1934).
583:
580:
577:after French
576:
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564:
560:
556:
550:
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537:
530:
528:
525:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
474:
472:
471:heart failure
468:
463:
459:
450:
443:
441:
434:
429:
421:
414:
409:
407:
405:
400:
396:
390:
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365:
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339:
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331:
329:
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268:
264:
260:
256:
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248:
240:
235:
227:
220:
215:
211:
206:
204:
202:
201:phonendoscope
198:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
148:
146:
134:
130:
113:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2661:Microbiology
2588:Kerley lines
2580:
2569:Hampton hump
2561:
2547:
2533:
2514:
2500:
2239:Pectoriloquy
2224:Death rattle
2219:Bronchophony
2168:
2161:Auscultation
2026:Telemedicine
1959:Telemedicine
1954:Nanomedicine
1790:Nursing home
1610:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:The Register
1546:
1536:
1524:
1514:24 September
1512:. Retrieved
1506:
1500:
1490:
1474:
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966:the original
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828:
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579:obstetrician
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510:auscultation
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389:bowel sounds
373:
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295:Golding Bird
291:auscultation
290:
287:auscultation
276:
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251:René Laennec
244:
210:
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197:auscultatory
194:
190:
162:auscultation
153:
151:
129:auscultation
73:René Laennec
63:Auscultation
2806:Pulmonology
2796:Orthopedics
2761:Dermatology
2549:sarcoidosis
2439:In children
2281:Prematurity
2169:Stethoscope
2085:New Zealand
1840:End-of-life
1722:Professions
1652:Health care
1202:Respir Care
1161:: 147–148.
1071:(4): e100.
972:28 November
627:3D printing
575:Pinard horn
549:Pinard horn
541:Pinard horn
458:stethophone
315:stethophone
267:ear trumpet
249:in 1816 by
168:, lungs or
160:device for
154:stethoscope
59:Application
22:Stethoscope
2857:Categories
2811:Psychiatry
2776:Nephrology
2756:Cardiology
2676:Toxicology
2555:Kveim test
2541:Reid index
2476:Hemoptysis
2434:Chest pain
2394:Aerophagia
2234:Percussion
2052:By country
1916:Technology
1855:Palliative
1683:Philosophy
1673:Guidelines
1553:2015-08-17
1483:8122415725
1423:0230120938
1398:1938904397
1045:2010-01-25
994:2010-01-25
700:References
650:Esophageal
605:3D-printed
598:ultrasound
521:smartphone
444:Electronic
170:intestines
145:media help
2781:Neurology
2704:Dentistry
2671:Radiology
2666:Pathology
2481:Epistaxis
2389:Trepopnea
2384:Platypnea
2380:Orthopnea
2318:Bradypnea
2308:Tachypnea
2303:Hyperpnea
2261:Breathing
2080:Australia
1901:Education
1896:Diagnosis
1749:Dentistry
1693:Providers
1668:Equipment
1663:Economics
1531:at GitHub
1415:pp. 20–22
1313:257852883
1183:252493231
934:0161-7370
658:Earpieces
559:fetoscope
496:Recording
127:Recorded
2735:Oncology
2461:Cyanosis
2449:Pleurisy
2399:Asphyxia
2313:Hypopnea
2249:Egophony
2214:Fremitus
2189:Crackles
2107:Category
1785:Hospital
1768:Settings
1739:Pharmacy
1729:Medicine
1678:Industry
1581:17380101
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1279:30715088
1214:15912626
1175:36153180
1136:23117017
1097:22782078
990:. 3M.com
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820:17048358
667:See also
567:pregnant
478:wireless
415:Acoustic
263:monaural
174:arteries
79:Invented
69:Inventor
53:Medicine
49:Industry
2837:Anatomy
2816:Urology
2414:Snoring
2327:Pattern
2288:Dyspnea
2199:Stertor
2194:Rhonchi
2179:Stridor
1949:mHealth
1860:Primary
1845:Hospice
1835:Chronic
1734:Nursing
1703:Ranking
1354:8789562
1270:6439707
1088:3409609
926:vol. 22
811:1570491
588:Doppler
563:abdomen
435:upwards
348:Philips
283:mediate
272:stetho-
253:at the
207:History
158:medical
87: (
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2496:Hiccup
2471:Sputum
2204:Squawk
2184:Wheeze
2075:Canada
1780:Clinic
1713:System
1708:Reform
1698:Public
1688:Policy
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278:-scope
247:France
239:Traube
2466:Cough
2427:Other
2363:Other
2276:Apnea
1870:Total
1830:Acute
1495:90–91
1386:p. 93
1309:S2CID
1179:S2CID
723:(PDF)
571:fetus
565:of a
531:Fetal
410:Types
259:Paris
178:veins
166:heart
156:is a
135:area.
2502:COPD
2269:Rate
1981:and
1865:Self
1823:Care
1577:PMID
1516:2015
1479:ISBN
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