257:, Abrams's assistant in charge of criminal prosecutions, delegated the responsibility of leading the investigation. Brawley's team employed a general strategy of discouraging Brawley and her family from testifying, which they justified by claiming that an unjust refusal by the state to prosecute the alleged attackers was inevitable. Their inflammatory rhetoric and tactics, such as conditioning interviews with investigators on Cuomo, Abrams and Ryan undergoing psychological evaluations, were viewed by many as flippant and inappropriate. Sharpton, in particular, drew criticism for comparing requests to meet with Abrams, known for his strong record on civil rights, to "asking someone who watched someone
285:, was well-nourished, and appeared to have brushed her teeth recently. Despite her clothing being charred, there were no burns on her body. Although a shoe she was wearing was cut through, Brawley had no injuries to her foot. The racial epithets written on her were upside down, which led to suspicion that Brawley herself had written the words. Testimony from her schoolmates indicated she had attended a local party during the time of her supposed abduction. One witness claimed to have observed Brawley's climbing into the garbage bag. The feces on her body were identified as coming from her neighbor's dog. Brawley never testified, despite a subpoena ordering her to do so.
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42:, New York. She had racial slurs written on her body and was covered in feces. The feces came from a collie owned by a resident of the building where Brawley was found. Brawley accused four white men of having raped her. The charges received national attention in part because of the appalling condition in which she had been left, her young age, and the professional status of the persons she accused of the crime (including police officers and a prosecuting attorney). Brawley's advisers—
495:, and law enforcement to racially charged incidents. The Tawana Brawley case stands as a pivotal example of how racial dynamics influenced media reporting and public perception. Initially, The New York Times, among other national media, hesitated to extensively cover Brawley's allegations of racial and sexual assault due to uncertainties surrounding the events and the complexities of racial politics highlighted by their prior challenges in reporting the racial attacks during the
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166:, began handling Brawley's publicity, the case quickly became highly controversial. Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason generated a national media sensation. The three said that officials all the way up to the state government were trying to cover up defendants in the case because they were white. They further suggested that the Ku Klux Klan, the
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with this officer with nods of the head, shrugs of the shoulder, and written notes. The interview lasted 20 minutes, during which she uttered only one word: "neon". Through gestures and writing, however, she indicated she had been raped repeatedly in a wooded area by six white men, at least one of whom, she said, was a police officer.
364:, writing "The radical multiculturalists seem unable or unwilling to differentiate between Brawley's fantasized rape and another woman's real one. Indifference to the distinction between fact and fiction minimizes real suffering by implying that it is no worse than imagined or self-inflicted suffering."
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in
Brooklyn after failing to appear before a disciplinary hearing to answer allegations regarding his conduct in the Brawley case. Vernon Mason was disbarred for 66 cases of misconduct in 1995; while the Brawley case was not specifically cited, Mason claimed that he was being punished for his role in
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Neighbors also told the grand jury that in
February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to King, "You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth." Another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say, "They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and
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On June 6, 1988, Tawana's mother, Glenda
Brawley, was sentenced to 30 days in prison, and fined $ 250 for contempt of court for refusing to testify at the grand jury hearing. She evaded arrest by hiding in churches, with the police failing to arrest her, arguing it would lead to violence. The Brawley
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of character that he had brought against
Sharpton, Maddox and Mason; Pagones initially sought $ 395 million. The jury found Sharpton liable for making seven defamatory statements about Pagones, Maddox for two and Mason for one. The jury deadlocked on four of the 22 statements over which Pagones
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A detective from the sheriff's juvenile aid bureau, among others, was summoned to interview
Brawley, but she remained unresponsive. The family requested a black officer, which the police department was able to provide. Brawley, described as having an "extremely spacey" look on her face, communicated
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The same media that demanded
Brawley "prove" her sexual assault made no such demands in the Central Park case. The same media that had no difficulty identifying the underaged Wappingers Falls teenager by name, invading the sanctity of her home to show her face and even televising semi-nude pictures
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published claims by a boyfriend of
Brawley, Daryl Rodriguez, that she had told him the story was fabricated, with help from her mother, to avert the wrath of her stepfather. Writing about the case in a 2004 book on perceptions of racial violence, sociologist Jonathan Markovitz concluded that "it is
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Sharpton's former aide, Perry McKinnon, said that
Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason were unconcerned with Brawley, and were using the case to "tak over the town," as he had heard Sharpton say that the case could make him and Brawley's other two advisers "the biggest niggers in New York." In June 1988, at
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The great paradox of
Brawley 2 was that this dumb show went on for months, encouraged by the authorities and the media. The 'white power structure' – as Sharpton calls it – all but propped up the advisers' shaky scenarios. The governor and the attorney general, their eyes on electoral politics as
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during a time of heightened racial awareness. False claims of sexual violence are rare. In most cases, news media still blame victims with and without evidence. And childhood abuse, a 15-year-old is a minor according to New York State's age of majority, often goes underreported and thereby may be
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Some witnesses say they saw
Brawley in Newburgh during the time she was missing, but that never was proven. In December 1987, more than 1,000 people, including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, march in Brawley's support through the city streets. In October 1988, a special grand jury rules
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Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and particularly her stepfather, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had previously beaten her daughter for running away, and for
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The mainstream media's coverage drew heated criticism from the African American press and leaders for its treatment of the teenager. They cited the leaking and publication of photos taken of her at the hospital, and the revelation of her name despite her being underage. In addition, critics were
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was administered, and police began building a case. Brawley provided no names or descriptions of her assailants. She later told others that there had been no rape, only other kinds of sexual abuse. Forensic tests found no evidence of sexual assault or sexual intercourse. There was no evidence of
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On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit her boyfriend, Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in
506:
The eventual shift in coverage of the Grand Jury in Brawley's case, following allegations of a hoax, sparked a debate on the newsworthiness of racial victimization narratives, revealing underlying tensions between white guilt and black journalistic loyalty. This period underscored the complex
527:, they often are not believed creating a condition of silence by other alleged and real victims, which makes Sharpton's publicizing of the Brawley case all the more tragic for true victims. These are consequences that befall underage victims of assault and violence as well as members of
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spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his first wife 14 times, which later escalated into him shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley: when Brawley had been arrested on a
273:, spoke out against language he perceived as unhelpful and needlessly divisive, Sharpton responded by calling him "a state-sponsored Uncle Tom." On October 6, 1988, the grand jury released its 170-page report that concluded Brawley had not been abducted, assaulted, raped, or
277:, as Brawley and her advisers said. The report further concluded that the allegations against Pagones were false and had no basis in fact. Before issuing the report, the grand jury heard from 180 witnesses, saw 250 exhibits, and recorded more than 6,000 pages of testimony.
92:, New York, was found seemingly unconscious and unresponsive, lying in a garbage bag several feet from an apartment where she had once lived. Her clothing was torn and burned, her body smeared with feces. She was taken to the emergency room, where the words "Pimp-Nigger",
117:
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wrote negatively of "men like Vernon Mason who sold out a good reputation in a cynical bid for political power by pimping real victims of racism in order to smoke-screen Tawana Brawley's lies." On May 21, 1990, Alton H. Maddox was indefinitely suspended by the
324:
reasonable to suggest that Brawley's fear and the kinds of suffering that she must have gone through must have been truly staggering if they were enough to force her to resort to cutting her hair, covering herself in feces, and crawling into a garbage bag."
280:
In the decision, the grand jury noted many problems with Brawley's story. Among these were that the rape kit results did not indicate sexual assault. Additionally, despite saying she had been held captive outdoors for days, Brawley was not suffering from
398:
Pagones also sued Brawley. She defaulted by not appearing at the trial, and the judge ordered her to pay Pagones damages of $ 185,000. The $ 65,000 judgment levied against Al Sharpton was paid for him in 2001 by supporters, including attorney
227:
Agency is supposed to take jurisdiction and custody of that child. Now, Tawana Brawley was 15 at the time of the incident. If that had been done... early on, the agency would have given her psychiatric attention and preserved evidence of
189:, attempted to establish an alibi for Crist, stating that he had been with Crist during that period of time. Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason then said that Crist and Pagones were two of the rapists. They also accused Pagones, a
395:
had sued, and it found eight statements to be non-defamatory. In a later interview, Pagones said the turmoil caused by the accusations of Brawley and her advisers had cost him his first marriage and much personal grief.
351:
wrote in 1991 that the teenager "has been the victim of some unspeakable crime. No matter how she got there. No matter who did it to her—and even if she did it to herself." These comments aroused controversy as well;
80:, and from many black leaders who believed the teenager and her story. The grand jury's conclusions decreased support for Brawley and her advisers; Brawley's family have maintained that the allegations were true.
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underinvestigated by those who report it in the media. It was only in the 1970s that adult survivors began reporting child sexual abuse to the public. The Brawley incident took place near the end of the 1980s.
35:(born December 15, 1971) is an African American woman from New York who gained notoriety in November 1987 at age 15 when she falsely accused four white men of kidnapping and raping her over a four-day period.
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reported that Maddox had paid his judgment of $ 97,000 and Mason was making payments on the $ 188,000 which he owed. Brawley reportedly had not made any payments. The following month a court ordered her wages
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Several sources including articles and books discuss the racial aspects of media coverage when the case emerged. "With so many miserable precursors, the case instantly activated city's black rage,
1985:
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charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense while at the police station. Witnesses also described King as having talked about his stepdaughter in a sexualizing manner.
1952:
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Brawley received support from the African American community. Some academics have suggested that Brawley was victimized by biased reporting that was influenced by racial stereotypes. The
421:
In a 1997 appearance Brawley maintained she did not invent the story; she still had supporters. In November 2007, Brawley's stepfather and mother, in a 20th-anniversary feature for the
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concluded in October 1988 that Brawley had not been the victim of a forcible sexual assault, and that she may have created the appearance of such an attack herself. Steven Pagones, the
233:
the height of the controversy surrounding the case, a poll showed a gap of 34 percentage points between blacks (51%) and whites (85%) on the question of whether Brawley was lying.
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866:
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Harry Crist Jr. became a suspect in the case because he committed suicide shortly after the period when Brawley was allegedly held captive and was a part-time police officer in
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427:, contended the attack happened. "How could we make this up and take down the state of New York? We're just regular people," Glenda Brawley said. They said they had asked
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She vanished on a cold, moonless autumn night in Wappingers Falls, N.Y., from a strip of gas stations and fast-food outlets that stand as a kind of neon-lit mockery of
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interplay between race, media coverage, and the response (or lack thereof) of institutions, highlighting the challenges of navigating racial politics in journalism and
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concerned that Brawley had been left in the custody of her mother, stepfather, and advisers, rather than being given protection by the state. In an opinion piece in
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Michael Hardy, who served as Sharpton's defense lawyer in Pagones' defamation case against him, would in 1991 become a prominent founder of Sharpton's organization
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exposure to elements, which would have been expected in a victim held for several days in the woods at a time when the temperature dropped below freezing at night.
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reported that he killed himself because his girlfriend ended their relationship shortly before his death, and because he was upset that he was unable to become a
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For segments of the black press, however, the Brawley story's truth was not in question: the case simply demonstrated the bankruptcy of the white justice system.
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In the 1980s New York City's media landscape was significantly influenced by racial tensions, shaping the coverage and response of major news outlets, notably
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Brawley's claims in the case captured headlines across the country. Public rallies were held denouncing the incident. When civil rights activist
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like journalists at major news outlets or public police forces. All are shaped as individuals by the sensationalization of racial tensions, the
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practiced racial loyalty. Brawley's case marked a remarkably singular case of spectacularized news coverage centered on a Black girl's claim of
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2192:
Freedman, Samuel G (July 1989). "Unholy Alliances: Working the Tawana Brawley story by Mike Taibbi and Anna Sims-Phillips (Book Review)".
575:
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499:. This cautious approach reflected a broader trend of media outlets adopting a reactive stance towards racial issues, often waiting for
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New York prosecutor whom Brawley had accused as being one of her assailants, later successfully sued Brawley and her three advisers for
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to reopen the case. They also said that Brawley would speak at any legal proceedings. As of 2013, Brawley works as a nurse in rural
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Faced with an uncooperative Brawley, who was advised by Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason to not answer questions, New York governor
2489:
Lykke, Lucia C. (March 3, 2016). "Visibility and denial: accounts of sexual violence in race- and gender-specific magazines".
1522:
2582:"'We're TLC and We Just Tell It Like It Is': Chilli on Trio's Unfiltered Debut 'Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip' 25 Years Later"
2407:
Harris, Jamelia N. (2021). "When They Don't See Us: Using Intersectionality to Examine Black Girls' Discipline Experiences".
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1138:
2612:
1727:
2640:"Fox Nation's 'Scandalous: The Mysterious Story of Tawana Brawley' goes in-depth on the lie that made al Sharpton famous"
573:
episode "Out of the Half-Light" is a fictionalized retelling of the Brawley case. The case is also discussed in the 2014
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of Black female victims or the police in cases where sexual exploitation and racial/sexual oppression are plausible.
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On November 28, 1987, Brawley was found in a trash bag after having been missing for four days from her home in
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Markovitz, Jonathan (2000). "Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley".
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pledged $ 100,000 toward Brawley's education. In December 1987, more than one thousand people, including
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2201:
1310:"After the Grand Jury; What Happened to Tawana Brawley's Case – And to Attitudes About Race and Justice"
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Brawley is referenced by Public Enemy in the song "Revolutionary Generation" from Public Enemy's album
2372:
Varner, Deena (July 4, 2018). "Reflections on Tawana Brawley: Privacy and Publicity Thirty Years On".
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well as the case, gave the appearance of trying to avoid offense to any constituency, black or white.
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family then fled New York state, travelling around the country for several months before settling in
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Belknap, Joanne (December 2010). "Rape: Too Hard to Report and Too Easy to Discredit Victims".
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449:(who supported her claims), Brawley converted to Islam during the trial, and according to the
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The case highlighted mistrust of legal institutions within the black community. Legal scholar
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trouble." She described how angry King was over a previous incident of her staying out late.
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2146:"Longtime National Action Network EVP and General Counsel Michael Hardy, Esq. passes away"
2016:
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From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy
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On November 28, 1987, Tawana Brawley, who had been missing for four days from her home in
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Pagones v. Maddox, et al. – Decision of the Supreme Court of New York, County of Dutchess
1437:"25 years after her rape claims sparked a firestorm, Tawana Brawley avoids the spotlight"
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Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History
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Omolade, Barbara; Carty, Linda (1996). "The rising song of African American women".
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State law provides that if a child appears to have been sexually molested, then the
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1167:"Finally, His Day in Court; Man Wrongly Accused in Brawley Case Will Be Heard"
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or political figures to label events as significant before reporting them.
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2248:"Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley"
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Hill, Michael (January 13, 1998). "Man says Brawley seemed to be faking".
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987:"Pay-up time for Brawley: '87 rape-hoaxer finally shells out for slander"
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2526:"Riot on the Set: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power'"
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The initial public response to Brawley's story was mostly sympathetic.
476:, and media pursuit." According to one source, the television station
1505:"Disputes Stalling Police Agencies In Plans to Arrest Glenda Brawley"
274:
2121:"56 Years Ago, He Shot Malcolm X. Now He Lives Quietly in Brooklyn"
1747:"Court suspends Maddox for refusal to testify at grievance hearing"
115:
181:, which borders Brawley's hometown. Steven Pagones, an assistant
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had conspired with the U.S. government in the alleged cover-up.
2252:
Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture
1697:
Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law
553:
features a shot of graffiti which says "Tawana told the truth."
362:
Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law
253:
for the case. A grand jury]was convened to hear evidence, with
1980:
1976:"15 Years Later, Tawana Brawley Has Paid 1 Percent Of Penalty"
1821:
1899:"Sharpton's Debt in Brawley Defamation Is Paid by Supporters"
1848:"Pagones and Wife Split – He Blames Stress of Brawley Ordeal"
1361:"'Final Opportunity' To Testify Is Offered To Tawana Brawley"
135:
offered a $ 25,000 reward for information on the case, while
2093:"20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past"
2040:"20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past"
390:
In 1998 Pagones was awarded $ 345,000 through a lawsuit for
556:
Brawley appeared alongside Sharpton in the music video for
2677:(another view of Brawley's appearance in Brooklyn in 1997)
1492:. Chicago Tribune via The New York Times. August 16, 1988.
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Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide
1049:
Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide
760:
The Media Show: The Changing Face of the News, 1985–1990
445:, under a new name. Influenced by her interactions with
96:", were discovered written on her torso with charcoal.
1943:"Tawana Brawley begins to repay prosecutor she accused"
1256:
Outrage : the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax
857:"After a Decade, Brawley Reappears and Repeats Charges"
2409:
Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling
1199:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p.
1196:
Legacies of lynching : racial violence and memory
54:—helped in bringing the case to national prominence.
2790:
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
1605:"Paper Says Brawley Friend Was Told of Faked Assault"
1308:
Miles, Martha; Madden, Richard L. (October 9, 1988).
1228:. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. p. 69.
1818:"Winner in Brawley suit says victory is bittersweet"
777:
775:
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343:) maintained that Brawley was the victim of a crime.
515:When Black girls and women report being victims of
245:eventually appointed the state's attorney general,
2316:. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 58.
1728:"Do the Race Thing: Spike Lee's Afro-fascist chic"
1694:
1661:
1538:
1536:
1253:
1108:"Abrams Considers a Possible Hoax In Brawley Case"
830:"Doubling down on a fraud | Christopher Silvester"
2728:Outrage: The Story Behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax
2448:Williams, Patricia J. (2020). "Race and Rights".
710:Outrage: the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax
1633:Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory
882:Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory
2554:"Law & Order: Out of the Half-Light (1990)"
1668:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.
935:Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media
615:is a fictionalized account of the Brawley case.
2714:Al Sharpton 1988 Poughkeepsie march photograph
1873:"Hoping Brawley Thinks Of 'Damage She Caused'"
1572:"Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim"
963:"Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim"
791:The Historical Society of the New York Courts
384:Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court
8:
1766:"Defendant Becomes an Issue in Slander Case"
1523:"The Brawley Family Moves to Virginia Beach"
957:
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219:, Martha Miles and Richard L. Madden wrote:
1824:. Reuters, Associated Press. Archived from
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1130:
741:
739:
737:
76:'s coverage drew heated criticism from the
564:", which was directed and produced by Lee.
2071:Roane, Kit R. (Producer) (June 3, 2013).
1465:"Once Again, Brawley Declines to Testify"
1139:"Mourning a Son Tied to the Brawley Case"
2246:Markovitz, Jonathan (December 7, 2012).
2148:. New York Amsterdam News. July 22, 2024
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1490:"Grand Jury Decides to Subpoena Brawley"
1303:
1301:
980:
978:
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331:
27:1987 accusations of rape in New York, US
2750:1987 controversies in the United States
2613:"'The Sacrifice,' by Joyce Carol Oates"
1693:Farber, Daniel A.; Sherry, Sue (1997).
1435:Gartland, Michael (December 23, 2012).
1293:of her while she was in the hospital...
762:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
696:
2770:African-American-related controversies
1544:"Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley"
1101:
1099:
707:McFadden, Robert D. (August 1, 1990).
480:uncovered Al Sharpton's deceits while
2187:
2185:
1915:Italiano, Laura (December 25, 2012).
702:
700:
576:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
269:, an influential Black member of the
7:
2780:History of Dutchess County, New York
2580:Platon, Adelle (February 24, 2017).
1846:Sverdlik, Alan. (February 16, 1999)
1636:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 98.
1463:Glaberson, William (July 24, 1998).
1070:
1068:
985:Gartland, Michael (August 4, 2013).
869:from the original on March 29, 2014.
824:
822:
802:
800:
453:she remains an active member of the
360:responded to Williams in their book
127:) helped handle Brawley's publicity.
2091:Block, Dorian (November 18, 2007).
2038:Block, Dorian (November 18, 2007).
2007:Margolin, Josh (December 3, 1997).
1701:. Oxford University Press. p.
1592:'s quaint old haunts up the Hudson.
1284:(May 2, 1989). "It's an outrage!".
1871:Fried, Joseph P. (March 2, 2003).
1764:Bruni, Frank (December 10, 1997).
1503:Schmalz, Jeffrey (July 22, 1988).
1075:Sleeper, Jim (February 24, 2000).
1020:. November 1, 2006. Archived from
807:Cohen, Richard (January 9, 2024).
25:
2314:True and False Recovered Memories
1988:from the original on July 7, 2015
1955:from the original on May 11, 2014
1941:Barry, John W. (August 5, 2013).
1726:Crouch, Stanley (June 20, 1989).
1392:"Al Sharpton, Into The Maelstrom"
855:Yardley, Jim (December 3, 1997).
387:promoting Brawley's accusations.
147:, marched through the streets of
2755:1987 crimes in the United States
2735:Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report
1974:Memmott, Mark (August 5, 2013).
1790:Ciment, James (March 26, 2015).
1745:Lubasch, Arnold (May 22, 1990).
746:Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report
637:
618:In 2018 the case was covered in
2775:False allegations of sex crimes
2663:Chin, Pat (December 12, 1997).
2347:Resources for Feminist Research
1359:Shipp, E. R. (August 5, 1988).
1165:Bruni, Frank (March 15, 1998).
938:. NYU Press. pp. 152–154.
429:New York State Attorney General
2726:interview with M.A. Farber on
2312:Belli, Robert F., ed. (2012).
2119:Roberts, Sam (July 25, 2024).
1664:The Alchemy of Race and Rights
1334:Smith, Robert Charles (2000).
1137:Bruni, Frank (April 5, 1998).
1047:Smith, Robert Charles (2000).
782:Rosenblatt, Albert M. (2015).
1:
2503:10.1080/14680777.2015.1061034
2386:10.1080/00497878.2018.1479706
1077:"Playing politics with death"
586:in the song "His Story" from
2524:Grow, Kory (June 30, 2014).
2077:(Documentary). Retro Report.
1630:Markovitz, Jonathan (2004).
1338:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1252:McFadden, Robert D. (1990).
1193:Markovitz, Jonathan (2004).
1051:. Rowman & Littlefield.
880:Markovitz, Jonathan (2004).
809:"Opinion | A VINDICATED MAN"
593:Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip
2785:Hoaxes in the United States
2665:"Tawana Brawley Speaks Out"
2450:Theories of Race and Racism
1224:Friedman, Ellen G. (1998).
579:episode "Criminal Stories".
2821:
2716:by photographer/filmmaker
2704:"The Tawana Brawley Story"
2194:Columbia Journalism Review
1820:. Poughkeepsie, New York:
1796:. Routledge. p. 172.
1106:Blumenthal, Ralph (1998).
911:. Routledge. p. 200.
193:, of being a racist and a
57:After hearing evidence, a
2693:Tawana Brawley topic page
2686:October 19, 2017, at the
2322:10.1007/978-1-4614-1195-6
2170:. National Action Network
1853:October 12, 2008, at the
582:Brawley is referenced by
259:killed in the gas chamber
225:Child Protective Services
187:Dutchess County, New York
151:, in support of Brawley.
2805:1988 in New York (state)
2765:1987 in New York (state)
2458:10.4324/9781003060802-36
2283:10.1177/1077801210387749
2074:The Tawana Brawley Story
1035:Brawley's claims a hoax.
932:Newkirk, Pamela (2002).
884:. U of Minnesota Press.
668:False accusation of rape
2417:10.4324/9780367815325-8
2168:"Michael A. Hardy, Esq"
1861:, retrieved 2009-12-29.
905:Jewell, K. Sue (2012).
758:Diamond, Edwin (1991).
462:National Action Network
271:New York State Assembly
2491:Feminist Media Studies
2271:Violence Against Women
1012:"A tense relationship"
784:"County Legal History"
673:Marissa Alexander case
601:Fear of a Black Planet
501:civil rights activists
407:In December 2012, the
344:
230:
128:
78:African American press
33:Tawana Vicenia Brawley
2730:, September 16, 1990.
2667:. Workers World Party
2019:on September 21, 2010
1658:Williams, Patricia J.
1529:. September 21, 1988.
584:Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes
517:gender-based violence
497:Howard Beach incident
335:
221:
168:Irish Republican Army
119:
2648:. November 26, 2018.
2611:(January 30, 2015).
2452:. pp. 493–502.
2052:on November 20, 2007
1917:"Now pay up, Tawana"
1552:. September 27, 1988
1260:. New York: Bantam.
969:. February 29, 1988.
486:sexual victimization
349:Patricia J. Williams
337:Patricia J. Williams
2800:Wappinger, New York
2411:. pp. 83–100.
2098:New York Daily News
2045:New York Daily News
1578:. February 29, 1988
1397:The Washington Post
1017:Times Herald-Record
834:The Critic Magazine
529:social institutions
468:Biases in reporting
424:New York Daily News
405:Earl G. Graves, Jr.
237:Grand jury hearings
197:. Based on Crist's
84:Origins of the case
2698:The New York Times
2618:The New York Times
1903:The New York Times
1828:on August 11, 2002
1751:The New York Times
1609:The New York Times
1576:The New York Times
1549:The New York Times
1527:The New York Times
1509:The New York Times
1469:The New York Times
1421:Albany Times Union
1366:The New York Times
1314:The New York Times
1172:The New York Times
1144:The New York Times
1113:The New York Times
967:The New York Times
862:The New York Times
663:Duke lacrosse case
550:Do the Right Thing
539:In popular culture
493:The New York Times
377:, cultural critic
374:Do the Right Thing
345:
314:come and get us."
251:special prosecutor
217:The New York Times
204:The New York Times
179:Fishkill, New York
149:Newburgh, New York
129:
105:sexual assault kit
2467:978-1-003-06080-2
2426:978-0-367-81532-5
2331:978-1-4614-1194-9
2277:(12): 1335–1344.
1803:978-1-317-46235-4
1732:The Village Voice
1712:978-0-19-510717-3
1679:978-0-674-01471-8
1643:978-0-8166-3995-3
1590:Washington Irving
1390:(July 14, 1988).
1345:978-0-7425-0025-9
1210:978-0-8166-3995-3
1058:978-0-7425-0025-9
945:978-0-8147-5800-7
918:978-1-134-95189-5
891:978-0-8166-3995-3
658:Domestic violence
607:Joyce Carol Oates
482:Black journalists
261:to sit down with
195:white supremacist
183:district attorney
158:, with attorneys
16:(Redirected from
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2015:. Archived from
2013:Associated Press
2009:"I'm not a liar"
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684:A Rape on Campus
647:
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418:to pay Pagones.
403:and businessman
354:Daniel A. Farber
341:pictured in 2007
320:New York Newsday
297:Possible motives
125:pictured in 2006
90:Wappingers Falls
74:mainstream media
40:Wappingers Falls
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590:'s debut album
570:Law & Order
562:Fight the Power
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509:law enforcement
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455:Nation of Islam
447:Louis Farrakhan
401:Johnnie Cochran
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317:In April 1989,
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160:Alton H. Maddox
145:Louis Farrakhan
141:Nation of Islam
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