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251:
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mud protects the wood from significant rot, with some wooden
Venetian foundations being over 500 years old. The disadvantage of using this system is that industrial action in the city often causes the city to sink at an increased rate. For example, artisan wells constructed in the 1960s were originally drilled to get the city a reliable supply of fresh drinking water, as the water in the lagoon is entirely salt water. However, as water was pumped from the wells, Venice began to sink faster, leading to a ban on wells in the city due to the sensitivity of the foundations to surrounding construction.
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501:(lit: "stage house") houses built on stilts. This was to avoid wild animals and floods, to deter thieves, and for added ventilation. In Sumatra, traditionally stilted houses are designed in order to avoid dangerous wild animals, such as snakes and tigers. While in areas located close to big rivers of Sumatra and Borneo, the stilts help to elevated house above flood surface.
263:
flood communities build their houses on stilts such that they are well protected from high flood levels. Modelling of floodwaters acting on stilts and pillars in traditional and modern Thai stilts show that by using suitable simple construction methods, stilt houses can withstand large flooding events, protecting people and their possessions from being destroyed.
131:, or “Little Venice”. In the 18th Century, Jesuit João Daniel noted “Many nations live on lakes, or among them, where they have, over the water, their houses made of the same sort, only with the amend of being out of hay, that they erect with poles, and palm tree branches, and in them they live joyfully, like fish in the water” whilst travelling in the Brazilian
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366:
amount of water to enter an area with the buildings safely afloat, reducing damage to a building during flooding events or from waves, winds, or tides. These stilts must be designed to provide the floating building with stability and buoyancy. This construction technique of developing a floating village is seen globally, from
509:
The development of the
Avieira architecture along the Tagus River in Portugal occurred from seasonal migration. Cold winters meant fishermen would fish in rivers instead of the ocean, developing communities along the shoreline. Painting the exterior, including the stilts, usually green, red, blue, or
464:
The usage of stilts in homes in
Indonesia has been dated back hundreds of years. Many styles of vernacular buildings have been developed depending on the needs of the people and dynamics of the environment. Recent disasters such as tsunamis and flooding in the Teunom region of Sumatra have forced the
409:
from local forests driven to use as the foundations of the city. These stilts were driven deep into the ground through the unstable silt and dirt and into the hard clay beneath, allowing for a strong and stable structure. While wood is susceptible to rot and decay, the lack of dissolved oxygen in the
426:
The Dong minority in the
Guangxi province of China decorate all aspects of their homes, including the pillars that support the house. With modern construction using concrete instead of wood, many locals create a façade to ensure the style of housing remains consistent with the traditional style that
298:
Despite providing cooling due to elevating, stilts can adversely affect the thermal efficiency of building, making it more expensive to heat/cool using technologies such as air-conditioning. A study on stilt houses in Chile found that traditional construction methods resulted in an average of 30.25%
345:
being added to foundations of some buildings more prone to such events such as flooding, earthquakes, and large storms. By using concrete slabs in construction as well as by using concrete pillars, the stilts supporting the main building on top have been less damaged by recent events as compared to
262:
Stilts are often used in buildings where there is a regular risk of flooding. Tropical regions can experience large quantities of rainfall in a small amount of time, often causing long and devastating floods for local people. The force of floodwaters often destroys buildings, meaning many people in
246:
for inhabitants. For example, a study surveying the traditional stilt housing utilised by the Dong minority in
Southern China, discovered that the airflow from elevating a house significantly cooled the house down. Furthermore, the majority of people surveyed were satisfied with the natural cooling
435:
Stilts have been embedded into Thai architectural culture, with stilt housing making up a significant proportion of the country's housing in agricultural regions such as the
Uttaradit and Phetchabun region. Many buildings, even away from areas prone to flooding often incorporate stilts into their
365:
as the main material for stilts. A building that is sat on ground that is only flood-prone however can have brick and mortar as the primary structural element. Another type of stilts involves wooden stilts with ballasts to allow for a building to float freely in water. This can allow for a large
381:
In
Indonesia, there are a variety of construction methods used in stilt houses. Foundations used for stilts include concrete pedestals or piles, with joints being fixed using screws/nails or being detachable interlocking wooden joints. A mix of continued pillars, where two pillars are connected
302:
A large social disadvantage of stilt housing is the difficulties faced by people with mobility issues. The stairs leading up to the main floor may often be inaccessible to people with disabilities such as people who are in a wheelchair. While an elevator may be added, this is often an expensive
46:
used to allow a structure or building to stand at a distance above the ground or water. In flood plains, and on beaches or unstable ground, buildings are often constructed on stilts to protect them from damage by water, waves or shifting soil or sand. As these issues were commonly faced by many
334:, canes growing by the riverbank and trunks of large trees were used as stilts to support the homes of local fisherman. Over time, concrete slabs have been added to support the wood and extend the pillars foundation into the ground, making buildings more stable in the case of flooding.
247:
of their stilt homes in the hot, humid summer months as compared to people living in modern housing. Stilt housing also provides a large area to store commodities during non-flooding events, with many people using the bottom area to store livestock or items, or as entertainment areas.
465:
modernisation of building materials and methods, with concrete replacing the wooden foundations of many houses. The area at the bottom of the building, referred to as the stage area, is often used aesthetically with fruits and flowers being commonplace in the space.
291:, where a large enough load is applied to the stilt that is large enough to cause deformation or damage, potentially causing structural failure or other serious damage to the building. Stilt homes which have been built using wooden pillars can rot due to general
397:. Over time as Venetian power and the local population grew, the city expanded, and the foundations of the city were required to be stronger and more durable. As such, the Venetians utilised approximately 18 metre long (60 feet) wooden poles manufactured from
849:
456:
In
Indonesia, the construction of the house symbolizes the division of the macrocosm into three regions: the upper world; the seat of deities and ancestors, the middle world; the realm of human, and lower world; the realm of demon and
382:
directly vertically, or discontinued pillars, where a plate is placed in between the two pillars are used depending on local constraints. This durable building style has allowed some silt dwellings to surpass 100 years in age.
633:
Pareti, Stefania; Flores, David; Rudolph, Loreto; Valdebenito, Vicente (April 2022). "Wooden
Vernacular Architecture as a Sustainable Development and Security Mechanism. The case of the Palafitos of Chiloé, Chile".
319:
In traditional stilt houses, wood is a prevalent structural material used to manufacture the stilts. This is usually from a local lumber source, with many traditional stilt houses in Asia using
287:
Whilst the short term durability of stilt housing prevents consistent destruction, the materials often used to make stilts can be damaged. This is due to materials becoming overstressed by
89:. The length of stilts may vary widely; stilts of traditional houses can be measured from half a meter to 5 or 6 meters. Stilt houses have been used for millennia, with evidence in the
1068:
361:
Often the materials used in stilt housing reflect the challenges of its location. For example, a building with foundations underwater for most of the time often uses wood or
930:
170:
people on the mainland were constructed with driftwood stilts, a concept found in many regions around the world, usually to prevent pests from damaging food.
816:"Evaluation of the energy performance of stilt houses (palafitos) of the Chiloé Island. The role of dynamic thermal simulation on heritage architecture"
707:"Comprehensive Assessment of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Environment of Traditional Historic Stilt House, a Case of Dong Minority Dwelling, China"
378:
are composed of a raft fixed to wooden stilts that are driven into the shallow sea floor. These stilts are periodically replaced every 30 years.
337:
Over the years many cultures have modified aspects of their construction method to improve the stability and strength of buildings on stilts. In
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for structural support. In modern homes, concrete and steel are often used as construction material for the structural stilts in houses.
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design, such as temples. Due to the prominence of such buildings in
Thailand, the architecture there is often associated with stilts.
250:
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461:. The typical way of buildings in Southeast Asia is to build on stilts, an architectural form usually combined with a saddle roof.
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Many regions that utilise stilts in housing and architecture globally often face similar challenges to each other. Communities in
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investment and cannot be afforded by people in remote communities, or feasible with local issues such as regular flooding.
747:"Structural Durability Assessment of Stilt Houses to Flash Flooding: Case Study of Flash Flood-Affected Sites in Thailand"
239:, or other environments prone to high levels of moisture often utilise stilts to solve a particular issue facing an area.
201:
341:, severe damage from flooding and other natural disasters has modernised many aspects of stilt house construction, with
850:"THE TERRITORY OF "AVIEIRAS" STILT-HOUSE VILLAGES IN THE SURVEY ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?"
815:
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166:, due to the islands lack of forest cover. Many storehouses in the Bering Strait and nearby areas inhabited by the
32:
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Architecture and housing play an integral role in a culture, allowing for artistic expression in day-to-day life.
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noting the houses built on stilts by the local people whilst exploring, consequently giving the area the name
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469:
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societies around the world, stilts have become synonymous with various places and cultures, particularly in
311:
999:(201 ed.). Virtual, Online: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. pp. 625–632.
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defines the local culture. The area between the first floor and ground is often used to store livestock.
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of heat losses in stilt houses came from the open floor, increasing the energy consumption of each home.
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Stilts are a common architectural element in tropical architecture, especially in Southeast Asia and
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Sang Ghar: A style of stilt house built in the flood prone regions in the Assam state of India
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roof and were built on up to 45 degree inclines, with the stilts largely constructed out of
140:
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600:
Navarro, Alexandre Guida (2019). "Pile Dwellings or Stilt Houses in Prehistory of Brazil".
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orange gave individual expression to the fisherman who usually made the houses themselves.
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Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering
883:"Transformation of stilt houses: a way to respond to the environment to be sustainable"
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48:
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Nursaniah, C., Machdar, I., Azmeri, Munir, A., Irwansyah, M., & Sawab, H. (2019).
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946:"Floating houses "lanting" in Sintang: Assessment on sustainable building materials"
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previous years. The improvement of technologies such as the durability of nails and
242:
One of the largest reasons stilts are used in vernacular architecture is to provide
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farmers built elevated huts on wooden stilts on and surrounding the islands in the
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795:(M.Arch). Rochester Institute of Technology, Golisano Institute for Sustainability
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has also made the connections between the pillar and various beams stronger.
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Palafito: A traditional South American stilt house style pre-dating Columbus
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139:, modern dwellers have incorporated stilts into house design due to local
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154:, with stilts used to create level terraces for the community inhabiting
1047:(Unspecified ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1–9.
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that stilt houses were constructed on a lake over 6000 years ago and
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73:, but can be found worldwide. Stilts also have a large prominence in
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158:, also known as King Island. These stilt homes had a platform and a
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or after being wet by flooding, compromising structural integrity.
550:"7000-year-old grain reveals the origin of the Swiss stilt houses"
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Alix, Claire (23 May 2013). "Using wood on King Island, Alaska".
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101:. Settlements primarily composed of stilt housing are common in
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There are many types and names of stilt housing, including:
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Charoenchai, Olarn; Bhaktikul, Kampanad (1 January 2020).
200:: An integration of traditional Filipino stilt house with
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
579:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 5.16.
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859:. Cooperativa de Ensino Superior ArtĂstico do Porto
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814:Manriquez, Carla; Sills, Pablo (26 August 2019).
188:Diaojiaolou: Stilt houses built in Southern China
993:Nyssa, A.; Susanto, D.; Panjaitan, T. (2022).
97:making reference to stilt housing on lakes in
254:Stilt House largely protected from flooding,
215:: A common building style in the flood-prone
146:Stilts were utilised by Inuit inhabiting the
8:
929:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
385:Whilst fleeing the barbarians pillaging the
85:, where the stilts elevate houses above the
1069:"VENICE FOUNDATIONS: HOW VENICE WAS BUILT?"
1094:Tate, Bria; Olivares, Jose; Vogt, Alfred.
820:Simulation - VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY
119:Stilt homes in South America date back to
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751:Environment and Natural Resources Journal
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177:Typical Early Queenslander Style Home in
357:Concrete Stilts used in a Hungarian Home
283:appearing unstable and ready to collapse
143:causing tides up to 7 metres in height.
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530:Traditional and Vernacular Architecture
497:. The construction is known locally as
326:In the Avieiras stilt houses along the
16:Poles or pillars that raise a structure
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705:Jin, Yue; Zhang, Ning (January 2021).
27:Rumah Baluk with 5-meter-tall stilts,
944:Susanto, D; Lubis, M S (March 2018).
315:Strengths of Stilt Building Materials
7:
792:New Possibilities for Stilt Building
448:Sumatran stilt house occupied by an
194:: Fisherman homes in South East Asia
123:times, with early explorers such as
1045:The architectural history of Venice
275:Stilt house built along a river in
996:Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
602:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology
470:Indonesian vernacular architecture
307:Construction materials and methods
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893:(1). IOP Publishing Ltd: 012017.
848:Virtudes, Ana; Almeida, Filipa.
610:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3202-1
971:10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012135
908:10.1088/1755-1315/365/1/012017
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202:Colonial Spanish Architecture
1005:10.1007/978-981-16-6932-3_54
374:. Some floating villages in
764:10.32526/ennrj.18.1.2020.09
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1043:Howard, Deborah (2002).
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554:archaeology-world.com
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1124:"Traditional Houses"
1096:"Engineering Venice"
677:Études/Inuit/Studies
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389:in the 6th Century,
42:are poles, posts or
1073:Venice by Venetians
363:reinforced concrete
135:. On the island of
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575:Herodotus (1987).
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440:Indonesian culture
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689:10.7202/1015955ar
653:978-1-927877-99-9
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604:. pp. 1–12.
459:malevolent spirit
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133:Amazon Rainforest
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491:Rumah Gadang
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577:The History
525:Stilt House
488:Minangkabau
477:long houses
328:Tagus River
160:walrus skin
114:King Island
65:Stilt house
59:Stilt house
1146:Categories
1126:. Art Asia
1054:0300090293
586:0226327701
536:References
277:West Papua
227:Advantages
217:Queensland
198:Bahay Kubo
103:Micronesia
87:permafrost
1023:246458642
980:169081828
917:210607461
773:213987429
662:248466760
484:Tongkonan
372:Hong Kong
281:Indonesia
164:driftwood
129:Venezuela
95:Herodotus
31:pavilion
1028:10 April
863:10 April
830:14 April
799:17 March
514:See also
472:such as
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853:(PDF)
769:S2CID
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