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over country as difficult, with much less technical equipment than the
Americans would have. My British engineers, who had surveyed the trace for the road for the first eighty miles , were quite confident about that. We were already, on the Central front, maintaining great labour forces over equally gimcrack lines of communication. Thus far Stilwell and I were in complete agreement, but I did not hold two articles of his faith. I doubted the overwhelming war-winning value of this road, and, in any case, I believed it was starting from the wrong place. The American amphibious strategy in the Pacific, of hopping from island to island would, I was sure, bring much quicker results than an overland advance across Asia with a Chinese army yet to be formed. In any case, if the road was to be really effective, its feeder railway should start from Rangoon, not Calcutta.
192:
722:) had been totally dependent on supplies flown in over the Patkai Range. As the Japanese were forced to retreat south, the Ledo Road was extended. This was made considerably easier from Shingbwiyang by the presence of a fair weather road built by the Japanese, and the Ledo Road generally followed the Japanese trace. As the road was built, two 10 cm (4 in) fuel pipe lines were laid side-by-side so that fuel for the supply vehicles could be piped instead of trucked along the road.
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southerly route without fear of
Japanese fighters, thus shortening and flattening the Hump trip with astonishing results." In July 1943 the air tonnage was 5,500 rising to 8,000 in September and 13,000 in November. After the capture of Myitkyina deliveries jumped from 18,000 tons in June 1944 to 39,000 in November 1944.
353:
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In 2010 the BBC described the road as such: "Much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle. It is barely passable on foot and is considered too dangerous to use by many because of the presence of
Burmese and Indian ethnic insurgents in the area....At present the road from Myitkyina to the Chinese
766:
In July 1945, the last full month before the end of the war, 71,000 tons of supplies were flown over the Hump, compared to only 6,000 tons using the Ledo Road; the airlift operation continued in operation until the end of the war, with a total tonnage of 650,000 tons compared to 147,000 for the Ledo
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vehicles. The road on the
Burmese side is now reportedly fit for vehicular traffic. Donovan Webster reached Shingbwiyang on wheels in 2001, and in mid-2005 veterans of the Burma Star Association were invited to join a "down memory lane" trip to Shingbwiyang organised by a politically well-connected
993:
posts at
Nampong and Pangsau respectively. But the rules for locals in these border areas do not necessarily apply to westerners. The governments of both countries keep careful watch on the presence of westerners in the border areas and the land border is officially closed. Those who cross without
870:
I agreed with
Stilwell that the road could be built. I believed that, properly equipped and efficiently led, Chinese troops could defeat Japanese if, as would be the case with his Ledo force, they had a considerable numerical superiority. On the engineering side I had no doubts. We had built roads
762:
As
General Chennault had predicted, supplies carried over the Ledo Road at no time approached tonnage levels of supplies airlifted monthly into China over the Hump. However, the road complemented the airlifts. The capture of the Myitkyina airstrip enabled the Air Transport Command "to fly a more
758:
rains. It became a highway stretching from Assam, India to
Kunming, China 1,736 km (1,079 mi) length. On 12 January 1945, the first convoy of 113 vehicles, led by General Pick, departed from Ledo; they reached Kunming, China on 4 February 1945. In the six months following its opening,
737:
558 km (347 mi) from Ledo and finally at the Mong-Yu road junction, 748 km (465 mi) from Ledo, the Ledo Road met the Burma Road. To get to the Mong-Yu junction the Ledo Road had to span 10 major rivers and 155 secondary streams, averaging one bridge every 4.5 km
501:
to the Army fronts, three all-weather roads were constructed in record time during the autumn (fall) of 1943: Ledo Road in the north across three nations, which went on to connect to the Burma Road and supply China; the campaign-winning
Central Front road within India from
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lay 100 km (60 mi) to the north just over the China-Burma border. However, by late 1944, the road still did not reach China; by this time, tonnage airlifted over the Hump to China had significantly expanded with the arrival of more modern transport aircraft.
1018:
was a mud track, from Tanai to
Myitkyina was a wide compacted-earth road maintained by a commercial plantation company, the road section from Myitkyina to China border was reconstructed by a Chinese company, from China border to Kunmin is a 6 lane highway.
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and Shingbwiyang. In February 1958 the Expedition of Eric Edis and his team also used the road from Ledo to Myitkyina en route to Rangoon, Singapore and Australia. Ten months later they returned in the opposite direction. In his book about this expedition
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commander, thought the projected tonnage levels were overly optimistic and doubted that such an extended network of trails through difficult jungle could ever match the amount of supplies that could be delivered with modern cargo transport aircraft.
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962:, Edis (2008) reports that they have removed a yellow sign with India/Burma on it from the Indian/Burmese border and that they have donated it to the Imperial War Museum in London. For many years, travel into the region was also restricted by the
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150 million (or $ 2 billion 2017). The costs also included the loss of over 1,100 Americans lives, as many died during the construction, as well as the loss of many locals' lives. The human cost of the 1,079 mile road was therefore described as
1053:(Danai) which was already operational in 2011 as the company owns thousands of acres of land there for its multiple crop plantation including sugarcane and cassava. India's government, however, fears that the road may be useful to militants in
946:
After Burma was liberated, the road gradually fell into disrepair. In 1955 the Oxford-Cambridge Overland Expedition drove from London to Singapore and back. They followed the road from Ledo to Myitkyina and beyond (but not to China). The book
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In late 1944, barely two years after Stilwell accepted responsibility for building the Ledo Road, it connected to the Burma Road though some sections of the road beyond Myitkyina at Hukawng Valley were under repair due to heavy
355:
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From the middle of April until the middle of May 1944 Company A of the 879th Airborne Engineer Battalion worked 24 hours a day on the Ledo Road, construction of their base camp and Shingbwiyang airfield, before deploying to
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1955:
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soldier place the flag of their ally on the front of their jeep just before the first truck convoy in almost three years crossed the China border en route from Ledo, India, to Kunming, China, over the Stilwell road in
569:. British engineers had surveyed the route for a road for the first 130 kilometres (80 miles). After the British had been pushed back out of most of Burma by the Japanese, building this road became a priority for the
672:, a high-profile US Army engineer and assigned him to look after the construction of the Ledo Road. Major General Wheeler, in turn, assigned responsibility of base commander for the road construction to Colonel
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province of China. It turned out to be a photo taken by Findlay Kember on his earlier trip. In 2015, it was not possible to cross the border on the Ledo Road due to visa restrictions. In 2015, the section from
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733:, 600 km (370 mi) from Ledo. At that point the road joined a spur of the old Burma road and, although improvements to further sections followed, the road was passable. The spur passed through
691:, Burma. Sometimes rising as high as 1,400 m (4,600 ft), the road required the removal of earth at the rate of 1,800 cubic metres per kilometre (100,000 cubic feet per mile). Steep gradients,
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Burmese from Pangsau village saunter nonchalantly across Pangsau Pass down to Nampong in India for marketing, for the border is open despite the presence of insurgents on both sides. There are
1068:, traveled the entire length of the road across three nations on three different trips due to not being allowed to cross the international borders. In India, there is Stilwell park in
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Work started on the first 166 km (103 mi) section of the road in December 1942. The road followed a steep, narrow trail from Ledo, across the Patkai Range through the
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province which was a site of fierce battles between Japanese defenders and Chinese attackers in June 1944, and a brass relief honoring Chinese and American soldiers in
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was captured by the Japanese and before the Ledo Road was finished, the majority of supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the
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nicknamed "Hell's Gate" due to treacherous conditions and landslides in the area. In Myanmar, he found villagers using a World War II gas tank as a water tank in
636:, China. Stilwell's staff estimated that the Ledo Road route would supply 65,000 tons of supplies per month, greatly surpassing tonnage then being airlifted over
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1423:
1169:
498:
1760:
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Webster, Donovan. "The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War" by ; Farrar, Straus and Giroux (US), Hardback (2003),
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Road. By the time supplies were flowing over the Ledo Road in large quantities, operations in other theaters had shaped the course of the war against Japan.
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trucks carried 129,000 tons of supplies from India to China. Twenty-six thousand trucks that carried the cargo (one way) were handed over to the Chinese.
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operation. The Ledo Road was intended to be the primary supply route to China and was built under the direction of General Stilwell from the railhead at
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In the 19th century, British railway builders had surveyed the Pangsau Pass, which is 1,136 metres (3,727 feet) high on the India-Burma border, on the
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travel agent. These groups successfully travelled the road but none made any comment on the political or human rights situation on Burma afterward.
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and sheer drops of 60 m (200 ft), all surrounded by a thick rain forest was the norm for this first section. The first bulldozer reached
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Burmese government focused on the reconstruction of the Ledo Road as an alternative to the existing
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844:, improving and widening it. Indeed, one of these African American units was assigned the task of improving the road that extended into China.
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The road was built by 15,000 American soldiers (60 percent of whom were African-Americans) and 35,000 local workers at an estimated cost of
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605:
1088:, and the gravel road between Myitkyina and Tanai was very wide and well used but unpaved. In China, he found World War II trenches in
977:). Recent attempts to travel the full road have met with varying results. At present the Nampong-Pangsau Pass section is passable in
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Since an improvement in relations between India and Myanmar, travel has improved and tourism has begun near Pangsayu Pass (at the
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718:. Before the Ledo road reached Shingbwiyang, Allied troops (the majority of whom were American-trained Chinese divisions of the
2197:: Pursuing to reach the Burma market in the wake of improved bilateral relation, Indian Minister of state for external Affairs
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There was a sign at the start of the Ledo Road listing the distance in miles (pictured American GIs at the sign circa 1945):
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665:, soils, and river behaviour before construction started. This information had to be acquired as the road was constructed.
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asked his staff the name of the river below them. An American officer replied, "That's not a river, it's the Ledo Road."
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After the war, the road fell into disuse. In 2010, the BBC reported "much of the road has been swallowed up by jungle."
386:"U.S.-built Army trucks wind along the side of the mountain over the Ledo supply road now open from India into Burma..."
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2004:
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840:. In January 1945, four of the black EABs (along with three white battalions) continued working on the now renamed
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to Pangsau Pass in Burma was a "heavily rutted muddy track" through the jungle according to a BBC correspondent.
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1717:"879th Engineer Battalion (aviation):Engineers by Glider to Myitkyina – Company A, 879th Engineers 17 May 1944"
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In 2014, to document the status of the road, photographer Findlay Kember, working on a photo feature for the
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written about this expedition by Tim Slessor (1957) reported that bridges were down in the section between
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called the project "an immense, laborious task, unlikely to be finished until the need for it has passed".
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The building of this section allowed much-needed supplies to flow to the troops engaged in attacking the
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Monumental neglect of war graves – Discovered in 1997, Jairampur cemetery gets entangled in red tape
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As of 2022, the road from Ledo to Nampong in India was a paved road, with the road going further to
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in Yunnan. A post went viral in Philippines in 2019 which showed the current picture of 24-zigzag
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to deliver supplies to China and aid the war effort against Japan. After the Japanese cut off the
1291:
706:, which was defending the northern area of Burma with their strongest forces around the towns of
673:
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in 1942 an alternative was required, hence the construction of the Ledo Road. It was renamed the
370:
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A facsimile of the Ex-CBI Roundup July 1954 Issue, pg 20. Also additional photos of unit patches
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966:. Because of continuous clashes between insurgents (who were seeking shelter in Burma) and the
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General Stilwell had organized a 'Service of Supply' (SOS) under the command of Major General
661:. As most of Burma was in Japanese hands it was not possible to acquire information as to the
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to improve the facilities of an old British airfield recently recaptured from the Japanese.
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160 km (99 mi) to the south through Japanese-occupied Burma. If they turned left,
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454:. Of the 1,726 kilometres (1,072 mi) long road, 1,033 kilometres (642 mi) are in
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near Ledo to mark the beginning of the Stilwell road, a World War 2-era cemetery between
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for the Chinese soldiers and labourers who built the road, a still existing bridge near
970:, India imposed harsh restrictions between 1962 and the mid-1990s on travel into Burma.
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on the Chinese frontier, so that supplies could be delivered to the reception point in
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1852:"News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates"
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2018:
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for reopening of the famous Stilwell Road which connects India, Burma and China" (
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2251:
1953:
Beijing calls for restoration of Stillwell Road connecting India, China, Myanmar
1927:
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Work continued through 1944 in late December it was opened for the transport of
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1526:"The Ledo Road – FORGOTTEN FACTS – China-Burma-India Theater of World War II"
1463:"The Ledo Road – FORGOTTEN FACTS – China-Burma-India Theater of World War II"
17:
2273:
A 51-minute documentary that, describes why and how the Ledo Road was built.
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2007:) A History of the road and the proposed reopening as International Highway.
2000:
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837:
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715:
653:
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1705:
879th Airborne Engineers Official Battalion History declassified NND957710
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permission risk arrest or problems with smugglers/insurgents in the area.
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582:
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1996:
1992:
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For the first convoys, if they turned right, they were on their way to
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711:
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530:
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337:
2346:
Burma's Stilwell Road: A backbreaking World War II project is revived.
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War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929-1949
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1023:
781:
Image of Stilwell Road displayed in Coal Heritage Park & Museum,
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558:
526:
507:
1172:. The Allies had problems supplying the depots at Ledo with all the
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on India-Myanmar having restricted civilian access. From Pangsau to
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725:
After the initial section to Shingbwiyang, more sections followed:
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1001:
801:
823rd Aviation Engineer Battalion (EAB) (An African-American Unit)
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1243:, Cites Sri Surendra Baruah, Margherita, Retrieved 1 October 2008
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45th Engineer General Service Regiment (An African-American Unit)
199:
in Southeast Asia (1942–43). The Ledo Road is shown at far right.
2213:
The Ledo Road; "Pick's Pike" follows Stilwell's advance in Burma
557:. Although the proposal was dropped, the British prospected the
1777:
Yuzana Company kills buffaloes with chemicals in Hukawng Valley
1274:
China 1945 : Mao's revolution and America's fateful choice
879:
1715:
Zaitsoff, Mark P. (7 September 2010). Goldblatt, Gary (ed.).
1006:
A paved stretch on the way to Nampong from Jairampur, India.
1807:
1176:
needed by the Northern Front and the Chinese National Army.
1061:
border – along with the brief Indian section – is usable."
2277:
794:
The units initially assigned to the initial section were:
549:). They concluded that a track could be pushed through to
2224:
2138:
1921:
1919:
1553:
1551:
1120:
In 2016, China called for restoration of Stilwell road.
770:
When flying over the Hukawng Valley during the monsoon,
687:(nicknamed "Hell Pass" for its difficulty), and down to
1033:. The Chinese government completed construction of the
1904:
No, this photo does not show a road in the Philippines
1633:
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45
1620:
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45
1159:
Stillwell Park in a state of disrepair, November 2022.
165:
99:
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1338:
1135:
near Ledo marks the starting point of the Ledo Road.
2379:
2186:
Kalam urged to reopen Stillwell Road to Reach Burma
1839:
National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma
1349:"Will the famous Indian WWII Stilwell Road reopen?"
699:on 27 December 1943, three days ahead of schedule.
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111:
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62:
43:
34:
2022:
1797:Resident's homes on Ledo Road to move back 20 feet
1560:"U.S. Embassy Marks 60th Anniversary of Ledo Road"
27:Road between India and China built in World War II
2193:) Mizzima News (www.mizzima.com) 28 March 2005. "
1598:History Department at the University of San Diego
2373:. General Joseph W. Stilwell's Highway to China.
1881:Passage from India: following the Stilwell Road
868:
2060:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1997:A profile of Changlang District: Stilwell Road
1614:
1612:
518:in British India for the advance of troops to
2460:Military history of China during World War II
2455:Military history of India during World War II
2278:African Americans and the Ledo Stilwell Road.
1670:
1668:
1579:
1577:
1424:United States Army Center of Military History
1170:Northeast Indian Railways during World War II
790:American Army units assigned to the Ledo Road
122:
49:
8:
1719:. CBI Order of Battle, linages and history.
1566:. American Embassy in China. Archived from
914:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
272:
220:
208:
144:
78:
1234:District Administration, Tinsukia (Assam)
934:Learn how and when to remove this message
628:. From there trucks could continue on to
438:. It passes through the Burmese towns of
2445:South-East Asian theatre of World War II
2201:has submitted a memorandum to President
1414:
1412:
1276:(First ed.). New York. p. 38.
1180:South-East Asian Theatre of World War II
1104:of Stilwell road on a mountain slope in
848:Comments on the construction of the road
2223:of original documents about the CBI on
1564:U.S. Embassy Press Briefing and Release
1214:
866:in India/Burma wrote of the Ledo Road:
2376:
2266:. Chapter 13: 'Stilwell in the North'
1289:
31:
2079:, Greenwood Publishing Group (2001),
1978:The Stilwell Road a historical review
1687:National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
1558:Bishop, Donald M. (2 February 2005).
1536:from the original on 25 December 2018
1506:from the original on 5 September 2015
1473:from the original on 25 December 2018
818:1883rd EAB (An African-American Unit)
434:, in early 1945 at the suggestion of
402:) was an overland connection between
7:
2146:The Impossible Takes a Little Longer
1741:
1723:from the original on 3 December 2008
1445:
1443:
1373:
960:The Impossible Takes a Little Longer
912:adding citations to reliable sources
815:858th EAB (An African-American Unit)
812:849th EAB (An African-American Unit)
809:848th EAB (An African-American Unit)
676:. Later, he was replaced by Colonel
458:and 632 kilometres (393 mi) in
2219:14 August 1944 issue. (One of many
1355:from the original on 14 August 2015
1323:from the original on 11 August 2009
1313:"India not to reopen key WWII road"
2241:Vol. 5, No. 99, 21–27 January 2002
2148:, Lightning Source UK Ltd (2008),
1934:from the original on 20 March 2016
1758:India puts brakes on road to China
1492:Sankar, Anand (14 February 2009).
1397:from the original on 29 April 2011
624:road junction where it joined the
612:to make the Ledo Road an American
25:
2391:Making the road from Ledo (8:30m)
2318:also Pan (UK), Paperback (2005),
2246:858th Engineer Aviation Battalion
1995:. (NIC Changlang District Unit),
1826:Human Rights Documentation Unit,
1311:Bhaumik, Subir (11 August 2009).
2510:Logistics routes of World War II
2385:
2367:A Road Trip on the Stilwell Road
2106:Burma: The Longest War 1941-1945
1828:Burma Human Rights Yearbook 2007
1651:. Time-Life Books. p. 139.
1045:constructed the section between
884:
824:1875th Combat Engineer Battalion
462:with the remainder 61 km was in
187:Burma Road and Ledo Road in 1944
2049:Chapter XII: The Northern Front
1928:"The Stilwell Road 70 years on"
1926:Coomes, Phil (10 August 2015).
1746:Chapter XII: The Northern Front
1041:section in 2007. Rangoon-based
821:236th Combat Engineer Battalion
608:, agreed with American General
604:, the supreme commander of the
2485:India–Myanmar border crossings
2231:A war-time engineering miracle
2215:Adapted for the internet from
2108:, Cassell; New edition (2000)
1767:, Aljazeera, 29 November 2012.
1057:who have hideouts in Myanmar.
680:, an expert US Army engineer.
166:
123:
100:
50:
1:
2505:1940s establishments in Burma
805:In 1943 they were joined by:
510:; and the southern road from
1631:Tuchman, Barbara W. (1971).
1618:Tuchman, Barbara W. (1971).
1426:, CBI Background. Chapter: "
596:On 1 December 1942, British
361:Life-Line To China Re-Opened
341:
336:
214:
211:
2500:World War II sites in China
2495:World War II sites in India
2450:World War II sites in Burma
2358:Legacy Of The Stilwell Road
2336:Weidenburner, Carl Warren.
2328:Weidenburner, Carl Warren.
2287:, Signal Books Ltd (2005),
2129:(Calcutta), 29 January 2008
2055:US Mil In China-Burma-India
1387:"27°18'00.0"N 95°43'60.0"E"
1272:Bernstein, Richard (2014).
499:supplies from the railheads
2526:
2475:Roads in Arunachal Pradesh
2301:Recent photos of Ledo Road
2269:Reagan, Ronald (narraor).
1696:, Retrieved 1 October 2008
858:The British Field Marshal
2384:
2065:Weidenburner, Carl Warren
1420:China Defensive 1942-1945
1391:27°18'00.0"N 95°43'60.0"E
399:
177:
143:
77:
39:
2339:Mile posts and time line
2256:Burma: The Forgotten War
2227:by Carl W. Weidenburner)
1909:12 February 2022 at the
1892:South China Morning Post
1841:, September 2008. p. 214
1763:28 November 2020 at the
1692:24 December 2008 at the
1676:EAB in China-Burma-India
1239:12 February 2007 at the
1066:South China Morning Post
112:Alternative Chinese name
2258:, John Murray, (2004).
2014:, India Time-Life Books
1958:8 November 2020 at the
1808:Kachin News Group (KNG)
1786:, BNI, 18 January 2011.
1433:29 January 2021 at the
1228:13 October 2008 at the
1199:featuring Ronald Reagan
1190:South East Asia Command
1143:Zero Point at Ledo Road
864:British Fourteenth Army
2363:30 August 2018 at the
2283:Slessor, Tim (1957) .
2199:Bijay Krishna Handique
2058:on the website of the
1975:Baruah, Sri Surendra.
1833:2 October 2008 at the
1681:31 August 2007 at the
1603:3 October 2008 at the
1494:"On the road to China"
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1007:
873:
786:
704:Japanese 18th Division
561:Range for a road from
387:
379:
362:
349:
200:
197:lines of communication
188:
2421:27.68839°N 95.93262°E
2244:McRae Jr., Bennie J.
2029:. London: Macmillan.
1999:, the website of the
1886:27 April 2014 at the
1802:13 April 2011 at the
1782:31 March 2021 at the
1158:
1150:
1142:
1126:
1005:
780:
385:
368:
360:
206:
194:
186:
2393:. Filmed 1942-43 by
2271:Stilwell Road (1945)
1813:8 March 2012 at the
1570:on 11 February 2006.
908:improve this section
646:Fourteenth Air Force
642:Claire Lee Chennault
2417: /
2344:Los Angeles Times:
2159:Gardener, S. Neal,
2144:Edis, Eric (2008).
2025:Defeat into victory
2010:Moser, Don (1978).
1648:China, Burma, India
1645:Moser, Don (1978).
1635:. Macmillan. p. 376
1622:. Macmillan. p. 484
1259:19 May 2007 at the
1127:A display board at
968:Indian Armed Forces
964:Government of India
606:Far Eastern Theatre
579:Himalayan Mountains
466:. The road had the
2426:27.68839; 95.93262
2276:Seay, Geraldine. "
2119:Choudhuri, Atonu.
2019:Slim, William Slim
2001:Changlang District
1962:, The Hindu, 2016.
1591:9 May 2008 at the
1583:Schoenherr Steven,
1174:logistical support
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1008:
862:who commanded the
787:
674:John C. Arrowsmith
670:Raymond A. Wheeler
640:to China. General
416:the Western Allies
388:
380:
363:
350:
201:
189:
2401:
2400:
2239:The Myanmar Times
2183:Khaund, Surajit.
2167:CBI GardenerWorld
2154:978-1-4092-0301-8
2093:978-0-313-32004-0
1987:Tinsukia District
1499:Business Standard
1418:Sherry, Mark D.,
1223:The Stilwell Road
1196:The Stilwell Road
975:Lake of No Return
944:
943:
936:
876:Post World War II
853:Winston Churchill
783:Margherita, Assam
729:, Myitkyina, and
535:Arunachal Pradesh
358:
348:
347:
332:
331:
269:
268:
181:
180:
173:
172:
154:Standard Mandarin
107:
106:
88:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2517:
2470:Roads in Myanmar
2465:History of Assam
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2248:LWF PUBLICATIONS
2178:Outside Magazine
2048:
2028:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1894:, 20 April 2014.
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1858:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1817:, 7 August 2008
1793:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1712:
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1703:
1697:
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1623:
1616:
1607:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1555:
1546:
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1522:
1516:
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1489:
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1478:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1347:Bhaumik, Subir.
1344:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1269:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1219:
1151:Memorial at Ledo
1055:North East India
979:four-wheel drive
939:
932:
928:
925:
919:
888:
880:
602:Archibald Wavell
494:-Kunming route.
426:, after General
401:
359:
315:
273:
221:
209:
169:
168:
145:
139:Stilwell Highway
131:
130:
103:
102:
101:Zhōng-Yìn gōnglù
79:
58:
57:
32:
21:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2386:
2380:External videos
2365:Wayback Machine
2354:
2306:CBI Expeditions
2225:the CBI website
2203:APJ Abdul Kalam
2189:(archived from
2171:Jenkins, Mark
2139:www.chindit.net
2135:Stilwell's Road
2101:
2099:Further reading
2070:Ledo Road Signs
2037:
2017:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1960:Wayback Machine
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1888:Wayback Machine
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
1815:Wayback Machine
1804:Wayback Machine
1794:
1790:
1784:Wayback Machine
1775:
1771:
1765:Wayback Machine
1756:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
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1700:
1694:Wayback Machine
1683:Wayback Machine
1673:
1666:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1605:Wayback Machine
1593:Wayback Machine
1586:The Burma Front
1582:
1575:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1530:cbi-theater.com
1524:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:cbi-theater.com
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1435:Wayback Machine
1428:China Defensive
1417:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1345:
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1326:
1324:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:Wayback Machine
1254:Ledo Road Signs
1251:
1247:
1241:Wayback Machine
1230:Wayback Machine
1220:
1216:
1211:
1166:
1106:Qinglong County
1000:
940:
929:
923:
920:
905:
889:
878:
850:
792:
738:(2.8 mi).
620:, in India, to
594:
436:Chiang Kai-shek
428:Joseph Stilwell
410:, built during
352:
309:
167:Shǐdíwēi gōnglù
136:Literal meaning
63:Literal meaning
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Roads in Assam
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2399:
2398:
2395:Gyles Mackrell
2382:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2352:External links
2350:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2308:
2296:
2285:First Overland
2281:
2274:
2267:
2249:
2242:
2228:
2210:
2181:
2174:The Ghost Road
2169:
2157:
2142:
2130:
2117:
2104:Allen, Louis.
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2075:Xu, Guangqiu.
2073:
2062:
2050:
2035:
2015:
2008:
1990:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1945:
1915:
1896:
1873:
1862:on 1 July 2011
1843:
1819:
1788:
1769:
1750:
1734:
1707:
1698:
1664:
1657:
1637:
1624:
1608:
1573:
1547:
1517:
1484:
1454:
1439:
1408:
1378:
1376:, p. 171.
1366:
1334:
1303:
1282:
1264:
1252:Weidenburner.
1245:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:Burma campaign
1200:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1165:
1162:
1043:Yuzana Company
999:
998:Current status
996:
950:First Overland
942:
941:
892:
890:
883:
877:
874:
849:
846:
826:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
803:
802:
799:
791:
788:
693:hairpin curves
659:"A Man A Mile"
593:
590:
567:northern Burma
555:Hukawng Valley
373:soldier and a
346:
345:
343:
340:
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148:Transcriptions
141:
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133:
132:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
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104:
97:
91:
90:
84:
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82:Transcriptions
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2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2371:The Ledo Road
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:The Ledo Road
2327:
2325:
2324:0-330-42703-2
2321:
2317:
2316:0-374-11740-3
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2293:1-904955-14-2
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:0-7195-6576-6
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:Life Magazine
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:Cochrane, S.
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:The Telegraph
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:1-84212-260-6
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:0-313-32004-7
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:Hindah, Radhe
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1954:
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1946:
1933:
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1658:9780809424832
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1283:9780307595881
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1130:
1129:Stilwell Park
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:hairpin turns
1099:
1095:
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961:
956:
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951:
938:
935:
927:
917:
913:
909:
903:
902:
898:
893:This section
891:
887:
882:
881:
875:
872:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
847:
845:
843:
842:Stilwell Road
839:
834:
832:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
806:
800:
797:
796:
795:
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748:
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739:
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732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
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709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
678:Lewis A. Pick
675:
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664:
660:
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647:
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631:
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623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
591:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:United States
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:and down the
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:crest, above
528:
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429:
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424:Stilwell Road
421:
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409:
405:
404:British India
397:
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72:
68:
65:
61:
56:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Stilwell Road
2402:
2337:
2329:
2299:
2298:Tun, Khaing
2284:
2270:
2255:
2184:
2180:October 2003
2172:
2160:
2145:
2133:
2124:
2105:
2076:
2068:
2053:
2024:
2012:China, Burma
2011:
1976:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1913:, AFP, 2019.
1899:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1855:
1846:
1822:
1791:
1772:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1584:
1568:the original
1563:
1538:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1419:
1399:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1351:. BBC News.
1325:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1273:
1267:
1248:
1217:
1194:
1185:Pangsau Pass
1128:
1119:
1086:Kachin state
1078:Pangsau Pass
1063:
1059:
1021:
1012:Pangsau Pass
1009:
987:Assam Rifles
984:
972:
959:
955:Pangsau Pass
948:
945:
930:
921:
906:Please help
894:
869:
860:William Slim
857:
851:
841:
835:
827:
804:
793:
769:
765:
761:
752:
740:
724:
701:
697:Shingbwiyang
689:Shingbwiyang
685:Pangsau Pass
682:
667:
658:
651:
644:, the USAAF
595:
592:Construction
587:
524:
522:in Myanmar.
496:
472:Pangsau Pass
452:Kachin state
440:Shingbwiyang
423:
412:World War II
391:
389:
224:Shingbwiyang
161:Hanyu Pinyin
95:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
2424: /
2304:website of
2252:Latimer Jon
2207:backup site
2141:(1999–2003)
2003:in India. (
1983:the website
1744:, start of
772:Mountbatten
618:Ledo, Assam
310: [
2439:Categories
2412:95°55′57″E
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663:topography
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420:Burma Road
414:to enable
400:လီဒိုလမ်းမ
212:Ledo Assam
2021:(1986) .
1989:in India.
1742:Slim 1986
1374:Slim 1986
1292:cite book
1133:Lekhapani
1098:Tengchong
1074:Jairampur
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1047:Myitkyina
1035:Myitkyina
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716:Myitkyina
581:known as
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480:Myitkyina
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35:Ledo Road
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573:. After
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2052:Staff.
1930:. BBC.
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314:]
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245:268
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227:103
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