55:
42:
294:. The toxin is also harmful to the eyes; contact with a nematocyst can be very painful, followed by redness and swelling. However, cannonball jellyfish are mostly harmless to humans. Contact with them may cause the skin to itch slightly, or minor eye irritation. As such they are among the most common causes of minor stings to humans in US and
285:
When disrupted, the cannonball secretes a mucus out of its nematocyst that contains a toxin. The toxin harms small fish in the immediate area, and drives away most predators, except for certain types of crabs. Although cannonballs do not commonly sting humans, they do have toxins which can, but not
334:
Recently, Mexican coasts have experienced an increase in the abundance and frequency in blooms of this jellyfish. In 2012 El Golfo de Santa Clara harvested 20,000 tons (~$ 3.5 million USD) from late April to early July, which elevated the importance of this resource in the region. However, further
200:
in shape and size. Its dome-shaped bell can reach 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. The rim is often colored with brown pigment. There are several known undescribed
Stomolophus species found in the Pacific and South Atlantic that exhibit pale to blue pigment. They are genetically different from
268:
During sexual reproduction, cannonballs shoot sperm out of their mouth. The sperm are then caught by another cannonball through the mouth and fertilization happens. The embryo begins to develop in specialized pouches found on the arms around the mouth. After about 3–5 hours the larvae fall to the
201:
the individuals found in the North
Atlantic - but are commonly misidentified as such. Underneath the body is a cluster of oral arms that extend out around the mouth. These arms function in propulsion and as an aid in catching prey. Cannonballs are prominent from North America's
326:
Along the coast of the southern U.S. state of
Georgia, jellyfish are a valuable export, which end up on dining tables across Asia. The jellyfish are dried, preserved and packaged before being sold to a seafood distributor that ships them to Japan, China, and Thailand.
330:
Jellyball (as they are known locally) fishing is
Georgia’s third largest commercial fishery. In Georgia, fishermen target jellyfish with modified trawl nets, and studies have shown low quantities of bycatch are typically seen in the fishery.
322:
Cannonball jellyfish (or "Georgia jellyballs" as they are known locally) are dried, preserved and packaged before being sold to a seafood distributor that ships them to Japan, China and
Thailand.
217:. On the southeast coast they are extremely abundant in the fall and summer months. During these months, cannonballs make up over 16% of the biomass in the shallow inshore areas.
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usually, cause cardiac problems in animals and humans. The toxin can cause irregular heart rhythms and problems in the
914:
496:
54:
997:
892:
359:
245:, which also eats the small zooplankton. The crab feeds on the prey captured by the cannonball and also on the
854:
307:
919:
405:
149:
335:
studies need to be done in order to increase the predictability and improve the management strategies.
265:
is not an imperative way for cannonballs to reproduce. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
1072:
1049:
901:
569:
597:
Toom, P.M.; Larsen, J.B.; Chan, D.S.; Pepper, D.A. & Price, W. (June 1975). "Cardiac effects of
775:"Characterization of bycatch in the cannonball jellyfish fishery in the coastal waters off Georgia"
354:
273:
and catch small prey that swims by. After several days the polyp will detach and become a swimming
1036:
734:
242:
49:
971:
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http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Jellyfish-Land-on-Asian-Dinner-Tables-143681576.html
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17:
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Hsieh, Y.-H. Peggy; Leong, Fui-Ming & Rudloe, Jack (2001). "Jellyfish as food".
428:"Results of the Trawling Efforts in the Coastal Habitat of the South Atlantic Bight"
932:
262:
106:
791:
774:
636:
Auerbach, Paul S. (1991-08-15). Desforges, Jane F. (ed.). "Marine
Envenomations".
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conduction pathways. Such complications are associated also with toxins of other
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953:
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They are common on the southeastern coast of the United States, including the
197:
877:
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Girón-Nava, A.; López-Sagástegui, C. & Aburto-Oropeza, O. (March 2015).
384:
Contributions to the natural history of the United States of
America. Vol. 3
306:
One of the main predators of cannonball jellyfish is the endangered species
295:
274:
238:
189:
96:
66:
310:. Cannonball jellyfish are also commercially harvested as food for humans.
671:
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bottom and attach themselves to a hard structure. There they develop into
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This article incorporates public domain text from the Voice of
America
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469:. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived from
852:
812:) bloom in Golfo de Santa Clara: a fishery opportunity?"
494:
Fautin, Daphne Gail (2002). "Reproduction of
Cnidaria".
808:"On the conditions of the 2012 cannonball jellyfish (
523:
Whitaker, J. David; King, Dr. Rachael; Knott, David.
277:, and will eventually turn into an adult jellyfish.
861:
196:. Its common name derives from its similarity to a
8:
386:. Boston: Little Brown and Co. p. 301.
849:
753:"US Jellyfish Land on Asian Dinner Tables"
40:
31:
827:
790:
581:
553:Shanks, A.L. & Graham, W.M. (1988).
402:Georgia Department of Natural Resources
371:
426:SHALLOW WATER TRAWL SURVEY, SEMAP-SA.
7:
555:"Chemical defense in a scyphomedusa"
25:
685:Murphy, Sally & Murphy, Tom.
601:(cabbage head jellyfish) toxin".
1078:Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
816:Fisheries Management and Ecology
53:
1083:Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
639:New England Journal of Medicine
562:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1:
792:10.1080/19425120.2015.1032456
648:Massachusetts Medical Society
779:Marine and Coastal Fisheries
615:10.1016/0041-0101(75)90139-7
1093:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz
656:10.1056/nejm199108153250707
497:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1109:
1088:Animals described in 1860
529:Marine Resources Division
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
360:List of types of seafood
233:, and also all forms of
731:10.1023/A:1011875720415
225:Cannonballs eat mainly
205:to the Gulf of Mexico.
464:"Cannonball Jellyfish"
398:"Cannonball Jellyfish"
323:
308:leatherback sea turtle
239:symbiotic relationship
907:Stomolophus_meleagris
893:Stomolophus meleagris
863:Stomolophus meleagris
810:Stomolophus meleagris
687:"Leatherback Turtles"
599:Stomolophus meleagris
321:
186:cabbagehead jellyfish
184:), also known as the
182:Stomolophus meleagris
159:Stomolophus meleagris
35:Cannonball jellyfish
18:Stomolophus meleagris
437:: 72. Archived from
237:larvae. They have a
178:cannonball jellyfish
27:Species of jellyfish
773:Page, J.W. (2015).
574:1988MEPS...45...81S
462:Griffin, DuBose B.
355:List of dried foods
583:10.3354/meps045081
350:List of delicacies
324:
314:Commercial fishing
249:of the jellyfish.
243:portly spider crab
188:, is a species of
1060:
1059:
1019:Open Tree of Life
855:Taxon identifiers
829:10.1111/fme.12115
504:(10): 1735–1754.
345:Jellyfish as food
174:
173:
141:S. meleagris
16:(Redirected from
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203:eastern seaboard
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755:. 20 March 2012
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822:(3): 261–264.
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609:(3): 159–164.
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380:Agassiz, Louis
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719:Hydrobiologia
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699:on 2011-07-21
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194:Stomolophidae
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150:Binomial name
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117:Stomolophidae
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757:. Retrieved
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701:. Retrieved
694:the original
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533:the original
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471:the original
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446:. Retrieved
439:the original
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410:. Retrieved
406:the original
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329:
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263:reproduction
256:
253:Reproduction
224:
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127:
107:Rhizostomeae
29:
1073:Stomolophus
1032:SeaLifeBase
954:iNaturalist
887:Wikispecies
785:: 190–199.
650:: 486–493.
525:"Jellyfish"
257:As in most
227:zooplankton
128:Stomolophus
1067:Categories
759:2012-03-28
703:2009-01-30
539:2008-11-17
480:2007-11-10
448:2008-11-03
412:2009-02-10
366:References
288:myocardial
259:cnidarians
215:Gulf Coast
198:cannonball
725:: 11–17.
664:0028-4793
568:: 81–86.
435:Seamap-Sa
302:Predators
296:Caribbean
241:with the
190:jellyfish
135:Species:
97:Scyphozoa
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
972:11358964
872:Wikidata
739:20719121
382:(1860).
339:See also
298:waters.
292:cnidaria
235:red drum
231:veligers
229:such as
113:Family:
87:Cnidaria
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
946:2264558
878:Q311541
672:1677161
603:Toxicon
570:Bibcode
261:sexual
247:medusae
209:Habitat
169:, 1860)
167:Agassiz
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
1050:291140
1024:322240
1011:291140
998:168796
959:126393
920:669145
737:
670:
662:
623:238309
621:
275:ephyra
271:polyps
1045:WoRMS
1037:44383
985:51926
967:IRMNG
933:6ZWQL
843:, at
735:S2CID
697:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
646:(7).
558:(PDF)
474:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
442:(PDF)
431:(PDF)
281:Toxin
1006:OBIS
993:NCBI
980:ITIS
941:GBIF
915:BOLD
668:PMID
660:ISSN
619:PMID
221:Diet
176:The
928:CoL
902:ADW
824:doi
787:doi
727:doi
723:451
652:doi
644:325
611:doi
578:doi
506:doi
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180:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
