387:
approximately 2–5 minutes to engorge, after which it becomes sluggish for a while. The eggs are laid among putrefying organic materials such as hay, manure, and wood. Males usually die after mating and the females after laying eggs. The life cycle has a duration of about two weeks at temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). The duration is highly dependent on temperature and nutrient quality available for the larvae. Bishop (1913) noted that the larvae can endure for more than 30 days in less nutritious environs.
750:
453:
49:
62:
367:
386:
The earliest and one of the most comprehensive accounts of stable fly biology was presented by F. Bishop in 1913. The adults of both sexes feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals during the daytime. For egg production, the female requires its abdomen to be engorged with blood. The female takes
399:
and milking cows have been observed to show lower milk production. The stable fly bites humans at rest in the outdoors. In many parts of the world, the species is a carrier of trypanosomid parasites. Some of the reported parasites and diseases for which the stable fly might be a vector include
370:
374:
373:
369:
368:
375:
372:
371:
350:
inch) in length and a lighter color than the housefly. Unlike the housefly, where the mouth part is adapted for sponging, the stable fly mouth parts have biting structures.
1046:
1098:
358:
As its name suggests, the stable fly is abundant in and around where cattle are kept. Its maggots are often seen in the rotting manure near cattle and poultry.
636:
Catangui, MA; Campbell, JB; Thomas, GD; Boxler, DJ (1997). "Calculating
Economic Injury Levels for Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscida) on Feeding Heifers".
1020:
1059:
597:"Stable fly, house fly (Diptera: Muscidae), and other nuisance fly development in poultry litter associated with horticultural crop production"
806:"Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus)"
1182:
981:
703:
Baldacchino, Frédéric; Muenworn, Vithee; Desquesnes, Marc; Desoli, Florian; Charoenviriyaphap, Theeraphap; Duvallet, Gérard (2013).
452:
1177:
330:), though smaller, and on closer examination has a slightly wider and spotted abdomen. Adults are generally about 6–8 mm (
245:
234:
213:
187:
1167:
1064:
848:
679:
1085:
256:
223:
929:
906:
565:
999:
765:"Risk Factors Associated with Anthrax Outbreak in Animals in North Dakota, 2005: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
543:
1172:
1103:
1012:
267:
61:
421:
897:
478:
749:
859:
425:
934:
166:
1113:
955:
480:
Management and
Characterization of Stable Fly Larval Habitats at Round Bale Feeding Sites in Pastures
48:
1077:
438:
412:
402:
196:
56:
1051:
1162:
1134:
827:
786:
738:
645:
618:
817:
776:
728:
720:
608:
487:
1139:
911:
524:
Bishop, F. (1913). "The Stable Fly (Stomoxys caclitrans L.) An
Important Live Stock Pest".
1121:
504:
Hall, R.D.; Smith, J.P. (1986). "Life history and economic importance of the stable fly".
326:
1007:
994:
781:
764:
733:
704:
316:
from mammals. Now found worldwide, the species is considered to be of
Eurasian origin.
822:
805:
1156:
209:
183:
17:
1090:
1072:
1033:
891:
417:
313:
724:
133:
986:
882:
968:
613:
596:
93:
73:
31:
790:
742:
622:
573:
921:
831:
649:
1126:
942:
876:
305:
143:
123:
1025:
947:
443:
429:
1038:
491:
396:
103:
83:
853:
395:
Cattle heavily infested with stable flies have been noted to become
973:
407:
365:
960:
857:
508:. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Publication 86–362–D.
113:
763:
Mongoh, MN; Dyer, NW; Stoltenow, CL; Khaitsa, ML (2008).
667:(6th ed.). USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
544:"Veterinary Entomology | Veterinary Entomology"
312:('sharp mouth' + 'kicking') and others of its genus
866:
572:. Government of Western Australia. Archived from
506:Stable fly biology and control in cattle feedlots
486:(Thesis). Kansas State University. p. 2.
324:The stable fly resembles the common housefly (
698:
696:
8:
854:
47:
38:
821:
780:
732:
612:
595:Cook, DF; Dadour, IR; Keals, NJ (1999).
519:
517:
515:
680:"ADW: Stomoxys calcitrans: INFORMATION"
469:
448:
7:
1114:77e9491f-f048-4b81-8c57-88ae323af32c
1013:125a270c-4707-4f86-b6fe-da18e72b1abb
709:flies (Diptera, Muscidae): A review"
304:. Unlike most members of the family
436:is also reported to be a vector of
570:Department of Agriculture and Food
25:
678:Newberry, Jennifer (2005-02-22).
804:Turell, MJ; Knudson, GB (1987).
748:
682:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
663:Janovy, J.; Roberts, L. (2000).
451:
60:
566:"Stable Fly- Farmnote 101/1994"
705:"Transmission of pathogens by
638:Journal of Economic Entomology
601:Journal of Economic Entomology
526:Journal of Economic Entomology
1:
1183:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
665:Foundations of Parasitology
1199:
477:Talley, Justin L. (2008).
29:
442:, the causative agent of
202:
195:
172:
165:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
725:10.1051/parasite/2013026
546:. Entomology.cornell.edu
422:equine infectious anemia
30:Not to be confused with
1178:Flies described in 1758
284:is commonly called the
849:University of Michigan
810:Infection and Immunity
426:African horse sickness
383:
1168:Veterinary entomology
769:Public Health Reports
614:10.1093/jee/92.6.1352
378:
1008:Fauna Europaea (new)
912:Stomoxys_calcitrans
898:Stomoxys calcitrans
868:Stomoxys calcitrans
458:Sucking human blood
391:Economic importance
380:Stomoxys calcitrans
310:Stomoxys calcitrans
281:Stomoxys calcitrans
176:Stomoxys calcitrans
18:Stomoxys calcitrans
576:on 3 December 2013
439:Bacillus anthracis
413:Trypanosoma brucei
403:Trypanosoma evansi
384:
158:S. calcitrans
1173:Diptera of Europe
1150:
1149:
1135:Open Tree of Life
860:Taxon identifiers
376:
320:Physical features
277:
276:
271:
264:Stomoxys parasita
260:
249:
246:Robineau-Desvoidy
238:
235:Robineau-Desvoidy
227:
216:
206:Conops calcitrans
16:(Redirected from
1190:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1091:NBNSYS0000030983
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
990:
989:
977:
976:
964:
963:
951:
950:
938:
937:
925:
924:
915:
914:
902:
901:
900:
887:
886:
885:
855:
836:
835:
825:
816:(8): 1859–1861.
801:
795:
794:
784:
760:
754:
753:
752:
746:
736:
700:
691:
690:
688:
687:
675:
669:
668:
660:
654:
653:
633:
627:
626:
616:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
540:
534:
533:
521:
510:
509:
501:
499:
498:
485:
474:
455:
377:
349:
348:
344:
339:
338:
334:
294:biting house fly
266:
255:
244:
242:Stomoxis inimica
233:
222:
220:Musca occidentis
208:
178:
65:
64:
51:
39:
21:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1122:Observation.org
1120:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1006:
998:
993:
985:
980:
972:
967:
959:
954:
946:
941:
933:
928:
920:
918:
910:
905:
896:
895:
890:
881:
880:
875:
862:
845:
840:
839:
803:
802:
798:
762:
761:
757:
747:
702:
701:
694:
685:
683:
677:
676:
672:
662:
661:
657:
635:
634:
630:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
563:
562:
558:
549:
547:
542:
541:
537:
523:
522:
513:
503:
496:
494:
483:
476:
475:
471:
466:
459:
456:
393:
366:
364:
356:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
327:Musca domestica
322:
302:power mower fly
253:Stomoxys cybira
191:
180:
174:
161:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
995:Fauna Europaea
991:
978:
965:
952:
939:
926:
916:
903:
888:
872:
870:
864:
863:
858:
852:
851:
844:
843:External links
841:
838:
837:
796:
775:(3): 352–359.
755:
692:
670:
655:
628:
587:
556:
535:
511:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
450:
406:(the agent of
392:
389:
363:
360:
355:
352:
321:
318:
275:
274:
273:
272:
261:
250:
239:
228:
217:
200:
199:
193:
192:
181:
170:
169:
163:
162:
155:
153:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
27:Species of fly
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1195:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
893:
889:
884:
878:
874:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
850:
847:
846:
842:
833:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
797:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
756:
751:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
699:
697:
693:
681:
674:
671:
666:
659:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
629:
624:
620:
615:
610:
607:(6): 1352–7.
606:
602:
598:
591:
588:
575:
571:
567:
564:Dadour, Ian.
560:
557:
545:
539:
536:
531:
527:
520:
518:
516:
512:
507:
493:
489:
482:
481:
473:
470:
463:
454:
449:
447:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:S. calcitrans
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
404:
398:
390:
388:
382:laying an egg
381:
361:
359:
353:
351:
329:
328:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
231:Stomoxis dira
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
203:
201:
198:
194:
189:
185:
179:
177:
171:
168:
167:Binomial name
164:
160:
159:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
867:
813:
809:
799:
772:
768:
758:
716:
712:
706:
684:. Retrieved
673:
664:
658:
641:
637:
631:
604:
600:
590:
578:. Retrieved
574:the original
569:
559:
548:. Retrieved
538:
529:
525:
505:
495:. Retrieved
479:
472:
437:
433:
411:
401:
394:
385:
379:
357:
325:
323:
309:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
279:
278:
263:
252:
241:
230:
219:
205:
175:
173:
157:
156:
144:
36:
1073:NatureServe
1034:iNaturalist
892:Wikispecies
644:(1): 6–10.
580:26 November
428:(AHS), and
418:brucellosis
42:Stable fly
1157:Categories
686:2013-11-27
550:2013-11-27
532:: 112–126.
497:2009-04-06
464:References
314:suck blood
286:stable fly
134:Stomoxyini
94:Arthropoda
502:, citing
492:2097/1072
268:Fabricius
152:Species:
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
32:horse fly
1163:Muscidae
1078:2.881877
1052:11332198
943:BugGuide
919:BioLib:
877:Wikidata
791:19006977
743:23985165
713:Parasite
707:Stomoxys
623:10633577
306:Muscidae
290:barn fly
210:Linnaeus
197:Synonyms
184:Linnaeus
145:Stomoxys
124:Muscidae
120:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
1026:1526081
883:Q598609
832:3112013
782:2289988
734:3756335
650:9071886
444:anthrax
430:fowlpox
362:Biology
354:Habitat
345:⁄
335:⁄
298:dog fly
140:Genus:
130:Tribe:
114:Diptera
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
1111:NZOR:
1065:150287
1039:122223
1000:139204
987:142289
974:STOMCA
961:730036
922:122055
830:
823:260614
820:
789:
779:
741:
731:
719:: 26.
648:
621:
397:anemic
270:, 1781
259:, 1849
257:Walker
248:, 1830
237:, 1830
226:, 1853
224:Walker
1140:42520
1127:16622
1104:35570
1047:IRMNG
982:EUNIS
948:75931
935:25384
484:(PDF)
408:Surra
300:, or
1099:NCBI
1060:ITIS
1021:GBIF
969:EPPO
930:BOLD
828:PMID
787:PMID
739:PMID
646:PMID
619:PMID
582:2013
214:1758
188:1758
1086:NBN
956:EoL
907:AFD
818:PMC
777:PMC
773:123
729:PMC
721:doi
609:doi
488:hdl
410:),
1159::
1137::
1124::
1101::
1088::
1075::
1062::
1049::
1036::
1023::
1010::
997::
984::
971::
958::
945::
932::
909::
894::
879::
826:.
814:55
812:.
808:.
785:.
771:.
767:.
737:.
727:.
717:20
715:.
711:.
695:^
642:90
640:.
617:.
605:92
603:.
599:.
568:.
528:.
514:^
446:.
432:.
424:,
420:,
416:,
347:16
308:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
212:,
186:,
834:.
793:.
745:.
723::
689:.
652:.
625:.
611::
584:.
553:.
530:6
500:.
490::
343:5
340:–
337:4
333:1
190:)
182:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
