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380:, which is a long, hefty piece of steel with a point at one end and a broad striking surface at the other. A pitching tool may also be used at this early stage; which is a wedge-shaped chisel with a broad, flat edge. The pitching tool is useful for splitting the stone and removing large, unwanted chunks. Those two chisels are used in combination with a
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Once the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses other tools to refine the figure. A toothed chisel or claw chisel has multiple gouging surfaces which create parallel lines in the stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the figure. An artist might mark out
446:
Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons. Most types of stone are easier to find than metal ores, which have to be mined and smelted. Stone can be dug from the surface and carved with hand tools. Stone is more durable than wood, and carvings in stone last much longer than
407:
The final stage of the carving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in the polishing process, or sand cloth. Emery, a stone that is harder and rougher than the sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This abrading, or wearing away, brings out the color of the
372:
claimed that his job was to free the human form trapped inside the block. Other artists begin with a form already in mind and find a stone to complement their vision. The sculptor may begin by forming a model in clay or wax, sketching the form of the statue on paper or drawing a general outline of
632:(such as Cuturi) place many thousands of impacts per minute upon the end of the tool, which would usually be manufactured or modified to suit the purpose. This type of tool creates the ability to 'shave' the stone, providing a smooth and consistent stroke, allowing for larger surfaces to be worked.
187:
These earliest examples of the stone carving are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one, although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an abrasive that was rubbed on
403:
are then used to enhance the shape into its final form. A rasp is a flat, steel tool with a coarse surface. The sculptor uses broad, sweeping strokes to remove excess stone as small chips or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of the rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of
361:. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in stone. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basic tools for carving stone.
388:
specific lines by using calipers to measure an area of stone to be addressed, and marking the removal area with pencil, charcoal or chalk. The stone carver generally uses a shallower stroke at this point in the process, usually in combination with a wooden
253:
One modern stone carving technique uses a new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface. The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature causes it to break away. On a small scale,
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Sculptures can be carved via either the direct or the indirect carving method. Indirect carving is a way of carving by using an accurate clay, wax or plaster model, which is then copied with the use of a
719:
376:
When ready to carve, the artist usually begins by knocking off large portions of unwanted stone. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process. For this task they may select a point
588:
The mason's stroke, in which a flat chisel is used at approximately 90 degrees to the surface in an organized sweep. It shatters the stone beneath it and each successive pass lowers the surface.
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which include burrs, cup wheels, and blades mounted on a host of power tools. These are used sometimes through the entire carving process from rough work to the final finish.
707:
424:. The direct carving method is a way of carving in a more intuitive way, without first making an elaborate model. Sometimes a sketch on paper or a rough clay draft is made.
921:
242:
Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with processes such as
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2016:
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There are many types and styles of stone carving tools, each carver will decide for themselves which tools to use. Traditionalists might use hand tools only.
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for cutting - such as lettering chisels, points, pitching tools, and claw chisels. Chisels, in turn, may be handheld and hammered or pneumatic powered.
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to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming, while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little since then.
490:
tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone.
408:
stone, reveals patterns in the surface and adds a sheen. Tin and iron oxides are often used to give the stone a highly reflective exterior.
82:
are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our
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When worked, some stones release dust that can damage lungs (silica crystals are usually to blame), so a respirator is sometimes needed.
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Stone nickers are used to split stones by tracing a line along the stone with progressive strikes until the stone breaks along the line.
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The lettering stroke, in which the chisel is used along the surface at approximately 30 degrees to cut beneath the existing surface.
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blocks, drills, saws, grinding and cutting wheels, water-abrasive machinery and dressing tools such as French and
English drags.
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2055:
1093:
907:
896:, a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on stone carvings
573:, use sudden high temperature with a combination of cooling water to spall flakes of stone. Other modern processes may involve
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Eventually the sculptor has changed the stone from a rough block into the general shape of the finished statue. Tools called
649:
tipped tools - Generally forged, slotted, and carbide inserts brazed in to provide a harder and longer-wearing cutting edge.
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wooden artifacts. Stone comes in many varieties and artists have abundant choices in color, quality and relative hardness.
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Diamond blade and bit method: 3D carved slate and travertine
Breadfruit wall mural by Janna Morrison, 2007, Maui, Hawaii
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The process begins with the selection of a stone for carving. Some artists use the stone itself as inspiration; the
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are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to as
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are used to create pockets, valleys and for intricate carving, whilst providing good visibility around the stone.
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can be easily carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail.
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888:, Gargoyles and the Gothic Style: An Interview with professional stone carver Walter S. Arnold, video
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hammers make the hard work easier. Progress on shaping stone is faster with pneumatic carving tools.
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The earliest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often marks carved into rock or
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Lettering chisels for incising small strokes create the details of letters in larger applications.
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Tools for rough shaping of stone, to form a block the size needed for the carving. These include
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machines or other large scale production equipment to remove large sections of undesired stone.
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technique, following rough hewing of the stone block using hammers. The reason for this is that
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Stone claw tools are used to remove the peaks and troughs left from the previously used tools.
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319:. Construction began in 713, and was completed in 803. It is the largest stone-carved
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Carved flower on stone, ancient work, Archaeological museum of Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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101:. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to as
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made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels, drills and saws made from
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501:, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to cutting and polishing alone.
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enough to work any but the softest stone. The
Ancient Greeks used the
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Among modern tool types, there are two main stone carving chisels:
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stone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usually
3193:
Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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Stone pitching tools are used to remove large quantities of stone.
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Stone point tools are used to rough out the surface of the stone.
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the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery of
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may be as old as 250,000 years, and are carved in stones such as
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Pitching tool used in preliminary rough shaping blocks of stone
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by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using an
116:
Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an
53:
in
Scotland - a collection of ancient stone carved graveslabs
608:
Masonry chisels are used for the general shaping of stones.
3178:
International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
152:
to describe the activity involved in making some types of
105:. The process of removing stone from the earth is called
893:
The
Cesnola Collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture
168:
will survive where painted work will not. Prehistoric
512:
Basic stone carving tools fall into five categories:
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can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools.
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262:are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as the
854:
437:'Arabic' style carving on ashlar building blocks,
200:, the hardest available metal until steel, is not
353:sculptures were usually human forms, such as the
212:, that are naturally occurring on the island of
349:is an activity older than civilization itself.
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915:
78:is an activity where pieces of rough natural
8:
39:Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York
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258:torches are used. On an industrial scale,
124:. The term also refers to the activity of
3188:Mason Contractors Association of America
3183:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
845:
657:
516:Percussion tools for hitting - such as
266:carved from the Harney Peak granite of
584:is possible in several ways. Two are:
274:in Albany, Georgia are produced using
880:Stone Carving: A How-To Demonstration
725:Carved sculpture, ancient work, from
7:
671:to split a block of marble from the
208:of bronze to trap small granules of
128:in dressing stone blocks for use in
861:. New York: Bonanza Books. p.
796:List of colossal sculptures in situ
16:The act of shaping stone materials
14:
2046:Megalithic architectural elements
565:More advanced processes, such as
64:structure carved into a cliff in
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718:
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679:
660:
557:for material removals - such as
373:the statue on the stone itself.
357:and the faceless statues of the
3033:Non-explosive demolition agents
2665:Evolutionary origin of religion
216:, thus making a very efficient
140:. It is also a phrase used by
1:
2278:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1808:British megalith architecture
231:, that were capable of being
97:is more often referred to as
3198:Worshipful Company of Masons
2273:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1813:Nordic megalith architecture
428:Stone carving considerations
834:Songjiang Tangjing Building
493:Precious and semi-precious
404:clothing or locks of hair.
3255:
2421:British Isles and Brittany
2342:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
285:
18:
3023:Lewis (lifting appliance)
2106:
2089:
1741:
1728:
1190:
1007:
994:
937:
853:Hoffman, Malvina (1939).
272:Confederate Memorial Park
857:Sculpture Inside and Out
643:tools - Generally forged
603:Fishtail carving chisels
334:, late 19th century CE.
220:for abrading the stone.
19:Not to be confused with
2653:Evolutionary musicology
2056:Oldest extant buildings
1983:Archaeological features
1502:Prepared-core technique
580:The use of chisels for
508:Stone shaping and tools
292:Architectural sculpture
2615:Unchambered long cairn
2463:Mound Builders culture
1796:Neolithic architecture
931:Prehistoric technology
886:Stone Carver Interview
443:
342:
324:
72:
54:
42:
37:carving stone, at the
2290:List of Stone Age art
1492:Microblade technology
1440:Langdale axe industry
1038:Ard / plough
811:Rock-cut architecture
763:A famous khachkar at
435:
418:proportional dividers
382:masons driving hammer
330:
299:
174:Venus of Berekhat Ram
60:
48:
33:
2847:Massive precut stone
2842:Post-tensioned stone
2697:Prehistoric medicine
2692:Prehistoric counting
2675:Prehistoric religion
2670:Paleolithic religion
2648:Behavioral modernity
2005:Causewayed enclosure
1897:Abri de la Madeleine
1021:Neolithic Revolution
532:and toothed hammers.
264:Crazy Horse Memorial
93:societies to create
89:Work carried out by
3043:Stonemason's hammer
3008:Ceramic tile cutter
2736:Prehistoric warfare
1482:Magdalenian culture
1445:Levallois technique
1376:Earliest toolmaking
539:and pitching tools.
537:feathers and wedges
450:Soft stone such as
355:Venus of Willendorf
345:Carving stone into
305:Leshan Giant Buddha
223:The development of
2687:Origin of language
2680:Spiritual drug use
2590:Rectangular dolmen
2492:Dartmoor kistvaens
2305:Carved stone balls
2017:Circular enclosure
1976:Other architecture
1919:Alp pile dwellings
1507:Solutrean industry
1418:Gravettian culture
1068:Secondary products
639:Heat treated high
444:
343:
325:
73:
55:
43:
3239:Monumental masons
3234:Visual arts media
3206:
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3132:Hardstone carving
3079:Polygonal masonry
2903:Decorative stones
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2763:
2760:
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2755:
2709:Prehistoric music
2658:music archaeology
2315:Cup and ring mark
2140:Clothing/textiles
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1527:Yubetsu technique
1512:Striking platform
1477:Lithic technology
1362:
1361:
1347:Game drive system
1266:Projectile points
1158:Mortar and pestle
669:plug and feathers
359:Cycladic cultures
138:civil engineering
3246:
3229:Stone (material)
3038:Plug and feather
2888:Artificial stone
2791:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2724:Divje Babe flute
2631:Archaeoastronomy
2374:Petrosomatoglyph
2108:
2091:
1940:Water management
1743:
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1633:Denticulate tool
1455:Lithic reduction
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647:Tungsten carbide
488:tungsten carbide
422:pointing machine
120:when creating a
51:Kilmartin Stones
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2908:Dimension stone
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2605:Stone box grave
2575:Megalithic tomb
2480:Cotswold-Severn
2432:
2337:Guardian stones
2265:Prehistoric art
2259:
2102:
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2066:Timber trackway
1971:
1935:
1931:Wattle and daub
1784:
1763:Standing stones
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1087:Food processing
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1031:New World crops
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816:Stone sculpture
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340:Brooklyn Museum
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288:Stone sculpture
286:Main articles:
284:
282:Stone sculpture
170:Venus figurines
162:
150:anthropologists
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874:External links
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827:The Stonemason
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283:
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278:heat torches.
268:Mount Rushmore
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142:archaeologists
86:or past time.
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3171:Organizations
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3162:Machicolation
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3018:Diamond blade
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2600:Simple dolmen
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3219:Stonemasonry
3094:Tuckpointing
3048:Straightedge
2982:Stone veneer
2821:
2798:Stonemasonry
2541:wedge-shaped
2526:Funeral pyre
2519:Great dolmen
2475:Chamber tomb
2456:Round barrow
2411:Stone circle
2393:
2283:Blombos Cave
2211:Grooved ware
2135:Chalcolithic
2039:Thornborough
1957:Flush toilet
1892:Blombos Cave
1887:Rock shelter
1843:Quiggly hole
1735:Architecture
1710:illustration
1352:Buffalo jump
1173:Storage pits
1136:Aşıklı Höyük
1126:Ground stone
962:Subdivisions
892:
856:
848:
826:
821:Stonemasonry
727:Chichen Itza
641:carbon steel
634:
623:
594:
581:
579:
575:diamond-wire
564:
511:
503:
492:
449:
445:
417:
410:
406:
394:
386:
375:
370:Michelangelo
363:
344:
302:Tang dynasty
252:
241:
222:
186:
172:such as the
163:
130:architecture
115:
88:
75:
74:
35:Stone carver
3003:Bush hammer
2938:Lime mortar
2817:Rustication
2563:unchambered
2558:Long barrow
2548:Grave goods
2504:Court cairn
2499:Clava cairn
2451:Bowl barrow
2389:Rock cupule
2332:Golden hats
2325:Hill figure
2226:Unstan ware
2206:Cord-marked
2071:Sweet Track
1993:Burnt mound
1914:Stilt house
1902:Sibudu Cave
1695:Tally stick
1663:Quern-stone
1648:Hammerstone
1638:Fire plough
1609:Pesse canoe
1567:Bannerstone
1537:Other tools
1450:Lithic core
1398:Aurignacian
1286:Bare Island
1168:Quern-stone
829:(2020 book)
745:Gök Medrese
630:Air hammers
571:jet torches
559:carborundum
484:metamorphic
366:Renaissance
351:Prehistoric
248:diamond saw
210:carborundum
166:petroglyphs
154:petroglyphs
95:stone tools
91:paleolithic
3213:Categories
3157:Stone wall
3084:Repointing
3057:Techniques
2913:Fieldstone
2898:Cast stone
2852:Monumental
2702:trepanning
2595:Ring cairn
2553:Jar burial
2536:transepted
2468:U.S. sites
2369:Petroglyph
2295:Bird stone
2253:wine press
1926:Stone roof
1909:Roundhouse
1801:long house
1778:Stonehenge
1746:Ceremonial
1690:Stone tool
1517:Tool stone
1487:Metallurgy
1391:Mousterian
1368:Toolmaking
1306:Cumberland
1279:Transverse
1249:Schöningen
1141:Qesem cave
1109:Earth oven
1063:Irrigation
974:Technology
942:Prehistory
840:References
468:Limestones
441:, Scotland
332:Bas-Relief
315:province,
146:historians
84:prehistory
21:petroglyph
3152:Sculpture
3141:Footstone
3137:Headstone
3104:Brickwork
3089:Scabbling
3069:Flushwork
2965:Sandstone
2943:Limestone
2918:Flagstone
2881:Materials
2862:Sculpture
2827:Dry stone
2746:symbolism
2610:Tor cairn
2568:Grønsalen
2509:Cremation
2401:Sculpture
2379:Pictogram
2364:Petroform
2184:amber use
2152:Cosmetics
1962:Reservoir
1947:Check dam
1877:Pueblitos
1872:Pit-house
1855:Longhouse
1789:Dwellings
1658:Microlith
1589:Bow drill
1584:Bone tool
1577:prismatic
1386:Acheulean
1301:Cresswell
1274:Arrowhead
1200:Boomerang
1116:Granaries
1078:Terracing
957:Stone Age
765:Goshavank
626:pneumatic
555:Abrasives
530:bouchards
495:gemstones
482:and some
456:soapstone
347:sculpture
336:Limestone
250:cutting.
206:ductility
182:limestone
122:sculpture
111:quarrying
103:lettering
68:southern
25:sculpture
3120:Products
3074:Knapping
2867:Slipform
2384:Rock art
2347:painting
2320:Geoglyph
2145:timeline
2125:Beadwork
1865:Mehrgarh
1860:Mudbrick
1768:megalith
1643:Fire-saw
1465:debitage
1460:analysis
1428:Hand axe
1408:Cupstone
986:Glossary
947:Timeline
806:Megalith
801:Khachkar
785:See also
751:, Turkey
729:, Mexico
624:Powered
499:lapidary
401:rifflers
270:and the
237:tempered
233:hardened
194:abrasion
134:building
99:knapping
3224:Carving
3064:Flaming
2928:Granite
2872:Snecked
2837:Masonry
2822:Carving
2741:Symbols
2352:pigment
2238:Weaving
2201:Cardium
2196:Pottery
2191:Mirrors
2179:Jewelry
2120:Baskets
2100:culture
1952:Cistern
1758:Pyramid
1700:Weapons
1678:Scraper
1668:Racloir
1628:Cleaver
1616:Chopper
1522:Uniface
1433:Grooves
1423:Hafting
1381:Oldowan
1340:Systems
1291:Cascade
1254:woomera
1244:harpoon
1217:history
1183:Hunting
1163:Pottery
1104:Cooking
1013:Farming
979:history
952:Outline
882:, video
767:Armenia
687:Carrara
654:Gallery
543:Chisels
518:mallets
476:Granite
472:marbles
414:compass
368:artist
313:Sichuan
307:, near
160:History
62:Khazneh
41:, 1909.
3147:Mosaic
3127:Castle
3099:Veneer
3028:Trowel
3013:Chisel
2960:Mortar
2948:Marble
2923:Gabion
2857:Rubble
2812:Ashlar
2719:flutes
2514:Dolmen
2438:Burial
2248:winery
2221:Linear
2051:Midden
2029:Cursus
2022:Goseck
1882:Pueblo
1833:Dugout
1818:Burdei
1497:Mining
1321:Lamoka
1316:Folsom
1296:Clovis
1153:Metate
1131:Hearth
1099:Basket
1073:Sickle
742:Seljuk
673:quarry
667:Using
480:basalt
460:pumice
390:mallet
378:chisel
321:Buddha
309:Leshan
260:lasers
198:bronze
148:, and
126:masons
118:artist
107:mining
70:Jordan
3109:Wythe
2991:Tools
2977:Slate
2953:Types
2933:Grout
2893:Brick
2805:Types
2636:sites
2580:Mummy
2300:Cairn
2216:Jōmon
2167:shoes
2162:Hides
2034:Henge
1988:Broch
1850:Jacal
1705:Wheel
1653:Knife
1599:Canoe
1594:Burin
1572:Blade
1470:flake
1331:Plano
1239:baton
1229:Spear
1195:Arrow
1148:Manos
1001:Tools
749:Tokat
526:adzes
452:chalk
439:Beith
420:or a
397:rasps
317:China
229:steel
214:Milos
190:steel
80:stone
66:Petra
2970:List
2729:gudi
2487:Cist
2416:list
2243:Wine
2172:Ötzi
2157:Glue
2130:Beds
2098:and
2096:Arts
1967:Well
1823:Cave
1753:Kiva
1683:side
1673:Rope
1621:tool
1555:bone
1545:Adze
1311:Eden
1224:Nets
1094:Fire
1058:Goad
1043:Celt
569:and
522:axes
470:and
464:Tufa
462:and
399:and
300:The
290:and
246:and
235:and
225:iron
218:file
202:hard
180:and
178:tuff
49:The
1838:Hut
1773:row
1604:Oar
1562:Axe
1550:Awl
863:235
747:in
416:or
311:in
276:jet
136:or
109:or
23:or
3215::
528:,
524:,
520:,
478:,
458:,
454:,
392:.
384:.
338:.
184:.
156:.
144:,
132:,
113:.
3143:)
3139:(
2790:e
2783:t
2776:v
923:e
916:t
909:v
865:.
27:.
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