51:
634:
810:
555:), alongside the picul of 100 catties. It was made obsolete by subsequent overriding legislation in 1885, which included the picul but not the stone, to avoid confusion with European-origin measures that are similarly called
617:
of 1859 giving detailed tables of expected prices of various commodities, such as coffee, e.g. one picul of
Javanese coffee could be expected to be bought from 8 to 8.50 Spanish dollars in
750:
922:
862:
844:
912:
280:
163:
63:
77:
618:
720:
613:. It remained a convenient reference unit for many commercial trade journals in the 19th century. One example is
482:. Government officials were paid in grain, counted in stones, with top ranked ministers being paid 2000 stones.
822:
340:
725:
455:
917:
642:
142:
859:
837:
Kopra
Makassar: perebutan pusat dan daerah : kajian sejarah ekonomi politik regional di Indonesia.
847:. 318 pages quoting Algemen Verslag Resdientie Banoemas 1831: ANRIJ and ANRIJ Makassar 291/18: Chinne
590:
382:
224:
201:
498:
689:. The measure was and remains used on occasion in Taiwan where it is defined as 60 kg. The
840:
682:
657:
525:
733:
407:
100:
50:
31:
892:
How Taiwan Became
Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century
866:
121:
633:
578:
571:
529:
435:
363:
906:
882:
586:
510:
439:
135:
645:, the exact definition of the picul varied historically and regionally. In imperial
17:
767:
556:
548:
191:
107:
714:
690:
598:
575:
475:
467:
886:
661:
660:
authorities acknowledged local variances in the definition of the pikul. In
622:
540:
156:
793:
543:
as a
British colony, the stone (石, with a Cantonese pronunciation given as
781:
686:
594:
567:
552:
317:
177:
198:
890:
243:
650:
646:
632:
606:
602:
563:
547:) was used as a measurement of weight equal to 120 catties or 160
479:
451:
443:
303:
257:
610:
637:
A 1903 map showing opium production in China measured in piculs
493:. To avoid confusion, the character is sometimes changed to 擔 (
422:
649:
and later, the unit was used for a measure equivalent to 100
206:
442:". Historically, it was defined as equivalent to 100 or 120
807:
Hunt's merchants' magazine and commercial review, Volume 41
368:
805:
Freeman Hunt, Thomas
Prentice Kettell, William Buck Dana.
693:, a measure of rice, was 20 picul, or 1,200 kg.
416:
182:
168:
589:
unit that was widely understood and employed by other
345:
419:
126:
112:
413:
285:
887:"Appendix A: Weights, Measures, and Exchange Rates"
536:is also a verb meaning 'to carry on the shoulder'.
410:
381:
376:
362:
357:
339:
334:
316:
302:
297:
279:
274:
256:
242:
237:
223:
218:
197:
190:
176:
162:
155:
147:
141:
134:
120:
106:
99:
94:
76:
62:
57:
39:
713:
601:) and their centuries-old trading relations with
777:
775:
387:
229:
782:Weights and Measures – Ordinance No. 22 of 1844
438:, defined as "as much as a man can carry on a
322:
308:
30:"Shek" redirects here. For the surname 石, see
685:. The modern definition is exactly 60.478982
82:
68:
8:
524:appeared as early as the mid 9th century in
497:), meaning "burden" or "load". Likewise, in
262:
248:
331:
271:
91:
49:
809:.Freeman Hunt, 1859 Google PDF download:
871:Republic of China Yearbook--Taiwan 2001.
745:
743:
470:(221–206 BC), where it was known as the
466:The unit originated in China during the
702:
796:, Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online.
784:, Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online.
36:
860:Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan
708:
706:
7:
794:Weights and Measures Ordinance, 1885
734:participating institution membership
446:, depending on time and region. The
485:As a unit of measurement, the word
585:was both a convenient unit, and a
450:is most commonly used in southern
25:
923:Human-based units of measurement
751:"Weights and Measures Ordinance"
406:
207:
183:
169:
148:
839:Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2007.
346:
286:
127:
113:
83:
69:
27:Traditional Asian unit of mass
1:
478:, one stone was equal to 120
895:. Columbia University Press.
643:traditional measurement unit
849:Verslag van de Havenmeester
664:, one picul was defined in
489:(石) can also be pronounced
939:
913:Chinese units in Hong Kong
29:
721:Oxford English Dictionary
395:
330:
323:
309:
270:
263:
249:
90:
48:
44:
666:Ordinance No. 22 of 1844
574:and most especially the
474:(石 "stone"). During the
64:Traditional Chinese
726:Oxford University Press
615:Hunts Merchant Magazine
579:colonial maritime trade
501:the word is pronounced
456:Maritime Southeast Asia
434:is a traditional Asian
78:Simplified Chinese
638:
388:
369:
230:
636:
539:In the early days of
755:The Law of Hong Kong
281:Revised Romanization
18:Stone (Chinese mass)
835:Abdul Rasyid Asba.
724:(Online ed.).
865:2010-12-29 at the
683:avoirdupois pounds
639:
845:978-979-461-634-5
732:(Subscription or
658:Dutch East Indies
513:it is pronounced
399:
398:
353:
352:
293:
292:
214:
213:
164:Yale Romanization
101:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
930:
897:
896:
879:
873:
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851:
833:
827:
826:), Peking, 1984.
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21:
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903:
902:
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876:
867:Wayback Machine
858:
854:
834:
830:
819:
815:
804:
800:
792:
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773:
766:
762:
749:
748:
741:
731:
712:
711:
704:
699:
678:
674:
671:
669:
631:
464:
409:
405:
377:Indonesian name
219:Vietnamese name
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
936:
934:
926:
925:
920:
915:
905:
904:
899:
898:
883:Andrade, Tonio
874:
852:
828:
813:
798:
786:
771:
760:
739:
701:
700:
698:
695:
630:
627:
463:
460:
436:unit of weight
397:
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379:
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343:
337:
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335:Transcriptions
328:
327:
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306:
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283:
277:
276:
275:Transcriptions
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174:
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157:Yue: Cantonese
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152:
145:
139:
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131:
124:
118:
117:
110:
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103:
97:
96:
95:Transcriptions
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41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
935:
924:
921:
919:
918:Units of mass
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
894:
893:
888:
884:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
856:
853:
850:
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829:
825:
824:
823:Xīnhuá Zìdiǎn
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
778:
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772:
769:
764:
761:
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746:
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727:
723:
722:
716:
709:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
667:
663:
659:
656:In 1831, the
654:
652:
648:
644:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Austronesians
588:
587:lingua franca
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:shoulder-pole
437:
433:
427:
404:
394:
390:
386:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
356:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
301:
298:Japanese name
296:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
261:
259:
255:
247:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
217:
205:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
181:
179:
175:
167:
165:
161:
158:
154:
146:
144:
140:
137:
133:
125:
123:
119:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
89:
81:
79:
75:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
32:Shí (surname)
19:
891:
877:
870:
855:
848:
836:
831:
821:
816:
806:
801:
789:
763:
754:
719:
665:
655:
640:
614:
582:
561:
544:
538:
533:
528:. In modern
521:
519:
514:
509:(擔), and in
506:
502:
494:
490:
486:
484:
471:
465:
447:
431:
402:
400:
347:tan / pikuru
341:Romanization
192:Southern Min
143:Romanization
108:Hanyu Pinyin
58:Chinese name
641:As for any
629:Definitions
599:Philippines
593:(in modern
581:, the term
551:(72.6
476:Han dynasty
468:Qin dynasty
324:たん / ピクル, ㌯
238:Korean name
907:Categories
768:《漢書》 百官公卿表
736:required.)
697:References
568:Portuguese
562:Following
383:Indonesian
358:Malay name
225:Vietnamese
122:Wade–Giles
869:from the
687:kilograms
662:Hong Kong
623:Singapore
541:Hong Kong
520:The word
499:Cantonese
885:(2005).
863:Archived
597:and the
595:Malaysia
526:Javanese
318:Hiragana
178:Jyutping
715:"picul"
677:⁄
651:catties
619:Batavia
607:Chinese
603:Indians
572:British
564:Spanish
505:(石) or
480:catties
462:History
444:catties
199:Hokkien
843:
820:新华字典 (
549:pounds
244:Hangul
730:
647:China
611:Arabs
583:picul
576:Dutch
557:stone
534:pikul
530:Malay
522:picul
517:(擔).
511:Hakka
452:China
448:picul
403:picul
389:pikul
370:pikul
364:Malay
304:Kanji
258:Hanja
184:daam1
136:Hakka
40:Picul
841:ISBN
691:last
621:and
609:and
545:shik
507:daam
454:and
170:daam
670:133
668:as
515:tam
503:sek
495:dàn
491:dan
487:shi
472:shi
432:tam
430:or
287:dam
231:đảm
208:tàⁿ
202:POJ
149:tâm
128:tan
114:dàn
909::
889:.
774:^
753:.
742:^
718:.
705:^
653:.
625:.
605:,
570:,
566:,
559:.
553:kg
532:,
458:.
423:əl
401:A
757:.
728:.
679:3
675:1
672:+
426:/
420:k
417:ɪ
414:p
411:ˈ
408:/
310:担
264:擔
250:담
84:担
70:擔
34:.
20:)
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