981:
congressional hearing was instituted at
Stonehill involving tax evasion charges, to which Stonehill managed to evade until the search and seizure in contention occurred at his office. Sec. José W. Diokno was recently appointed in late 1961 as Secretary of Justice and officially began his term on January 2, 1962, after his predecessor was removed from office in December as a result of Macapagal cancelling midnight appointments by former Pres. Carlos P. Garcia. Diokno showed in his first day that he was immediately ready to file cases involving graft and corruption and quickly filed on his first day in office in January 2, Tuesday. They quickly built a strong working relationship and Diokno even recommended to Macapagal how he would deal with the remaining midnight appointees, to which Macapagal positively responded by deeming them all legally ousted from office effective immediately. Meinhart Spielman, general manager of Stonehill's Philippine Tobacco Corporation, broke the gridlock of the hearings by filing a case for frustrated murder against Stonehill and Robert Brooks. Spielman demanded his unpaid compensation and suffered multiple injuries from Stonehill himself. Spielman, fearing for his life, shared information of a certain "blue book" that could serve as crucial evidence in the hearing and in potential charges. Sec. Diokno acted on this clue and with the aid of the
993:
1095:
677:
31:
1590:"HARRY S. STONEHILL, ROBERT P. BROOKS, JOHN J. BROOKS and KARL BECK Petitioners, vs. HON. JOSÉ W. DIOKNO, in his capacity as SECRETARY OF JUSTICE; JOSE LUKBAN, in his capacity as Acting Director, National Bureau of Investigation; SPECIAL PROSECUTORS PEDRO D. CENZON, EFREN I. PLANA and MANUEL VILLAREAL, JR. and ASST. FISCAL MANASES G. REYES; JUDGE AMADO ROAN, Municipal Court of Manila; JUDGE ROMAN CANSINO, Municipal Court of Manila; JUDGE HERMOGENES CALUAG, Court of First Instance of Rizal-Quezon City Branch, and JUDGE DAMIAN JIMENEZ, Municipal Court of Quezon City, Respondents"
973:
610:
equipment as well as six army trucks worth of documents. Stonehill was accused of tax evasion, economic sabotage, and various other charges, but among the documents were a letter from
Stonehill addressed to Macapagal and a "blue book" which listed money given to various government officials, including Macapagal, Garcia, and Marcos. It is considered the first exposed corruption scandal to reach the headlines and become widely publicized, and paved the way for Senate inquiries or cases on plunder, bribery, and graft and corruption.
522:
20:
617:, ordered Stonehill to be deported in August 1962, which sparked outrage and accusations of a coverup, notably from Diokno, whom Macapagal had prevented from pursuing the prosecution and then sacked from the cabinet via an "official acceptance of his resignation". Diokno, in lamenting Macapagal's order to deport Stonehill, said, "How can the government now prosecute the corrupted when it has allowed the corrupter to go?" Some friends of Macapagal even sent death threats to Diokno, prompting
50:
1831:
1021:
American jurisprudence, companies and corporations have their own distinct juridical personality. This means that they may become parties to a lawsuit as their assets and liabilities are considered separate from private citizens. Thus the rights granted to the privacy of citizens are of different standards from corporations. The injunction that was issued on evidence taken from private residences became the main issue in contention.
1054:(3) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, to be determined by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
534:
1115:, garnering about half of the popular votes as Macapagal's approval ratings plunged. Stonehill and his men were deported to the United States and Stonehill returned to his native Chicago. The fate of Meinhart Spielman is unknown, as he mysteriously disappeared around the time of Stonehill's deportation. Both he and Brooks faced tax evasion charges as well in their native homeland, which led to an appeal in the
1177:. The common comparison was usually to question whether the president may block evidence or ban the appearance of those complicit, for instance the President may insist the Congressional inquiries are for question hour and not in aid of legislation. On the other hand, they may decide to be accountable and allow the attendance of their subordinates and associates.
1576:"HARRY S. STONEHILL, ROBERT P. BROOKS, JOHN J. BROOKS and KARL BECK, Petitioners, v. HON. JOSÉ W. DIOKNO, in his capacity as Secretary of Justice; JOSE LUKBAN, in his capacity as Acting Director, National Bureau of Investigation; Special Prosecutors PEDRO D. CENZON, EFREN I. PLANA and MANUEL VILLAREAL, JR. and ASST. FISCAL MANASES G. REYES, ET AL., Respondents"
515:
658:(as his father the late Sen. RamĂłn Diokno was from the same party during his term). Economic historians also note that it helped fuel a brand of economic nationalism which resulted in policies that partly slowed the growth of the Philippine market economy but ultimately benefited society by strengthening the resolve of the people.
989:
until he learned in March 1962 of
Stonehill and of his "blue book" that might contain names of most politicians, signifying that all were under Stonehill's control and payroll. Some including President Macapagal himself, received up to three million pesos in 1961, among the two hundred listed names of politicians in the blue book.
1144:
1020:
cigarette wrappers, balance sheets, and all pertinent evidence were divided into two categories: (1) those seized in offices and (2) those seized in residences. The ponente wrote that the first group was based on a valid search warrant. Citing Remus vs. United States (C.C.A.)291 F. 501, 511 and other
1126:
Eventually he brought four children from his second family with his
Filipino partner Lourdes Blanco to different states. He first settled in Japan, then moved his family to the UK, Brazil, and Switzerland before finally settling in Spain. During this excursion, he returned to home soil in 1987, one
1160:
or
Supreme Court as a common resort to major political scandals. The case has become a metaphor for presidents who choose to hide pieces of evidence in corruption allegations that may implicate them, and has become a model of comparison used by political analysts for corruption scandals such as in
1004:
and a preliminary injunction was issued against Diokno and others from using the evidence taken from the office of U.S. Tobacco
Corporation at the Ledesma Building (along Arzobispo St., Manila), the Army and Navy Club, and multiple other offices, as well as the residences of those working with the
988:
Diokno's appointment was a result of his close friend, Manila mayor
Arsenio Lacson, giving a prerequisite to Macapagal that the mayor would support his candidacy for president, provided that he appoint Diokno as Secretary of Justice. Diokno then proceeded to go on arrests and issue search warrants
1080:
was not expressly mentioned, C.J. Concepcion used the term exclusionary rule, and the rule was the basis of the law of this case, which meant that evidence that is unconstitutional cannot be used to investigate or prosecute another party. Essentially the rule also ensured that general warrants or
609:
under the
Macapagal administration at the time, raided the offices of 42 of Stonehill's business establishments on March 2, 1962, and arrested Stonehill along with a number of his associates. The raid resulted in the confiscation of phone-tapping instruments, jamming devices, and other espionage
1071:
Since this was not determined through probable cause, it was not admissible evidence. The Court abandoned the doctrine set in
Moncado vs. People's Court (80 Phil. 1) that unconstitutionally obtained evidence may still be admissible. This was because the protection of the right to privacy may be
1066:
SECTION 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
980:
Harry
Steinberg, a Polish-American war veteran who went by the Anglicized surname Stonehill was in charge of a 50 million US dollar empire, which involved bribed officials and monopolies on different industries from tobacco including the top brand, "Puppies", to cement and glassware. At first a
722:
Hon. José W. Diokno, in his capacity as Secretary of Justice; Jose Lukban, in his capacity as Acting Director, National Bureau of Investigation; Special prosecutors Pedro D. Cenzon, Efren I. Plana and Manuel Villareal, Jr. and Asst. Fiscal Manases G. Reyes; Judge Amado Roan, Municipal Court of
1041:
According to Chief Justice Concepcion, the constitutional basis for search warrants in private residences are: (1) that they may only be granted by the Courts if probable cause is determined and that (2) the warrant shall particularly describe the things to be seized. This can be found in the
1085:
and obtain evidence against the accused, as this is the only practical means to enforce the constitutional injunction against unreasonable searches and seizures in the Bill of Rights found in Article III of both the contemporary and modern constitutions.
1110:
once remarked that though Stonehill was deported by Macapagal, he nor any of the politicians involved can ever be able to deport the truth. With Macapagal deporting Stonehill, Diokno quickly ran the succeeding year as senator of the opposition
941:(1962), Office of the Solicitor General Arturo A. Alafriz, Assistant Solicitor General Pacifico P. de Castro, Assistant Solicitor General Frine C. Zaballero, Solicitor Camilo D. Quiason, and Solicitor C. Padua acting as counsel for respondents.
598:, and numerous other top Philippine officials, who were accused of accepting bribes to protect Stonehill's $ 50-million business empire, which included a monopoly on tobacco and other exploited crops and popular local resources.
1067:
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
1008:
It would not be until 1967 that the case would be reopened and this time ruled with finality on the usage of the seized materials sans the blue book as evidence for investigation. In the final decision penned by
1155:
The scandal and its ensuing litigation hearings popularized the concept of congressional hearings or senate investigations in aid of inquiry and not merely question hours, as well as litigation cases with the
1105:
Without the blue book, Diokno's pleadings and evidence were almost moot as the blue book carried incriminatory and conclusive evidence against the 200 politicians under Stonehill's set of accounts. Senator
298:
723:
Manila; Judge Roman Cansino, Municipal Court of Manila; Judge Hermogenes Caluag, Court of First Instance of Rizal-Quezon City Branch, and Judge Damian Jimenez, Municipal Court of Quezon City, respondents.
1180:
Though Stonehill may have lost possession of his 50 million dollar empire which included at least 18 known companies, some of the effects of his ventures include the casinos and establishments along
1774:
293:
1131:
that ousted President Marcos, subtly revisiting the country in order to seek out his assets but was quickly made to leave, gaining nothing in his short visit. Stonehill eventually died in
1192:. This reclamation area started out of ventures that were initially planned by Stonehill. As of the present, the highway along Bay City that directly faces Manila Bay has been renamed to
852:
844:
840:
836:
824:
800:
1162:
253:
486:
303:
1428:
333:
119:
1005:
accused Stonehill. The injunction was first issued by the Court on March 22, 1962, but was partially lifted only for those materials taken from offices and not residences.
1876:
565:
190:
1917:
1767:
992:
461:
162:
1902:
1795:
982:
248:
144:
124:
1209:
630:
The scandal is reputed to have cost Macapagal his presidency, where he lost by a landslide to another friend bribed by Stonehill in Ferdinand Marcos during the
313:
1240:
1927:
1062:, which emphasized that the term "search and seizures" were of any nature or type, as well as the personal involvement of the judge as a result of this case.
1760:
308:
203:
426:
180:
1123:, and so they began a series of migrations as fugitives from the law. Stonehill and his disarrayed family met deportations issued by Canada and Mexico.
1683:
1135:, Spain in March 2002, at the age of 84, long after the lifetimes of Senator Diokno, Presidents Macapagal and Marcos, and many other parties involved.
1907:
1855:
1850:
285:
114:
1648:"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. HARRY S. STONEHILL, the Estate of; ROBERT P. BROOKS, the Estate of, OPINION Defendants-Appellants"
1099:
1478:
1800:
1094:
419:
353:
210:
627:
to offer him special protection. Diokno only learned of his resignation through newspapers while he was out of town, further angering citizens.
558:
338:
175:
1404:
1322:
631:
348:
198:
170:
1030:
676:
1214:
343:
89:
1881:
1815:
1805:
606:
235:
24:
1558:
634:. Due to the poor approval ratings of Pres. Macapagal, Marcos saw an opportunity to run against Macapagal, his own partymate in the
551:
1912:
1010:
1001:
953:
687:
1544:
1059:
1047:
651:
1000:
After Diokno was removed from office and Stonehill deported, the "blue book" went missing. The case was ruled in June 1962 at
1116:
794:
107:
1647:
1727:
1399:(Revised and Expanded ed.). Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. p. 216.
30:
1830:
521:
1589:
1668:
1073:
957:
635:
586:, was a 1962 bribery scandal in the Philippines which implicated high level government officials, including President
476:
129:
1810:
1292:
456:
325:
280:
1932:
538:
1394:
972:
964:
legal system. The case is the first major instance that led to the development of cases on corruption scandals.
1193:
466:
1922:
1128:
647:
614:
358:
270:
1845:
1603:
1185:
936:
Paredes, Poblador, Cruz and Nazareno Firm, and Meer, Meer and Meer Firm acting as counsel for petitioners.
19:
1698:
1453:
643:
500:
243:
220:
149:
1617:
1504:
985:
ordered a search and seizure in March 1962 while arresting Stonehill and Brooks on Saturday, March 3.
891:
Labrador, joined by Bengzon, Concepcion, Padilla, Angelo Bautista, Barrera, Dizon, Regala, Makalintal
780:
1632:
1633:"THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Respondent-Appellee, vs. VICTOR COGAED y ROMANA, Accused-Appellant"
1197:
1120:
215:
134:
1525:
1330:
1575:
1376:
1112:
1034:
1013:
874:
862:
856:
828:
805:
655:
639:
587:
481:
265:
1400:
1219:
938:
602:
1684:"'Filipinos will judge', Sotto says on Duterte's threat to bar officials in Senate hearings"
1368:
1170:
1148:
996:
Two of the three presidents involved (Garcia was the other), Pres. Macapagal and Sen. Marcos
960:
on the admissibility of evidence especially against politicians or political cronies in the
878:
866:
820:
595:
591:
449:
99:
84:
66:
49:
35:
34:
Harry Stonehill, who owned a blue book that listed bribed officials from Pres. Macapagal to
1298:
1166:
621:
506:
431:
393:
381:
1107:
1043:
624:
375:
1896:
1752:
1174:
1157:
848:
436:
387:
368:
154:
719:
Harry S. Stonehill, Robert P. Brooks, John J. Brooks and Karl Beck, petitioners, vs.
1860:
441:
411:
405:
139:
1029:
961:
923:
Reyes, Paredes took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. (1962)
777:
471:
399:
275:
225:
1072:
violated, which is the essence of the exclusionary rule or the doctrine of the
642:. He would later cancel both parties in 1972 when he became a dictator through
1189:
1181:
1713:
870:
832:
1132:
952:, G.R. No. L-19550, 20 S.C.R.A. 383 (1967), is a landmark decision of the
901:
Concepcion, joined by Reyes, Dizon, Makalintal, Bengzon, Zaldivar, Sanchez
1483:
260:
976:
Diokno, who counseled himself, during the Stonehill pre-trial conference
1380:
1356:
691:
514:
1081:
scatter-shot warrants cannot be issued to allow law officers to go on
1429:"Harry S. Stonehill is Dead but Tax Litigation on 1962 Raid Lives On"
1273:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
618:
1372:
650:. Diokno would run for senator the next year and easily win at the
1820:
1143:
1142:
1093:
1028:
991:
971:
29:
18:
925:
Regala took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
1756:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1505:"Ferdinand Marcos inaugurated president of the Philippines"
1200:. Both serve as the main avenues in this reclamation area.
1076:. This was the origin of the exclusionary rule. The term,
1479:"José W. Diokno: The Scholar-Warrior by Jose Dalisay, Jr"
1728:"PRA, DPWH COMPLETE ROAD REPAIR WORKS IN PARAĂ‘AQUE CITY"
1559:"Official Week in Review: January 21 – January 27, 1962"
1271:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "A Web of Corruption".
1151:, a similar scandal that mirrored Stonehill's scandal
1016:, the seized items, including ledgers, typewriters,
1869:
1838:
1788:
1058:This is reiterated in the far lengthier prevailing
930:
913:
905:
897:
887:
816:
811:
792:
772:
767:
759:
734:
683:
668:
1877:Philippine National Police Aviation Security Group
1669:"The inside story of the raids on Stonehill firms"
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1050:, or in Article III, Section 1(3) which states,
1293:"A ghost from the past – the Stonehill scandal"
1184:, which takes a huge section of what is called
1682:Terrazola, Vanne Elaine (September 15, 2021).
1317:
1315:
582:, named after American expatriate businessman
1768:
1275:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
1210:List of political scandals in the Philippines
559:
8:
1662:
1660:
1357:"The Philippines: Politics of the "New Era""
1646:Fletcher, William A. (September 28, 2011).
1025:Doctrine of the fruit of the poisonous tree
1775:
1761:
1753:
703:
675:
665:
566:
552:
40:
1856:Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
1851:Philippine National Police Maritime Group
1350:
1348:
1667:Doronilla, Amando (September 10, 2013).
613:Macapagal, father of the 14th president
1918:Political corruption in the Philippines
1801:National Counter-Terrorism Action Group
1699:"Stonehill and pork: Prelude to farce?"
1697:Doronilla, Amando (September 9, 2013).
1570:
1568:
1231:
43:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1291:Soliven De Guzman, Sara (2014-05-26).
983:National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
1903:Political scandals in the Philippines
1524:Tan, Jacqueline Ann A. (2020-11-19).
1454:"Diokno sacked, key witness murdered"
1119:, whose decision was penned by Judge
1100:Bulwagang Ka Pepe, CHR Central Office
632:1965 Philippine presidential election
7:
881:, Conrado V. Sanchez, Roberto Regala
1928:Department of Justice (Philippines)
344:Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
1882:Office for Transportation Security
1816:Office for Transportation Security
1806:Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
1783:Law enforcement in the Philippines
1526:"The sanctity of our home offices"
1323:"The Philippines: Smoke in Manila"
763:G.R. No. L-19550 (20 S.C.R.A. 383)
16:Bribery scandal in the Philippines
14:
1477:Dalisay, Jr., Jose (2011-05-23).
1355:Starner, Frances (January 1963).
1329:. August 10, 1962. Archived from
1908:Presidency of Diosdado Macapagal
1829:
1796:National Bureau of Investigation
1735:Philippine Reclamation Authority
956:recognizing the doctrine of the
954:Supreme Court of the Philippines
781:Court of First Instance of Rizal
688:Supreme Court of the Philippines
638:and jumped ship to the opposing
533:
532:
520:
513:
57:This article is part of a series
48:
1452:Doronila, Amando (2013-09-20).
1427:Reilly, Peter J. (2011-10-09).
1188:attached to Manila and facing
1117:United States Court of Appeals
860:(for the preliminary judgment)
803:(preliminary en banc judgment)
442:Tallano gold conspiracy theory
1:
1712:Crescini, Dino (2014-06-01).
1631:Leonen, Marvic (2014-07-30).
1239:Tubeza, Philip (2002-03-27).
1396:Philippine Electoral Almanac
334:1981 election and referendum
1078:fruit of the poisonous tree
1074:fruit of the poisonous tree
958:fruit of the poisonous tree
477:Marcos Japanese ODA scandal
1949:
1811:Philippine National Police
281:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
181:balance of payments crisis
1827:
1714:"Who is Harry Stonehill?"
1458:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1245:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1241:"Harry Stonehill is Dead"
935:
921:
717:
713:
706:
702:
698:
674:
601:The scandal erupted when
1194:José W. Diokno Boulevard
1171:PDAF or Pork barrel scam
1037:, who wrote the ponencia
1913:1962 in the Philippines
1604:"The 1935 Constitution"
1196:, which is parallel to
1129:People Power Revolution
748:June 19, 1967
738:June 29, 1962
654:, joining the opposing
615:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
359:People Power Revolution
271:Chico River Dam Project
1846:Philippine Coast Guard
1152:
1102:
1098:José W. Diokno at the
1069:
1056:
1038:
997:
977:
746:(preliminary judgment)
326:Third and fourth terms
38:
27:
1215:Department of Justice
1146:
1097:
1064:
1052:
1032:
995:
975:
883:(for the second case)
845:Felix Angelo Bautista
652:1963 Senate elections
605:, who was serving as
501:Conjugal dictatorship
462:Historical distortion
427:Overseas landholdings
244:Proclamation No. 1081
221:Plaza Miranda bombing
33:
22:
1165:involving President
150:Communist insurgency
25:Secretary of Justice
23:José W. Diokno, the
1618:"1987 Constitution"
1606:. February 8, 1935.
1561:. January 29, 1962.
1198:Macapagal Boulevard
1121:William A. Fletcher
1083:fishing expeditions
949:Stonehill v. Diokno
893:(1962 participants)
877:, Jose P. Bengzon,
787:Stonehill v. Diokno
669:Stonehill v. Diokno
662:Stonehill v. Diokno
594:, former President
590:, future President
249:Human rights abuses
216:First Quarter Storm
135:Coco Levy Fund scam
115:Cult of personality
1737:. January 29, 2021
1547:. January 9, 2020.
1153:
1113:Nacionalista Party
1103:
1039:
1035:Roberto Concepcion
1014:Roberto Concepcion
998:
978:
875:Querube Makalintal
863:Roberto Concepcion
857:Querube Makalintal
829:Roberto Concepcion
806:Roberto Concepcion
783:Quezon City Branch
656:Nacionalista Party
640:Nacionalista Party
588:Diosdado Macapagal
482:Operation Big Bird
420:Unexplained wealth
266:Escalante Massacre
39:
28:
1890:
1889:
1406:978-971-95551-6-2
1333:on April 28, 2007
1163:Pharmally inquiry
1060:1987 Constitution
1048:1935 Constitution
1002:the Supreme Court
945:
944:
926:
873:, Arsenio Dizon,
865:(Chief Justice),
841:Sabino B. Padilla
823:(Chief Justice),
730:
729:
607:Justice Secretary
580:Stonehill scandal
576:
575:
95:Stonehill scandal
77:
76:
1940:
1933:Ferdinand Marcos
1833:
1777:
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1252:
1251:
1236:
922:
879:Calixto Zaldivar
867:Fred Ruiz Castro
849:Jesus G. Barrera
837:Jose Ma. Paredes
812:Court membership
755:
753:
745:
743:
704:
679:
666:
596:Carlos P. Garcia
592:Ferdinand Marcos
568:
561:
554:
541:
536:
535:
524:
517:
354:4th inauguration
339:3rd inauguration
211:2nd Inauguration
176:1st Inauguration
73:
72:
71:
69:
68:Ferdinand Marcos
61:
60:
52:
45:
44:
41:
36:Ferdinand Marcos
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1947:
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1937:
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1299:Philippine Star
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1167:Rodrigo Duterte
1141:
1127:year after the
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709:
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664:
584:Harry Stonehill
572:
531:
518:
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507:Edifice complex
491:
446:
432:Marcos mansions
365:
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90:Military career
67:
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17:
12:
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5:
1946:
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1936:
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1923:Jose W. Diokno
1920:
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1620:. Feb 2, 1987.
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1224:
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1220:José W. Diokno
1217:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1140:
1137:
1108:Jovito Salonga
1091:
1088:
1044:Bill of Rights
1033:Chief Justice
1026:
1023:
969:
966:
943:
942:
939:José W. Diokno
933:
932:
928:
927:
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817:Judges sitting
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708:Full case name
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672:
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648:ousted in 1986
625:Arsenio Lacson
603:José W. Diokno
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1592:. 1967-06-19.
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1578:. 1962-06-29.
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853:Arsenio Dizon
850:
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821:CĂ©sar Bengzon
819:
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636:Liberal Party
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437:Marcos jewels
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349:1986 election
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315:
314:Protest music
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205:
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201:
200:
199:1969 election
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182:
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172:
171:1965 election
169:
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155:Moro conflict
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1861:Bantay Dagat
1739:. Retrieved
1734:
1722:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1641:
1626:
1612:
1598:
1584:
1553:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1482:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1395:
1389:
1367:(1): 41–47.
1364:
1361:Asian Survey
1360:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1303:. Retrieved
1296:
1272:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1234:
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1125:
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776:
768:Case history
724:
721:
718:
690:
629:
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579:
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512:
493:
492:
448:
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324:
234:
189:
161:
140:Gintong Alay
106:
105:
94:
1545:"New Times"
1412:October 12,
917:also Castro
906:Concurrence
778:Quezon City
644:martial law
472:Solid North
309:Protest art
290:Resistance
276:Masagana 99
236:Martial law
226:Vietnam War
191:Second term
1897:Categories
1510:2020-10-21
1490:2020-10-21
1463:2019-01-25
1438:2019-01-25
1337:August 11,
1305:2019-01-25
1250:2019-01-25
1226:References
1190:Manila Bay
1182:Pasay City
1173:involving
968:Background
962:Philippine
752:1967-06-19
742:1962-06-29
414:(daughter)
408:(daughter)
402:(daughter)
299:Indigenous
286:Journalism
163:First term
125:Monopolies
108:Presidency
85:Early life
1149:PDAF scam
1090:Aftermath
871:JBL Reyes
833:JBL Reyes
384:(brother)
294:Religious
1484:Facebook
1204:See also
1186:Bay City
1169:and the
931:Keywords
898:Majority
888:Majority
760:Citation
539:Category
394:Bongbong
382:Pacifico
378:(father)
261:Rolex 12
204:campaign
145:Timeline
1741:May 14,
1381:3024649
1046:of the
1018:Bobbins
914:Dissent
795:Ponente
750: (
740: (
735:Decided
692:en banc
494:Related
376:Mariano
304:Workers
254:Torture
130:Cronies
120:Economy
1821:Tanods
1433:Forbes
1403:
1379:
1139:Legacy
1133:Málaga
909:Castro
619:Manila
537:
457:Burial
450:Legacy
390:(wife)
388:Imelda
369:Family
1731:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1377:JSTOR
684:Court
622:Mayor
412:Aimee
406:Irene
396:(son)
59:about
1789:Land
1743:2021
1414:2020
1401:ISBN
1339:2009
1327:Time
1297:The
1161:the
1147:The
578:The
467:Bust
400:Imee
1870:Air
1839:Sea
1369:doi
827:,
1899::
1733:.
1659:^
1567:^
1534:^
1481:.
1456:.
1431:.
1375:.
1363:.
1359:.
1347:^
1325:.
1314:^
1295:.
1281:^
1259:^
1243:.
869:,
855:,
851:,
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785::
1776:e
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1762:v
1745:.
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1383:.
1371::
1365:3
1341:.
1308:.
1253:.
754:)
744:)
567:e
560:t
553:v
503:"
499:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
