831:
1333:. In the 1990s and early 2000s, hi-tech listed companies experienced a boom and bust in the world's major stock exchanges. Since then, it has been much more demanding for the high-tech entrepreneur to take his/her company public, unless either the company is already generating sales and earnings, or the company has demonstrated credibility and potential from successful outcomes: clinical trials, market research, patent registrations, etc. This shift in market expectations has led to an increased reliance on private equity and venture capital funding in the early stages of high-tech companies. This is quite different from the situation of the 1990s to early-2000s period, when a number of companies (particularly Internet boom and biotechnology companies)
865:
1245:
961:
56:
4245:
4143:
567:
1550:
management is considered poor (making the firm vulnerable to a takeover by new management) or rises when management is doing well (making the firm less vulnerable to a takeover). In addition, publicly listed shares are subject to greater transparency so that investors can make informed decisions about a purchase. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend to have better management records than
1170:
1105:
4422:
1665:. These bonds can be raised through the stock exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such bonds can obviate, in the short term, direct taxation of citizens to finance development—though by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the government must eventually tax citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.
1150:
4452:
736:; a lender looking to unload a high-risk, high-interest loan might exchange it for a different loan with another lender. These lenders also bought government debt issues. As the natural evolution of their business continued, the lenders began to sell debt issues to the first individual investors. The Venetians were the leaders in the field and the first to start trading securities from other governments, yet did not embark on private trade with India. Nor did the Italians connect on land with the Chinese
1120:
4335:
976:
brokers moved their location to another leafy setting, this time under banyan trees at the junction of
Meadows Street and what was then called Esplanade Road, now Mahatma Gandhi Road. With a rapid increase in the number of brokers, they had to shift places repeatedly. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent location, the one that they could call their own. The brokers group became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.
4290:
4158:
1230:
1185:
1718:
corporate governance, financial transparency, and accountability, thereby ensuring that listed companies operate in a manner that is conducive to investor confidence and market stability. By imposing these standards, stock exchanges contribute to the overall integrity and reliability of the financial markets, fostering an environment where companies are held accountable for their actions and decisions, ultimately benefiting both investors and the broader economy.
4305:
1215:
4179:
4128:
4113:
1275:
1200:
1497:
potential for stock price increases leading to capital gains. As a result, individuals who invest in stocks have the opportunity to share in the prosperity of successful companies, effectively participating in a form of wealth redistribution through their investment activities. Thus, while not the primary purpose of stock exchanges, the opportunity for individuals to benefit from the success of businesses can be seen as a form of wealth
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4320:
1260:
4437:
1135:
4527:
4497:
4407:
4230:
4172:
4557:
4193:
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4386:
4379:
4372:
4400:
4186:
1052:
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4542:
4512:
4365:
4165:
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4275:
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4215:
4200:
1709:
administrative functions, creates an ecosystem of employment opportunities that support the operations and functions of the exchange. Additionally, the stock exchange's role in facilitating capital formation and investment in businesses also indirectly contributes to job creation and economic growth, making it a significant player in the employment landscape.
934:, which stated that only royally chartered companies could issue public shares. In Paris, Law was stripped of office and fled the country. Stock trading was more limited and subdued in subsequent decades. Yet the market survived, and by the 1790s shares were being traded in the young United States. On May 17, 1792, the
800:, organizations of contractors or leaseholders who performed temple-building and other services for the government. One such service was the feeding of geese on the Capitoline Hill as a reward to the birds after their honking warned of a Gallic invasion in 390 B.C. Participants in such organizations had
1717:
The stock exchange plays a role in regulating companies by exerting a significant influence on their management practices. To be listed on a stock exchange, a company is required to adhere to a set of rules and regulations established by the exchange itself. These regulations serve as a framework for
975:
Bombay Stock
Exchange was started by Premchand Roychand in 1875. While BSE Limited is now synonymous with Dalal Street, it was not always so. In the 1850s, five stock brokers gathered together under a Banyan tree in front of Mumbai Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated. A decade later, the
1819:
requires a company to meet the Profit Test by demonstrating either of the following: A$ 1 million aggregated profit from continuing operations over the past 3 years or A$ 500,000 consolidated profit from continuing operations over the last 12 months. Alternatively, a company can meet the Assets Test
1409:
Another alternative source of cash for a private company is a corporate partner, usually an established multinational company, which provides capital for the smaller company in return for marketing rights, patent rights, or equity. Corporate partnerships have been used successfully in a large number
1648:
As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors as minimum investment amounts are minimal. Therefore, the stock exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large
1549:
to satisfy the demands of these shareholders and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government. This improvement can be attributed in some cases to the price mechanism exerted through shares of stock, wherein the price of the stock falls when
1496:
While stock exchanges are not designed to be platforms for the redistribution of wealth, they play a significant role in allowing both casual and professional stock investors to partake in the wealth generated by profitable businesses. This is achieved through the distribution of dividends and the
1337:
in the most prominent stock exchanges around the world in the total absence of sales, earnings, or any type of well-documented promising outcome. Though it is not as common, it still happens that highly speculative and financially unpredictable hi-tech startups are listed for the first time in a
1025:
index, giving the BSE a means to measure the overall performance of the exchange. In 2000, the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading S&P BSE SENSEX futures contracts. The development of S&P BSE SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002,
731:
The beginnings of lending were in Italy in the late Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Venetian lenders would carry slates with information on the various issues for sale and meet with clients, much like a broker does today. Venetian merchants introduced the principle of exchanging debts between
1483:
By going public and listing on a stock exchange, companies gain access to a broader pool of investors, which can provide the necessary funds for expansion, research and development, and other growth initiatives. Additionally, being listed on a stock exchange enhances a company's visibility and
1805:
SSE, a company must meet certain criteria such as minimum market capitalization, a minimum net profit, and a minimum number of shareholders. Also, the company’s total share capital must not be less than RMB 30 million. Companies must also submit financial reports and undergo a review by the
1708:
and other members who perform activities within the stock exchange. This makes the stock exchange a source of employment, not only for investors but also for the members and their employees. The diverse range of roles within the stock exchange, including trading, analysis, compliance, and
927:, who was acting in effect as France's central banker. Investors snapped up shares in both, and whatever else was available. In 1720, at the height of the mania, there was even an offering of "a company for carrying out an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it is".
2396:(2009) provides evidence that shareholder companies date back to ancient Rome. Yet the title of the world's first stock market deservedly goes to that of seventeenth-century Amsterdam, where an active secondary market in company shares emerged. The two major companies were the
1434:
with banks, are mobilized and redirected to help companies' management boards finance their organizations. This may promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in stronger economic growth and higher
1639:
tend to lose money as the stock and the company tend to lose value. In the stock exchanges, shareholders of underperforming firms are often penalized by significant share price decline, and they tend as well to dismiss incompetent management teams.
1401:. This source remains largely available today, but the maximum statistical amount that the venture company firms in aggregate will invest in any one company is not limitless (it was approximately $ 15 million in 2001 for a biotechnology company).
860:
and a philosopher, the book described a market that was sophisticated but also prone to excesses, and de la Vega offered advice to his readers on such topics as the unpredictability of market shifts and the importance of patience in investment.
764:'s founding in 1602, while others point to much earlier developments (Bruges, Antwerp in 1531 and in Lyon in 1548). The first book in history of securities exchange, the Confusion of Confusions, was written by the Dutch-Jewish trader
844:, also known as Joseph Penso de la Vega and by other variations of his name, was an Amsterdam trader from a Spanish Jewish family and a prolific writer as well as a successful businessman in 17th-century Amsterdam. His 1688 book
1328:
companies, typically need to raise high volumes of capital in their early stages. For this reason, the public market provided by the stock exchanges has been one of the most important funding sources for many capital intensive
830:
808:. In one speech, Cicero mentions "shares that had a very high price at the time". Such evidence, in Malmendier's view, suggests the instruments were tradable, with fluctuating values based on an organization's success. The
1673:
At the stock exchange, share prices rise and decreases depending, largely, on economic forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. A
890:
London's first stockbrokers, however, were barred from the old commercial center known as the Royal
Exchange, reportedly because of their rude manners. Instead, the new trade was conducted from coffee houses along
1037:
platform called BSE On-Line
Trading (BOLT) had a capacity of 8 million orders per day. Now BSE has raised capital by issuing shares and as on 3 May 2017 the BSE share which is traded in NSE only closed with ₹999.
1385:. Tax law changes that were enacted in 1987 in the United States changed the tax deductibility of investments in R&D limited partnerships. In order for a partnership to be of interest to investors today, the
722:
in providing an efficient means of disposing of shares. In recent years, as the ease and speed of exchanging stocks over digital platforms has increased, volatility in the day-to-day market has increased, too.
2504:
2404:, founded in 1602 and 1621. Other companies existed, but they were not as large and constituted a small portion of the stock market (Israel 1991, 109–112; Dehing and 't Hart 1997, 54; dela Vega 1996, 173)."
3160:
1632:) to identify, uniquely, their stocks, bonds and other securities. Adding an ISIN code helps to distinctly identify securities and the ISIN system is used worldwide by funds, companies, and governments.
1906:
In 2018, there were 15 licensed stock exchanges in the United States, of which 13 actively traded securities. All of these exchanges were owned by three publicly traded multinational companies,
930:
By the end of that same year, share prices had started collapsing, as it became clear that expectations of imminent wealth from the
Americas were overblown. In London, Parliament passed the
4595:
1657:
Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of
3297:
1730:
upon companies that want to be listed on that exchange. Such conditions may include minimum number of shares outstanding, minimum market capitalization, and minimum annual income.
3241:
2670:
2021:
2139:
1758:
requires a company to have issued at least 1.25 million shares of stock worth at least $ 70 million and must have earned more than $ 11 million over the last three years.
2785:
2312:
4088:
1749:(NYSE) requires a company to have issued at least 1.1 million shares of stock worth $ 40 million and must have earned more than $ 10 million over the last three years.
1884:
can be characterized as quasi-state institutions insofar as they were created by government bodies in China and their leading personnel are directly appointed by the
718:
and bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global securities market. Stock exchanges also serve an economic function in providing liquidity to
2938:
2490:
630:. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and
1554:(those companies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders, their families and heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors).
706:
There is usually no obligation for stock to be issued through the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on an exchange. Such trading may be
3150:
2026:
3175:
2134:
5027:
1225:, India, is the ninth-largest stock exchange in the world, oldest and fifth-largest in Asia, largest in India. It is the fastest stock exchange in the world.
646:, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as "continuous auction" markets with buyers and sellers consummating transactions via
4588:
553:
3290:
2144:
2124:
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3198:
987:
was acquired by the exchange in 1928, and a building was constructed and occupied in 1930. The street on which the site is located came to be called
2174:
2046:
2000:
1618:
3202:
3179:
3127:
2114:
2099:
2089:
1488:, stock exchanges contribute to economic growth by enabling companies to access long-term capital, thereby fostering innovation and job creation.
2264:
661:
there. Usually, there is a central location for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to a physical place as modern markets use
5088:
4581:
1885:
3283:
2872:
420:
4703:
2434:
1768:
requires a minimum market capitalization (£700,000), three years of audited financial statements, minimum public float (25%) and sufficient
4081:
3528:
777:
5017:
5108:
3230:
2642:
2104:
1594:
1498:
2375:
2119:
2109:
864:
4843:
2232:
1895:
established in 1994, three years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, mainly state-owned but has a form of a public corporation (
1091:
1029:
Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock
Exchange switched to an electronic trading system developed by
2838:
2468:
5062:
4850:
4768:
4718:
4279:
3553:
2971:
2084:
1233:
745:
662:
879:
sought to modernize the kingdom's finances to pay for its wars, and thus the first government bonds were issued in 1693 and the
4763:
4074:
2094:
1069:
546:
812:
declined into obscurity in the time of the emperors, as most of their services were taken over by direct agents of the state.
4633:
4456:
2913:
2343:
2302:
1842:
1816:
1248:
1210:, UK, is the eighth-largest stock exchange in the world, largest non-EU European Stock Exchange and second largest in Europe.
1073:
395:
4658:
4471:
1864:
650:
at a central location such as the floor of the exchange or by using an electronic system to process financial transactions.
1841:. In this way the mutual organization becomes a corporation, with shares that are listed on a stock exchange. Examples are
1244:
5002:
4618:
4604:
3547:
3091:
2927:
2066:
1557:
Despite this claim, some well-documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in
1485:
669:
who are members of the exchange. In recent years, various other trading venues such as electronic communication networks,
522:
344:
5103:
4966:
4945:
4030:
3970:
3766:
3672:
2129:
1606:
1015:
665:, which give them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is restricted to
2015:
960:
5123:
5057:
5037:
4910:
4810:
4663:
3756:
3724:
3628:
3582:
3565:
3518:
2612:
Diamond, Peter A. (1967). "The Role of a Stock Market in a
General Equilibrium Model with Technological Uncertainty".
1368:
hedge funds, venture capital, private equity, angel funds, real estate, commodities, collectibles, structured products
1279:
819:
as a commonly used type of security were a more recent innovation, spearheaded by the
Italian city-states of the late
599:
70:
3183:
1870:
1820:
by fulfilling one of the following criteria: A$ 4 million net tangible assets or A$ 15 million market capitalization.
1484:
credibility, making it more attractive to potential partners, customers, and employees. According to a report by the
3065:
3048:
2564:
1370:, etc. Alternative investment funds are an alternative to traditional investment options (stocks, bonds, and cash).
4915:
4561:
3541:
3535:
896:
711:
670:
539:
296:
1338:
major stock exchange. Additionally, there are smaller, specialized entry markets for these kind of companies with
1062:
5007:
4885:
4870:
4815:
4800:
4778:
4738:
4693:
2590:
2051:
2010:
1995:
1907:
999:
980:
405:
1195:, China, is the seventh-largest stock exchange in the world, fourth-largest in Asia and second-largest in China.
5149:
5032:
4997:
4833:
4773:
4501:
4234:
3930:
3605:
2725:"Graduation of initial public offering firms from junior stock markets: Evidence from the tokyo stock exchange"
2614:
2401:
2397:
1622:
1570:
1468:
1436:
1423:
835:
769:
761:
2747:
2424:, introduction by Hermann Kellenbenz, Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration (1957)
566:
2238:
1240:, India, is the tenth-largest stock exchange in the world, sixth-largest in Asia and second-largest in India.
5083:
5042:
4935:
4925:
4895:
4890:
4855:
4783:
4673:
4668:
4249:
4147:
4117:
4097:
3884:
3745:
3640:
3523:
3236:
3087:
2934:
2079:
1892:
1881:
1877:
1858:
1838:
1802:
1746:
1419:
1334:
1188:
1169:
1138:
1108:
1104:
984:
935:
680:
571:
225:
3206:
5118:
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4728:
4683:
4648:
4294:
3772:
2495:
1705:
1679:
1551:
1546:
1545:
By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve management standards and
1514:
1007:
892:
876:
370:
2166:
1952:
later started offering future contracts on other products, such as interest rates and shares, as well as
5154:
5128:
4982:
4930:
4733:
4698:
4628:
4339:
4309:
4264:
3910:
3719:
2997:
1778:
1765:
1218:
1203:
969:
940:
900:
868:
579:
502:
415:
3117:
3001:
2260:
1149:
5113:
5047:
5022:
5012:
4860:
4820:
4790:
4623:
4219:
4045:
3965:
3730:
3714:
3677:
3559:
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2765:
2500:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1727:
1558:
1452:
1173:
1034:
949:
924:
772:
is often considered the oldest "modern" securities market in the world. On the other hand, economist
715:
643:
627:
349:
252:
1119:
4865:
4713:
4678:
4643:
4516:
4171:
4066:
3975:
3920:
3844:
3704:
3634:
3463:
3436:
3266:
2464:
2041:
1915:
1896:
1830:
1533:, share in the wealth of profitable businesses. Unprofitable and troubled businesses may result in
1386:
1382:
1263:
923:, focused on commerce with France's Louisiana colony and touted by transplanted Scottish financier
920:
884:
527:
3824:
1229:
1184:
5067:
5052:
4905:
4900:
4531:
4426:
4015:
3990:
3950:
3935:
3854:
3793:
3751:
3495:
3405:
3395:
2662:
2623:
2540:
2438:
2056:
2036:
1687:
1658:
1562:
1010:, began in the late 1970s and was completed and occupied by the BSE in 1980. Initially named the
899:, was posting regular lists of stock and commodity prices. Those lists mark the beginning of the
611:
517:
475:
460:
430:
354:
282:
199:
77:
65:
1573:
in 2007–08 are also examples of corporate mismanagement. The mismanagement of companies such as
55:
2888:
1922:. In 2019, a group of financial corporations announced plans to open a members owned exchange,
1214:
4753:
4743:
4354:
3879:
3864:
3616:
2868:
2820:
2413:
2393:
2371:
2339:
2228:
1431:
1321:
1311:
1274:
995:
916:
841:
785:
773:
765:
741:
658:
450:
445:
435:
380:
206:
174:
2460:
4838:
3980:
3900:
3696:
3577:
3453:
3372:
3328:
3306:
3155:
3151:"Competition among exchanges has reached a new low, and it's dangerous for the stock market"
2812:
2699:
2654:
2382:& Nicholas A. Curott: "Business ventures with multiple shareholders became popular with
2379:
2367:
1975:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1923:
1683:
1586:
1475:
is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.
1303:
912:
688:
497:
492:
465:
335:
311:
306:
267:
247:
211:
159:
47:
4987:
4920:
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3808:
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3480:
3367:
2061:
1769:
1614:
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and inner workings of a stock market, taking the form of a dialogue between a merchant, a
700:
615:
575:
455:
440:
400:
216:
154:
115:
110:
4653:
998:
under the
Securities Contracts Regulation Act. Construction of the present building, the
4875:
4805:
4708:
4688:
4638:
4441:
4324:
4304:
4005:
3905:
3890:
3651:
3646:
3611:
3410:
3377:
3323:
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1980:
1900:
1854:
1662:
1636:
1566:
1510:
1430:
allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle
1299:
1199:
1162:
816:
789:
684:
635:
623:
470:
375:
325:
287:
126:
120:
100:
95:
31:
2963:
2786:"The Role of Stock Exchanges in Fostering Economic Growth and Sustainable Development"
1134:
1033:. in 1995. It took the exchange only 50 days to make this transition. This automated,
5143:
5098:
4411:
4127:
4112:
3874:
3859:
3834:
3788:
3740:
3443:
3400:
3387:
3338:
2666:
2526:
1180:, Japan, is the fifth-largest stock exchange in the world and second-largest in Asia.
1127:
1112:
945:
853:
410:
385:
237:
184:
27:
Organization that provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade securities
1290:
Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy. This may include the following:
4481:
4319:
4035:
3955:
3925:
3915:
3735:
3709:
3458:
3448:
3431:
3362:
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3333:
2307:
1926:, an ownership structure similar to the mutual organizations of earlier exchanges.
1911:
1610:
1598:
1534:
1530:
1518:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1283:
1003:
994:
On 31 August 1957, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the
849:
793:
781:
753:
733:
695:. Supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that, as in all
692:
607:
512:
487:
257:
149:
144:
135:
105:
2643:"Venture Capital and the Structure of Capital Markets: Banks Versus Stock Markets"
677:" have taken much of the trading activity away from traditional stock exchanges.
4795:
4573:
4486:
4436:
4421:
4178:
4040:
4020:
4000:
3995:
3940:
3829:
3761:
2389:
2031:
1691:
1526:
1427:
1339:
1051:
857:
824:
719:
696:
647:
603:
507:
320:
277:
272:
262:
169:
86:
3083:
1014:, the name of the building was changed soon after occupation, in memory of Sir
17:
4025:
3945:
3622:
3485:
2550:
1704:
Stock exchanges offer employment opportunities to various individuals such as
1628:
Many banks and companies worldwide utilize securities identification numbers (
1022:
931:
639:
2824:
4940:
4723:
4526:
4496:
4451:
4406:
4229:
3661:
3656:
3571:
3490:
2724:
1939:
1833:, owned by its member stockbrokers. However, the major stock exchanges have
1675:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1267:
1158:
749:
737:
674:
1635:
However, when poor financial, ethical or managerial records become public,
979:
The Bombay Stock
Exchange continued to operate out of a building near the
4758:
4556:
4204:
4192:
3839:
3475:
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2816:
2568:
2384:
1846:
1602:
1574:
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1154:
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820:
804:
or shares, a concept mentioned various times by the statesman and orator
756:) in 1241. There is little consensus among scholars as to when corporate
654:
631:
232:
2804:
2224:
The Venetian Money Market: Banks, Panics, and the Public Debt, 1200-1500
1298:
Besides the borrowing capacity provided to an individual or firm by the
991:
in Hindi (meaning "Broker Street") due to the location of the exchange.
4880:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4349:
4157:
3683:
3122:
2658:
2627:
2545:
1970:
1582:
1307:
1076: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1030:
482:
425:
919:, set up in 1711 to conduct English trade with South America, and the
4541:
4511:
4399:
4364:
4334:
4289:
4185:
4164:
4132:
3426:
3270:
3176:"NYSE, Nasdaq and...? Get to Know the U.S.'s Stock Exchanges, Part 1"
2967:
2693:
1850:
1755:
1590:
1355:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1207:
1123:
965:
805:
666:
3275:
1379:
3118:"Major Wall Street players plan exchange to challenge NYSE, Nasdaq"
2703:
2336:
Wheels of Commerce: Civilization & Capitalism 15th-18th Century
1561:
on the part of some public companies, particularly in the cases of
4466:
4274:
4259:
4244:
4214:
4199:
4142:
3349:
2964:"Applications, Notifications & Guides - Nasdaq Listing Center"
2222:
1738:
The listing requirements imposed by some stock exchanges include:
1578:
1460:
1378:
Companies have also raised significant amounts of capital through
1273:
1258:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1148:
1133:
1118:
1103:
959:
863:
829:
757:
619:
164:
4992:
2764:
Da Rin, Marco; Hellmann, Thomas F.; Puri, Manju (October 2011).
1807:
1690:. Therefore, the movement of share prices and in general of the
1629:
1418:
When people draw their savings and invest in shares (through an
1351:
952:, agreeing to trade five securities under that buttonwood tree.
634:. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by
390:
4577:
4070:
3279:
3231:"Wall Street Firms Plan New Exchange to Challenge NYSE, Nasdaq"
1919:
1903:(KRX) owns 25% less one share of the Tashkent Stock Exchange.
1788:(US$ 3.0 million) and minimum public float equivalent to
1045:
691:. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a
3023:
2491:"BSE may set another record, become an official tourist spot"
2993:
1397:
A general source of capital for startup companies has been
2370:
and Christopher J. Coyne. (Oxford University Press, 2015,
895:. By 1698, a broker named John Castaing, operating out of
2928:"Overview of NYSE Quantitative Initial Listing Standards"
1694:
can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.
1366:
Alternative investment funds refer to funds that include
1270:, Brazil, is the largest stock exchange in South America.
2839:"What are financial markets and why are they important?"
2748:"Investment incentives under the tax reform act of 1986"
1447:
Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand
1286:, South Africa, is the largest stock exchange in Africa.
1130:, US, is the second-largest stock exchange in the world.
883:
was set up the following year. Soon thereafter, English
3049:"A Guide to Listing & the IPO Process in Australia"
2803:
An, Li; Bian, Jiangze; Lou, Dong; Shi, Donghui (2019).
2695:
Bubbles and Busts: The 1990s in the Mirror of the 1920s
1801:
To be eligible for an initial public offering (IPO) on
1018:, chairman of the BSE since 1966, following his death.
3199:"Get to Know the U.S.'s Major Stock Exchanges, Part 2"
1255:, Australia, is the largest stock exchange in Oceania.
1145:, China, is third-largest stock exchange in the world.
2288:
Vatican Secret Archives, Vatican City, Inv. No. A. A.
1644:
Creating investment opportunities for small investors
657:
on a particular stock exchange, the security must be
2422:
Portions Descriptive of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2022:
International Organization of Securities Commissions
1934:
In the 19th century, exchanges were opened to trade
964:
The New Oriental Bank and Share Market, Bombay (now
5076:
4975:
4954:
4611:
3817:
3692:
3591:
3511:
3419:
3386:
3347:
3313:
2140:
List of financial regulatory authorities by country
1653:
Government capital-raising for development projects
1426:of an already listed company), it usually leads to
1362:
Alternatives to stock exchanges for raising capital
915:occurred around 1720. At the center of it were the
3229:
2863:Courtney, Thomas B.; Hutchinson, G. Brian (2002).
1781:(BSE) requires a minimum market capitalization of
1165:is the fourth-largest stock exchange in the world.
780:argues that a share market existed as far back as
2746:Fullerton, Don; Gillette, Robert; Mackie, James.
1342:tracking their performance (examples include the
1115:, US, is the largest stock exchange in the world.
760:was first traded. Some view the key event as the
4098:Largest stock exchanges by market capitalization
2914:"Role of an Exchange: What Is a Stock Exchange?"
1772:for at least 12 months from the date of listing.
1451:, increase distribution channels, hedge against
683:of stocks and bonds to investors is done in the
578:is the world's largest stock exchange per total
2165:Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry (9 April 2021).
1942:. Exchange traded forward contracts are called
1625:(2009) all received plenty of media attention.
3111:
3109:
2805:"Wealth Redistribution in Bubbles and Crashes"
2527:"THE PROFILE OF BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE LIMITED"
2358:Stringham, Edward Peter; Curott, Nicholas A.:
2212:, §§2:25 - 2:30 (Thomson West, 2013-2014 ed.).
2027:Securities market participants (United States)
4589:
4082:
3291:
2641:Gilson, Ronald J.; Black, Bernard S. (1998).
2135:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
1862:
1374:Research and Development limited partnerships
547:
8:
5028:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
2303:"What Was the First Company to Issue Stock?"
2286:"Letter of Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV".
1837:, where the members sell their shares in an
740:. Along the potential overland trade route,
4962:Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation
2167:"NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange"
1956:contracts. They are now generally known as
4596:
4582:
4574:
4089:
4075:
4067:
3298:
3284:
3276:
2145:List of Swiss financial market legislation
2125:List of countries without a stock exchange
554:
540:
38:
3084:"Stages of the Republican Stock Exchange"
2591:"How Does the Stock Market Work? | Samco"
2364:The Oxford Handbook of Austrian Economics
2210:Soft Dollars and Other Trading Activities
2197:Soft Dollars and Other Trading Activities
1814:Australian Securities Exchange in Sydney:
1389:must be high enough to entice investors.
1092:Learn how and when to remove this message
792:, which existed for centuries before the
2227:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2019.
2047:Stock exchanges for developing countries
2001:Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges
565:
3228:Osipovich, Alexander (7 January 2019).
3203:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
3180:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
2771:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
2698:(Working Paper), Working Paper Series,
2157:
2115:List of Southeast Asian stock exchanges
2100:List of stock exchanges in Western Asia
2090:List of stock exchanges in the Americas
1849:(merged with New York Stock Exchange),
1817:Australia Securities Exchange in Sydney
1021:In 1986, the BSE developed the S&P
834:A 17th-century engraving depicting the
362:
334:
295:
192:
134:
85:
46:
5089:Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange
2974:from the original on 27 September 2010
2766:"A survey of venture capital research"
2541:"The History of Bombay Stock Exchange"
1886:China Securities Regulatory Commission
1459:, or acquire other necessary business
1026:expanding the BSE's trading platform.
687:and subsequent trading is done in the
5018:Dubai Gold & Commodities Exchange
3094:from the original on 29 February 2020
3004:from the original on 5 September 2021
2780:
2778:
2241:from the original on 20 November 2022
2199:, §2:3 (Thomson West, 2013-2014 ed.).
1306:or a loan, a stock exchange provides
848:explained the workings of the city's
7:
2723:Yuji, Honjo; Koki, Kurihara (2023).
2507:from the original on 4 November 2021
2315:from the original on 4 February 2020
2301:Beattie, Andrew (13 December 2017).
2267:from the original on 26 October 2007
1726:Each stock exchange imposes its own
1074:adding citations to reliable sources
778:University of California at Berkeley
5109:Dutch Caribbean Securities Exchange
3244:from the original on 9 January 2019
3163:from the original on 9 January 2019
3130:from the original on 9 January 2019
3116:Lahiri, Diptendu (7 January 2019).
2105:List of South Asian stock exchanges
1595:Adelphia Communications Corporation
1486:World Federation of Exchanges (WFE)
2461:"History of the NY Stock Exchange"
2435:"Stockbroker 101 - A Cool History"
2120:List of stock exchanges in Oceania
2110:List of East Asian stock exchanges
1799:The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE):
983:until 1928. The present site near
699:, affect the price of stocks (see
25:
4844:International Securities Exchange
4664:Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires
2692:White, Eugene N. (1 April 2006),
2471:from the original on 4 April 2016
2437:. Stockbroker 101. Archived from
2177:from the original on 23 June 2022
1414:Mobilizing savings for investment
852:. It was the earliest book about
663:electronic communication networks
5063:The International Stock Exchange
4851:National Stock Exchange of India
4769:Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing
4719:China Financial Futures Exchange
4704:Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia
4555:
4540:
4525:
4510:
4495:
4480:
4465:
4450:
4435:
4420:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4348:
4333:
4318:
4303:
4288:
4280:National Stock Exchange of India
4273:
4258:
4243:
4228:
4213:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4141:
4126:
4111:
3554:Electronic communication network
3205:. 17 August 2016. Archived from
3182:. 17 August 2016. Archived from
2944:from the original on 18 May 2018
2867:(2nd ed.). Dublin: Tottel.
2085:List of European stock exchanges
1734:Examples of listing requirements
1050:
948:, as 24 stockbrokers signed the
54:
4764:Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange
2673:from the original on 9 May 2023
2360:On the Origins of Stock Markets
2095:List of African stock exchanges
2016:Histoire des bourses de valeurs
1565:. The policies that led to the
1061:needs additional citations for
297:Over-the-counter (off-exchange)
4881:Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul)
4634:Australian Securities Exchange
4457:Australian Securities Exchange
3173:(for recent history see also,
2647:Journal of Financial Economics
2338:. New York: Harper & Row.
2261:"The Birth of Stock Exchanges"
1843:Australian Securities Exchange
1829:Stock exchanges originated as
1501:within the financial markets.
1314:for expansion through selling
1294:Raising capital for businesses
1249:Australian Securities Exchange
1:
5003:Cayman Islands Stock Exchange
4669:Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago
4619:Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange
4605:World Federation of Exchanges
3548:Multilateral trading facility
2790:World Federation of Exchanges
2388:contracts in medieval Italy (
2067:World Federation of Exchanges
1529:increases that may result in
1509:Both casual and professional
714:. This is the usual way that
523:Sustainable development goals
5104:Canadian Securities Exchange
5094:Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario
4967:Options Clearing Corporation
4946:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
4674:Bolsa de Valores de Colombia
3971:Returns-based style analysis
3767:Post-modern portfolio theory
3673:Security characteristic line
3149:Ramsay, John (23 May 2018).
2865:The law of private companies
2130:List of stock market indices
1607:American International Group
1016:Phiroze Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy
748:repulsed advances by Mongol
5058:Port Moresby Stock Exchange
5038:Nairobi Securities Exchange
4911:Stock Exchange of Mauritius
4811:London Stock Exchange Group
3725:Efficient-market hypothesis
3629:Capital asset pricing model
3566:Straight-through processing
1865:Bolsas y Mercados Españoles
1803:the Shanghai Stock Exchange
1686:could eventually lead to a
1517:or as small as an ordinary
1479:Facilitating company growth
1310:with the facility to raise
1280:Johannesburg Stock Exchange
671:alternative trading systems
5171:
4916:Stock Exchange of Thailand
4562:Stock Exchange of Thailand
3542:Alternative Trading System
2567:. BSEIndia. Archived from
1569:in the late 1990s and the
911:One of history's greatest
29:
5008:Chittagong Stock Exchange
4886:Shanghai Futures Exchange
4871:Philippine Stock Exchange
4816:Luxembourg Stock Exchange
4801:Kazakhstan Stock Exchange
4779:Intercontinental Exchange
4739:Dalian Commodity Exchange
4684:Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
4104:
3024:"SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANGE"
2334:Braudel, Fernand (1983).
2052:Stock market data systems
2011:Financial risk management
1996:Diversification (finance)
1908:Intercontinental Exchange
1863:
1443:Facilitating acquisitions
1318:to the investing public.
1000:Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers
406:Diversification (finance)
5033:Multi Commodity Exchange
4998:Bucharest Stock Exchange
4834:Muscat Securities Market
4774:Indonesia Stock Exchange
4679:Bolsa de Valores de Lima
4502:Indonesia Stock Exchange
4235:Hong Kong Stock Exchange
3606:Arbitrage pricing theory
2729:Small Business Economics
2615:American Economic Review
2418:Confusion de Confusiones
2402:Dutch West India Company
2398:Dutch East India Company
1930:Other types of exchanges
1871:São Paulo Stock Exchange
1743:New York Stock Exchange:
1699:Employment opportunities
1669:Barometer of the economy
1623:Satyam Computer Services
1571:subprime mortgage crisis
1552:privately held companies
1492:Redistribution of wealth
1469:mergers and acquisitions
1424:seasoned equity offering
1324:companies, particularly
836:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
796:was founded, there were
770:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
762:Dutch East India Company
681:Initial public offerings
582:of its listed companies.
30:Not to be confused with
5084:Barbados Stock Exchange
5043:Namibian Stock Exchange
4936:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
4926:Taiwan Futures Exchange
4896:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
4891:Shanghai Stock Exchange
4856:Nigerian Stock Exchange
4784:New York Stock Exchange
4250:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
4148:Shanghai Stock Exchange
4118:New York Stock Exchange
3885:Initial public offering
3746:Modern portfolio theory
3641:Dividend discount model
3524:List of stock exchanges
3237:The Wall Street Journal
3088:Tashkent Stock Exchange
2994:"Bombay Stock Exchange"
2935:New York Stock Exchange
2843:www.bankofengland.co.uk
2809:SSRN Electronic Journal
2080:List of stock exchanges
1893:Tashkent Stock Exchange
1882:Shanghai Stock Exchange
1878:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
1859:New York Stock Exchange
1839:initial public offering
1795:(US$ 1.2 million).
1764:the main market of the
1747:New York Stock Exchange
1713:Regulation of companies
1515:institutional investors
1420:initial public offering
1234:National Stock Exchange
1189:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
1161:, Netherlands, for the
1153:Registered building of
1139:Shanghai Stock Exchange
1109:New York Stock Exchange
936:New York Stock Exchange
897:Jonathan's Coffee House
846:Confusion of Confusions
798:societates publicanorum
572:New York Stock Exchange
5119:Jamaica Stock Exchange
4749:Dubai Financial Market
4729:Colombo Stock Exchange
4649:Bermuda Stock Exchange
4295:Toronto Stock Exchange
3773:Random walk hypothesis
2889:"2. Securities Domain"
2496:The New Indian Express
1776:Bombay Stock Exchange:
1762:London Stock Exchange:
1753:NASDAQ Stock Exchange:
1287:
1271:
1256:
1241:
1226:
1211:
1196:
1181:
1166:
1146:
1131:
1116:
972:
875:In England, the Dutch
872:
838:
653:To be able to trade a
583:
371:Alternative investment
5129:Sydney Stock Exchange
4983:Beirut Stock Exchange
4931:Taiwan Stock Exchange
4734:Cyprus Stock Exchange
4659:BME Spanish Exchanges
4629:Athens Stock Exchange
4472:BME Spanish Exchanges
4340:Taiwan Stock Exchange
4310:London Stock Exchange
4265:Bombay Stock Exchange
3911:Market capitalization
3720:Dollar cost averaging
2998:Bombay Stock Exchange
2392:, 2006, p. 286), and
2290:(Arm. I-XVIII). 1245.
1779:Bombay Stock Exchange
1766:London Stock Exchange
1277:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1219:Bombay Stock Exchange
1217:
1204:London Stock Exchange
1202:
1187:
1172:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
970:Bombay Stock Exchange
963:
944:(buttonwood tree) in
941:Platanus occidentalis
901:London Stock Exchange
885:joint-stock companies
869:London Stock Exchange
867:
833:
628:financial instruments
580:market capitalization
569:
503:Investment management
416:Environmental finance
5114:Ghana Stock Exchange
5048:Nepal Stock Exchange
5023:Hanoi Stock Exchange
5013:Dhaka Stock Exchange
4821:Malta Stock Exchange
4791:Japan Exchange Group
4694:Bourse de Casablanca
4624:Amman Stock Exchange
4220:Tokyo Stock Exchange
3731:Fundamental analysis
3715:Contrarian investing
3678:Security market line
3583:Liquidity aggregator
3560:Direct market access
3471:Quantitative analyst
2817:10.2139/ssrn.3402254
2501:Press Trust of India
2006:Financial regulation
1991:Corporate governance
1986:Commodities exchange
1831:mutual organizations
1728:listing requirements
1722:Listing requirements
1559:corporate governance
1541:Corporate governance
1383:limited partnerships
1174:Tokyo Stock Exchange
1070:improve this article
1035:screen-based trading
968:) in 1875 acting as
956:19th century onwards
950:Buttonwood Agreement
887:began going public.
788:"Argentari". In the
784:, that derives from
5124:PFTS Stock Exchange
4714:Cboe Global Markets
4644:BATS Global Markets
3976:Reverse stock split
3921:Market manipulation
3845:Dual-listed company
3705:Algorithmic trading
3635:Capital market line
3437:Inter-dealer broker
2553:on 30 October 2021.
2465:Library of Congress
2380:Edward P. Stringham
2042:Stock market bubble
1916:Cboe Global Markets
1897:joint-stock company
1891:Another example is
1563:accounting scandals
1519:middle-class family
1387:cash on cash return
921:Mississippi Company
744:(Austrian) emperor
592:securities exchange
528:Sustainable finance
42:Part of a series on
5068:Ukrainian Exchange
5053:Palestine Exchange
4906:SIX Swiss Exchange
4901:Singapore Exchange
4532:Singapore Exchange
4427:SIX Swiss Exchange
4016:Stock market index
3855:Efficient frontier
3794:Technical analysis
3752:Momentum investing
3574:(private exchange)
3464:Proprietary trader
3406:Shares outstanding
3396:Authorised capital
3028:english.sse.com.cn
2916:. 5 February 2021.
2659:10.2139/ssrn.46909
2571:on 22 January 2014
2503:. 6 October 2017.
2414:De la Vega, Joseph
2362:, pp. 324-344, in
2057:Standard deviation
2037:Stock market crash
1688:stock market crash
1537:for shareholders.
1405:Corporate partners
1288:
1272:
1257:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1197:
1182:
1167:
1147:
1132:
1117:
973:
873:
839:
584:
518:Speculative attack
283:Structured product
5137:
5136:
4754:Egyptian Exchange
4699:BSE India Limited
4571:
4570:
4064:
4063:
3865:Flight-to-quality
3617:Buffett indicator
3307:Financial markets
3072:on 23 April 2012.
2874:978-1-85475-265-9
2792:. September 2017.
2593:. 19 October 2023
2441:on 22 August 2018
1958:futures exchanges
1949:commodity markets
1944:futures contracts
1936:forward contracts
1455:, increase their
1439:levels of firms.
1322:Capital intensive
1302:, in the form of
1102:
1101:
1094:
996:Indian Government
917:South Sea Company
913:financial bubbles
842:Joseph de la Vega
774:Ulrike Malmendier
766:Joseph de la Vega
610:can buy and sell
564:
563:
391:Banks and banking
381:Asset (economics)
207:Credit derivative
175:Stock certificate
48:Financial markets
16:(Redirected from
5162:
4654:BM&F Bovespa
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4068:
3981:Share repurchase
3693:Trading theories
3578:Crossing network
3536:Over-the-counter
3373:Restricted stock
3329:Secondary market
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3156:Business Insider
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3068:. Archived from
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2549:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2368:Peter J. Boettke
2356:
2350:
2349:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2219:
2213:
2208:Lemke and Lins,
2206:
2200:
2195:Lemke and Lins,
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2162:
1976:Asset allocation
1868:
1867:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1684:financial crisis
1587:Sunbeam Products
1097:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1054:
1046:
877:King William III
712:over-the-counter
689:secondary market
636:listed companies
556:
549:
542:
498:Impact investing
493:Growth investing
226:Foreign exchange
212:Futures exchange
160:Registered share
58:
39:
21:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5150:Stock exchanges
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5072:
4988:Bourse de Tunis
4971:
4950:
4921:Taipei Exchange
4826:Moscow Exchange
4607:
4602:
4572:
4567:
4554:
4552:
4547:Moscow Exchange
4539:
4537:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4507:
4494:
4492:
4479:
4477:
4464:
4462:
4449:
4447:
4434:
4432:
4419:
4417:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4347:
4345:
4332:
4330:
4317:
4315:
4302:
4300:
4287:
4285:
4272:
4270:
4257:
4255:
4242:
4240:
4227:
4225:
4212:
4210:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4140:
4138:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4065:
4060:
4051:Voting interest
3961:Public offering
3896:Mandatory offer
3870:Government bond
3850:DuPont analysis
3813:
3809:Value investing
3804:Value averaging
3799:Trend following
3784:Style investing
3779:Sector rotation
3694:
3688:
3667:Net asset value
3593:Stock valuation
3587:
3507:
3415:
3382:
3368:Preferred stock
3343:
3309:
3304:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2893:docs.oracle.com
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2062:Risk management
1966:
1932:
1827:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1770:working capital
1736:
1724:
1715:
1702:
1671:
1655:
1646:
1637:stock investors
1615:Lehman Brothers
1543:
1511:stock investors
1507:
1494:
1481:
1445:
1416:
1407:
1399:venture capital
1395:
1393:Venture capital
1376:
1364:
1296:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1055:
1044:
985:Horniman Circle
958:
938:opened under a
909:
881:Bank of England
729:
701:stock valuation
576:Lower Manhattan
560:
401:Climate finance
330:
316:
244:
243:
223:
222:
217:Hybrid security
155:Preferred stock
125:
116:High-yield debt
111:Government bond
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Stock exchanges
15:
12:
11:
5:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5077:Correspondents
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Qatar Exchange
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4806:Korea Exchange
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Deutsche Börse
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Bursa Malaysia
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Borsa Istanbul
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Bahrain Bourse
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4550:
4535:
4520:
4505:
4490:
4475:
4460:
4445:
4442:Korea Exchange
4430:
4415:
4358:
4355:Deutsche Börse
4343:
4328:
4325:Saudi Exchange
4313:
4298:
4283:
4268:
4253:
4238:
4223:
4208:
4151:
4136:
4121:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:Stock exchange
4008:
4006:Stock dilution
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3931:Mean reversion
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Market anomaly
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Bid–ask spread
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Earnings yield
3649:
3647:Dividend yield
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3538:(off-exchange)
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3515:
3513:
3512:Trading venues
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Treasury stock
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3378:Tracking stock
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Primary market
3320:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3267:Stock exchange
3262:
3261:External links
3259:
3256:
3255:
3220:
3141:
3105:
3075:
3057:
3040:
3015:
2985:
2955:
2919:
2905:
2880:
2873:
2855:
2830:
2795:
2774:
2756:
2738:
2715:
2704:10.3386/w12138
2684:
2633:
2622:(4): 759–776.
2604:
2582:
2556:
2532:
2518:
2482:
2452:
2426:
2406:
2376:978-0199811762
2351:
2344:
2326:
2293:
2278:
2252:
2233:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:Capital market
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1931:
1928:
1918:, except one,
1901:Korea Exchange
1855:Bursa Malaysia
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1796:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1670:
1667:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1619:General Motors
1567:dot-com bubble
1542:
1539:
1535:capital losses
1513:, as large as
1506:
1505:Profit sharing
1503:
1499:redistribution
1493:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1444:
1441:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1360:
1300:banking system
1295:
1292:
1163:European Union
1100:
1099:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1040:
957:
954:
908:
905:
893:Exchange Alley
790:Roman Republic
728:
725:
685:primary market
588:stock exchange
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
376:Angel investor
373:
365:
364:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
339:
338:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
317:
315:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
293:
292:
291:
290:
288:Swap (finance)
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
242:
241:
235:
228:
224:
221:
220:
214:
209:
202:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
180:Stock exchange
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
139:
138:
132:
131:
130:
129:
127:Securitization
123:
121:Municipal bond
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:Corporate bond
98:
96:Bond valuation
90:
89:
83:
82:
81:
80:
68:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
32:Stack Exchange
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5167:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Boursa Kuwait
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4412:Nasdaq Nordic
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Short selling
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Greenspan put
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Financial law
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Cross listing
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:Related terms
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Swing trading
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Mosaic theory
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Market timing
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3529:Trading hours
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Broker-dealer
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Issued shares
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3388:Share capital
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3339:Fourth market
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3209:on 7 May 2019
3208:
3204:
3200:
3186:on 7 May 2019
3185:
3181:
3177:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:"ASX History"
3061:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2735:(2): 813–841.
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
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2648:
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2608:
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2279:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2240:
2236:
2234:9781421431444
2230:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
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2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
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2118:
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2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
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2081:
2078:
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2076:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
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1866:
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1733:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:stock indexes
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1638:
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1620:
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1608:
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1596:
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1588:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:capital gains
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:product lines
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:stock indexes
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1285:
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1269:
1265:
1261:
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1239:
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1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
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1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1128:New York City
1125:
1121:
1114:
1113:New York City
1110:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1059:This section
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
971:
967:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
946:New York City
943:
942:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
888:
886:
882:
878:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
854:stock trading
851:
847:
843:
837:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
726:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
568:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
535:
534:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
411:Eco-investing
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:Asset pricing
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:
363:Related areas
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
337:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
301:
298:
294:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
239:
238:Exchange rate
236:
234:
230:
229:
227:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
204:
203:
201:
197:
196:
193:Other markets
191:
186:
185:Watered stock
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
133:
128:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
69:
67:
66:Public market
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5155:Stock market
4828:
4036:Tender offer
4010:
3956:Public float
3926:Market trend
3916:Market depth
3736:Growth stock
3710:Buy and hold
3619:(Cap-to-GDP)
3459:Floor trader
3449:Market maker
3432:Floor broker
3420:Participants
3363:Golden share
3358:Common stock
3334:Third market
3246:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3207:the original
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3165:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3121:
3096:. Retrieved
3078:
3070:the original
3060:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2922:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2864:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2808:
2798:
2789:
2759:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2707:, retrieved
2694:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2650:
2646:
2636:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2597:13 September
2595:. Retrieved
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:the original
2559:
2551:the original
2544:
2535:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2494:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2467:. May 2004.
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2383:
2366:, edited by
2363:
2359:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2317:. Retrieved
2308:Investopedia
2306:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2223:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2072:
2071:
1947:
1933:
1912:Nasdaq, Inc.
1905:
1890:
1875:
1857:(2004), the
1835:demutualized
1834:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1775:
1761:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1703:
1698:
1672:
1656:
1647:
1634:
1627:
1611:Bear Stearns
1599:MCI WorldCom
1556:
1544:
1508:
1495:
1482:
1473:stock market
1471:through the
1465:takeover bid
1457:market share
1446:
1437:productivity
1417:
1408:
1396:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1320:
1297:
1289:
1284:Johannesburg
1088:
1079:
1068:Please help
1063:verification
1060:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1004:Dalal Street
993:
989:Dalal Street
988:
978:
974:
939:
929:
910:
907:18th century
889:
874:
850:stock market
845:
840:
814:
809:
801:
797:
782:ancient Rome
754:Golden Horde
746:Frederick II
734:moneylenders
730:
720:shareholders
708:off exchange
707:
705:
697:free markets
693:stock market
679:
652:
604:stockbrokers
595:
591:
587:
585:
513:Market trend
488:Greenwashing
345:Participants
179:
150:Growth stock
145:Common stock
136:Stock market
106:Fixed income
74:
36:
4861:NZX Limited
4829:(suspended)
4796:JSE Limited
4487:JSE Limited
4041:Uptick rule
4021:Stock split
4001:Squeeze-out
3996:Speculation
3941:Open outcry
3830:Block trade
3762:Pairs trade
2677:16 December
2271:20 November
2245:20 November
2032:Stag profit
1940:commodities
1793:100 million
1786:250 million
1649:investors.
1621:(2009) and
1527:stock price
1335:went public
858:shareholder
825:Renaissance
716:derivatives
648:open outcry
644:derivatives
640:unit trusts
508:Market risk
321:Spot market
278:Reinsurance
273:Real estate
263:Mutual fund
200:Derivatives
170:Stockbroker
87:Bond market
5144:Categories
4976:Affiliates
4955:Associates
4839:NASDAQ OMX
4046:Volatility
4026:Stock swap
3946:Order book
3697:strategies
3623:Book value
3491:Arbitrager
3486:Speculator
2565:"BSEIndia"
2511:4 November
2394:Malmendier
2345:0060150912
2152:References
1869:, and the
1680:depression
1659:securities
1547:efficiency
1521:, through
1453:volatility
1410:of cases.
1082:March 2018
1023:BSE SENSEX
1012:BSE Towers
932:Bubble Act
823:and early
675:dark pools
626:and other
614:, such as
612:securities
350:Regulation
78:Securities
4941:TMX Group
4866:Oslo Børs
4724:CME Group
3662:Fed model
3657:EV/EBITDA
3572:Dark pool
3503:Regulator
3348:Types of
3314:Types of
3248:8 January
3213:8 January
3190:8 January
3167:8 January
3134:8 January
3033:19 August
2898:19 August
2848:19 August
2825:1556-5068
2709:19 August
2667:154673504
1825:Ownership
1676:recession
1661:known as
1523:dividends
1348:CAC Small
1344:Alternext
1326:high tech
1308:companies
1268:Sao Paulo
1159:Amsterdam
1008:Fort area
981:Town Hall
827:periods.
815:Tradable
750:Batu Kahn
738:Silk Road
632:dividends
451:corporate
426:Financial
248:Commodity
4759:Euronext
4205:Euronext
3991:Slippage
3951:Position
3936:Momentum
3840:Dividend
3519:Exchange
3476:Investor
3242:Archived
3161:Archived
3128:Archived
3098:22 March
3092:Archived
3008:22 March
3002:Archived
2972:Archived
2948:22 March
2939:Archived
2671:Archived
2505:Archived
2475:22 March
2469:Archived
2445:22 March
2420:(1688),
2400:and the
2385:commenda
2319:22 March
2313:Archived
2265:Archived
2239:Archived
2175:Archived
2018:(French)
1964:See also
1946:. These
1873:(2007).
1861:(2005),
1853:(2002),
1847:Euronext
1845:(1998),
1617:(2008),
1613:(2008),
1609:(2008),
1605:(2003),
1603:Parmalat
1601:(2002),
1597:(2002),
1593:(2001),
1589:(2001),
1585:(2001),
1581:(2001),
1577:(2000),
1575:Pets.com
1432:deposits
1428:rational
1331:startups
1193:Shenzhen
1155:Euronext
1143:Shanghai
925:John Law
821:medieval
810:societas
786:Etruscan
768:and the
742:Habsburg
655:security
600:exchange
476:services
466:personal
461:forecast
431:analysis
355:Clearing
307:Forwards
233:Currency
71:Exchange
4612:Members
3880:Haircut
3684:T-model
3496:Scalper
3316:markets
3123:Reuters
2628:1815367
2575:28 July
2546:YouTube
2181:25 July
1971:Auction
1954:options
1706:jobbers
1583:One.Tel
1422:or the
1380:R&D
1312:capital
1031:Cmc ltd
871:in 1810
776:of the
727:History
667:brokers
608:traders
483:Fintech
446:betting
436:analyst
336:Trading
312:Options
4553:
4538:
4523:
4508:
4493:
4478:
4463:
4448:
4433:
4418:
4361:
4346:
4331:
4316:
4301:
4286:
4271:
4256:
4241:
4226:
4211:
4154:
4139:
4133:Nasdaq
4124:
4109:
3901:Margin
3769:(PMPT)
3631:(CAPM)
3481:Hedger
3454:Trader
3427:Broker
3350:stocks
3271:Curlie
3196:, and
2978:5 July
2968:NASDAQ
2871:
2823:
2665:
2626:
2374:
2342:
2231:
2171:Forbes
1914:, and
1851:NASDAQ
1756:NASDAQ
1591:Webvan
1461:assets
1356:TecDAX
1316:shares
1304:credit
1253:Sydney
1238:Mumbai
1223:Mumbai
1208:London
1124:Nasdaq
966:Mumbai
806:Cicero
802:partes
794:Empire
659:listed
616:shares
602:where
598:is an
596:bourse
471:public
268:Option
73:
4056:Yield
4031:Trade
3966:Rally
3887:(IPO)
3775:(RMH)
3748:(MPT)
3727:(EMH)
3680:(SML)
3669:(NAV)
3643:(DDM)
3637:(CML)
3608:(APT)
3601:Alpha
3568:(STP)
3562:(DMA)
3556:(ECN)
3550:(MTF)
3544:(ATS)
3052:(PDF)
2942:(PDF)
2931:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2751:(PDF)
2663:S2CID
2624:JSTOR
2390:Greif
2073:Lists
1682:, or
1663:bonds
1579:Enron
1178:Tokyo
1042:Roles
817:bonds
758:stock
673:and "
624:bonds
620:stock
594:, or
456:crime
441:asset
326:Swaps
258:Money
165:Stock
4993:BRVM
3891:Long
3695:and
3625:(BV)
3612:Beta
3250:2019
3215:2019
3192:2019
3169:2019
3136:2019
3100:2019
3035:2024
3010:2019
2980:2006
2950:2019
2900:2024
2869:ISBN
2850:2024
2821:ISSN
2711:2024
2679:2019
2599:2024
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