1231:. In more sophisticated versions of the fraud, individuals or organizations buy millions of shares, then use newsletter websites, chat rooms, stock message boards, press releases, or e-mail blasts to drive up interest in the stock. Very often, the perpetrator will claim to have "inside" information about impending news to persuade the unwitting investor to quickly buy the shares. When buying pressure pushes the share price up, the rise in price entices more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. Eventually the manipulators doing the "pumping" end up "dumping" when they sell their holdings. The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate. But it has also drawn high-profile public personalities into the sphere of regulatory oversight. Though not a scam per se, one notable example is rapper
1240:
Described (but perhaps overstated) as "the biggest stock promotion of all time", Lithium
Exploration Group's market capitalization soared to over $ 350 million, after an extensive direct mail campaign. The promotion drew upon the legitimate growth in production and use of lithium, while touting Lithium Exploration Groups position within that sector. According to the company's December 31, 2010, form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero. Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press.
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1370:, and state securities regulators estimate that investment fraud in the United States ranges from $ 10–$ 40 billion annually. Of that number, SIPC estimates that $ 1–3 Billion is directly attributable to microcap stock fraud. Fraudulent schemes perpetrated in the securities and commodities markets can ultimately have a devastating impact on the viability and operation of these markets.
35:
1311:, are also considered securities fraud because they can drive down stock prices. In abusive naked short selling, stock is sold without being borrowed and without any intent to borrow. The practice of spreading false information about stocks, to drive down their prices, is called "short and distort". During the takeover of
1257:
In 2002, a wave of separate but often related accounting scandals became known to the public in the U.S. All of the leading public accounting firms—Arthur
Andersen, Deloitte & Touche, Ernst & Young, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers— and others have admitted to or have been charged with negligence
1239:
to cause the price of a penny stock (HNHI) to increase dramatically. 50 Cent had previously invested in 30 million shares of the company, and as a result made $ 8.7 million in profit. Another example of an activity that skirts the borderline between legitimate promotion and hype is the case of LEXG.
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exemplifies all five tendencies, and its failure demonstrates the extreme dangers of a culture of corruption within a publicly traded corporation. The rarity of such spectacular failures of a corporation from securities fraud attests to the general reliability of most executives and boards of large
1380:
Class action securities fraud lawsuits rose 43 percent between 2006 and 2007, according to the
Stanford Law School Securities Class Action Clearinghouse. During 2006 and 2007, securities fraud class actions were driven by market wide events, such as the 2006 backdating scandal and the 2007 subprime
1276:
fraud schemes. Some boiler rooms offer clients transactions fraudulently, such as those with an undisclosed profitable relationship to the brokerage. Some 'boiler rooms' are not licensed but may be 'tied agents' of a brokerage house which itself is licensed or not. Securities sold in boiler rooms
1125:
schemes, in which false and/or fraudulent information is disseminated in chat rooms, forums, internet boards and via email (spamming), with the purpose of causing a dramatic price increase in thinly traded stocks or stocks of shell companies (the "pump"). In other instances, fraudsters disseminate
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Online investment newsletters that offer seemingly unbiased information free of charge about featured companies or recommending "stock picks of the month". These newsletter writers then sell shares, previously acquired at lower prices, when hype-generated buying drives the stock price up. This
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When the price reaches a certain level, criminals immediately sell off their holdings of those stocks (the "dump"), realizing substantial profits before the stock price falls back to its usual low level. Any buyers of the stock who are unaware of the fraud become victims once the price falls.
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The other type of insider trading is the purchase or sale of a security based on material non-public information. This type of trading is illegal in most instances. In illegal insider trading, an insider or a related party trades based on material non-public information obtained during the
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There are two types of "insider trading". The first is the trading of a corporation's stock or other security by corporate insiders such as officers, key employees, directors, or holders of more than ten percent of the firm's shares. This is generally legal, but there are certain reporting
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to identify and prevent the publication of falsified financial reports by their corporate clients which had the effect of giving a misleading impression of their client companies' financial status. In several cases, the monetary amounts of the fraud involved are in the billions of USD.
1024:
that induces investors to make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information. The setups are generally made to result in monetary gain for the deceivers, and generally result in unfair monetary losses for the investors. They are generally violating securities laws.
1690:, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm. However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address
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listed securities which traded below $ 1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through
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Even if the effect of securities fraud is not enough to cause bankruptcy, a lesser level can wipe out holders of common stock because of the leverage of value of shares upon the difference between assets and liabilities. Such fraud has been known as
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became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting
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fraud, stocks of small companies of under $ 250 million market capitalization are deceptively promoted, then sold to an unwary public. This type of fraud has been estimated to cost investors $ 1–3 billion annually. Microcap fraud includes
1227:. These manipulators first purchase large quantities of stock, then artificially inflate the share price through false and misleading positive statements. This is referred to as a pump and dump scheme. The pump and dump is a form of
1438:, while 200 million individuals owned securities indirectly. These same financial markets provide the opportunity for wealth to be obtained and the opportunity for white collar criminals to take advantage of unwary investors.
1456:
Sometimes the losses caused by securities fraud are difficult to quantify. For example, insider trading is believed to raise the cost of capital for securities issuers, thus decreasing overall economic growth.
1612:, is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a
1319:
in March 2008, reports swirled that shorts were spreading rumors to drive down Bear
Stearns' share price. Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., said this was more than rumors and said, "This is about collusion."
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announced what it described as an "aggressive agenda" against corporate fraud. Less widely publicized manifestations continue, such as the securities fraud conviction of
Charles E. Johnson Jr., founder of
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Potential perpetrators of securities fraud within a publicly traded firm include any dishonest official within the company who has access to the payroll or financial reports that can be manipulated to:
2284:
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where withdrawals are financed by subsequent investors, rather than profit obtained through investment activities. The largest instance of securities fraud committed by an individual ever is
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at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of
Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in
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Penny stock companies often have low liquidity. Investors may encounter difficulty selling their positions after the buying pressure has abated, and the manipulators have fled.
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Any investor can become a victim, but persons aged fifty years or older are most often victimized, whether as direct purchasers in securities or indirect purchasers through
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estimated that on average 10% of large publicly traded firms commit securities fraud every year, and that the corporate fraud destroys 1.6% of equity value each year.
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A con artist will use every trick in the book to take advantage of unsuspecting investors, including exploiting well-intended laws, in order to fatten their wallets
2213:
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Fraud by high level corporate officials became a subject of wide national attention during the early 2000s, as exemplified by corporate officer misconduct at
1966:
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from the proceeds of securities fraud is a resource intensive and expensive undertaking because of the cleverness of fraudsters in concealment of assets and
1628:, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock, since it is thought that exchange traded securities are less vulnerable to
1419:. In addition, white collar criminals are expanding the scope of their fraud and are looking outside the United States for new markets, new investors, and
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1040:, misstatements on a public company's financial reports, and lying to corporate auditors. The term encompasses a wide range of other actions, including
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then sell securities in the dummy corporation by misleading the investor into thinking that they are buying shares in the real corporation.
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The regulation and prosecution of securities fraud violations is undertaken on a broad front, involving numerous government agencies and
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Boiler rooms or boiler houses are stock brokerages that put undue pressure on clients to trade using telesales, usually in pursuit of
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materially false information about a company in hopes of urging investors to sell their shares so that the stock price plummets.
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corporations. Most spectacular failures of publicly traded companies result from such innocent causes as marketing blunders (
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Many penny stocks, particularly those that sell for fractions of a cent, are thinly traded. They can become the target of
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1142:. Conflict of interest disclosures incorporated into a newsletter article may not be sufficient. Accused of scalping,
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U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission Investor Alert: 10 Red Flags That an Unregistered Offering May Be a Scam
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stocks, non-existent, or distressed stock and stock supplied by an intermediary at an undisclosed markup.
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1860:"Testimony: Testimony Concerning Insider Trading(Linda Chatman Thomsen, September 26, 2006)"
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funds. Not only do investors lose but so can creditors, taxing authorities, and employees.
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in the mid-1990s reveals approximately 51.4 million individuals owned some type of traded
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2009:"SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, I COMPLAINT VS. THOM CALANDRA, Defendant"
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as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price,
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performance of the insider's duties at the corporation, or otherwise misappropriated.
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and scams on the
Internet. Many, but not all, microcap stocks involved in frauds are
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Securities fraud is becoming more complex as the industry develops more complicated
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2310:"Lithium Exploration Group Inc. News - Company Information - The New York Times"
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gives criminals greater access to prey. The trading volume in the United States
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predicted in April 2008 that corporate fraud cases will increase because of the
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and other illegal acts on the trading floor of a stock or commodity exchange.
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to create the illusion of being an existing corporation with a similar name.
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1653:(FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The
17:
1818:. North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA). 2011-08-31
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crisis. Securities fraud lawsuits remained below historical averages.
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1967:"Updated Investor Alert: Social Media and Investing -- Stock Rumors"
1396:, having grown dramatically in the 1990s, has led to an increase in
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Bulletin boards that often contain fraudulent messages by hucksters.
2646:
2126:"Securities Investor Protection Corporation > Who > Not FDIC"
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2686:"SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring"
2285:"LEXG Answers Dean Beeby of The Canadian Press on Lithium Mining"
2100:, Oxford Press, Oxford, 2003. Chapter 29 "Insider Trading" p. 584
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Securities fraud can also include outright theft from investors (
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3195:
2112:
U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, accessed March 30, 2007
1637:
939:
668:
426:
2815:
2631:
Splash of Colors: The Self-Destruction of
Braniff International
1791:"Complex Investments Prove Risky as Savers Chase Bigger Payoff"
1661:
a comprehensive penny stock securities law. Secretary of State
2708:
2027:"Calandra Quits Amid Probe, Forbes, January 23, 2004, article"
1524:
1367:
2236:"Lithium Exploration Group: Beware of Mailmen Bearing Gifts"
1694:
schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals.
1373:
A 2023 study by economists Alexander Dyck, Adair Morse and
1133:
The SEC says that Internet fraud resides in several forms:
2786:
Significant Criminal Cases, Department of Justice website
1931:"Ex-PurchasePro Chief Found Guilty of Fraud, Obstruction"
1909:"The President's Leadership in Combating Corporate Fraud"
2776:
New York Attorney General Report on Microcap Stock Fraud
2688:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 21, 2009.
2594:"Woolworths: the failed struggle to save a retail giant"
1988:"Internet Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Investment Scams"
2557:
in the Journal of Finance, Vol. LVII, No. 1 (Feb. 2002)
2478:
Dyck, Alexander; Morse, Adair; Zingales, Luigi (2023).
2405:"Bernard Madoff Gets 150 Years in Jail for Epic Fraud"
27:
Deceptive practice in the stock or commodities markets
2795:
3151:
3115:
3018:
2992:
2850:
2796:
Public Investor Arbitration Bar Association "PIABA"
1449:, as well as the tendency of many criminals to be
2426:"Madoff mysteries remain as he nears guilty plea"
1777:"Securities Fraud Awareness & Prevention Tips
2524:"Stanford Securities Class Action Clearinghouse"
1647:United States Securities and Exchange Commission
2077:"N.Y. broker charged in e-mail spam stock scam"
1875:"Trading Scandal May Strengthen Stock Exchange"
2791:Stanford Securities Class Action Clearinghouse
2827:
2737:"GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES"
2616:"Classic Cars for Sale - Hemmings Motor News"
2568:"How Milwaukee's Famous Beer Became Infamous"
1070:. It became a problem of such scope that the
990:
8:
1559:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1461:Characteristics of victims and perpetrators
2834:
2820:
2812:
2701:"Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks"
1360:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
1117:According to enforcement officials of the
1020:, is a deceptive practice in the stock or
997:
983:
29:
2499:
2214:"Importing By Encouraging Fans To Invest"
2172:. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
2150:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1579:Learn how and when to remove this message
1216:, which trade for less than $ 5 a share.
2756:"Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now"
2754:Diana B. Henriques (February 16, 2003).
2328:
2326:
2283:Lithium Exploration Group (2012-07-17).
2110:Laws that Govern the Securities Industry
1160:E-Mail spams from perpetrators of fraud.
2380:"A New Wave of Vilifying Short Sellers"
2120:
2118:
1769:
1651:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
962:
911:
816:
775:
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199:
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41:
2781:President's Corporate Crime Task Force
2570:. The Beer Connoisseur. Archived from
1789:Nathaniel Popper (February 10, 2013).
1779:faq by FBI, accessed February 11, 2013
2345:on July 8, 2002 – via time.com.
1911:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
7:
2669:"SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION"
2547:"The World Price of Insider Trading"
2359:. Securities and Exchange Commission
2333:Thomas, Cathy Booth (18 June 2002).
2287:. the chairmans blog. Archived from
1557:adding citations to reliable sources
2629:Lengnick-Hall, Cynthia A. (1985). "
2480:"How pervasive is corporate fraud?"
2212:Zakarin, Jordan (11 January 2011).
2378:Anderson, Jenny (April 30, 2008).
1624:. Securities traded on a national
1501:), an obsolete model of business (
1394:securities and commodities markets
1119:Securities and Exchange Commission
25:
2357:"Key Points About Regulation SHO"
1898:San Francisco FBI web link, supra
1816:"2012 NASAA Top Investor Threats"
1521:Other effects of securities fraud
1412:, and other market participants.
1388:have become more frequent as the
1354:Pervasiveness of securities fraud
3268:
3267:
2635:The Academy of Management Review
1873:Norris, Floyd (April 14, 2005).
1645:and regulations enforced by the
1529:
633:Perverting the course of justice
33:
2801:Billion Dollar Investment Fraud
2261:. Business Week. Archived from
528:Intellectual property violation
2699:Stan Darden (March 20, 1990).
1513:), non-criminal incompetence (
1:
1606:self-regulatory organizations
1307:, including certain types of
2723:"Georgia Secretary of State"
2484:Review of Accounting Studies
2238:. Seeking Alpha. 10 May 2011
1929:Kang, Cecilia (2008-05-16).
1841:"Fraud and Financial Crimes"
1509:), inadequate market share (
1384:Some manifestations of this
863:Ignorantia juris non excusat
2192:"Internet Makes Scams Easy"
2190:Harry Domash (2000-06-12).
1154:enforcement action in 2004.
3325:
2592:Hall, James (2009-11-14).
2492:10.1007/s11142-022-09738-5
2079:. Usatoday.Com. 2011-02-02
1849:Last updated June 20, 2016
1714:Bucket shop (stock market)
1327:
1292:
1265:
1250:
1192:
1173:
553:Possessing stolen property
201:Offense against the person
3258:
2447:"Iowa Insurance Division"
2257:Gary Weiss (1997-12-15).
2194:. San Francisco Chronicle
1704:List of securities frauds
1430:A study conducted by the
1052:Types of securities fraud
847:Diminished responsibility
641:Crimes against the public
1956:, Retrieved May 18, 2008
1675:Georgia General Assembly
1364:Federal Trade Commission
1362:(SIPC) reports that the
1277:include commodities and
1150:, was the subject of an
1088:subprime mortgage crisis
776:Crimes against the state
696:(such as prohibition of
2407:. Bloomberg. 2009-06-29
2098:Trading & Exchanges
1724:Illicit financial flows
1657:was the first state to
1432:New York Stock Exchange
460:Crimes against property
150:(also called violation)
1719:Boiler room (business)
1600:Penny stock regulation
1489:understate penny stock
1486:understate liabilities
1421:banking secrecy havens
1121:, criminals engage in
912:Other common-law areas
745:Crimes against animals
613:Miscarriage of justice
595:Crimes against justice
2907:Intellectual property
2459:on September 23, 2006
2428:. Reuters. 2009-03-11
1618:market capitalization
1334:A Ponzi scheme is an
1251:Further information:
1138:practice is known as
818:Defenses to liability
608:Malfeasance in office
3304:Securities (finance)
2312:. Topics.nytimes.com
1734:Microcap stock fraud
1553:improve this section
1289:Short selling abuses
1229:microcap stock fraud
1195:Microcap stock fraud
1062:Corporate misconduct
664:Censorship violation
387:Cybersex trafficking
2633:by John J. Nance".
2596:. London: Telegraph
2335:"Called to Account"
2148:"Pump&Dump.con"
1709:Accounting scandals
1679:U.S. District Court
1636:(NYSE:C) and other
1451:profligate spenders
1417:investment vehicles
1342:operated by former
1309:naked short selling
1253:Accounting scandals
1072:Bush administration
1022:commodities markets
842:Defense of property
694:Illegal consumption
230:Criminal negligence
130:Severity of offense
3250:White-collar crime
3116:Government-related
2551:Utpal Bhattacharya
2259:"Investors Beware"
2146:SEC (2005-01-11).
1935:washingtonpost.com
1795:The New York Times
1759:White-collar crime
1622:shareholder equity
1480:overstate revenues
1400:and misconduct by
1386:white collar crime
1279:private placements
1208:schemes involving
1101:may be created by
1099:Dummy corporations
1094:Dummy corporations
1038:stock manipulation
763:Wildlife smuggling
753:Cruelty to animals
382:Child sexual abuse
334:Negligent homicide
245:False imprisonment
142:Indictable offense
86:Scope of criminal
3281:
3280:
3019:Financial-related
2705:Los Angeles Times
2216:. Huffington Post
2170:"Spams and Scams"
1754:Valuation control
1667:Chesley V. Morton
1589:
1588:
1581:
1494:Enron Corporation
1425:unjust enrichment
1317:J.P. Morgan Chase
1299:Short and distort
1007:
1006:
407:Indecent exposure
275:Human trafficking
240:Domestic violence
168:Inchoate offenses
16:(Redirected from
3316:
3271:
3270:
2851:Business-related
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2764:
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2751:
2745:
2744:
2743:. July 11, 1990.
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2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2452:. Archived from
2451:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2341:. Archived from
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:"Internet Fraud"
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2033:. Archived from
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1655:State of Georgia
1584:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1533:
1525:
1483:understate costs
1477:overstate assets
1447:money laundering
1247:Accountant fraud
1018:investment fraud
1012:, also known as
1010:Securities fraud
999:
992:
985:
956:
827:Actual innocence
684:Ethnic cleansing
578:Trespass to land
473:Arms trafficking
37:
30:
21:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3254:
3211:honest services
3147:
3111:
3014:
2988:
2846:
2840:
2772:
2767:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2025:Vardi, Nathan.
2024:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:Thomson Reuters
1839:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1729:Insider trading
1700:
1602:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1550:
1534:
1523:
1463:
1356:
1336:investment fund
1332:
1326:
1301:
1293:Main articles:
1291:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1221:stock promoters
1197:
1191:
1178:
1176:Insider trading
1172:
1170:Insider trading
1115:
1096:
1064:
1059:
1057:Corporate fraud
1054:
1042:insider trading
1003:
944:
508:False pretenses
437:Sex trafficking
363:Sexual offenses
322:Preterintention
158:Summary offense
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:Counterfeiting
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2993:Family-related
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Pharmaceutical
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2770:External links
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:New York Times
2746:
2728:
2714:
2691:
2677:
2660:
2647:10.2307/258141
2641:(3): 617–620.
2621:
2614:Hemmings.com.
2606:
2584:
2559:
2539:
2515:
2470:
2438:
2417:
2396:
2384:New York Times
2370:
2348:
2322:
2301:
2275:
2249:
2227:
2204:
2182:
2168:FINRA (2012).
2160:
2138:
2114:
2102:
2096:Larry Harris,
2089:
2068:
2047:
2017:
2000:
1979:
1958:
1954:ABCnews.go.com
1946:
1921:
1900:
1891:
1879:New York Times
1865:
1851:
1832:
1807:
1781:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1744:Pyramid scheme
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1688:broker/dealers
1649:(SEC) and the
1626:stock exchange
1620:, and minimum
1601:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1462:
1459:
1375:Luigi Zingales
1355:
1352:
1348:Bernard Madoff
1340:a Ponzi scheme
1328:Main article:
1325:
1322:
1290:
1287:
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1245:
1193:Main article:
1190:
1189:Microcap fraud
1187:
1181:requirements.
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1146:, formerly of
1114:
1113:Internet fraud
1111:
1095:
1092:
1084:Robert Mueller
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
976:
975:
974:
973:
965:
964:
960:
959:
958:
957:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
914:
913:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
876:
871:
866:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
778:
777:
773:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
691:
686:
681:
679:Hostage-taking
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
597:
596:
592:
591:
590:
589:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
462:
461:
457:
456:
455:
454:
449:
447:Sexual slavery
444:
442:Sexual assault
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
366:
365:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
302:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:
170:
164:
163:
162:
161:
151:
145:
132:
131:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
63:
53:
52:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Finance fraud
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:Mail and wire
3204:
3202:
3201:Impersonation
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Fraud factory
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Shill bidding
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:Telemarketing
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Impersonation
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:. sos.ga.gov.
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2574:on 2013-05-16
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2455:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2291:on 2013-01-04
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2265:on 2013-01-02
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2037:on 2008-12-05
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:pump and dump
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1632:. Therefore,
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1594:watered stock
1583:
1580:
1572:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1538:This section
1536:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1324:Ponzi schemes
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:short selling
1300:
1296:
1295:Pump and dump
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:pump and dump
1202:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Thom Calandra
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:pump-and-dump
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:in May 2008.
1078:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1046:front running
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
880:
879:Justification
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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2964:Tech support
2954:Racketeering
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2598:. Retrieved
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2572:the original
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2501:10419/268480
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1822:February 11,
1820:. Retrieved
1810:
1800:February 11,
1798:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1772:
1749:Selling away
1630:manipulation
1610:manipulators
1603:
1590:
1575:
1566:
1551:Please help
1539:
1503:Penn Central
1492:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1441:Recovery of
1440:
1429:
1414:
1410:shareholders
1383:
1379:
1372:
1357:
1333:
1330:Ponzi scheme
1313:Bear Stearns
1302:
1271:
1262:Boiler rooms
1256:
1242:
1225:manipulators
1218:
1214:penny stocks
1210:boiler rooms
1198:
1183:
1179:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1097:
1081:FBI Director
1065:
1034:stockbrokers
1030:embezzlement
1027:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
904:Self-defense
861:
784:Lèse-majesté
498:Embezzlement
422:Prostitution
412:Masturbation
295:Manslaughter
280:Intimidation
192:Solicitation
65:
58:
43:Criminal law
3181:Faked death
3174:Superdollar
3152:Other types
3092:Overpayment
3058:Credit card
3026:Advance-fee
2937:Health care
2555:Hazem Daouk
1739:Penny stock
1671:stockbroker
1669:, the only
1663:Max Cleland
1614:penny stock
1507:Woolworth's
1281:as well as
1268:Boiler room
1148:MarketWatch
1077:PurchasePro
1014:stock fraud
899:Provocation
623:Obstruction
603:Compounding
568:Tax evasion
392:Fornication
225:Child abuse
154:Misdemeanor
78:Concurrence
18:Stock fraud
3294:Corruption
3288:Categories
3235:Scientific
3097:Securities
3082:Mismarking
3048:Chargeback
3043:Bankruptcy
2887:Employment
2868:Disability
2674:. sec.gov.
2600:2013-11-21
2578:2013-11-21
2432:2009-08-05
2411:2009-08-05
2316:2013-11-21
2295:2013-11-21
2269:2006-06-15
2198:2006-06-15
2176:2012-07-29
2154:2006-11-21
2132:2013-11-21
2083:2013-11-21
2062:2013-11-21
2041:2013-11-21
2031:Forbes.com
2014:. sec.gov.
1994:2012-02-18
1973:2015-11-15
1940:2012-02-18
1915:2012-02-18
1765:References
1681:, and the
1511:Studebaker
1406:executives
1107:Fraudsters
1103:fraudsters
857:Entrapment
832:Automatism
809:Subversion
768:Bestiality
737:War crimes
732:Usurpation
659:Corruption
618:Misprision
493:Cybercrime
285:Kidnapping
265:Hate crime
255:Harassment
235:Defamation
187:Incitement
182:Conspiracy
148:Infraction
107:Complicity
102:Accomplice
60:Actus reus
3128:Electoral
3072:Insurance
3010:Paternity
3000:Fertility
2942:fertility
2922:Long firm
2842:Types of
2510:1573-7136
2058:. Sec.gov
1990:. Sec.gov
1969:. Sec.gov
1634:CitiGroup
1569:July 2008
1540:does not
1402:investors
1346:chairman
1233:50 Cent's
920:Contracts
894:Necessity
799:Secession
794:Espionage
727:Terrorism
689:Smuggling
583:Vandalism
563:Smuggling
503:Extortion
478:Blackmail
452:Voyeurism
432:Pederasty
417:Obscenity
299:corporate
122:Vicarious
117:Principal
112:Corporate
97:Accessory
88:liability
73:Causation
3273:Category
3159:Affinity
3133:Medicare
3087:Mortgage
3005:Marriage
2969:Slamming
2947:quackery
2927:Odometer
2912:Internet
2863:Cramming
2242:30 March
2220:30 March
1698:See also
1423:to hide
1390:Internet
1303:Abusive
1283:microcap
1274:microcap
1201:microcap
1164:Phishing
1140:scalping
935:Property
930:Evidence
925:Defenses
874:Insanity
804:Sedition
758:Poaching
722:Regicide
674:Genocide
649:Apostasy
587:Mischief
523:Gambling
488:Burglary
372:Adultery
349:Stabbing
344:Stalking
327:Homicide
290:Menacing
270:Homicide
67:Mens rea
50:Elements
3240:Spyware
3223:Romance
3186:Forgery
3164:Charity
3143:Welfare
3123:Benefit
3077:Lottery
3062:carding
2858:Billing
2532:May 26,
2389:May 15,
1683:statute
1673:in the
1561:removed
1546:sources
1515:Braniff
1499:Schlitz
1467:pension
1237:Twitter
1235:use of
963:Portals
954:estates
886: (
884:Mistake
869:Infancy
837:Consent
789:Treason
706:smoking
702:alcohol
669:Dueling
654:Begging
628:Perjury
558:Robbery
538:Looting
533:Larceny
513:Forgery
483:Bribery
354:Torture
339:Robbery
297: (
250:Frameup
220:Battery
215:Assault
177:Attempt
3053:Cheque
2979:Weight
2959:Return
2897:Fixing
2655:258141
2653:
2508:
2463:May 9,
2363:May 4,
2128:. SIPC
1884:May 3,
1659:codify
1443:assets
1344:NASDAQ
950:trusts
888:of law
852:Duress
717:Piracy
704:, and
543:Payola
402:Incest
377:Bigamy
315:felony
310:Murder
305:Mayhem
138:Felony
3309:Fraud
3245:Vomit
3228:Bride
3067:Forex
2932:Phone
2882:Email
2844:fraud
2803:, FBI
2672:(PDF)
2651:JSTOR
2527:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
2450:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1643:rules
1436:stock
1398:fraud
1068:Enron
946:Wills
940:Torts
698:drugs
573:Theft
518:Fraud
468:Arson
3263:list
3218:Scam
3196:Hoax
3138:Visa
3060:and
3038:Bank
2984:Wine
2892:Food
2873:Drug
2553:and
2534:2008
2506:ISSN
2465:2008
2391:2008
2365:2008
2339:Time
2244:2012
2222:2012
1886:2008
1824:2013
1802:2013
1638:NYSE
1544:any
1542:cite
1358:The
1297:and
1223:and
1016:and
952:and
427:Rape
156:(or
140:(or
3107:Tax
2917:Job
2709:UPI
2643:doi
2549:by
2496:hdl
2488:doi
1555:by
1517:).
1368:FBI
1315:by
1199:In
1152:SEC
1036:),
1032:by
971:Law
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