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statement is." Beall points out
Strandlof wasn't charged with stealing money meant for the veterans group, adding that laws are already in place for those crimes. "That's plain-old, regular-vanilla everyday fraud, and we do prosecute that every day," he said. "Congress does not need a special statute to prevent people from using false claims of valor in order to prevent fraud." John Wagner, executive director of the Warrior Legacy Foundation, a veterans group that lobbied for Strandlof's prosecution, said he will push for an appeal. A spokesman for the U.S. attorney in Denver said prosecutors are reviewing the decision and haven't decided whether to appeal. The spokesman said that decision would be made by the U.S. Justice Department in Washington and prosecutors in Denver.
45:
468:"The right to speak and write whatever one chooses – including, to some degree, worthless, offensive and demonstrable untruths – without cowering in fear of a powerful government is, in our view, an essential component of the protection afforded by the First Amendment," Judge Smith wrote. If lying about a medal can be classified as a crime, Smith said, so many everyday lies could become criminal acts, such as lying about one's age, misrepresenting one's financial status on Facebook, or telling one's mother falsehoods about drinking, smoking, or sex.
403:]", a level of judicial review that requires the government to justify any limitation it places on free speech. The Rutherford Institute, a Virginia-based civil liberties group, joined in the case on January 20, 2010. "Such expression remains within the presumptive protection afforded pure speech by the First Amendment," the institute's attorney wrote. "As such, the Stolen Valor Act is an unconstitutional restraint on the freedom of speech."
487:
issued a lengthy concurrence, responding to critics of the decision and asserting that the First
Amendment covers most varieties of lying and misrepresentation, where not otherwise unprotected by the First Amendment under the traditional view. The traditional view holds that only certain varieties of
540:
in July 2012, saying "this week, we will launch a new website, a living memorial, so the
American people can see who’s been awarded our nation’s highest honors . . . because no American hero should ever have their valor stolen.” The DoD valor database was unveiled on July 25, 2012. Additionally, in
433:
overruled the district court and reinstated the charges against
Strandlof. Two judges on the three-judge panel held that false statements are not worthy of constitutional protection. In dissent, Judge Jerome Holmes wrote that the majority was reading language into the act to justify upholding it. On
344:
The Act made it illegal for unauthorized persons to wear, buy, sell, barter, trade, or manufacture "any decoration or medal authorized by
Congress for the armed forces of the United States, or any of the service medals or badges awarded to the members of such forces." In the 18 months after the act
535:
cited that "a
Government-created database" is "at least one less speech-restrictive means by which the Government could likely protect the integrity of the military award system." In his view, "were a database accessible through the Internet, it would be easy to verify and expose false claims." In
425:
brief on behalf of the ACLU of
Colorado, said the decision is remarkable. "The First Amendment protects speech we don't like," he said. "We don't need the First Amendment for speech people like. The government cannot criminalize a statement simply because it is false, no matter how important the
418:
issued his decision rejecting the prosecution's argument that lying about having military medals dilutes their meaning and significance. "This wholly unsubstantiated assertion is, frankly, shocking and, indeed, unintentionally insulting to the profound sacrifices of military personnel the Stolen
352:
The Act was passed to address the issue of persons claiming to have been awarded military awards to which they were not entitled and exploiting their deception for personal gain. For example, as of June 2, 2006, there were only 120 living Medal of Honor recipients, but there were far more known
419:
Valor Act purports to honor," Blackburn wrote. "To suggest that the battlefield heroism of our servicemen and women is motivated in any way, let alone in a compelling way, by considerations of whether a medal may be awarded simply defies my comprehension." Attorney Chris Beall, who filed an
464:
stated for the court that lies not within traditionally unprotected subsets of false facts are subject to First
Amendment protection, the Stolen Valor Act is not subject to defamation law precedent, and there's no compelling reason for government interest in banning such lies.
398:
in the Iraq War. In
January 2010, he challenged the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act in U.S. District Court in Denver, Colorado. Strandlof's attorney believed the law was too vague and that "protecting the reputation of military decorations is insufficient to survive
410:
and dismissed the criminal case against
Strandlof who lied about being an Iraq war veteran. Strandlof, 32, was charged with five misdemeanors related to violating the Act – specifically, making false claims about receiving military decorations.
1661:
545:
sponsored the Stolen Valor Act of 2012 to criminalize profiting by falsely claiming to have received a military medal for serving in combat, which passed with a vote of 410 to 3; a companion bill was sponsored by Senator
254:
to falsely represent oneself as having received any U.S. military decoration or medal. If convicted, defendants might have been imprisoned for up to six months, unless the decoration lied about is the
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55:
An Act to amend title 18, United States Code, to enhance protections relating to the reputation and meaning of the Medal of Honor and other military decorations and awards, and for other purposes.
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on June 3, 2013. The Act makes it a federal crime to fraudulently claim to be a recipient of certain military decorations or medals in order to obtain money, property, or other tangible benefit.
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The purpose of the Act was to strengthen the provisions of federal law (18 U.S.C. § 704) by broadening its scope and strengthening penalties. Specific new provisions in the Act included:
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1167:"United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Rick Glen Stradloff, a/k/a Rick Duncan, Defendant-Appellee, The American Legion; Christopher Guzelian, Amici Curiae: Order"
1666:
407:
273:
574:
320:, on November 10, 2005, as S. 1998. The Senate version was passed unanimously on September 7, 2006. The House passed the Senate version, S. 1998, on December 6, 2006.
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The Orders and Medals Society of America (OMSA), an organization of collectors, opposed the version of the bill that passed. OMSA was concerned about the changes to
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the majority held that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment.
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dissented from the denial of rehearing arguing that false representations are not per se entitled to First Amendment protection.
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Rick Strandlof, founder of Colorado Veterans Alliance, was accused of seeking to raise funds for that organization by posing as
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On July 16, 2010, a federal judge in Denver ruled the Stolen Valor Act is "facially unconstitutional" because it violates
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64:
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agreed to consider the validity of the law. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court found the law unconstitutional in a 6
974:
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384:
87:
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Restoring Valor: One Couple?s Mission to Expose Fraudulent War Heroes and Protect America?s Military Awards System
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31:
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on August 17, 2010, ruling the Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional. Specifically, in the 2–1 decision, Judge
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309:
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U.S. law regarding unauthorized wear, manufacture, or sale of any military decorations and medals
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estimated there were twenty prosecutions. The number increased as awareness of the law spread.
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953:
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537:
269:
742:
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127:
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1600:"Blowhards, beware: Congress passes Stolen Valor Act, targets false military award claims"
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July 2, 2012, the Tenth Circuit vacated its previous opinion, writing, "In light of
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317:
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1018:"OMSA President's Message on the Stolen Valor Act to all OMSA members and friends"
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that in its judgment implied that any movement or exchange of medals was illegal.
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ruled that the Stolen Valor Act of 2005 was an unconstitutional abridgment of the
999:
828:
461:
391:
313:
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17:
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613:. book by Pamla and Doug Sterner chronicles the history of the Stolen Valor Act
536:
response, President Obama announced the creation of the DoD valor database, or
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imposters. There were also large numbers of people fraudulently claiming to be
242:
on December 20, 2006, was a U.S. law that broadened the provisions of previous
1038:
1017:
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183:
1130:"Federal judge rules law penalizing fake military heroes is unconstitutional"
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859:
978:
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Representative Heck reintroduced the modified act, receiving 65 cosponsors.
331:
882:"Tracking Down False Heroes - Medal of Honor recipients go after impostors"
440:, we vacate both the opinion and the judgment issued on January 27, 2012."
1307:"Supreme Court: Lying about military medals is protected by Constitution"
550:, which passed as an amendment of the defense authorization bill. In the
547:
542:
305:
118:
1090:"Charge dismissed in fake hero's case, Valor Act ruled unconstitutional"
932:
1542:"Colorado Congressman John Salazar Introduces Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
488:
speech are exempt from standard constitutional scrutiny such as fraud,
480:
1064:"Lies from "war vet" are protected speech, civil liberties group says"
605:, retired Navy SEAL who exposes fraudulent claims of military service.
1172:. United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth District. July 2, 2012
519:
3 decision, with Justices Scalia, Thomas and Alito dissenting. In
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Initially the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided
1621:
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protecting the reputation and meaning of military heroism medals.
258:, in which case imprisonment could have been up to one year. In
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United States federal defense and national security legislation
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broadening the law to cover false claims whereas previously an
246:
addressing the unauthorized wear, manufacture, or sale of any
1633:
500:”), and speech attendant to the commission of a crime. Judge
327:
granting more authority to federal law enforcement officers;
907:"Men Who Falsely Claim to have Received the Medal of Honor"
633:"Rep. Salazar's bill on falsely claiming medals now a law"
30:"Stolen Valor Act" redirects here. For the 2013 law, see
1112:"Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional, federal judge rules"
483:. In the order refusing to hear the case en banc, Judge
1637:
web site, the book the Stolen Valor Act was named after
599:
and Glenna Whitley chronicling phony Vietnam veterans.
587:, Medal of Honor recipient who later tracked imposters
1000:"18 U.S. Code § 704 - Military medals or decorations"
1652:
Military awards and decorations of the United States
1305:Barnes, Robert; Ruane, Michael E. (June 28, 2012).
203:
125:
105:
83:
78:
70:
59:
51:
1657:21st-century military history of the United States
88:
1544:. HomeofHeroes.com. July 22, 2005. Archived from
1461:"H.R.258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013: All Actions"
1224:"Court says lying about Medal of Honor no crime"
575:List of acts of the 109th United States Congress
337:covering the mailing and shipping of medals; and
1512:Sterner, Doug; Sterner, Pam (13 October 2015).
1366:: American Forces Press Service. July 25, 2012.
1332:"United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709 (2012)"
471:On March 21, 2011, a majority of judges in the
842:"Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense"
390:"Rick Duncan" and claiming to have received a
1436:"New version of Stolen Valor bill introduced"
1259:"Supreme Court to Take Up 'Stolen Valor Act'"
176:on September 7, 2006 (Unanimous consent)
8:
1057:
1055:
777:. TheOrator.com. Sep 8, 2006. Archived from
37:
1360:"New Website Honors Service Members' Valor"
679:
677:
473:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
431:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
1487:"H.R.258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013: Text"
1300:
1298:
1105:
1103:
737:
735:
733:
1561:"H. R. 3352 The Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
1274:
1272:
771:"S. 1998 In The House Of Representatives"
308:, as H.R. 3352. It was introduced in the
1667:Acts of the 109th United States Congress
1405:"Senate passes revised Stolen Valor Act"
1149:"10th Circuit upholds Stolen Valor Act"
977:. specialoperations.com. Archived from
623:
1379:"House approves new Stolen Valor bill"
1281:"SCOTUS strikes down Stolen Valor Act"
1041:. Orders and Medals Society of America
1020:. Orders and Medals Society of America
862:. Congressional Medal of Honor Society
36:
1598:John Hoellwarth (December 12, 2006).
1346:"DOD unveils 'Stolen Valor' database"
931:. stevenlwaterman.com. Archived from
657:"H.R. 3352: Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
631:Anne C. Mulkern (December 20, 2006).
531:Justice Anthony Kennedy's opinion in
7:
1622:Congressional Medal of Honor Society
1062:Cardona, Felisa (January 20, 2010).
296:on July 19, 2005, by Representative
292:The Act was first introduced in the
799:Sterner, C. Douglas (Dec 7, 2006).
713:"S. 1998: Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
74:December 20, 2006, to June 28, 2012
880:Taylor, Michael = (May 31, 1999).
266:Supreme Court of the United States
221:in a 6–3 decision on June 28, 2012
93:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
1377:Maze, Rick (September 13, 2012).
1004:LII / Legal Information Institute
43:
840:Crewdson, John (May 27, 2008).
775:109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006)
750:109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006)
717:109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006)
692:109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006)
661:109th U.S. Congress (2005-2006)
248:military decorations and medals
1434:Maze, Rick (15 January 2013).
1403:Maze, Rick (3 December 2012).
1110:Cardona, Felisa (2010-07-17).
1088:Cardona, Felisa (2010-07-16).
1039:"Sample Letter to Congressman"
801:"The Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
1:
1582:. POW Network. Archived from
294:U.S. House of Representatives
276:–striking down the law in a 6
1617:The Stolen Valor Act of 2005
1279:Curry, Tom (June 28, 2012).
803:. POWnet.org. Archived from
250:. The law made it a federal
65:109th United States Congress
205:United States Supreme Court
1683:
1580:"Stolen Valor Act of 2005"
1222:Egelko, Bob (2010-08-26).
449:
378:United States v. Strandlof
182:on December 6, 2006 (
29:
507:On October 17, 2011, the
429:On January 27, 2012, the
211:
134:
42:
1493:. United States Congress
1467:. United States Congress
561:was signed by President
559:Stolen Valor Act of 2013
541:response Representative
533:United States v. Alvarez
521:United States v. Alvarez
498:clear and present danger
452:United States v. Alvarez
445:United States v. Alvarez
437:United States v. Alvarez
261:United States v. Alvarez
229:Stolen Valor Act of 2005
218:United States v. Alvarez
38:Stolen Valor Act of 2005
32:Stolen Valor Act of 2013
1228:San Francisco Chronicle
905:Mishalov, Neil (1999).
886:San Francisco Chronicle
161:Committee consideration
475:refused to rehear the
157:) on November 10, 2005
1242:"9th Circuit Opinion"
975:"Hunting the Phonies"
1548:on December 10, 2006
1199:www.ca9.uscourts.gov
502:Diarmuid O'Scannlain
414:U.S. District Judge
334:had to be committed;
196:on December 20, 2006
1311:The Washington Post
860:"Living Recipients"
416:Robert E. Blackburn
359:Army Special Forces
128:Legislative history
39:
1627:2007-06-23 at the
1409:Marine Corps Times
954:"Wannabes Beware!"
509:U.S. Supreme Court
316:, a Democrat from
956:. nightscribe.com
927:Waterman, Steve.
580:Military impostor
538:valor.defense.gov
496:(including to a “
345:was enacted, the
270:freedom of speech
225:
224:
174:Passed the Senate
141:in the Senate as
108:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
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1364:Washington, D.C.
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1291:on July 1, 2017.
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372:Legal challenges
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180:Passed the House
165:Senate Judiciary
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18:Stolen Valor Act
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401:strict scrutiny
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347:Chicago Tribune
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274:First Amendment
199:
190:Signed into law
169:House Judiciary
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60:Enacted by
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1491:113th Congress
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1465:113th Congress
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909:. Mishalov.com
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552:113th Congress
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492:, defamation,
490:fighting words
450:Main article:
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256:Medal of Honor
240:George W. Bush
231:, signed into
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194:George W. Bush
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97:109–437 (text)
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1586:on 2006-12-14
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1567:on 2006-12-04
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