2132:, to underpay or not pay the Aboriginal workers. Those who refused to work were jailed, threatened with removal or denied access to food. Aboriginal settlements were run as depots for cheap labour where a 20% levy was placed on the inmates' already meagre wages, with the remainder held in a departmental trust account. The money in this account was subject to additional levies, bureaucratic corruption and also appropriated for government spending. The interest earned also went to the government not the wage earner. Aboriginal workers had to get permission from the Protector to make withdrawals and asking questions about their money were often met with the workers being jailed or otherwise punished. This system has been described as "economic slavery" and existed in largely the same format in the state until the mid 1970s.
54:
1851:, wrote that "the slave traffic is merciful compared with what I have seen in this fleet the more they can withhold from the unhappy wretches, the more provisions they have to dispose of at a foreign market, and the earlier in the voyage they die, the longer they can draw the deceased's allowance to themselves". Once the convicts arrived in Australia they were subjected to the system of "assigned service", whereby they were leased out to private citizens and placed entirely under their control, often forced to work in
2439:
2494:. When the owners of the properties they were labouring on went bankrupt, the Islanders would often either be abandoned or sold as part of the estate to a new owner. In the Torres Strait, Kanakas were left at isolated pearl fisheries such as the Warrior Reefs for years with little hope of being returned home. In this region, three ships used to procure pearl-shells and beche-de-mer, including the
2417:
From 1868, the
Queensland government tried to regulate the trade: it required every ship engaged in recruiting labourers from the Pacific islands to carry a person approved by the government to ensure that labourers were willingly recruited and not kidnapped. But, such government observers were often
2258:
in
September 1847, and another 57 in October of that same year. Many of these Islanders soon absconded from their workplaces and were observed starving and destitute on the streets of Sydney. Reports of violence, kidnap and murder used during the recruitment of these labourers surfaced in 1848 with a
2733:
radio in Sydney that "Australia when it was founded as a settlement, as New South Wales, was on the basis that there be no slavery... and while slave ships continued to travel around the world, when
Australia was established, yes sure, it was a pretty brutal settlement... but there was no slavery in
3575:
Up until the late 1970s, all
Indigenous Australians were governed under various protection acts which controlled every aspect of their lives — from whether they could buy a new pair of shoes to whether they could marry. It was these acts that allowed Aboriginal people's wages to be held in trust by
2454:
became an established industry during the 1870s with captains of labour vessels being paid about 5 shillings per recruit in "head money" incentives, while the owners of the ships would sell the
Kanakas from anywhere between £4 and £20 per head. The Kanakas were sometimes offloaded at the ports in
2127:
to keep wages in funds which were never paid out. From 1897, no person could employ
Indigenous labour in that state without the permission of a Protector. The Protector, usually a policeman or government official, had full control of the contract with the employer. Fraud was common, whereby the
2413:
The methods of blackbirding were varied. Some labourers were willing to be taken to
Australia to work, while others were tricked or forced. In some cases blackbirding ships (which made huge profits) would entice entire villages by luring them on board for trade or a religious service, and then
2097:
In
Australia's early years, colonists debated whether the conditions under which Aboriginal people worked breached laws against slavery in the British Empire. In the pastoralist sector, unpaid labour also allowed Aboriginal people to stay on their land instead of being forced off or
1946:– it was alleged that four or five of these died of "a terrible disorder," to which Scott countered that two died of lung inflammation; five were imprisoned after refusing to work on account of not having received summer clothing, cavalierly rejoicing "Gaol–very goot––no work gaol."
2562:, freely acknowledged in his memoirs that he took boatloads of young boys with no information given about contracts, pay or the nature of the work. Up to 530 boys were recruited per month from these islands, most of whom were transported to the new large company plantations in
2701:
Beginning in 1998, the
Australian Government instituted a work program for unemployed welfare recipients. Due to the vulnerability of the participants and low level of agency, combined with the low pay, the policy has increasingly been viewed as slavery by some Australians.
2607:. Captain Lewis Shaw and four crew were charged and convicted of various crimes, receiving jail terms of 7 to 10 years, while two others were sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment. Despite evidence showing that at least 38 Islanders had been killed by the
2353:, and another recruiter by the name of John Crossley opening their services to other land-owners. This resulted in a massive increase in blackbirded labour into Queensland which continued for another approximately 35 years. Traders "recruited" Melanesian or
1990:
and that others had died from sickness once in
Australia. There were no berths, bedding, medical, or toilet facilities available on the vessel and a great deal of kidnapping was involved in the recruitment process. The poor conditions on board the vessel
2212:
brought international attention to the injustice of the system, and eventually led to the government mandating equal pay from December 1968. However, at the same time, mechanisation of the stations led to most workers being laid off, and the policy of
1552:
2752:
In the nineteenth century there were also many beneficiaries of slavery practised overseas who came to the Australian colonies or who financed settlement of the colonies. Historians have shown that the wealth made from slavery helped finance the
1911:. The contracts included a 5 or 6 year term of indenture with food, clothing, pay and shelter to be provided, but many absconded, due to reasons of these conditions not being met. The coolies were also subject to assault, slavery, and kidnap.
2509:
Poor conditions at the sugar plantations led to regular outbreaks of disease and death. From 1875 to 1880, at least 443 Kanakas died in the Maryborough region from gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease at a rate 10 times above average. The
2611:
crew, all the prisoners (except for one who died in jail) were released in 1890 in response to a massive public petition signed by 28,000 Queenslanders. This case sparked a Royal Commission into the recruitment of Islanders from which the
1969:. Many of these coolies were abandoned, perished in the bush, were jailed, or were found wandering the streets of Melbourne with no food or shelter. Around another 1500 Chinese coolies were shipped into Australia up to the year 1854 with
2620:
to return 450 New Guinea Islanders to their homelands. Just like the global slave trade, the plantation owners, instead of being held criminally responsible, were financially compensated by the government for the loss of these workers.
1977:
again being the principal organisers of the trade. A number of scandals occurred that caused a government select committee to be formed to investigate the importation of Asiatic labour. The inquiry found that 70 coolies had died aboard
1995:, chartered by Robert Towns, sparked a rebellion of coolies against the crew of the ship. The second-mate and ten of the Chinese were killed before the captain was able to regain control. Out of nearly 250 coolies who had embarked on
2139:
in 1901, where Aboriginal labour was legislated as requiring payment in money, these wages were often kept in bank accounts that could not be accessed by them, with the money being redirected elsewhere by government bureaucracies.
2434:
and in this region there was a very large mortality rate of Kanakas in 1892 and 1893. South Sea Islanders made up 50% of all deaths in this period even though they only made up 20% of the total population in the Bundaberg area.
4143:
4895:
Let me give you five examples of slavery in Australia. No, you are not personally responsible for this history. But we are all responsible for how we remember our nation's past and how we might go about redressing its
1809:, and employed in various degrees of unfree labour. Legal protections varied and were sometimes not enforced, particularly with workers who were effectively forced to work for their employers and would often go unpaid.
2396:
In the late 1860s, these labourers were allegedly sold for as little as £2 each and kidnapping was at least partially used during recruitment, which raised fears of a burgeoning new slave trade. French officials in
5063:
2119:
2734:
Australia". After attracting reproach by Aboriginal activists and other sectors of the community, Morrison apologised for any offence caused the following day, and said that he was talking specifically about the
2418:
corrupted by bonuses paid for labourers 'recruited,' or blinded by alcohol, and did little or nothing to prevent sea-captains from tricking islanders on-board or otherwise engaging in kidnapping with violence.
2409:
anchored in Brisbane with 24 dead islander recruits and reports that the remaining ninety on board were taken by force and deception. Despite the controversy, no action was taken against McEachern or Crossley.
2574:. This phase of the trade was very profitable, with Burns Philp selling each recruit for around £23. Many of them could not speak any English and died on these plantations at a rate of up to 1 in every 5.
2081:
and they were used as either personal servants or as labour by the colonists who took them. Sometimes these children were taken very far away from their lands and traded to other colonists. For instance,
2522:
were particularly bad. An investigation revealed that the Islanders were overworked, underfed, not provided with medical assistance and that the water supply was a stagnant drainage pond. At the port of
2471:. Meanwhile, the famous recruiter Henry Ross Lewin was charged with the rape of a pubescent Islander girl. Despite strong evidence, Lewin was acquitted and the girl was later sold in Brisbane for £20.
5033:
4874:
2310:
in August 1863. Towns specifically wanted adolescent males recruited and kidnapping was reportedly employed in obtaining these boys. Over the following two years, Towns imported around 400 more
5094:
2581:
Sugar Plantation. He was placed on trial, but even though he was found responsible, the judge involved imposed only the minimum £5 fine and wished it could be an even lesser amount. When the
4973:
1673:
5303:
5125:
2634:. A 1992 census of South Sea Islanders reported around 10,000 descendants of the blackbirded labourers living in Queensland. Fewer than 3,500 were reported in the 2001 Australian census.
4188:
3117:
3053:
2426:
toward the end of the blackbirding era, found no instances of intimidation or misrepresentation and concluded that the Islanders recruited did so "willingly and cannily". However, the
1934:
arranged a shipment of 56 Indian coolies who arrived in a state of starvation in 1846. These coolies went either to labour on Wentworth's pastoral properties such as Burburgate on the
2881:
2747:
3424:
1922:, formed an Association to Import Coolies to pressure the colonial government into allowing further intakes. The following year, Major G.F. Davidson imported 30 Indian coolies into
1537:
1068:
1907:. This was the first sizeable transport of coolie labour into Australia and Mackay leased most of them out as shepherds to work at John Lord's Underbank land-holding just north of
3562:
1422:
794:
531:
5252:
1158:
799:
5055:
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491:
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becoming imminent by the late 1830s, colonists required a substitute cheap form of labour. In 1837 a Committee on Immigration identified the possibility of importing
2200:
When wages started being paid with cash in the 1950s and 1960s, they were still much less (reportedly 15–20%) of white people doing similar work. In 1966 the NT's
1855:. The unwillingness of wealthy landowners to give up this cheap source of labour was a key factor in why penal transportation persisted for so long, especially in
5398:. Felicity Holt (Stolen wages claimant) and Rosalind Kidd (Commentator, specialist in Aboriginal affairs, author, historian). Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
5214:
846:
5003:
2259:
closed-door enquiry choosing not to take any action against Boyd or Kirsopp. The experiment of exploiting Melanesian labour was discontinued in Australia until
4851:
2628:
were taken to Australia. The majority of the 10,000 Pacific Islanders remaining in Australia in 1901 were repatriated from 1906–08 under the provisions of the
1392:
2677:
1542:
5025:
4882:
2099:
873:
4916:
1619:
371:
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Peter Corris, 'Melvin, Joseph Dalgarno (1852–1909)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,
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5086:
4799:
821:
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Queensland with metal discs imprinted with a numeral hung around their neck making for easy identification for their buyers. Captain Winship of the
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1412:
585:
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4166:
5496:
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5117:
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The South Sea Islanders were put to work not only in cane-fields along the Queensland coast but were also widely used as shepherds upon the large
1750:
2108:
campaigners described the conditions of Aboriginal labour in northern Australia as slavery as far back as the 1860s. In 1891 the British journal
3351:
2179:
in the Northern Territory (NT), Aboriginal workers not only lived in very poor conditions (no built accommodation, having to use water from the
5716:
5711:
2020:
1942:
mansion. Several were imprisoned with sentences of hard labour for absconding. Some were leased out to Helenus Scott's Glendon property in the
856:
274:
4683:
A cavalcade of Queensland's crimes and criminals : scoundrels, scallwags & psychopaths : the colonial years and beyond 1859–1920
2873:
1926:, and in 1844 Sandeman and Phillip Freil organised a shipment of 30 Indian coolies, most of whom were sent to work on their properties in the
5379:
4690:
3538:
3479:
3455:
3391:
3321:
3265:
3241:
1434:
1111:
883:
2709:), the perception of slavery is increased, due to perception of government policies creating a lack of alternative opportunity for workers.
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The South Sea Islanders and the Queensland labour trade a record of voyages and experiences in the Western Pacific from 1875 to 1891
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1510:
1387:
811:
580:
447:
5524:
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2672:" in Australia in 2016. During the 2015–16 financial year, 169 alleged human trafficking and slavery offences were referred to the
1357:
53:
4715:
4472:
4412:
3658:
2973:
2943:
2077:. Trade in Aboriginal children and adolescents was often sought after. Children were often taken from Aboriginal camp-sites after
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137:
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Legislation governing and regulating the forced employment of Indigenous Australians continued until the 1970s in some states.
1636:
1407:
213:
1547:
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Sugar Plantation was later put up for sale, the Islander labourers were included as part of the estate. During a riot at the
2354:
1106:
1094:
674:
486:
132:
5635:
3495:
2007:, ended Asian coolie transportation to Australia by 1855. From 1858, Chinese migration to Australia again spiked due to the
5706:
5452:
5264:
5152:
2781:
2647:
2511:
2087:
2046:
1949:
Indian coolie transportation was largely discontinued after this but the first shipment of 150 Chinese coolies arrived in
1678:
1461:
322:
2250:. Boyd was a Scottish colonist who wanted cheap labourers to work at his expansive pastoral leaseholds in the colony of
1683:
1527:
1397:
1058:
826:
806:
366:
334:
5407:
5199:
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5210:
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2722:
2499:
2144:
1844:
1743:
1693:
1417:
1335:
462:
243:
63:
5675:
5539:
4995:
2801:
2603:
In 1884, a significant and unique judicial punishment was imposed on the captain and crew of the blackbirding vessel
4843:
2286:. Towns also wanted cheap labour to harvest and prepare the cotton and decided to import Melanesian labour from the
5335:
4221:
3287:
3173:
2826:
2185:
1817:
1602:
1454:
1439:
1330:
526:
196:
5685:
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5602:
5559:
4710:
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4019:
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3779:
3717:
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Vice-Chancellor (1869-1883), were all given wealth and opportunities thanks to money generated by slavery in the
2789:
2754:
2735:
2673:
2239:
1698:
1597:
1128:
1116:
706:
679:
184:
5569:
3809:
South Sea Island immigration for cotton culture : a letter to the Hon. the Colonial Secretary of Queensland
2717:
The assertion that slavery took place in Australia in colonial times is often disputed, as part of the ongoing "
2680:
had prosecuted 19 individuals for slavery-related offences since 2004, with several other prosecutions ongoing.
1999:, only 180 arrived in Australia. These events together with concurrent disasters in the Chinese coolie trade to
5665:
5625:
2676:(AFP), including alleged instances of forced marriage, sexual exploitation, and forced labour. As of 2017, the
2617:
2287:
1848:
1478:
1347:
900:
689:
174:
75:
5660:
5640:
4908:
3496:"It's 55 years since the Wave Hill walk-off, and Aboriginal workers are still fighting for their stolen wages"
2600:
irons. Only one man, George Goyner, was convicted and received a minor punishment of two months imprisonment.
354:
3588:
2718:
2468:
2136:
2124:
1908:
1663:
1402:
1352:
1280:
1053:
831:
775:
758:
189:
4796:
951:
5549:
5482:
5400:
3839:
2821:
2190:
2066:
2034:
2030:
2008:
1791:
1779:
1736:
1705:
1210:
863:
711:
435:
401:
396:
5534:
2616:
concluded that it was no better than the African slave trade, and in 1885 a ship was commissioned by the
2577:
Charges of neglect resulting in the death of his Islander labourers were made against Mr Melhuish of the
2330:. He organised the first importation of South Sea Islander labour to that port in 1866. They came aboard
2172:
gave South Australian police powers to “inspect workers and their conditions” but not to enforce change.
2168:
5680:
5584:
5118:"Scott Morrison says slavery comments were about New South Wales colony, apologises for causing offence"
4844:"Reconciling the dark history of slavery and murder in Australian pearling, points to a brighter future"
4163:
2687:
into Australian law was partly based upon concerns of slavery being evident in the agricultural sector.
2613:
2487:
2483:
2459:
was accused of kidnapping and importing Kanaka boys aged between 12 and 15 years for the plantations of
2275:
2214:
2110:
1966:
1838:
1771:
1572:
1427:
1340:
1325:
1007:
995:
741:
726:
511:
286:
208:
5579:
5292:"Lachlan Macquarie was a slave owner and he wasn't the only one. It's time to update the history books"
2422:, an investigative journalist who, undercover, in 1892 joined the crew of Queensland blackbirding ship
5574:
5564:
5554:
5544:
2163:
and others raised concerns about the slave-like conditions under which many Aboriginal people worked.
1914:
Government enquiries delayed further coolie importation, but in 1842 a number of colonists, including
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5607:
5529:
4912:
4527:
4467:
4375:
4343:
4311:
4279:
3899:
3867:
3337:
2805:
2785:
2665:
2563:
2491:
2323:
2062:
1856:
1847:
to the Australian penal colonies were treated like slave labour. William Hill, an officer aboard the
1813:
1710:
1614:
1577:
1505:
1449:
1318:
1275:
1019:
694:
474:
376:
260:
167:
2912:. Vol. XIII, no. 1158. New South Wales, Australia. 28 February 1838. p. 2 (EVENING).
2809:
2762:
2625:
2593:
2451:
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2078:
1783:
1198:
1178:
1063:
1048:
917:
888:
878:
768:
716:
684:
481:
339:
307:
302:
255:
112:
1797:
Pacific Islanders were kidnapped or coerced to come to Australia and work, in a practice known as
5505:
5299:
5276:
5177:
5029:
3991:
3234:
The other side of the frontier : Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia
3205:
3025:
2908:
2586:
2540:
2524:
2519:
2271:
2218:
2201:
1775:
1444:
1290:
1265:
1255:
1220:
1215:
1183:
1148:
1141:
1082:
1075:
932:
751:
746:
736:
506:
359:
317:
312:
265:
233:
223:
160:
2189:(Cth) allowed the non-payment of wages and forced recruitment of labour in the NT. NT Protector
381:
327:
5655:
5375:
5169:
4686:
4092:
3534:
3475:
3451:
3387:
3317:
3261:
3237:
3000:
2769:
2696:
2339:
2194:
1915:
1902:
1532:
1250:
1245:
1188:
1173:
1153:
975:
970:
905:
868:
701:
667:
496:
349:
238:
117:
4970:"Modern slavery to be targeted in new laws recommended by Australian parliamentary committee"
5256:
5195:
5161:
4770:
4742:
4651:
4619:
4587:
4559:
4499:
4247:
4117:
3959:
3623:
3085:
2846:
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2038:
1722:
1300:
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1225:
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927:
763:
731:
33:
2551:
with a cargo of Kanakas, of which a considerable number were in a dead or dying condition.
4803:
4170:
4150:
3783:. Vol. XLVIII, no. 7867. New South Wales, Australia. 22 August 1863. p. 6.
2503:
2467:. Up to 45 of the Kanakas brought in by Captain John Coath died on plantations around the
2390:
2378:
2374:
2251:
2205:
2183:), but they were given no money, only food. Clothing was lent but had to be returned. The
1974:
1919:
1874:
1631:
1522:
1517:
1270:
1240:
1235:
958:
922:
721:
639:
344:
90:
2345:
From 1867, the high demand for very cheap labour in the sugar and pastoral industries of
1901:, organised the import of 42 coolies from India who arrived on 24 December 1837 on board
5359:
5147:
4797:"Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law"
4085:
4051:
3555:"Class action launched against West Australian Government over Indigenous stolen wages"
3149:. Vol. XXXV, no. 5450. New South Wales, Australia. 2 December 1854. p. 4
2793:
2726:
2669:
2334:
under Captain Edwards. Apart from a small amount of Melanesian labour imported for the
2176:
1939:
1927:
1821:
1715:
1609:
501:
179:
142:
100:
4055:. Vol. X, no. 394. New South Wales, Australia. 15 February 1868. p. 4.
3446:
Rowley, C. D. (Charles Dunford); Social Science Research Council of Australia (1971),
3089:. Vol. 4, no. 325. New South Wales, Australia. 14 November 1846. p. 2.
3057:. Vol. V, no. 274. New South Wales, Australia. 17 February 1847. p. 4.
5700:
5181:
5150:(31 August 2016). "Writing History, Making 'Race': Slave-Owners and Their Stories†".
4999:
3903:. Vol. XXI, no. 2, 719. Queensland, Australia. 13 October 1866. p. 6.
2479:
2475:
2443:
2398:
2382:
2247:
2180:
2152:
1943:
1653:
1582:
1029:
1012:
787:
617:
607:
391:
41:
4938:
4531:. Vol. XVIII, no. 402. Queensland, Australia. 4 December 1875. p. 3.
2972:. Vol. I, no. 12. New South Wales, Australia. 11 April 1846. p. 134.
5367:
3627:. Vol. 4, no. 370. New South Wales, Australia. 21 April 1847. p. 2.
2643:
2589:
2438:
2362:
2335:
2267:
2260:
2254:. He financed two more procurements of South Sea Islanders, 70 of which arrived in
2233:
2105:
2058:
2050:
2042:
1970:
1931:
1798:
1658:
1495:
1471:
1377:
1370:
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602:
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543:
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147:
127:
105:
95:
85:
80:
70:
5165:
4820:
3871:. Vol. XXI, no. 2, 653. Queensland, Australia. 28 July 1866. p. 7.
3843:. Vol. XVIII, no. 1724. Queensland, Australia. 22 August 1863. p. 4
3751:. Vol. IV, no. 153. New South Wales, Australia. 1 July 1848. p. 2.
910:
4746:. Vol. XXXVIII, no. 1002. Victoria, Australia. 13 June 1885. p. 29
4623:. Vol. 10, no. 48. Queensland, Australia. 29 November 1884. p. 3.
3310:
3121:. Vol. VII, no. 522. New South Wales, Australia. 4 July 1849. p. 3
5448:
Enterprising Research: The history of Aboriginal stolen wages in South Australia
5363:
4563:. Vol. 1, no. 50. Queensland, Australia. 11 December 1875. p. 799
3657:. Vol. X, no. 1, 446. Victoria, Australia. 1 October 1847. p. 2.
2571:
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2544:
2460:
2311:
2279:
2083:
1935:
1500:
1488:
841:
644:
634:
592:
406:
5240:
4251:. Vol. 3, no. 33. Queensland, Australia. 18 August 1877. p. 10.
2942:. Vol. V, no. 416. Victoria, Australia. 10 November 1842. p. 4.
5446:
4774:. Vol. XL, no. 7073. Queensland, Australia. 20 March 1888. p. 4
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2091:
1852:
1774:, sent to Australia as punishment for crimes and forced into labour and often
1648:
945:
649:
516:
5173:
4765:
4646:
4614:
4582:
4554:
4522:
4494:
4434:
4242:
4112:
4046:
4014:
3986:
3954:
3926:
3774:
3744:
3712:
3680:
3618:
3200:
3168:
3140:
3080:
2903:
4338:
4306:
4274:
3894:
3862:
3834:
3721:. Vol. XI, no. 790. South Australia. 11 December 1847. p. 2.
2532:
2431:
2342:, Robert Towns was the primary exploiter of blackbirded labour up til 1867.
2314:
to Townsvale on one to three year terms of labour. They came on the vessels
2054:
1950:
1923:
893:
558:
420:
17:
4370:
3112:
3048:
575:
5087:"'Ignorant and ill-informed': Prime Minister's slavery comments condemned"
3935:. Vol. XXXII, no. 6775. South Australia. 24 July 1868. p. 2
2668:, there were approximately 15,000 people living in illegal "conditions of
5331:"Was there slavery in Australia? Yes. It shouldn't even be up for debate"
3417:"Was there slavery in Australia? Yes. It shouldn't even be up for debate"
3338:"The Elephant in the Drawing Room: Slavery and the 'Stolen Wages' Debate"
3177:. Vol. II, no. 140. South Australia. 15 March 1853. p. 4.
2401:
complained that Crossley had stolen half the inhabitants of a village in
2386:
2307:
1483:
1041:
985:
937:
597:
442:
297:
203:
4215:
3995:. No. 5027. New South Wales, Australia. 31 December 1867. p. 8
3281:
3209:. No. 2, 344. New South Wales, Australia. 10 July 1858. p. 4.
5260:
5026:"Work for the dole is 'modern-day slavery', Northern Territory MP says"
4714:. No. 5590. New South Wales, Australia. 16 April 1885. p. 4.
4407:
2597:
2582:
2578:
2366:
2291:
2070:
1787:
1466:
548:
228:
45:
3807:
1957:
and another 31 arrived in Perth a year later. Toward the end of 1848,
5474:
4164:
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/melvin-joseph-dalgarno-7556/text13185
3713:"The South Australian Register. ADELAIDE: SATURDAY, DECEMBER 11,1847"
2797:
2705:
In remote indigenous communities, (who are provided with the similar
2414:
setting sail. Many died in the fields due to the hard manual labour.
2283:
2255:
1987:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1868:
1859:
where "assigned service" continued to be widespread until the 1850s.
1168:
990:
570:
553:
415:
250:
218:
4996:"'Slavery rebranded': Aussies slam Centrelink's 'work for the dole'"
3258:
The conspiracy of silence : Queensland's frontier killing-times
2120:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
5241:"Links in the Chain: British slavery, Victoria and South Australia"
4411:. No. 5689. Victoria, Australia. 20 February 1873. p. 4.
4173:, published first in hardcopy 1986, accessed online 9 January 2015.
2405:, and in 1868 a scandal evolved when Captain McEachern of the ship
4443:. Vol. LXVIII, no. 11, 035. 29 September 1873. p. 2
2515:
2437:
2402:
2074:
1886:
1882:
1806:
1802:
1770:
in 1788 to the present day. European settlement relied heavily on
425:
411:
386:
5056:"PM defends Captain Cook amid calls to remove statue from Sydney"
2531:
arrived with half the Kanakas recruited dying on the voyage from
2246:, a vessel under the command of Captain Kirsopp and chartered by
4315:. Vol. XXVI, no. 4, 437. 21 December 1871. p. 2.
3386:(Updated and revised ed.), University of Queensland Press,
2270:
wanted to profit from the world-wide cotton shortage due to the
2193:
noted that Australia was in breach of its obligations under the
2004:
2000:
1983:
292:
122:
5478:
5432:
Marlow, Karina; Pearson, Luke; Verass, Sophie (30 March 2017).
4192:. No. 4858. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1893. p. 3
5347:"History of Indigenous work sheds light on Australian slavery"
4655:. Vol. XXXV, no. 697. 9 February 1889. p. 278.
2730:
2554:
Captain William T. Wawn, a famous blackbirder working for the
5421:"Think slavery in Australia was all in the past? Think again"
5419:
Maguire, Amy; Larkin, Dani; McGaughey, Fiona (17 June 2020).
5374:, Australian Society for the Study of Labour History , 1995,
4379:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 3, 751. 27 May 1879. p. 3.
4283:. Vol. XXVII, no. 4, 901. 14 June 1873. p. 6.
4023:. Vol. LVI, no. 9202. 18 November 1867. p. 4.
3472:
A dumping ground : a history of the Cherbourg settlement
4591:. Vol. XXIV, no. 411. 11 August 1883. p. 34.
4347:. Vol. XXVI, no. 4, 307. 22 July 1871. p. 5.
4121:. Vol. III, no. 135. 5 September 1868. p. 9.
4945:(in Kinyarwanda). Australian Government. 10 December 2018.
2217:
meant that the government was placing Aboriginal people on
5463:"Mitchell Stanley: Servant or Slave a testament to elders"
3963:. Vol. II, no. 98. 9 November 1867. p. 5.
2238:
The first shipload of 65 Melanesian labourers arrived in
4189:
Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser
3118:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
3054:
The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
4795:
Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano.
4503:. Vol. VII, no. 339. 3 August 1872. p. 3
2748:
Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery
2069:
were given portions of inexpensive commodities such as
2037:
were used as unpaid labour in many sectors such as the
5434:"10 things you should know about slavery in Australia"
4471:. No. 2, 401. Brisbane. 26 July 1880. p. 3.
3529:
Rowley, C. D. (Charles Dunford); Rowley, C. D (1972),
2880:. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society.
1965:
brought a further 420 mostly Chinese coolies into the
2128:
Protectors would collude with the employers, mostly
1423:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5616:
5593:
5512:
5253:
Collaborative Research Centre in Australian History
2596:were beaten to death by mounted white men wielding
4084:
3309:
2642:Indigenous Australians, Malaysians, Timorese, and
5207:Foundational Fictions in South Australian History
2294:. Captain Grueber together with labour recruiter
4875:"Australia needs to own up to its slave history"
4738:"DEPARTURE OF SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS FROM BRISBANE"
3316:, Constable ; Australia : Hutchinson,
2646:were kidnapped and sold as slave-labour for the
1538:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
5329:Anthony, Thalia; Gray, Stephen (11 June 2020).
3655:The Port Phillip Patriot And Morning Advertiser
3415:Gray, Stephen; Anthony, Thalia (11 June 2020).
2385:as well as various Micronesian islands such as
2322:. In 1865, Towns obtained large land leases in
5205:. In Collins, Carolyn; Sendziuk, Paul (eds.).
5116:Hayne, Jordan; Hitch, Georgia (12 June 2020).
4909:"2018 / Findings / Country Studies: Australia"
4146:Australian South Sea Islander Training Package
1873:With the ceasing of convict transportation to
5490:
2940:Port Phillip Patriot And Melbourne Advertiser
2263:recommenced the practice in the early 1860s.
2114:published a "Slave Map of Modern Australia".
1744:
8:
2678:Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions
2326:and funded the establishment of the port of
1543:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
5392:"Did legalised slavery exist in Australia?"
5200:"Born free: wage-slaves and chattel-slaves"
3749:Bell's Life In Sydney And Sporting Reviewer
2721:" about Australia's past. In June 2020 the
2478:in the interior and as pearl divers in the
5497:
5483:
5475:
4782:– via National Library of Australia.
4754:– via National Library of Australia.
4726:– via National Library of Australia.
4667:– via National Library of Australia.
4635:– via National Library of Australia.
4603:– via National Library of Australia.
4571:– via National Library of Australia.
4543:– via National Library of Australia.
4511:– via National Library of Australia.
4483:– via National Library of Australia.
4451:– via National Library of Australia.
4423:– via National Library of Australia.
4391:– via National Library of Australia.
4359:– via National Library of Australia.
4339:"POLYNESIAN LABORERS ON NORTHERN STATIONS"
4327:– via National Library of Australia.
4295:– via National Library of Australia.
4263:– via National Library of Australia.
4200:– via National Library of Australia.
4133:– via National Library of Australia.
4067:– via National Library of Australia.
4035:– via National Library of Australia.
4003:– via National Library of Australia.
3975:– via National Library of Australia.
3955:"REVIVAL OF THE SLAVE TRADE IN QUEENSLAND"
3943:– via National Library of Australia.
3915:– via National Library of Australia.
3883:– via National Library of Australia.
3851:– via National Library of Australia.
3795:– via National Library of Australia.
3763:– via National Library of Australia.
3733:– via National Library of Australia.
3701:– via National Library of Australia.
3669:– via National Library of Australia.
3639:– via National Library of Australia.
3221:– via National Library of Australia.
3189:– via National Library of Australia.
3157:– via National Library of Australia.
3129:– via National Library of Australia.
3101:– via National Library of Australia.
3069:– via National Library of Australia.
2984:– via National Library of Australia.
2954:– via National Library of Australia.
2924:– via National Library of Australia.
2086:described how one of her relatives in the
1790:and unfree labour from colonisation. Some
1751:
1737:
28:
4676:
4674:
4078:
4076:
4074:
2015:Forced Indigenous labour and stolen wages
1794:performed unpaid labour until the 1970s.
3450:, Australian National University Press,
3364:Australasian Legal Information Institute
2742:Colonisation funded by slavery elsewhere
2011:, but this was mostly voluntary travel.
1889:as a solution. John Mackay, an owner of
1548:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1413:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1393:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
5124:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
4850:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
4791:
4789:
4403:"SEIZURE OF THE WOODBINE AND CHRISTINA"
4209:
4207:
3561:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3236:, University of New South Wales Press,
2838:
2518:and Irrawarra plantations belonging to
2357:labourers for the sugar cane fields of
2123:and successive legislation allowed the
40:
5461:Stanley, Mitchell (29 November 2016).
5267:from the original on 28 September 2021
3510:from the original on 28 September 2021
3213:from the original on 10 September 2020
2021:Wage theft from Indigenous Australians
5445:Shanahan, Martin (8 September 2016).
4854:from the original on 15 February 2020
4819:. Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
4806:, Australian Human Rights Commission.
4718:from the original on 24 December 2020
4659:from the original on 24 December 2020
4627:from the original on 24 December 2020
4595:from the original on 24 December 2020
4535:from the original on 24 December 2020
4475:from the original on 24 December 2020
4415:from the original on 24 December 2020
4383:from the original on 24 December 2020
4351:from the original on 24 December 2020
4319:from the original on 24 December 2020
4287:from the original on 24 December 2020
4255:from the original on 24 December 2020
4125:from the original on 24 December 2020
4059:from the original on 24 December 2020
4027:from the original on 24 December 2020
3967:from the original on 24 December 2020
3907:from the original on 24 December 2020
3875:from the original on 22 December 2020
3816:from the original on 24 December 2020
3787:from the original on 24 December 2020
3755:from the original on 24 December 2020
3725:from the original on 24 December 2020
3693:from the original on 24 December 2020
3661:from the original on 24 December 2020
3631:from the original on 24 December 2020
2966:"THE COOLIE IMMIGRANTS PER "ORWELL.""
2650:industry of north western Australia.
1435:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1112:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
5036:from the original on 7 November 2023
5006:from the original on 7 November 2023
3565:from the original on 1 November 2020
3181:from the original on 7 December 2020
3061:from the original on 7 December 2020
2946:from the original on 7 December 2020
2884:from the original on 7 December 2020
2853:from the original on 7 December 2020
2442:Adolescent South Sea Islanders on a
2349:, led Towns' main labour recruiter,
1801:. Labourers were also imported from
1627:Slave marriages in the United States
1231:Human trafficking in the Middle East
5306:from the original on 3 January 2022
5290:Arnott, Georgina (4 January 2022).
5085:Wellington, Shahni (11 June 2020).
4976:from the original on 9 January 2020
4949:from the original on 6 January 2022
4766:"The Morning Bulletin, ROCKHAMPTON"
4495:"THE LAST DAYS OF POLYNESIAN LABOR"
3599:from the original on 6 January 2022
3504:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3093:from the original on 2 October 2020
2061:, they were also used as household
966:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
5160:(3). Informa UK Limited: 365–380.
4919:from the original on 30 March 2019
4873:Simmonds, Alecia (28 April 2015).
3553:Collard, Sarah (18 October 2020).
3474:, University of Queensland Press,
3354:from the original on 23 March 2022
2874:"The origins of a white Australia"
2430:transported Islanders to and from
1766:has existed in various forms from
1620:last survivors of American slavery
25:
5471:Article about a documentary film.
5239:Coventry, C. J. (22 March 2019).
5128:from the original on 12 June 2020
5097:from the original on 12 June 2020
5066:from the original on 11 June 2020
4842:Collins, Ben (9 September 2018).
4275:"THE POLYNESIAN BOYS PER LYTTONA"
4224:from the original on 25 June 2022
3427:from the original on 12 June 2020
3336:Gray, Stephen (1 December 2007).
2631:Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901
2482:. They were taken as far west as
2221:with minimal facilities instead.
2197:Slavery Convention in the 1930s.
2065:. In return for this labour, the
2027:British colonisation of Australia
1820:, which abolished slavery in the
581:Field slaves in the United States
448:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
5220:from the original on 4 June 2020
4113:"THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDER TRAFFIC"
3576:state and territory governments.
3494:Rowley, Max (1 September 2021).
3343:Australian Indigenous Law Review
3290:from the original on 11 May 2019
3169:"PIRACY ON BOARD THE "SPARTAN.""
2274:. He bought a property he named
2073:, rum, slop-clothing, flour and
458:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
453:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
282:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
52:
5406:Korff, Jens (7 February 2021).
4943:Federal Register of Legislation
3835:"THE SLAVE TRADE IN QUEENSLAND"
3745:"THE ALLEGED MURDER AT ROTUMAH"
2976:from the original on 3 May 2019
2916:from the original on 3 May 2019
2759:colonisation of South Australia
2149:North Australian Workers' Union
1408:Committee of Experts on Slavery
959:East, Southeast, and South Asia
5525:Federated States of Micronesia
5390:Jokic, Verica (10 July 2014).
3689:. 22 October 1847. p. 2.
2847:"Convict slavery in Australia"
2660:Human trafficking in Australia
2242:on 16 April 1847 on board the
2143:Through the 20th century, the
2090:bought an Aboriginal boy from
1107:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
5717:Economic history of Australia
5712:Cultural history of Australia
5453:University of South Australia
5166:10.1080/1031461x.2016.1202291
5153:Australian Historical Studies
4435:"IN THE VICE-ADMIRALTY COURT"
3029:. 26 February 1853. p. 5
3021:"Sydney Police Court.—Friday"
2782:Governor of Western Australia
2707:Community Development Program
2446:plantation in the early 1870s
2025:From the early stages of the
1938:or worked as servants at his
1776:leased to private individuals
4184:"EXCESSIVE KANAKA MORTALITY"
3141:"ASIATIC LABOUR [?]"
2904:"The Indian "Hill Coolies.""
1398:Temporary Slavery Commission
1059:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
5722:Social history of Australia
5211:Wakefield Press (Australia)
3533:, Penguin Books Australia,
3448:Outcasts in white Australia
2999:. Ringwood: Penguin Books.
2774:Governor of New South Wales
2145:British Commonwealth League
1418:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
463:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
5738:
4615:"ROCKHAMPTON POLICE COURT"
4083:Docker, Edward W. (1970).
3174:Adelaide Morning Chronicle
2827:Australian labour movement
2745:
2694:
2657:
2231:
2186:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
2029:right up until the 1960s,
2018:
1866:
1836:
1818:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
1812:Australia was held to the
1603:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1440:Anti-Slavery International
1205:North Africa and West Asia
4939:"Modern Slavery Act 2018"
4706:"South Sea Labor Traffic"
4440:The Sydney Morning Herald
4243:"Trip of the Bobtail Nag"
4020:The Sydney Morning Herald
3932:South Australian Register
3780:The Sydney Morning Herald
3718:South Australian Register
3256:Bottoms, Timothy (2013),
3146:The Sydney Morning Herald
3049:"Original Correspondence"
2936:"Original Correspondence"
2790:Supreme Court of Victoria
2755:colonisation of Australia
2736:colony of New South Wales
2723:Australian Prime Minister
2674:Australian Federal Police
2502:who held the position of
2282:and planted 400 acres of
1699:Emancipation Proclamation
1371:Opposition and resistance
1129:Sex trafficking in Europe
1117:Blackbirding in Polynesia
680:Trans-Saharan slave trade
5671:Northern Mariana Islands
5355:About the re-release of
4647:"Classified Advertising"
3232:Reynolds, Henry (2006),
2683:The introduction of the
2618:Government of Queensland
2539:(after whom the city of
1953:in 1847 aboard the brig
1788:various forms of slavery
1479:Compensated emancipation
690:Indian Ocean slave trade
5636:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4817:"Documenting Democracy"
4681:Finger, Jarvis (2012),
4214:William T Wawn (1893),
4144:Queensland Government,
4091:. Angus and Robertson.
4047:"SLAVERY IN QUEENSLAND"
3806:Towns, Robert. (1863),
3681:"Shipping intelligence"
3589:"To remove and protect"
3382:Kidd, Rosalind (2017),
2995:Milliss, Roger (1992).
2822:Master and Servant Acts
2685:Modern Slavery Act 2018
2125:Protector of Aborigines
2035:Torres Strait Islanders
1982:during the voyage from
1403:1926 Slavery Convention
1159:Germany in World War II
776:North and South America
298:Contract of manumission
4371:"Transferring Kanakas"
4169:9 January 2015 at the
3927:"POLYNESIAN LABOURERS"
3840:The Courier (Brisbane)
3283:Kings in grass castles
2624:Some 55,000 to 62,500
2543:is named), arrived at
2527:, the labour schooner
2447:
2031:Aboriginal Australians
1792:Indigenous Australians
1786:were also forced into
884:British Virgin Islands
436:Circassian slave trade
402:Safavid imperial harem
397:Ottoman Imperial Harem
5619:and other territories
4802:14 March 2011 at the
4555:"CRUISE OF THE FLORA"
4463:"PARLIAMENTARY PAPER"
3531:The remote Aborigines
3308:Durack, Mary (1983),
3280:Durack, Mary (1959),
3260:, Allen & Unwin,
3201:"CHINESE IMMIGRATION"
2746:Further information:
2695:Further information:
2658:Further information:
2614:Premier of Queensland
2441:
2111:Anti-Slavery Reporter
2019:Further information:
1967:Port Phillip District
1843:Many of the convicts
1839:Convicts in Australia
1123:Europe and North Asia
1083:Australia and Oceania
783:Pre-Columbian America
355:Slave raid of Suðuroy
287:Slavery in al-Andalus
209:Black Sea slave trade
138:21st-century jihadism
5707:Slavery in Australia
5455:– via YouTube.
4913:Global Slavery Index
4528:Rockhampton Bulletin
4376:The Brisbane Courier
4344:The Brisbane Courier
4312:The Brisbane Courier
4280:The Brisbane Courier
4153: (archive index)
3900:The Brisbane Courier
3868:The Brisbane Courier
3595:. 25 December 2021.
3470:Blake, Thom (2001),
3286:, Constable and Co,
2806:University of Sydney
2792:judge; and Reverend
2786:Edward Eyre Williams
2757:, in particular the
2666:Global Slavery Index
2564:Far North Queensland
2558:company on the ship
2324:Far North Queensland
2079:punitive expeditions
1897:and a distillery in
1814:Slave Trade Act 1807
1764:Slavery in Australia
1578:Indentured servitude
1506:Underground Railroad
1306:United Arab Emirates
695:Zanzibar slave trade
662:By country or region
475:Atlantic slave trade
377:Ma malakat aymanukum
261:Venetian slave trade
5506:Slavery in Oceania
4885:on 14 December 2015
4685:, Boolarong Press,
3987:"SOUTH SEA ISLANDS"
3384:The way we civilise
2810:British West Indies
2626:South Sea Islanders
2594:South Sea Islanders
2568:Victoria Plantation
2452:South Sea Islanders
2304:South Sea Islanders
2169:Aborigines Act 1911
2117:In Queensland, the
1784:African Australians
1664:Slave Route Project
795:Americas indigenous
685:Red Sea slave trade
675:Contemporary Africa
538:Topics and practice
308:Crimean slave trade
303:Bukhara slave trade
256:Genoese slave trade
133:Contemporary Africa
113:Forced prostitution
5372:Aboriginal workers
5300:ABC Radio National
5277:Humanities Commons
5261:10.17613/d8ht-p058
5213:. pp. 43–63.
5030:Guardian Australia
4823:on 26 October 2009
3312:Sons in the saddle
3037:– via Trove.
2909:The Sydney Monitor
2713:The "History Wars"
2448:
2272:American Civil War
2202:Wave Hill walk-off
2151:, anthropologists
2094:for a tin of jam.
1445:Blockade of Africa
752:Somali slave trade
668:Sub-Saharan Africa
360:Turkish Abductions
318:Khivan slave trade
313:Khazar slave trade
266:Balkan slave trade
224:Prague slave trade
5694:
5693:
5686:Wallis and Futuna
5594:Associated states
5381:978-0-909944-04-9
5196:McQueen, Humphrey
4692:978-1-922109-05-7
3540:978-0-14-021454-3
3481:978-0-7022-3222-0
3457:978-0-7081-0624-2
3393:978-0-7022-2961-9
3323:978-0-09-148420-0
3267:978-1-74331-382-4
3243:978-0-86840-892-7
2770:Lachlan Macquarie
2697:Work for the Dole
2691:Work For the Dole
2664:According to the
2195:League of Nations
2067:Indigenous people
2057:eradication, and
1916:William Wentworth
1857:Van Diemen's Land
1761:
1760:
1711:Freedmen's Bureau
1533:Third Servile War
1528:International law
1095:Human trafficking
857:Human trafficking
532:Thirteen colonies
350:Sack of Baltimore
118:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
5729:
5676:Pitcairn Islands
5646:French Polynesia
5631:Christmas Island
5560:Papua New Guinea
5540:Marshall Islands
5513:Sovereign states
5499:
5492:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5456:
5441:
5428:
5425:The Conversation
5415:
5412:Creative Spirits
5399:
5384:
5354:
5340:
5336:The Conversation
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5204:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5062:. 11 June 2020.
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4881:. Archived from
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4771:Morning Bulletin
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4743:The Australasian
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4652:The Queenslander
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4620:The Capricornian
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4588:The Queenslander
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4560:The Capricornian
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4523:"Correspondence"
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4500:The Queenslander
4491:
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4482:
4480:
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4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4248:The Capricornian
4239:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4180:
4174:
4160:
4154:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4118:The Queenslander
4109:
4103:
4102:
4090:
4087:The Blackbirders
4080:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4011:
4005:
4004:
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4000:
3983:
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3976:
3974:
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3960:The Queenslander
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3698:
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3647:
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3624:Sydney Chronicle
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3421:The Conversation
3412:
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3086:Sydney Chronicle
3077:
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2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2878:The free library
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2802:St James' Church
2535:, while Captain
2371:Papua New Guinea
2351:Henry Ross Lewin
2296:Henry Ross Lewin
2210:Vincent Lingiari
2161:Albert Namatjira
2157:Catherine Berndt
2088:Kimberley region
1930:. Wentworth and
1828:Types of slavery
1753:
1746:
1739:
1723:Emancipation Day
1556:
1523:Slave Trade Acts
214:Byzantine Empire
56:
29:
21:
5737:
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5570:Solomon Islands
5508:
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5460:
5444:
5431:
5418:
5405:
5389:
5382:
5360:Huggins, Jackie
5358:
5345:
5328:
5325:
5323:Further reading
5320:
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5148:Hall, Catherine
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4968:Locke, Sarina.
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4804:Wayback Machine
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4171:Wayback Machine
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4151:Wayback Machine
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3876:
3863:"CLEVELAND BAY"
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3124:
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3113:"Colonial News"
3111:
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2887:
2885:
2872:Ohlsson, Tony.
2871:
2870:
2866:
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2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2818:
2750:
2744:
2715:
2699:
2693:
2662:
2656:
2640:
2504:Mayor of Sydney
2391:Gilbert Islands
2379:Loyalty Islands
2375:Solomon Islands
2306:to the port of
2288:Loyalty Islands
2252:New South Wales
2236:
2230:
2208:workers led by
2177:cattle stations
2023:
2017:
1975:Gordon Sandeman
1920:Gordon Sandeman
1893:plantations in
1881:labourers from
1875:New South Wales
1871:
1865:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1816:as well as the
1757:
1728:
1727:
1632:Slave narrative
1588:Fugitive slaves
1568:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1518:Slave rebellion
1373:
1363:
1362:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1133:United Kingdom
1069:Yankee princess
663:
655:
654:
382:Avret Pazarları
328:Avret Pazarları
197:Medieval Europe
163:
153:
152:
91:Forced marriage
66:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5735:
5733:
5725:
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5719:
5714:
5709:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5666:Norfolk Island
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:American Samoa
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5596:of New Zealand
5591:
5590:
5588:
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5582:
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5562:
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5547:
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5509:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5458:
5442:
5429:
5416:
5408:"Stolen Wages"
5403:
5396:Radio National
5387:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5353:. 13 May 2021.
5342:
5341:
5324:
5321:
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5231:
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5077:
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5017:
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4930:
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4865:
4834:
4808:
4785:
4757:
4729:
4697:
4691:
4670:
4638:
4606:
4583:"General News"
4574:
4546:
4514:
4486:
4454:
4426:
4394:
4362:
4330:
4298:
4266:
4234:
4203:
4175:
4155:
4136:
4104:
4097:
4070:
4052:Queanbeyan Age
4038:
4006:
3978:
3946:
3918:
3886:
3854:
3826:
3798:
3766:
3736:
3704:
3686:The Australian
3672:
3642:
3610:
3580:
3545:
3539:
3521:
3486:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3438:
3398:
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3328:
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3266:
3248:
3242:
3224:
3192:
3160:
3132:
3104:
3072:
3040:
3012:
3005:
2997:Waterloo Creek
2987:
2957:
2927:
2895:
2864:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2794:Robert Allwood
2778:James Stirling
2768:Among others,
2743:
2740:
2727:Scott Morrison
2714:
2711:
2692:
2689:
2670:modern slavery
2655:
2654:Modern slavery
2652:
2639:
2636:
2566:, such as the
2500:James Merriman
2498:were owned by
2476:sheep stations
2450:Recruiting of
2232:Main article:
2229:
2226:
2204:, a strike by
2016:
2013:
1980:General Palmer
1940:Vaucluse House
1928:Lockyer Valley
1867:Main article:
1864:
1861:
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:British Empire
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
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1720:
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1713:
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1656:
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1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:List of slaves
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
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1569:
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1562:
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1202:
1201:
1196:
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1186:
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1176:
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1156:
1154:Dutch Republic
1151:
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1131:
1125:
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1120:
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1114:
1109:
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881:
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861:
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854:
849:
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824:
819:
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804:
803:
802:
792:
791:
790:
779:
778:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
755:
754:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
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687:
682:
677:
671:
670:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
621:
620:
615:
613:Child soldiers
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
578:
573:
568:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
540:
539:
535:
534:
529:
524:
522:Spanish Empire
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Middle Passage
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
332:
331:
330:
323:Ottoman Empire
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
278:
277:
271:
270:
269:
268:
258:
253:
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241:
236:
226:
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211:
206:
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199:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
170:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
143:Sexual slavery
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
103:
101:Child marriage
98:
88:
83:
78:
76:Child soldiers
73:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5734:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:New Caledonia
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:Easter Island
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5368:Saunders, Kay
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:
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5061:
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5027:
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5018:
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5001:
5000:Yahoo Finance
4997:
4991:
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4468:The Telegraph
4464:
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4308:
4307:"The Courier"
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4098:9780207120381
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3651:"SYDNEY NEWS"
3646:
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2970:The Spectator
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2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
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2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:Torres Strait
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2444:Herbert River
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:New Caledonia
2394:
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2383:New Caledonia
2380:
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2372:
2368:
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2338:trade around
2337:
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2301:
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2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:Benjamin Boyd
2245:
2241:
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2227:
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2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2196:
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2181:cattle trough
2178:
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2170:
2164:
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2158:
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2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
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2112:
2107:
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2095:
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2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Phillip Laing
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1944:Hunter Valley
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:Peter Proctor
1900:
1896:
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1654:Slave catcher
1652:
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1583:Forced labour
1581:
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1570:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1549:
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1544:
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1428:Abolitionists
1426:
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1411:
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1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
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1100:
1096:
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1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:comfort women
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:Chukri System
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
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964:
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960:
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953:
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947:
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930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
902:
901:Latin America
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
852:interregional
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:prison labour
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:United States
805:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
773:
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767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
665:
659:
658:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
618:White slavery
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Slave raiding
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
577:
576:Corvée labour
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
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495:
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490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
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476:
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469:
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459:
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454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Abbasid harem
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
335:Barbary Coast
333:
329:
326:
325:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:Forced labour
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5617:Dependencies
5603:Cook Islands
5519:
5466:
5447:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5395:
5371:
5364:McGrath, Ann
5350:
5334:
5308:. Retrieved
5295:
5285:
5275:– via
5271:28 September
5269:. Retrieved
5248:
5244:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5206:
5190:
5157:
5151:
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5121:
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5090:
5080:
5068:. Retrieved
5060:7NEWS.com.au
5059:
5050:
5038:. Retrieved
5020:
5008:. Retrieved
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4972:. ABC News.
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4942:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4903:
4894:
4887:. Retrieved
4883:the original
4878:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4847:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4821:the original
4811:
4776:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4741:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:Evening News
4709:
4700:
4682:
4661:. Retrieved
4650:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4618:
4609:
4597:. Retrieved
4586:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4558:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4526:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4498:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4466:
4457:
4445:. Retrieved
4438:
4429:
4417:. Retrieved
4406:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4374:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4342:
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4278:
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4246:
4237:
4226:, retrieved
4216:
4194:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
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4145:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4116:
4107:
4086:
4061:. Retrieved
4050:
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3990:
3981:
3969:. Retrieved
3958:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3930:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3898:
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3866:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3838:
3829:
3818:, retrieved
3808:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3654:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3622:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3592:
3583:
3574:
3567:. Retrieved
3558:
3548:
3530:
3524:
3514:28 September
3512:. Retrieved
3499:
3489:
3471:
3465:
3447:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3420:
3383:
3362:– via
3356:. Retrieved
3347:
3341:
3331:
3311:
3303:
3292:, retrieved
3282:
3275:
3257:
3251:
3233:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3204:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3172:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3144:
3135:
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3116:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
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3052:
3043:
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3024:
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2996:
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2969:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2907:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2877:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2841:
2767:
2751:
2729:, stated on
2719:history wars
2716:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2684:
2682:
2663:
2644:Micronesians
2641:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2576:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2528:
2508:
2495:
2473:
2456:
2449:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2363:New Hebrides
2344:
2336:beche-de-mer
2331:
2319:
2315:
2299:
2292:New Hebrides
2268:Robert Towns
2265:
2261:Robert Towns
2243:
2237:
2234:Blackbirding
2228:Blackbirding
2223:
2215:assimilation
2199:
2184:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2142:
2134:
2130:pastoralists
2118:
2116:
2109:
2106:Anti-slavery
2104:
2096:
2059:prostitution
2051:boiling down
2045:harvesting,
2043:beche-de-mer
2024:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1971:Robert Towns
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1932:Robert Towns
1913:
1903:
1872:
1849:Second Fleet
1842:
1811:
1799:blackbirding
1796:
1768:colonisation
1763:
1762:
1659:Slave patrol
1496:Freedom suit
1472:Sierra Leone
1462:Colonization
1378:Abolitionism
1358:Baháʼí Faith
1331:Christianity
1281:Saudi Arabia
1137:Penal Labour
1102:Blackbirding
1089:
1008:Debt bondage
996:penal system
822:Contemporary
812:Field slaves
800:U.S. Natives
759:South Africa
630:Galley slave
603:Slave market
593:House slaves
566:Blackbirding
544:Conscription
468:21st century
431:Umm al-walad
275:Muslim world
244:Emancipation
148:Wage slavery
128:Penal labour
106:Wife selling
96:Bride buying
81:Conscription
71:Child Labour
64:Contemporary
26:
18:Stolen Wages
5550:New Zealand
4889:29 December
4228:22 November
2857:11 December
2796:, vicar of
2780:, founding
2556:Burns Philp
2545:Rockhampton
2537:John Mackay
2520:Robert Cran
2516:Yarra Yarra
2461:George Raff
2361:, from the
2312:Melanesians
2298:aboard the
2280:Logan River
2084:Mary Durack
2039:pastoralist
2009:gold rushes
1936:Namoi River
1853:chain gangs
1845:transported
1674:court cases
1551: [
1501:Slave Power
1489:Manumission
1336:Catholicism
1211:Afghanistan
952:Puerto Rico
864:The Bahamas
842:Slave codes
645:Shanghaiing
635:Impressment
527:Slave Coast
407:Qajar harem
367:Concubinage
340:slave trade
5701:Categories
5245:Before/Now
5040:7 November
5010:7 November
4879:Daily Life
4015:"BRISBANE"
3992:The Empire
3775:"BRISBANE"
3569:3 November
3366:(AustLII).
3081:"Maitland"
3006:0869141562
2833:References
2804:and later
2592:, several
2469:Mary River
2465:Caboolture
2420:Joe Melvin
2359:Queensland
2347:Queensland
2328:Townsville
2191:Cecil Cook
2137:Federation
2092:Queensland
2053:industry,
2041:industry,
1780:Aboriginal
1689:J.Q. Adams
1679:Washington
1649:Slave name
1598:convention
1573:Common law
946:Encomienda
742:Seychelles
727:Mauritania
650:Slave ship
517:Panyarring
512:New France
161:Historical
5520:Australia
5310:4 January
5255:: 27–46.
5182:152113669
5174:1031-461X
4980:23 August
4953:6 January
4896:violence.
3619:"EXPORTS"
3603:6 January
3358:6 January
2590:racetrack
2570:owned by
2533:dysentery
2496:Challenge
2488:Normanton
2484:Hughenden
2432:Bundaberg
2332:Blue Bell
2320:Black Dog
2316:Uncle Tom
2276:Townsvale
2266:In 1863,
2240:Boyd Town
2159:, artist
2100:massacred
2055:marsupial
1951:Melbourne
1924:Melbourne
1684:Jefferson
1341:Mormonism
1276:Palestine
1090:Australia
1020:Indonesia
911:Lei Áurea
894:Code Noir
874:Caribbean
847:Treatment
586:Treatment
559:Devshirme
421:Odalisque
239:In Russia
180:Babylonia
168:Antiquity
5535:Kiribati
5457:(2 mins)
5370:(1995),
5304:Archived
5296:ABC News
5265:Archived
5215:Archived
5198:(2018).
5126:Archived
5122:ABC News
5095:Archived
5064:Archived
5034:Archived
5004:Archived
4974:Archived
4947:Archived
4923:29 March
4917:Archived
4852:Archived
4848:ABC News
4800:Archived
4716:Archived
4657:Archived
4625:Archived
4593:Archived
4533:Archived
4473:Archived
4413:Archived
4381:Archived
4349:Archived
4317:Archived
4285:Archived
4253:Archived
4222:archived
4167:Archived
4123:Archived
4057:Archived
4025:Archived
3965:Archived
3905:Archived
3873:Archived
3814:archived
3785:Archived
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3691:Archived
3659:Archived
3629:Archived
3597:Archived
3563:Archived
3559:ABC News
3508:Archived
3500:ABC News
3425:Archived
3352:Archived
3288:archived
3211:Archived
3179:Archived
3091:Archived
3059:Archived
3033:10 April
2974:Archived
2944:Archived
2914:Archived
2882:Archived
2851:Archived
2816:See also
2763:Victoria
2648:pearling
2638:Pearling
2529:Isabella
2512:Yengarie
2492:Blackall
2389:and the
2387:Kiribati
2377:and the
2308:Brisbane
2300:Don Juan
2290:and the
2244:Velocity
2219:reserves
2206:Gurindji
2063:servants
2047:pearling
1955:Adelaide
1833:Convicts
1772:convicts
1716:Iron bit
1706:40 acres
1669:breeding
1484:Freedman
1319:Religion
1179:Portugal
1064:Thailand
1054:Maldives
1049:Malaysia
1042:Kwalliso
986:Booi Aha
938:Restavek
918:Colombia
889:Trinidad
879:Barbados
769:Zanzibar
717:Ethiopia
598:Saqaliba
492:Database
443:Saqaliba
204:Ancillae
34:a series
32:Part of
5681:Tokelau
5585:Vanuatu
5401:Podcast
5132:12 June
5101:12 June
5070:11 June
4858:6 March
4827:9 April
4778:15 July
4750:15 July
4722:15 July
4663:17 July
4631:15 July
4599:12 July
4408:The Age
4196:20 July
4149:at the
3895:"BOWEN"
3593:AIATSIS
3431:12 June
2609:Hopeful
2605:Hopeful
2598:stirrup
2583:Yeppoon
2579:Yeppoon
2547:in the
2457:Lyttona
2367:Vanuatu
2278:on the
2071:tobacco
1997:Spartan
1993:Spartan
1863:Coolies
1778:. Many
1694:Lincoln
1567:Related
1467:Liberia
1353:Judaism
1291:Tunisia
1266:Morocco
1256:Lebanon
1221:Bahrain
1216:Algeria
1184:Romania
1149:Denmark
1142:Slavery
1076:Vietnam
747:Somalia
737:Nigeria
712:Comoros
640:Pirates
549:Ghilman
482:Bristol
372:history
345:pirates
234:History
123:Peonage
46:slavery
5656:Hawaii
5580:Tuvalu
5378:
5224:4 June
5180:
5172:
4689:
4567:7 July
4539:7 July
4507:7 July
4479:7 July
4447:7 July
4419:7 July
4387:8 July
4355:8 July
4323:7 July
4291:7 July
4259:8 July
4129:5 July
4095:
4063:5 July
4031:5 July
3999:5 July
3971:5 July
3939:28 May
3911:12 May
3879:12 May
3847:12 May
3820:25 May
3791:12 May
3537:
3478:
3454:
3390:
3320:
3264:
3240:
3206:Empire
3026:Empire
3003:
2798:Sydney
2587:Mackay
2560:Lizzie
2541:Mackay
2525:Mackay
2428:Helena
2424:Helena
2373:, the
2355:Kanaka
2284:cotton
2256:Sydney
2153:Ronald
2147:, the
2135:After
2049:, the
1988:Sydney
1959:Nimrod
1909:Dungog
1899:Sydney
1895:Bengal
1891:indigo
1879:coolie
1869:Coolie
1615:owners
1251:Kuwait
1246:Jordan
1199:Sweden
1189:Russia
1174:Poland
1169:Norway
991:Laogai
976:Brunei
971:Bhutan
933:revolt
906:Brazil
869:Canada
832:partus
817:female
702:Angola
571:Coolie
554:Mamluk
507:Nantes
487:Brazil
416:Cariye
251:Thrall
219:Kholop
185:Greece
5575:Tonga
5565:Samoa
5555:Palau
5545:Nauru
5251:(1).
5218:(PDF)
5203:(PDF)
5178:S2CID
3759:1 May
3729:1 May
3697:1 May
3665:1 May
3635:1 May
3350:(1).
3294:4 May
3217:8 May
3185:8 May
3153:8 May
3125:8 May
3097:3 May
3065:3 May
2980:3 May
2950:3 May
2920:3 May
2888:3 May
2549:Flora
2407:Syren
2403:Lifou
2365:(now
2340:Bowen
2075:offal
1887:China
1883:India
1807:China
1803:India
1642:songs
1637:films
1555:]
1511:songs
1348:Islam
1326:Bible
1301:Yemen
1296:Qatar
1286:Syria
1261:Libya
1226:Egypt
1194:Spain
1164:Malta
1037:Korea
1025:Japan
1003:India
981:China
928:Haiti
788:Aztec
764:Sudan
732:Niger
624:Naval
497:Dutch
426:Qiyan
412:Jarya
387:Harem
229:Serfs
175:Egypt
5651:Guam
5608:Niue
5530:Fiji
5467:NITV
5438:NITV
5376:ISBN
5312:2022
5273:2021
5226:2020
5170:ISSN
5134:2020
5103:2020
5091:NITV
5072:2020
5042:2023
5012:2023
4982:2019
4955:2022
4925:2019
4891:2023
4860:2020
4829:2011
4780:2019
4752:2019
4724:2019
4687:ISBN
4665:2019
4633:2019
4601:2019
4569:2019
4541:2019
4509:2019
4481:2019
4449:2019
4421:2019
4389:2019
4357:2019
4325:2019
4293:2019
4261:2019
4230:2020
4198:2019
4131:2019
4093:ISBN
4065:2019
4033:2019
4001:2019
3973:2019
3941:2019
3913:2019
3881:2019
3849:2019
3822:2019
3793:2019
3761:2019
3731:2019
3699:2019
3667:2019
3637:2019
3605:2022
3571:2020
3535:ISBN
3516:2021
3476:ISBN
3452:ISBN
3433:2020
3388:ISBN
3360:2022
3318:ISBN
3296:2019
3262:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3219:2019
3187:2019
3155:2019
3127:2019
3099:2019
3067:2019
3035:2022
3001:ISBN
2982:2019
2952:2019
2922:2019
2890:2019
2859:2017
2761:and
2490:and
2318:and
2166:The
2155:and
2033:and
2005:Peru
2003:and
2001:Cuba
1984:Amoy
1973:and
1961:and
1918:and
1885:and
1805:and
1782:and
1593:laws
1455:U.S.
1450:U.K.
1388:U.S.
1383:U.K.
1271:Oman
1241:Iraq
1236:Iran
923:Cuba
827:maps
722:Mali
707:Chad
293:Baqt
190:Rome
86:Debt
44:and
5351:ANU
5257:doi
5162:doi
2800:'s
2731:2GB
2572:CSR
2463:at
2381:of
2369:),
2175:On
1986:to
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