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Similar to a cleistothecium, a gymnothecium is a completely enclosed structure containing globose or pear-shaped, deliquescent asci. However, unlike the cleistothecium, the peridial wall of a gymnothecium consists of a loosely woven "tuft" of hyphae, often ornamented with elaborate coils or spines.
356:. In this case the ascocarp is round with the hymenium enclosed, so the spores do not automatically get released, and fungi with cleistothecia have had to develop new strategies to disseminate their spores. The truffles, for instance, have solved this problem by attracting animals such as
360:, which break open the tasty ascocarps and spread the spores over a wide area. Cleistothecia are found mostly in fungi that have little room available for their ascocarps, for instance those that live under tree bark, or underground like truffles.
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are usually cylindrical in shape, borne on a stipe (stalk), released from a pore, developed from the inner wall of the perithecium and arise from a basal plectenchyma-centrum. Examples are members of
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important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ground pepper.
170:. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia).
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An apothecium (plural: apothecia) is a wide, open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped fruit body. It is sessile and fleshy. The structure of the apothecium chiefly consists of three parts:
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is indicated in pink. Note the cylindrical asci in the two left types (apothecium, peri-/pseudothecium), and the globose asci in the two right types (cleistothecium, gymnothecium).
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Sometimes the perithecia are "free" (individually visible from the outside), but in many species they are embedded in a dense sterile tissue of haploid cells called a
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A cleistothecium (plural: cleistothecia) is a globose, completely closed fruit body with no special opening to the outside. The ascomatal wall is called
588:
288:, an edible ascocarp, not a mushroom, favored by gourmets, is a mass of apothecia fused together in a single large structure or cap. The genera
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512:, having a double wall that expands when it takes up water and shoots the enclosed spores out suddenly to disperse them. Example species are
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276:(the "foot"). The asci are present in the hymenium layer. The asci are freely exposed at maturity. An example are the members of
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This is similar to a perithecium, but the asci are not regularly organised into a hymenium and they are
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is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character
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The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic
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280:. Here the fertile layer is free, so that many spores can be dispersed simultaneously. The
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Diagram of a pseudothecium. Eight ascospores (green) are typically present in each ascus.
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Diagram of an apothecium showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci
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of apothecium, peri-/pseudothecium and cleisto-/gymnothecium (from left to right).
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or arising in tufts from the basal region of ascocarps as in
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Perithecia are flask shaped structures opening by a pore or
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and typically consists of densely interwoven hyphae or
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cells. It may be covered with hyphal outgrowth called
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phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven
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625:. Princeton University Press. p. 30.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
593:Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
562:"ascocarp (fruiting structure of fungi)"
497:Bitunicate asci in the pseudothecium of
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226:if it grows above ground, as with the
29:Fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus.
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589:"Atlas of Clinical Fungi (glossary)"
441:(Dead Man's Fingers, Candle Snuff),
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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621:Læssøe, H.; Petersen, Jens (2019).
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994:Fungal morphology and anatomy
619:See page 30 and glossary of
319:contains numerous apothecia.
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924:List of mycology journals
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623:Fungi of Temperate Europe
268:(upper concave surface),
162:and millions of embedded
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567:Encyclopædia Britannica
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914:List of fungal orders
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909:Glossary of mycology
466:(plural: stromata).
56:improve this article
919:List of mycologists
518:Venturia inaequalis
691:Outline of lichens
601:on 28 October 2019
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315:The ascocarp of a
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190:Tissue arrangement
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674:Microbiology
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605:11 September
603:. Retrieved
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571:. Retrieved
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112:October 2014
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
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967:WikiProject
822:Pycniospore
710:Lichenology
573:23 November
537:Basidiocarp
433:Hypocreales
429:Sphaeriales
394:Perithecium
387:Arthroderma
378:Talaromyces
270:hypothecium
983:Categories
843:Haustorium
802:Sporangium
789:Teliospore
548:References
523:Guignardia
514:Apple scab
510:bitunicate
456:Neurospora
421:periphyses
372:Gymnoascus
358:wild boars
346:appendages
250:Apothecium
168:ascospores
156:ascomycete
82:newspapers
71:"Ascocarp"
858:Sporocarp
853:Cell wall
772:Ascospore
767:Zygospore
744:Structure
450:Claviceps
297:Gyromitra
286:Morchella
274:excipulum
236:hypogeous
152:sporocarp
989:Mycology
943:Category
893:Mushroom
848:Mycelium
807:Conidium
785:Basidium
725:Mycology
542:Conidium
531:See also
381:and the
354:Erysiphe
350:Eurotium
335:peridium
291:Helvella
265:hymenium
240:hymenium
232:truffles
224:epigeous
220:taxonomy
194:peridium
154:) of an
148:ascomata
136:ascocarp
955:Commons
730:Mycosis
525:aesculi
444:Nectria
438:Xylaria
412:ostiole
404:Nectria
96:scholar
817:Oidium
698:Branch
678:Fungus
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464:stroma
423:. The
272:, and
228:morels
192:. The
160:hyphae
140:ascoma
98:
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888:Yeast
838:Hypha
831:Other
776:Ascus
753:spore
317:morel
282:morel
138:, or
103:JSTOR
89:books
902:List
883:Mold
627:ISBN
607:2019
575:2020
453:and
431:and
294:and
164:asci
75:news
501:sp.
144:pl.
134:An
58:by
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