Same-sex marriage in Alabama

1478:, and the next day gave him until March 23 to respond to the plaintiffs' request to add parties and certify the case as a class action. He responded that same day, and on March 18 Judge Granade accepted the additional parties to the suit. To Strange's objection that the lawsuit was too far advanced, she wrote that "the licenses are of little value if they are not recognized as valid in Alabama". On April 23, she denied the Attorney General's motion to dismiss. She found that Strange was an appropriate defendant in that he had defended the state's ban in court and, in a different case, said he "maintains enforcement authority" over their application by all levels of government in the state, and because the plaintiffs sought the rights of marriage, not just marriage licenses. On May 21, Judge Granade certified the case as a class action and ordered all probate judges and those who acted in concert with them to license same-sex marriages on an equal basis with different-sex marriages, notwithstanding any provision of the State Constitution or statutes, or any ruling of the Alabama Supreme Court. She suspended implementation of her injunction pending action by the U.S. Supreme Court. 1435:, arguing that he had fulfilled its specific requirements by issuing licenses to the plaintiffs and that he could only comply with the Alabama Supreme Court's order if this court did add more plaintiff same-sex couples and require him to issue them marriage licenses. He noted that he had taken no public position on the underlying legal question of the constitutionality of Alabama's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples and described his "unprecedented, historic and yet difficult position" when subject to conflicting orders from the federal and state courts. Judge Granade immediately asked the plaintiffs to reply to Davis' request by March 13. Later on March 6, just as Davis had anticipated, the 961:. On March 3, 2015, the Alabama Supreme Court, ruling in a different case, ordered the state's probate judges to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, and they promptly complied, though a number of them refused to issue any marriage licenses at all. At least 545 same-sex couples married between February 9 and March 3, 2015. Advocates for same-sex marriage rights responded with renewed efforts in federal court, and on May 21, 2015, a federal court ruled that all probate judges were obliged not to refuse to issue marriage licenses on the basis of the applicants being of the same sex, but stayed its ruling pending action by the U.S. Supreme Court. 1660: 2035:. However, only five probate courts were known to have followed Moore's order: Elmore, Madison, Marengo, Mobile and Walker. Three of those counties (Madison, Mobile and Walker) resumed issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples a few days later. His statement had no effect and all Alabama counties continued either issuing marriage licenses to all couples or not issue licenses at all. In May 2016, Moore was charged with ethics charges by the Alabama Judicial Inquiry Commission for the order. He was found guilty on 30 September and suspended for the remainder of his term. 1251:, if lifted, required counties to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and said it would encourage its members to comply. On February 5, the Alabama Department of Public Health provided the state's probate courts with a revised marriage license application form that replaced the terms "bride" and "groom" with "spouse" and "spouse". Moore sent an order to probate judges and state employees late on February 8, the day before Granade's order was set to take effect, threatening legal action by Governor Bentley against anyone who complied with her order. 1625:, while others denied licenses to same-sex couples or issued no licenses to anyone. On June 27, 2015, the ACLU asked the Alabama Probate Judges Association to instruct its members to comply with the ruling. By June 29, 2015, at least 32 of the state's 67 counties were issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, and at least 22 counties were either refusing to do so or were refusing to issue marriage licenses to anybody. That same day, the Association of County Commissions, an organization that provides liability insurance to 2085: 1399:. The court added the new parties the next day and scheduled a hearing on the injunction for February 12. After the hearing, Granade issued an injunction against Davis, ordering the probate judge to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, and Mobile County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples that afternoon. On February 16, Jefferson County Probate Judge Alan King, one of the four probate judges named in the Alabama Policy Institute lawsuit in state court, asked the district court to allow him to 1244:

rulings, he wrote to Governor Bentley: "Be advised that I stand with you to stop judicial tyranny and any unlawful opinions issue without constitutional authority." Bentley responded that: "The people of Alabama voted in a constitutional amendment to define marriage as being between man and woman. As Governor, I must uphold the Constitution. I am disappointed in Friday's ruling, and I will continue to oppose this ruling. The Federal Government must not infringe on the rights of states."

2270:(0.64%). Same-sex partners in Alabama were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. However, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were lower than different-sex couples, and same-sex couples were also far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 25% of same-sex couples in Alabama were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 3,309 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005. 945:, to stop enforcing the state's same-sex marriage bans. The Alabama Probate Judges Association issued a statement on January 24 that said "there is nothing in the judge's order that requires probate judges in Alabama to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples." The order took effect on February 9, 2015, and 47 of the state's 67 counties began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples that day or shortly thereafter, despite an order from 2684: 2656: 7554: 1129:, to stop enforcing those bans. The plaintiffs' attorneys hoped the state would comply, though other LGBT rights advocates anticipated further litigation. Legislative leaders denounced the ruling of "a single unelected and unaccountable federal judge" or saw the ruling as evidence that "traditional values espoused by Alabamians have begun to erode even in our conservative state". Strange immediately asked for a 1412:

Attorney General to such private parties who sought to frustrate the court's order. Judge King made a similar motion. In response, Strange argued that he lacked such authority over private parties, that the plaintiffs had already received the relief for which they brought suit in the first place, and that the court's order did not require any action on the part of probate judges not named as defendants in

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that every county record marriage certificates, replacing the previous wording that probate judges "may" issue marriage licenses. Under the new law, a couple seeking to marry is no longer required to file an application for a marriage license with the county probate court, and the courts will no longer issue marriage licenses. Once the marriage certificate is completed by both parties, notarized by two

2670: 827: 1507:, on behalf of eight couples denied marriage licenses in Mobile County on February 9. They named as defendants Davis and two of his staff, Governor Bentley, Attorney General Strange, and Chief Justice Moore. They sought an emergency injunction and sanctions. Davis asked the Alabama Supreme Court for further instruction in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's action and the contempt motion filed in 2002:. By the afternoon of the next day, all or nearly all counties stopped issuing such licenses. Autauga, Macon, Mobile, and Talladega stopped issuing licenses to all couples. Choctaw and Geneva, which had earlier issued no licenses, started issuing licenses to opposite-sex couples, while Bibb, Clarke, Houston, Marshall, Pike, Randolph, and Walker continued in not issuing licenses to any couples. 2072:, argued that "he Judgement makes permanent the Alabama Supreme Court's order prohibiting probate judges from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples," adding that "The Alabama Supreme Court has rejected the illegitimate opinion of five lawyers on the U.S. Supreme Court." While the intended effects of this order were unclear, the court's judges issued a number of concurrences. Judge 6316: 6101: 1563:. It ordered all probate judges to conform to Alabama law and deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The court asked Judge Davis, since he was subject to Granade's orders, to explain by March 5 whether he was required to issue licenses to same-sex couples in addition to those he had already issued to the 1617:. Attorney General Luther Strange wrote in a news release: "While I do not agree with the opinion of the majority of the justices in their decision, I acknowledge that the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling is now the law of the land." Some probate judges began issuing marriage license that day, including those in 1407:. He told the court that in that other suit the Alabama Policy Institute and the Alabama Citizens Action Program "acting in concert with and on behalf of the State of Alabama, are improperly attempting to seek further stay of this Court's prior Orders" from the Alabama Supreme Court. On February 17, the 2249:

showed that 8,109 same-sex couples were living in Alabama. By 2005, this had increased to 8,602 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 0.8% of coupled

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passed a bill requiring probate judges to record marriage certificates for same-sex couples, but removing the obligation that they perform marriage ceremonies for them, in order to keep probate judges from violating their consciences by presiding over ceremonies of same-sex couples. The bill requires

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in July. At a half-hour hearing before Judge Granade on December 18, 2014, each of them testified and Strawser questioned their only other witness, Bishop David M. Carnrike, a minister of the United Gospel Holiness Church of America and presiding bishop of the Staff of Life Church Conference, who had

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who sought a marriage license and "requir the Attorney General of the State of Alabama to advise the Judges of Probate of the several counties of Alabama" to cease enforcement of an invalid law. On January 25, Judge Granade stayed her ruling for 14 days to allow Strange to seek a longer stay from the

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He welcomed the recent letter from the Probate Judges Association and warned any judge who might issue a marriage license to a same-sex couple that "the issuance of such licenses would be in defiance of the laws and Constitution of Alabama." Saying that his court was not bound by U.S. district court

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passed a bill replacing the option that counties issue marriage licenses and perform marriage ceremonies with the requirement of counties to record marriage certificates. Subsequently, all counties complied and announced on August 29, 2019 that they would record marriage certificates for interracial

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asking the Alabama Supreme Court to dismiss the Alabama Policy Institute's lawsuit. It argued that the plaintiffs had not demonstrated a specific injury they had suffered and were seeking improperly to assume the role of state officials. The court gave the four named defendants until February 18 to

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confirmed that Choctaw County had begun issuing marriage licenses to all couples. Throughout 2018, eight Alabama counties still refused to issue marriage licenses to anyone: Autauga, Clarke, Cleburne, Covington, Elmore, Geneva, Pike and Washington. The situation was unchanged as of May 2019. All 8

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decision differed with earlier opinions from the Alabama Supreme Court, and that the court needed to clarify the situation. Moore added that the decision did not invalidate the state's constitutional amendment, and that the decision only invalidated the bans in the states which were parties in the

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According to the Alabama Department of Public Health, at least 545 same-sex couples obtained marriage licenses and were married between February 9 and March 3, 2015. By the end of 2015, 1,622 same-sex marriages had taken place in Alabama, accounting for about 4% of all marriages performed in the

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issuing any licenses. Elmore, Madison, Marengo, Mobile and Walker stopped issuing marriage licenses on January 6, 2016 following Roy Moore's order. However, Madison, Mobile and Walker began reissuing marriage licenses to all couples a few days later. Following Judge Granade's final injunction in

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As of October 2, 2015, at least eight counties were not issuing any marriage licenses, with no indication if or when they might resume: Autauga, Choctaw, Clarke, Cleburne, Covington, Geneva, Pike and Washington. Chambers and Bibb counties confirmed on August 21 and September 4 that they were not

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but added language stating "that this Decree is qualified in nature, and the Court will not issue a final adoption order until a final ruling is issued in the United States Supreme Court on the Marriage Act cases before it." On March 24, she told the court that Davis had removed the language in

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Some general reports indicated that Choctaw and Houston counties might be issuing licenses to opposite-sex couples only, but local reports in Houston were that it had instead stopped all licensing. Pickens had been scheduled to start issuing marriage licenses on February 16, but it was neither

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plaintiffs asked the district court to enforce its order by requiring Attorney General Strange to prevent the private parties' suit in the Alabama Supreme Court from proceeding, contending that Strange had the authority to have the suit dismissed and that the court's order extended through the

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suit had originally named only the Attorney General as defendant after they had been denied a marriage license in Mobile County, amended their suit to add Davis as a defendant and add three other same-sex couples seeking marriage licenses from Mobile County as plaintiffs. They also asked for a

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That morning, Attorney General Strange issued a statement in response to the Supreme Court's action disclaiming responsibility for the issuance of marriage licenses and advising probate judges to consult their own legal counsel. That afternoon, Governor Bentley announced he agreed with Moore's

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decision, the ACLU found that 12 Alabama counties were still not issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. 11 of these counties issued no licenses at all, either to opposite-sex or to same-sex couples: Autauga, Bibb, Choctaw, Clarke, Cleburne, Covington, Elmore, Geneva, Marengo, Pike and

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On February 20, Judge Granade denied King's request to intervene because he "does not seem to have an interest in the subject matter of this action". She also denied the plaintiffs' request that she order Strange to have the litigation initiated by private parties in the Alabama Supreme Court

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Washington. Coosa County continued to deny marriage licenses specifically to same-sex couples, citing "technical difficulties" but admitting that it had no plans to remedy the situation. By October 2016, Bibb, Coosa and Marengo counties had begun issuing licenses to couples regardless of

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that those who fail to comply will bear the costs of additional suits that will produce the same result and, still quoting Hinkle: "There should be no debate ... on the question of whether a may follow the ruling, even for marriage-license applicants who are not parties to this case."

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and the Alabama Citizens Action Program, filed a lawsuit asking the Alabama Supreme Court to order the state's probate judges to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The suit targeted all the state's probate judges, but identified only four of them by name. On February 13,

1239:"Our State Constitution and our morality are under attack by a federal court decision that has no basis in the Constitution of the United States. Nothing in the United States Constitution grants to the Federal Government the authority to desecrate the institution of marriage." 1451:

Probate Judge, "as representative of a Defendant Class of similarly situated probate judges in the State of Alabama" along with Davis. As counsel for the plaintiffs, they said the National Center for Lesbian Rights was now joined by the Southern Poverty Law Center,

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voted 53 to 36 in favor of a bill to abolish state-issued marriage licenses. Supporters argued the bill would have protected probate judges who opposed issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, the bill failed as it needed a two-thirds majority. The

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plaintiffs as required by the federal court. On that date, Davis asked the court for additional 10 days to respond. On March 11, the court rejected Davis' request for an extension and ordered him not to issue any additional marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

1527:. After Mobile County began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, the plaintiffs agreed to remove county officials as defendants, leaving only Strange and Moore. On March 24, having obtained marriage licenses, they asked that their suit be dismissed. 2038:

On March 4, 2016, the Alabama Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by the Alabama Policy Institute, the Alabama Citizens Action Program and Elmore County Probate Judge John Enslen, although in terms that left it unclear whether the court was acknowledging

897:. A year after the Supreme Court ruling, twelve counties would either issue licenses to no one or only to opposite-sex couples. By 2017, this number had dropped to only eight counties, with all eight refusing to issue licenses to anyone. In May 2019, the 1222:

The Alabama Probate Judges Association issued a statement on January 24 that said "There is nothing in the judge's order that requires probate judges in Alabama to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples." The next day, the editorial board of

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file briefs, allowing the plaintiffs until 10 a.m. on February 23 to respond. One defendant, Judge Davis, argued that the lawsuit assumed no probate judge was subject to Granade's orders and could not apply to him now that he was a defendant in

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commented on February 9: "I think it's an unhealthy trend that judges feel that they're somehow reflecting popular opinion when first of all, it's not popular opinion, and secondly, who are they to be ruling on cases based on how they feel."

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in June 2016, probate courts from both Clarke and Washington reiterated that they would not issue marriage licenses to either same-sex or different-sex couples. Chambers had begun issuing marriage licenses to all couples by June 26, 2016.

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was invalid. "All motions/petitions that were filed subsequent to the original mandamus order are dismissed, technically leaving in place the original decision. But that decision (according to Justice Shaw) is a dead letter in light of

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decision, Justice Moore stated that the decision was subject to reconsideration for 25 days and until then not binding, while the Alabama Supreme Court was, within that time frame, asking for briefs with respect to its own order in

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February 2005 survey showed that 58% of Alabamians supported a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, while 28% opposed such an amendment and 11% were undecided. Support for such an amendment was highest among

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and delivered to the probate court for recording, the marriage will be declared valid. A wedding ceremony may be performed for the parties, but solemnization is no longer required for a recognized marriage in Alabama. Senator

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and recognition as Fancher's surviving spouse, entitled to a share of the proceeds of a wrongful death suit filed by the administrator of Fancher's estate. Fancher's mother, who opposed Hard's claims and was supported by the

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asked the court to amend its order so that it would become ineffective if the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court denied his request on March 23 without comment.

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at the schoolhouse door staring defiantly upon this Court's order". They cited at length a 1970 ruling involving the same group of government officials that had ended enforcement of Alabama's anti-miscegenation statute,

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that clerks not issue marriage licenses. He later issued a clarification: "In no way does the order instruct probate judges of this State as to whether or not they should comply with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in

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plaintiffs asked Judge Granade to clarify the status of her order, and the same day she did so, issuing an order that said her preliminary injunction was now in effect and applied to all the state's probate judges.

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dismissed. She said the plaintiffs had not demonstrated they required further relief nor shown a link between the relief plaintiffs in this case had already received and the state court suit, whatever its outcome.

1021:, seeking recognition of their out-of-state marriage. The due date for motions was set at July 31, 2015, to allow for action by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in 7558: 2863:

One source reports that of March 4, Macon County was still issuing licenses. It is possible that this was true in the morning, and that Macon had stopped issuing all licenses by the afternoon, as other sources

1447:. They named three more couples as plaintiffs "individually and on behalf of other similarly situated persons". Those couples had each been denied marriage licenses in two counties. They added Tim Russell, the 1001:

of or between persons of the same sex" in the state. On March 11, 2006, the Alabama Senate approved the bill in a 30–0 vote, and on June 6, 2006, Alabama voters endorsed the amendment with 81% voting in favor.

645: 5123: 6455: 6298: 1118: 1018: 934: 1040: 2076:'s concurrence was cited as commenting that the Alabama Supreme Court was bound to abide by the judgments of the U.S. Supreme Court, and noting that judges that failed to recognize that should resign. 3931: 6978: 1189:

On January 27, 2015, Judge Granade ruled in favor of a male couple seeking the right to marry in Alabama. She stayed her ruling temporarily, setting the stay to expire on February 9 with her stay in

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individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. It is possible that

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remaining counties began recording marriage certificates on August 29, 2019, following a change in state law removing the obligation that probate judges perform marriage ceremonies for couples.

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On February 24, 2015, Cari Searcy asked the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama for an injunction against Don Davis who had issued an initial adoption decree as ordered in

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reported to have actually started issuing licenses, nor included among the counties (such as Marion and Marshall) that had similarly scheduled but reversed their decision.

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On June 7, 2016, Judge Callie Granade issued a permanent injunction barring any state official from enforcing laws that fail to recognize same-sex couples' right to marry.

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statement and Thomas' dissent, but would take no action against any probate judge based on the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Also that afternoon, the

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for their minor son. In mid-June, attorneys for the couple filed a motion for summary judgment; the state defendants filed a motion to dismiss. On January 23, 2015, Judge

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voted 79–12 in favor of a bill banning same-sex marriage and the recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states or foreign countries. On April 13, 1998, the

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showed that there were 6,274 married same-sex couple households (2,483 male couples and 3,791 female couples) and 5,463 unmarried same-sex couple households in Alabama.

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Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

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Following the Alabama Supreme Court's order on March 3, Judge Davis kept Mobile County's marriage license bureau closed. On March 18, Montgomery County Probate Judge

6069: 2589: 1555:. Judges Alan King and Tommy Ragland offered arguments much like those of Equality Alabama. On March 3, the court ruled in a 7 to 1 decision that the plaintiffs had 929:

to recognize and license same-sex marriage, the legal status of same-sex marriage in Alabama had been the subject of a long legal battle. On January 23, 2015, Judge

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A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

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without voting on the bill. A similar bill also failed in 2017. On January 16, 2018, the Alabama Senate approved another bill. It was passed 19–1, with Senator

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and same-sex couples. Previously, Alabama had banned the licensing of same-sex marriages and the recognition of such marriages from other jurisdictions by

432: 415: 2163:, who pushed for this new bill, said he saw this as a "necessary compromise" between the two sides of the issue. The bill was signed into law by Governor 1158:

in the Eleventh Circuit, and asked for a stay of the district court's ruling pending appeal. Governor Bentley and the Probate Judges Association filed an

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showed that there were about 9,000 same-sex households in Alabama. The bureau estimated that 61% of same-sex couples in the state were married. The

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as the law. The intended effect of the opinion was unclear; although it appeared to acknowledge the invalidity of Alabama judicial decisions post-

427: 422: 409: 364: 351: 320: 240: 4027: 3207: 5500: 4619: 3765: 1193:. The couple, James N. Strawser and John E. Humphrey, had filed their suit in September 2014 without assistance of counsel after being denied a 7417: 7412: 7402: 7379: 7054: 6879: 6662: 6499: 6462: 531: 245: 6129: 5914: 5089: 2195: 1998:

On March 3, 2015, the Alabama Supreme Court ordered all probate judges in the state to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in

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for failing to open his marriage license division that day. The court denied that motion later that day because Davis was not a party to the

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the sole senator to vote against it. The bill also died at the end of the legislative session, as the House did not take any action on it.

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On July 1, 2015, Hard asked the court to lift its stay and release the wrongful death proceeds, citing the U.S. Supreme Court decision in

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banning same-sex marriage and the recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states or foreign countries. On April 9, 1998, the

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not to do so. The other counties either issued licenses only to opposite-sex couples or stopped issuing marriage licenses altogether. The

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called on Governor Bentley and state legislators to end their opposition to same-sex marriage. On January 27, the Chief Justice of the

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state that year. 936 and 715 same-sex couples married in Alabama in 2016 and 2017, respectively, with most taking place in Jefferson,

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cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized

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in November 2012. They had requested the divorce on February 9 after having been denied a divorce by the same judge a year earlier.

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approved the bill in a 30–0 vote. Governor Fob James signed it into law. On March 8, 2006, the Alabama House voted 85–7 in favor of

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Counties issuing marriage licenses to all couples (blue) and counties not issuing any licenses (purple) prior to August 29, 2019

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society had a designation like two-spirit but a lot of traditional knowledge was lost in the aftermath of colonization and the

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Question marks indicate conflicting reports. Exes mark counties that had issued licenses sometime in the week before this date.

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On February 3, the Eleventh Circuit rejected Strange's request to extend Judge Granade's stay and consolidated the appeals in

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plaintiffs immediate relief for procedural reasons, but invited their attorneys to participate in the February 12 hearing in

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that Alabama's refusal to license and recognize same-sex marriages was unconstitutional. She ordered the Attorney General,

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had previously approved the legislation. On March 15, 2016, the Senate approved a similar bill in a 23–3 vote. The House

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married them on August 16. James W. Davis of the Attorney General's office cross-examined all three. On January 29, the

358: 250: 155: 145: 135: 130: 125: 120: 85: 80: 65: 5736:"Alabama Vital Statistics 2018. TABLE 72, NUMBERS AND RATES OF MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES BY ISSUING COUNTY, ALABAMA, 2018" 3542: 2623:

The margin of error for the national survey was ± 0.82 percentage points at the 95% level of confidence, including the

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preventing the defendants from enforcing Alabama's same-sex marriage ban and, for the first time in this case, sought

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Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

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Once Judge Granade clarified her order on January 28, the Probate Judges Association acknowledged that her order in

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injunction which binds all probate court judges in Alabama", noted the legal director for the ACLU. The founder of

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question and asked the court to dismiss her suit. The court granted Searcy's motion to dismiss on March 26, 2015.

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had started issuing (or announced they would issue if asked) marriage licenses to same-sex couples, as follows:

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provided Hard a corrected death certificate. On March 10, the court removed Governor Bentley as a defendant and

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ruled that Alabama's refusal to license and recognize same-sex marriages was unconstitutional. She ordered the

1065: 990: 911: 841: 3617: 3155: 3053: 2014:

again ordered Alabama's probate judges to stop issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Moore said the

1511:, which had already been dismissed, a request the court rejected on February 11, calling it a request for an 5627: 2784: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2279: 2259: 2180: 2084: 1967: 1955: 1927: 1919: 1882: 1854: 1830: 1822: 1794: 1774: 1754: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1610: 1448: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1295: 1198: 994: 785:

Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

5537: 5432: 3882: 2930: 4725: 3030: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2772: 2764: 2697: 2255: 1983: 1963: 1959: 1931: 1923: 1911: 1878: 1862: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1782: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1734: 1718: 1710: 1351: 1307: 1299: 1164:

in support of his request. On January 28, Judge Granade clarified her order, quoting at length from Judge

1110: 551: 5593: 3691:"Letter of Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy S. Moore to Governor Robert Bentley, January 27, 2015" 3441: 5840:"Tribal Code of the Poarch Band of Creek Indians, Title 15 - Domestic, Chapter I - Marriage and Divorce" 2796: 2755:

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama covers the following 13 counties:

2335: 2263: 1850: 1826: 1802: 1790: 1746: 1228: 946: 890: 5564: 3233:"SPLC challenges Alabama's unconstitutional Marriage Protection Act and Sanctity of Marriage Amendment" 1663:

Counties issuing marriage licenses on February 18, 2015, approximately the date of maximum availability

5957: 4901: 1059:

as the principal defendant, as well as several other government officials. Hard asked for a corrected

5735: 4927: 3311:"Plaintiff's Motion to lift stay, enter summary judgment, and distribute fund to Plaintiff Paul Hard" 2827: 2780: 2689: 2267: 2136: 1975: 1951: 1899: 1786: 1758: 1601: 1294:

and Clarence Thomas dissenting. Nine counties issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples that day:

1267: 1147: 982: 894: 881: 632: 561: 33: 5225: 4663: 5454: 3493: 2821: 2740: 2504: 2475: 2150: 1814: 1618: 1572: 1331: 1165: 1077: 978: 898: 1133:

of her ruling. On January 25, the plaintiffs asked the court to clarify its order, describing the

1025:, the state filed a motion to dismiss the case. The court dismissed the case on October 13, 2015. 4677: 1606: 1400: 3984:"No marriages in Mobile on Monday; probate judge seeks 'clarification' from Alabama high court" 3669:"Our view: It is time to afford Alabama's gay men and women their equal and unalienable rights" 1080:

pending action by the U.S. Supreme Court in same-sex marriage cases then scheduled for review.

5937: 5894: 5865:"Marriage, Domestic Partnerships, and Civil Unions: Same-Sex Couples Within the United States" 5542: 4179: 2632: 2215: 2073: 1396: 1388: 1355: 1130: 1114: 1069: 1060: 1056: 958: 930: 868: 736:

Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

571: 55: 6191: 4803: 3744:"Alabama probate judges' group agrees decision voiding same-sex marriage ban applies to them" 3382: 5665:"Eight Alabama counties still refuse to issue marriage licenses despite gay marriage ruling" 5647: 2960:"Alabama probate judge association: 'We cannot issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples'" 2915: 2735: 2211: 2183:

with regard to married spouses. However, it is unknown if same-sex couples can marry on the

1543: 1512: 1194: 1174: 697: 2848:

Ex parte State ex rel. Alabama Policy Institute and Alabama Citizens Action Program v. King

2330: 2065: 1622: 1263: 974: 903: 2533: 2446: 2417: 2388: 2359: 5817:

Alabama Senate Decides To Abolish Marriage Licenses Rather Than Give Them To Gay Couples

5057: 4540: 4514: 4436: 4410: 4384: 4358: 4332: 4306: 4280: 4254: 4228: 4075: 3690: 3467: 6956: 6223: 5887: 5031: 3809:"Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore orders judges not to issue same-sex marriage licenses" 2885:"Alabama same-sex marriages continue as governor refuses to intervene – as it happened" 2833: 2207: 2160: 2132: 1556: 1291: 1138: 1126: 942: 5934:

A Dictionary of Creek Muskogee (Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians)

3007: 1043:

on behalf of Paul Hard, challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage, both in its

7574: 5718:

Alabama sees hundreds of same-sex marriages each year, despite eight holdout counties

5005: 2730: 2624: 2191: 2155: 2069: 1605:

that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional under the

1363: 1160: 1134: 4464:"LGBT Legal Groups Seeks Statewide Ruling In Alabama's Federal Court Marriage Case" 2675: 1444: 831: 759: 17: 3932:"Judicial defiance in Alabama: Same-sex marriages begin, but most counties refuse" 7490:

Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry

4620:"Federal Judge Expands Alabama Marriage Ruling Statewide, But Puts Order On Hold" 4411:"Order: Plaintiffs to file response to motion for stay by Friday, March 13, 2015" 3336:"IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT; Hard v. Strange" 3106:

Michael Foust, "Ala. becomes 20th state to pass marriage amendment," June 7, 2006

1047:

and Constitution. Hard and his late husband, David Fancher, Alabama natives, had

5305:

Some counties resist and others change course as gay marriage confusion drags on

5191: 5166: 3401: 3335: 2655: 2262:

counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were

2114: 1286:

took effect on February 9. Just as state offices were opening that morning, the

998: 753: 281: 5124:"Alabama Supreme Court order creates confusion over same-sex marriage licenses" 4515:"Order Denying Davis's Motion to Stay February 12 preliminary injunction order" 3310: 1051:

on May 20, 2011. Fancher died in an accident on August 1. The suit, originally

6105:

Alabama Supreme Court orders judges to stop issuing same-sex marriage licences

5272:

Majority Of Alabama Counties Now Issuing Marriage Licenses To Same-Sex Couples

4979: 4853: 4827: 4747: 4592: 4566: 4333:"Order Denying Jefferson County Probate Judge Alan King's motion to intervene" 4153: 4127: 4049: 3284: 2661: 2651: 2199: 1392: 926: 5765:"Here's how getting married in Alabama will change with no marriage licenses" 4955:"Alabama Probate Judge Faces Conflicting Commands In Same-Sex Marriage Cases" 4028:"Governor Bentley Issues Statement on Issuance of Same Sex Marriage Licenses" 1474:

On March 16, Judge Granade denied Davis's request that she stay her order in

6315: 3105: 2047:

that attempted to challenge that decision, it did not expressly acknowledge

2032: 2011: 1232: 970: 950: 6100: 5915:""It's Complicated": Two Spirits Not OK to Marry In Much of Indian Country" 5444:

HRC Unable to Confirm Any AL Counties Issuing Licenses to Same-Sex Couples

2250:

households and 0.5% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in

1235:, released a letter addressed to Governor Bentley, in which he said that: 6108: 6013:"How many same-sex couples married in Alabama the first year they could?" 5827: 5316:

A majority of Alabama counties are now issuing same-sex marriage licenses

5167:"Plaintiffs' Motion for Clarification as to Preliminary Injunction Order" 3357: 3080:"National Briefing | South: Alabama: Same-Sex Marriage Ban Advances" 2229: 2203: 2164: 2024: 2020: 1342:

petition that had been the basis of their lawsuit on February 9 as well.

1339: 1109:, on May 7, 2014, seeking recognition of their out-of-state marriage and 705:

obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of

957:

and the U.S. Supreme Court had declined state officials' requests for a

5889:

Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures

5538:"Gay marriage order puts spotlight again on the 'Ayatollah of Alabama'" 5250:

New Marriage Equality Legal Threats a Deliberate Tactic to Create Chaos

5032:"Complaint and Request for Preliminary and Permanent Injunctive Relief" 3958:"The Love Story Behind Alabama's First Legally Married Same-Sex Couple" 3208:"Southern Poverty Law Center files federal marriage lawsuit in Alabama" 2912:"Alabama Chief Justice Roy Moore Halts Same-Sex Marriages in His State" 2538: 2509: 2480: 2451: 2422: 2393: 2364: 1629:, recommended that judges follow the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court. 1464: 1169: 1102: 1044: 907: 872: 5501:"At Least 11 Alabama Counties Refuse to Comply With Marriage Equality" 5111:

At least 22 Alabama counties will not issue same-sex marriage licenses

5090:"Alabama Probate Judges Begin Issuing Licenses for Same-Sex Marriages" 4005: 2190:

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a

2107: 1155: 5804:"Alabama Senate approves replacing marriage licenses with contracts" 5349:

Dale, Henry, Barbour counties now issuing same-sex marriage licenses

5327:

More counties in Alabama issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples

4307:"Attorney General's Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Enforcement" 5582:

Roy Moore, Alabama Chief Justice, Suspended Over Gay Marriage Order

5433:

Alabama Counties Stop Issuing Marriage Licenses To Same-Sex Couples

5385:

Houston And Geneva Counties Not Issuing Same-Sex Marriage Licenses.

1889:

Counties that issued marriage licenses to opposite-sex couples only

1673:

Counties that issued marriage licenses to opposite-sex couples only

1655:

Counties issuing or refusing to issue licenses, February–March 2015

1439:

plaintiffs asked Judge Granade to add plaintiffs and defendants to

794:

Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

664:. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and 5565:"Alabama's top judge faces ethics charges over gay-marriage order" 5363:

No marriage licenses for Houston County until Supreme Court ruling

5283:

Most Alabama Judges Begin to Issue Licenses for Same-Sex Marriages

3906:"U.S. Supreme Court Denies Stay In Alabama Same-Sex Marriage Case" 2983:"Alabama chief justice asks officials to defy gay marriage ruling" 2083: 1658: 1626: 763:–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding. 709:. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling. 5613:"Alabama Supreme Court dismisses petitions opposing gay marriage" 4103:"Sessions Blasts 'Activist Judiciary' on Gay Marriage in Alabama" 3783:"ADPH issues new marriage certificates following court decisions" 3468:"Plaintiffs' Objection and Response to Defendants Motion to Stay" 3167:

United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama

1695:

47 counties, 82% of residents (2 others had stopped by this date)

1330:. The first couple to marry were Tori Sisson and Shanté Wolfe in 6027:"Characteristics of Same-Sex Couple Households: 2005 to Present" 4359:"Order denying Plaintiffs' motion for enforcement of injunction" 4229:"Jefferson County Probate Judge Alan King's motion to intervene" 2028: 1559:

and that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage did not violate the

1378:

Ending the first day of legal same-sex marriage in Alabama, the

1091:

affirmed the decision of the district court and ruled for Hard.

889:

immediately complied with the ruling, copying behavior from the

6960: 6195: 5690:"2yrs later, 7co. still not issuing same-sex marriage licenses" 5466:

Alabama chief justice orders halt to same-sex marriage licenses

5141:"Alabama chief justice walks back remarks on same-sex marriage" 1463:

On March 13, Madison County Circuit Judge Karen Hall granted a

1431:

On March 6, Davis asked the federal court to stay its order in

4664:"Judge issues final order upholding Alabama same-sex marriage" 4489:"With Gay Marriage on Hold, Alabama Judge OKs Lesbian Divorce" 4281:"Proposed Intervenor King's Motion for Preliminary Injunction" 3718:"Alabama chief justice vows to fight marriage-equality ruling" 2187:

as tribal officials have not publicly commented on the issue.

1460:(ACLU). The court gave Judge Davis until March 17 to respond. 6999:

Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States

3643: 3118:

Marshall, Randall; Crew, Wendy; et al. (June 10, 2014).

622:

in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

7015:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

6070:"Recent State Polls on Same-Sex Marriage & Civil Unions" 5644:"One year after marriage ruling, pockets of defiance remain" 5294:

Elmore judge will no longer issue same-sex marriage licenses

4255:"Plaintiffs' Emergency Motion for Enforcement of Injunction" 3596:"Second Alabama gay couple wins same-sex marriage challenge" 3521:"Alabama Appeals Decision Blocking Ban on Same-Sex Marriage" 392: 288: 5483:"A few Ala. counties halt marriage licenses to gay couples" 5409:"Alabama Court Orders a Halt to Same-Sex Marriage Licenses" 4877:"Alabama Court Orders a Halt to Same-Sex Marriage Licenses" 1350:

plaintiffs asked the district court to hold Don Davis, the

4599:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama. April 24, 2015 4573:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama. March 28, 2015 3442:"Alabama Seeks to Stay Order Overturning Gay Marriage Ban" 3417:"Federal judge strikes down Alabama same-sex marriage ban" 1519:

or the Alabama Legislature. The district court denied the

1154:

On January 26, Attorney General Strange filed a notice of

1068:, asked the district court for a ruling on her motion for 4701:"Clash Over Alabama Gay Marriage Licenses Heads to Court" 3008:"Governor Declares Same-Sex Marriages Illegal in Alabama" 2981:

Somashekhar, Sandhya; Barnes, Robert (February 9, 2015).

7075:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

6152:

U.S. District Court for the District of Southern Alabama

6126:

U.S. District Court for the District of Southern Alabama

4649:"Another Victory for Same Sex Couple in Federal Lawsuit" 4541:"Order setting deadline for Attorney General to respond" 3398:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

3131:

U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama

1119:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

1019:

U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama

935:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama

4774:"Groups ask Alabama Supreme Court to stop gay weddings" 4678:"Complaint and request for immediate injunctive relief" 2179:

does not explicitly forbid same-sex marriage, and uses

1943:

Counties that had stopped issuing all marriage licenses

1290:

declined the state's request for a stay, with Justices

5338:

Marriage Licenses in Choctaw Co. Have Been Put on Hold

5006:"Order denying Judge Reed's application for rehearing" 4902:"ODavis Brief in support of motion to extend deadline" 3260:"Alabama same-sex couples marry as legal battle rages" 1041:

U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

1017:

A plaintiff couple filed suit on June 10, 2014 in the

5261:

Some counties refusing to issue gay-marriage licenses

5224:. Freedom to Marry. February 17, 2015. Archived from 4780:. Associated Press. February 11, 2015. Archived from 1668:

Counties that issued marriage licenses to all couples

1678:

Counties that had stopped issuing marriage licenses

1101:

Plaintiffs Cari Searcy and Kimberly McKeand filed a

7498: 7475: 7426: 7388: 7370: 7101: 7088: 7053: 7023: 7007: 6933: 6865: 6603: 6498: 6323: 6231: 5986:"More than 500 same-sex couples married in Alabama" 5358: 5356: 1537:On February 11, 2015, two conservative groups, the 1454:

Americans United for Separation of Church and State

610:Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the 7080:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 5932:Martin, Jack B.; Mauldin, Margaret McKane (2004). 5886: 5628:Local government responses to Obergefell v. Hodges 5523:"Mobile County to issue marriage licenses (again)" 3182:"Lawsuit challenges Alabama's ban on gay marriage" 2708:Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States 2122:Requiring counties to record marriage certificates 1954:(no decision could be made while judge out sick), 1515:which the court is only authorized to give to the 7063:History of same-sex marriage in the United States 5396:We're nearly at Dothan; Roll marriage tide, roll! 3618:"Transcript of Hearing on preliminary injunction" 2101:A few days ahead of the first anniversary of the 5374:Marshall Co. halts issuing all marriage licenses 2751: 2749: 2302:Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Alabama 7596:Same-sex marriage in the United States by state 5713: 5711: 5623: 5621: 5083: 5081: 5079: 1237: 5659: 5657: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5216: 5214: 5212: 4642: 4640: 1934:(would not issue unless ordered to directly), 1906:(would not issue unless ordered to directly), 1902:(would not issue unless ordered to directly), 542:Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas 6972: 6207: 5936:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 269. 5455:Marriage equality grinds to a halt in Alabama 5135: 5133: 5038:. U.S> District Court for Southern Alabama 4854:"Respondents King and Ragland's Joint Answer" 3624:. U.S> District Court for Southern Alabama 849: 8: 6456:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6299:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 5594:Alabama Supreme Court, order, March 4, 2016. 3035:, Alabama Department of Archives and History 2729:Judge Granade is the granddaughter of Judge 1599:On June 26, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 875:since June 26, 2015, in accordance with the 5758: 5756: 5611:Randall C. Marshall, quoted in Kent Faulk, 3831:"Roy Moore Order to Alabama Probate Judges" 2590:Mobile Register/University of South Alabama 2219: 2210:for those Muscogee forcibly removed to the 284:or registered partnerships but not marriage 7495: 7098: 7085: 7031:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado 7020: 6979: 6965: 6957: 6214: 6200: 6192: 5516: 5514: 5494: 5492: 5064:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4754:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4680:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4547:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4521:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4443:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4417:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4391:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4365:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4339:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4313:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4287:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4261:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4235:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4186:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4160:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4134:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4082:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 4056:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 3575:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 3500:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 3474:. U.S. District Court for Southern Alabama 2819:is jointly published by three newspapers: 2725: 2723: 2010:On January 6, 2016, Alabama Chief Justice 856: 842: 28: 7041:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida 5637: 5635: 5192:"Order granting motion for clarification" 4804:"Brief of Amicus Curiae Equality Alabama" 4207:"Gay marriage begins in Mobile (finally)" 3930:Somashekhar, Sandhya (February 9, 2015). 2237:) may be used by two-spirit individuals. 547:Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania 3543:"Alabama Motion for Stay Pending Appeal" 3291:. U.S. District Court for Middle Alabama 2300: 1206:took on the plaintiffs' representation. 1072:on February 5, 2015. On February 9, the 808: 806: 644:Neither performed nor recognized in six 537:Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe 527:Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa 7036:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas 5245: 5243: 4986:. Alabama Supreme Court. March 18, 2015 3883:"Alabama seeks same-sex marriage delay" 2876: 2719: 1994:Counties stop issuing marriage licenses 917:Before the Supreme Court's decision in 802: 600: 39: 5734:Alabama Center for Health Statistics. 4101:Lesniewski, Niels (February 9, 2015). 3054:"Same-sex marriages banned in Alabama" 2910:Stern, Mark Joseph (January 6, 2016). 2228: 1692:Counties that issued marriage licenses 1684:By February 18, 2015, 47 of Alabama's 921:on June 26, 2015, which held that the 532:Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia 5407:Robertson, Campbell (March 3, 2015). 4875:Robertson, Campbell (March 3, 2015). 4385:"Don Davis Emergency Motion for Stay" 3338:. Equality Case Files. April 20, 2016 2953: 2951: 2266:(0.72% of all county households) and 1499:Late on February 9, the attorneys in 656: 654: 606: 604: 7: 6988:Same-sex unions in the United States 6045:"PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type" 5499:Broverman, Neal (January 20, 2016). 5088:Arian Campo-Flores (June 27, 2015). 3881:Denniston, Lyle (February 4, 2015). 3448:. Associated Press. January 24, 2015 2931:"The Moment for Marriage in Alabama" 2241:Demographics and marriage statistics 1262:. Strange immediately asked Justice 691: 689: 687: 685: 683: 660:Neither performed nor recognized in 631:Neither performed nor recognized in 6077:National Gay and Lesbian Task Force 3982:Kirby, Brendan (February 9, 2015). 3904:Geidner, Chris (February 9, 2015). 3862:. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals 3742:Kirby, Brendan (January 28, 2015). 3594:Kirby, Brendan (January 27, 2015). 3549:. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals 3206:Polaski, Adam (February 13, 2014). 2733:who, in 1956, wrote the opinion in 2051:as the law and instead argued that 1151:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. 1146:, which extended a ruling from one 1074:Alabama Department of Public Health 776:, but they are not legally binding. 582:LGBT rights by country or territory 6154:. January 27, 2015. Archived from 6128:. January 23, 2015. Archived from 5872:National Center for Lesbian Rights 5536:Jarvie, Jenny (January 13, 2016). 4699:Tillman, Zoe (February 10, 2015). 4647:Quynh, Jacqueline (June 9, 2016). 4495:. Associated Press. March 13, 2015 4437:"Second Motion to Amend Complaint" 4205:Toner, Casey (February 12, 2015). 4076:"Order denying plaintiffs' motion" 3956:Karlan, Sarah (February 9, 2015). 3180:Gates, Verna (February 13, 2014). 2929:Davidson, Amy (February 9, 2015). 2534:Public Religion Research Institute 2505:Public Religion Research Institute 2476:Public Religion Research Institute 2447:Public Religion Research Institute 2418:Public Religion Research Institute 2389:Public Religion Research Institute 2360:Public Religion Research Institute 2331:Public Religion Research Institute 1204:National Center for Lesbian Rights 772:Some cities and prefectures issue 633:Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands 25: 5992:. Associated Press. April 9, 2015 5222:"#ALMarriage: County Information" 4953:Geidner, Chris (March 17, 2015). 3716:Snow, Justin (January 27, 2015). 3415:Snow, Justin (January 23, 2015). 3258:Lyman, Brian (February 9, 2015). 2958:Gray, Jeremy (January 25, 2015). 2846:The case has been referred to as 2739:that found racial segregation of 1089:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals 997:banning same-sex marriage and a " 955:Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals 893:when they had refused to perform 7553: 7552: 6416:Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 6314: 6099: 5828:AL SB13 | 2018 | Regular Session 5642:Johnson, Chris (June 22, 2016). 5521:Toner, Casey (January 7, 2016). 4462:Geidner, Chris (March 6, 2015). 4008:. Office of the Attorney General 3519:Reeves, Jay (January 26, 2015). 2682: 2668: 2654: 2510:April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016 2128:Alabama House of Representatives 1974:(scheduled, then changed mind), 1926:(scheduled, then changed mind), 825: 6411:Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten 6180:. March 3, 2015. Archived from 5792:. WTOK.com. September 17, 2015. 5790:"Alabama Marriage License Vote" 4618:Geidner, Chris (May 21, 2015). 2743:'s bus system unconstitutional. 2567:September 20 – October 1, 2014 2539:April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015 2481:May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017 2194:perspective being performed in 2006:Developments after legalization 6588:British Indian Ocean Territory 4662:Brooks, Karen (June 9, 2016). 4128:"Plaintiffs' Emergency Motion" 3285:"Memorandum Opinion and Order" 3029:James, Fob (August 29, 1996), 2563:New York Times/CBS News/YouGov 1458:American Civil Liberties Union 1: 6079:. May 6, 2005. Archived from 6011:Cason, Mike (June 23, 2016). 5893:. University of Texas Press. 5485:. USA TODAY. January 7, 2016. 4828:"Response of Judge Don Davis" 2640:at 69% compared to 38% among 2423:January 7 – December 20, 2020 1892:11 counties, 10% of residents 1443:and to certify the suit as a 969:On August 29, 1996, Governor 522:Timeline of same-sex marriage 3523:. ABC News. Associated Press 3494:"Order granting 14 day stay" 2365:March 11 – December 14, 2022 2177:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 1938:(awaited U.S. Supreme Court) 1467:to a lesbian couple who had 1270:it had accepted for review. 646:British Overseas Territories 6944:British Antarctic Territory 6049:United States Census Bureau 5919:News from Native California 4980:"Application for Rehearing" 3766:"Order Clarifying Judgment" 3569:"Order Clarifying Judgment" 3237:Southern Poverty Law Center 2703:Status of same-sex marriage 2452:April 5 – December 23, 2017 2287:United States Census Bureau 2126:On September 16, 2015, the 1948:9 counties, 8% of residents 1123:Attorney General of Alabama 1037:Southern Poverty Law Center 557:Divorce of same-sex couples 7622: 4726:"Order Ex Parte Don Davis" 3811:. AL.com. February 8, 2015 3671:. AL.com. January 25, 2015 3032:Alabama Executive Order 24 2394:March 8 – November 9, 2021 2336:March 9 – December 7, 2023 1035:On February 13, 2014, the 999:union replicating marriage 517:Same-sex union court cases 512:Same-sex union legislation 7548: 6994: 6312: 5806:. AL.com. March 15, 2016. 4728:. Alabama Judicial System 3086:. Alabama. March 11, 2005 1632:After the release of the 1595:U.S. Supreme Court ruling 1144:United States v. Brittain 703:European Court of Justice 7606:LGBTQ history in Alabama 7449:Northern Mariana Islands 6923:Northern Mariana Islands 6178:Supreme Court of Alabama 5615:, AL.com, March 4, 2016. 4030:. Office of the Governor 3404:Document 1. May 7, 2014. 2285:2018 estimates from the 1918:(issued, then stopped), 1914:(issued, then stopped), 1539:Alabama Policy Institute 1338:plaintiffs re-filed the 1199:Mobile County Courthouse 1066:Foundation for Moral Law 1049:married in Massachusetts 991:constitutional amendment 912:constitutional amendment 774:partnership certificates 7591:LGBTQ rights in Alabama 5012:. Alabama Supreme Court 4934:. Alabama Supreme Court 4928:"Order enjoining Davis" 4908:. Alabama Supreme Court 4856:. Alabama Supreme Court 4834:. Alabama Supreme Court 4006:"Statement in Response" 3156:"Order of Dismissal in 3108:, accessed July 5, 2011 2627:for the survey of 1.56. 2220: 2181:gender-neutral language 2175:The Tribal Code of the 2171:Native American nations 1371:Further proceedings in 1268:same-sex marriage cases 995:Constitution of Alabama 745:Courts have recognised 618:. May be registered in 3158:Aaron-Brush v. Bentley 3122:Aaron-Brush v. Bentley 2698:LGBT rights in Alabama 2561: 2325:Do not know / refused 2278:, Madison, Mobile and 2089: 1681: 1362:lawsuit. U.S. Senator 1241: 1111:second-parent adoption 1012:Aaron-Brush v. Bentley 552:Marriage privatization 7581:2015 in LGBTQ history 7482:domestic partnerships 6835:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 6086:on November 13, 2014. 6015:. Alabama Local News. 5525:. Alabama Local News. 5092:. Wall Street Journal 4050:"Motion for Contempt" 3787:Montgomery Advertiser 3697:. Equality Case Files 3264:Montgomery Advertiser 3010:. AP. August 30, 1996 2087: 1662: 1503:filed a new lawsuit, 1229:Alabama Supreme Court 947:Alabama Supreme Court 895:interracial marriages 612:Caribbean Netherlands 7439:District of Columbia 5885:Sabine Lang (1998). 5844:library.municode.com 4784:on February 14, 2015 4705:National Law Journal 2828:The Huntsville Times 2690:United States portal 1615:Fourteenth Amendment 1602:Obergefell v. Hodges 1482:Final injunction in 1424:More proceedings in 1278:Granade's orders in 983:Alabama State Senate 882:Obergefell v. Hodges 562:Domestic partnership 7601:Marriage in Alabama 7459:U.S. Virgin Islands 6478:U.S. tribal nations 6473:U.S. Virgin Islands 6143:Strawser v. Strange 5196:Equality Case Files 5171:Equality Case Files 5058:"Motion to Dismiss" 3315:Equality Case Files 3239:. February 13, 2014 3169:. October 13, 2015. 2822:The Birmingham News 2310:Dates administered 2303: 2151:Alabama Legislature 2095:Strawser v. Strange 1517:Governor of Alabama 1184:Strawser v. Strange 1166:Robert Lewis Hinkle 1115:Callie V.S. Granade 979:Alabama State House 931:Callie V.S. Granade 899:Alabama Legislature 662:some tribal nations 577:Listings by country 387:Minimal recognition 18:Strawser v. Strange 5965:Williams Institute 5921:. August 17, 2015. 5724:, October 16, 2018 5584:The New York Times 5472:. January 6, 2016. 3789:. February 5, 2015 3394:freemarry.3cdn.net 3387:, No. 1:14-cv-208" 2891:. February 9, 2015 2570:692 likely voters 2301: 2221:poyvfekcv hokkolvn 2090: 1682: 1646:." On July 1, the 1505:Hedgepeth v. Davis 1494:Hedgepeth v. Davis 1403:as a defendant in 1382:plaintiffs, whose 1354:Probate Judge, in 1288:U.S. Supreme Court 1168:'s warning in the 1148:interracial couple 1078:stayed proceedings 1039:filed suit in the 877:U.S. Supreme Court 871:has been legal in 812:Not yet in effect. 34:LGBT rights series 7568: 7567: 7544: 7543: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7049: 7048: 6954: 6953: 6117:Searcy v. Strange 5958:"Census Snapshot" 5543:Los Angeles Times 5122:Townsend, Haley. 3385:Searcy v. Bentley 2633:Auburn University 2615: 2614: 2230:[po.jəfɪ́ktʃə 2149:In May 2019, the 1588:Searcy v. Strange 1561:U.S. Constitution 1389:restraining order 1356:contempt of court 1107:Searcy v. Bentley 1096:Searcy v. Strange 1070:summary judgement 1061:death certificate 1057:Robert J. Bentley 1055:, named Governor 939:Searcy v. Strange 923:U.S. Constitution 869:Same-sex marriage 866: 865: 616:Aruba and Curaçao 614:), as well as in 495: 494: 376: 375: 16:(Redirected from 7613: 7556: 7555: 7496: 7099: 7086: 7021: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6958: 6903:Pitcairn Islands 6451:Falkland Islands 6318: 6226:around the world 6216: 6209: 6202: 6193: 6188: 6187:on May 15, 2024. 6186: 6175: 6162: 6161:on May 15, 2024. 6160: 6149: 6136: 6135:on May 15, 2024. 6134: 6123: 6103: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6074: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5892: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5763:Kirby, Brendan. 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5731: 5725: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5648:Washington Blade 5639: 5630: 5625: 5616: 5609: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5463: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5228:on March 4, 2015 5218: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3391: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3212:Freedom to Marry 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3060:. April 27, 1998 3050: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2814: 2808: 2753: 2744: 2736:Browder v. Gayle 2727: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2316:Margin of error 2304: 2291:2020 U.S. census 2247:2000 U.S. census 2236: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2212:Indian Territory 1677: 1672: 1667: 1611:Equal Protection 1544:Equality Alabama 1513:advisory opinion 1195:marriage license 1175:Brenner v. Scott 910:in 1998, and by 891:civil rights era 858: 851: 844: 832:LGBTQ portal 830: 829: 828: 813: 810: 795: 792: 786: 783: 777: 770: 764: 743: 737: 734: 728: 725: 719: 716: 710: 698:Coman v. Romania 693: 678: 675: 669: 658: 649: 642: 636: 629: 623: 608: 393: 289: 47: 29: 21: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7586:2015 in Alabama 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7540: 7494: 7480: 7463: 7422: 7384: 7366: 7105: 7090: 7084: 7045: 7019: 7003: 6990: 6985: 6955: 6950: 6940:United Kingdom 6929: 6899:United Kingdom 6861: 6760:North Macedonia 6599: 6584:United Kingdom 6494: 6437:United Kingdom 6319: 6310: 6295:United Kingdom 6227: 6224:same-sex unions 6220: 6184: 6173: 6165: 6158: 6147: 6139: 6132: 6121: 6113: 6096: 6091: 6083: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5716: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5696:. June 29, 2017 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5147:. June 29, 2015 5139: 5138: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4778:Washington Post 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3936:Washington Post 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3104:Baptist Press: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3058:Tuscaloosa News 3052: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2987:Washington Post 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2831:, and Mobile's 2815: 2811: 2754: 2747: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2299: 2243: 2234:hok.kôːlɪn] 2231: 2225: 2196:Native American 2173: 2156:notaries public 2124: 2082: 2066:Liberty Counsel 2008: 1996: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1613:clauses of the 1597: 1584: 1581:Searcy v. Davis 1535: 1497: 1487: 1469:married in Iowa 1429: 1397:attorney's fees 1376: 1276: 1264:Clarence Thomas 1220: 1187: 1099: 1053:Hard v. Bentley 1033: 1030:Hard v. Strange 1015: 1008: 975:executive order 967: 925:requires every 904:executive order 862: 826: 824: 819: 818: 817: 816: 811: 804: 799: 798: 793: 789: 784: 780: 771: 767: 744: 740: 735: 731: 726: 722: 717: 713: 694: 681: 676: 672: 659: 652: 643: 639: 630: 626: 609: 602: 596: 588: 587: 586: 567:Military policy 506: 498: 497: 496: 490: 479:United States: 442: 389: 379: 378: 377: 371: 330: 285: 274: 273: 272: 271: 256: 255: 59: 48: 45:same-sex unions 44: 43:Legal status of 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7619: 7617: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7573: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:American Samoa 7430: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7390:Circuit Courts 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7372:Tribal nations 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7312:South Carolina 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7277:North Carolina 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7008:General unions 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6913:American Samoa 6909:United States 6907: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6830:United Kingdom 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6653:Czech Republic 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6446:Cayman Islands 6443: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6163: 6137: 6111: 6095: 6094:External links 6092: 6090: 6089: 6061: 6036: 6018: 6003: 5977: 5949: 5942: 5924: 5906: 5899: 5877: 5856: 5831: 5820: 5809: 5795: 5781: 5752: 5726: 5707: 5681: 5653: 5631: 5617: 5597: 5586: 5574: 5571:. May 7, 2016. 5556: 5528: 5510: 5488: 5474: 5458: 5447: 5436: 5425: 5413:New York Times 5399: 5388: 5377: 5366: 5352: 5341: 5330: 5319: 5308: 5297: 5286: 5275: 5264: 5253: 5239: 5208: 5183: 5158: 5129: 5114: 5103: 5075: 5049: 5023: 4997: 4971: 4945: 4919: 4893: 4881:New York Times 4867: 4845: 4819: 4795: 4765: 4739: 4717: 4691: 4669: 4654: 4636: 4610: 4584: 4558: 4532: 4506: 4493:New York Times 4480: 4454: 4428: 4402: 4376: 4350: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4220: 4197: 4171: 4145: 4119: 4093: 4067: 4041: 4019: 3997: 3974: 3948: 3922: 3896: 3873: 3847: 3822: 3800: 3774: 3757: 3734: 3708: 3682: 3660: 3635: 3609: 3586: 3560: 3534: 3511: 3485: 3459: 3446:New York Times 3433: 3407: 3374: 3362:iamaparent.com 3349: 3327: 3302: 3276: 3250: 3224: 3198: 3172: 3147: 3110: 3097: 3084:New York Times 3071: 3045: 3021: 2999: 2973: 2947: 2935:The New Yorker 2921: 2902: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2856: 2839: 2834:Press-Register 2809: 2745: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2679: 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1274:Implementation 1272: 1219: 1208: 1186: 1181: 1139:George Wallace 1135:probate judges 1127:Luther Strange 1098: 1093: 1032: 1027: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1004: 966: 963: 949:Chief Justice 943:Luther Strange 914:in June 2006. 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 821: 820: 815: 814: 801: 800: 797: 796: 787: 778: 765: 738: 729: 720: 711: 701:ruling of the 679: 670: 666:American Samoa 650: 637: 624: 599: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 489: 488: 487: 486: 484:American Samoa 482: • 477: 472: 467: 462: 461: 460: 456: • 451: 445: 443: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 419: 418: 414: • 407: 402: 396: 391: 390: 385: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 370: 369: 368: 367: 365:Cayman Islands 363: • 361: 357: • 352:United Kingdom 349: 344: 339: 333: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Czech Republic 308: 303: 298: 292: 287: 286: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 269: 263: 262: 254: 253: 248: 243: 241:United Kingdom 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 61: 60: 54: 53: 50: 49: 40: 37: 36: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7618: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7561: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7474: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427:Other regions 7425: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7380:Navajo Nation 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:West Virginia 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7257:New Hampshire 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Massachusetts 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Liechtenstein 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6663:Faroe Islands 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463:United States 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6170: 6169:State v. King 6164: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6004: 5991: 5990:Decatur Daily 5987: 5981: 5978: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5902: 5900:0-292-74701-2 5896: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5737: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5695: 5694:Alabama Today 5691: 5685: 5682: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4960: 4959:BuzzFeed News 4956: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4805: 4799: 4796: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4625: 4624:BuzzFeed News 4621: 4614: 4611: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4469: 4468:BuzzFeed News 4465: 4458: 4455: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3963: 3962:BuzzFeed News 3959: 3952: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3911: 3910:BuzzFeed News 3907: 3900: 3897: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3856:"Stay Denied" 3851: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2852:State v. King 2849: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2731:Richard Rives 2726: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2680: 2677: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2625:design effect 2622: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2514:1,308 adults 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485:1,485 adults 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2456:1,100 adults 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2222: 2217: 2214:. The modern 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2144:Phil Williams 2141: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070:Mathew Staver 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 2000:State v. King 1993: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1639:State v. King 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1548:amicus curiae 1545: 1540: 1533: 1532:State v. King 1530: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364:Jeff Sessions 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Mobile County 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1161:amicus curiae 1157: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105:, originally 1104: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:Amendment 774 984: 980: 976: 972: 964: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883: 879:'s ruling in 878: 874: 870: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 833: 823: 822: 809: 807: 803: 791: 788: 782: 779: 775: 769: 766: 762: 761: 756: 755: 750: 749: 742: 739: 733: 730: 724: 721: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699: 692: 690: 688: 686: 684: 680: 674: 671: 667: 663: 657: 655: 651: 647: 641: 638: 634: 628: 625: 621: 617: 613: 607: 605: 601: 592: 591: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 502: 501: 485: 481: 480: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 459: 455: 454: 453:Netherlands: 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 417: 413: 412: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 395: 394: 388: 383: 382: 366: 362: 360: 356: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 332: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 291: 290: 283: 278: 277: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 252: 249: 247: 246:United States 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 166:Liechtenstein 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 57: 52: 51: 46: 38: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7557: 7477:Civil unions 7317:South Dakota 7307:Rhode Island 7302:Pennsylvania 7282:North Dakota 7116: 7089:By territory 6407:Netherlands 6291:South Africa 6182:the original 6177: 6168: 6156:the original 6151: 6142: 6130:the original 6125: 6116: 6081:the original 6076: 6064: 6054:December 11, 6052:. 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