1209: : "Two versions of the name stradioti have been cited by sources, while scholars have debated which of these versions is accurate. According to some authorities, the terms stradiotto and stradioti (plural) are Italian variants of the Greek stratiotês or stratiotai which generally means soldier, but in later Byzantine times meant cavalry man who held a military fief (pronoia). Other authors assert that stradioti came from the Italian root strada (road) and that the term stradiotto meant a wanderer or wayfarer, thus denoting an errant cavalrymen or warrior (..) The bulk of primary sources in Italian, such as Coriolano Cippico, Marino Sanuto and Venetian state documents, use stradiotto/stradioti, adopted by this paper, or strathiotto/strathioti. French sources, such as Philip de Comines, use the variation estradiot/estradiots. Although arguments on the side of the wayfarer theory predominate, the fact that some of the older Latin sources from the early 15th century use a variation of the Greek stratiotes tends to make this writer favor the "soldier" theory".
1587:, p. 498: iii. Η γλώσσα, ένα ισχυρό κριτήριο ενσωμάτωσης - Οι stradioti ήταν πολύγλωσσοι, ιδιότητα που ήταν συνέπεια της μετακίνησής τους στο χώρο και σε άλλα περιβάλλοντα: αρβανίτικα (αλβανικά και ελληνικά στοιχεία σε μια υβριδική γλώσσα), τουρκικά και ιταλικά, είναι οι γλώσσες που εντοπίζονται. Το ελληνικό όμως γλωσσικό όργανο φαίνεται πως επικρατεί, ακόμα και στον πυρήνα ομοιογενών compagnie. Η compagnia του Γιώργη Λυκούρεσση στα Χανιά ήταν κυρίως ελληνόγλωσση παρότι αποτελούνταν αποκλειστικά από αρβανίτες. Σύμφωνα με τις βενετικές πηγές, οι ιππείς εκείνοι, πολύ περισσότερο αγρότες παρά μισθοφόροι stradioti, parlavano in greco.
2016:(...) the heroic poems of Tsanes Koronaios which glorify the famed Albanian commander of the Venetian army, Mercurio Bua (fl. late 15th − early 16th c.), the cycles of the oral tradition of Albanian stratiots in Southern Italy and Slavic peasant-fighters from Venetian Dalmatia (uskoci) – but also plays by Italian comedy writers that utilised the stratiot tradition to win the interest of their popular Italian audiences(...) local accounts on the famous 15th century stratiot figures such as Pietro Bua, the father of the widely popular Mercurio (d. by the early 1560s).
600:. The term "argoulet" is believed to come either from the Greek city of Argos, where many of argoulets come from (Pappas), or from the arcus (bow) and the arquebuse. For some authors argoulets and estradiots are synonymous but for others there are certain differences between them. G. Daniel, citing M. de Montgommeri, says that argoulets and estradiots have the same armoury except that the former wear a helmet. According to others "estradiots" were Albanian horsemen and "argoulets" were Greeks, while Croatians were called "Cravates".
1427:
Italy in the late fifteenth century, they caused sensation among the condottieri and their warriors, principally because their tactics were so effective even against heavy cavalry. A number of military historians, including Paolo Iovio, Coriolano
Cippico, Mario Sanudo, Erculi Riccoti, and Daniel E. Handy have described the activities of the stradioti in the West, and some military historians even attribute the reintroduction of light cavalry tactics in Western armies to the influence of the stradioti in Venetian armies."
2789:
fifteenth century, they caused sensation among the condottieri and their warriors , principally because their tactics were so effective even against heavy cavalry. A number of military historians, including Paolo Iovio, Coriolano
Cippico, Mario Sanudo, Erculi Riccoti, and Daniel E. Handy have described the activities of the stradioti in the West, and some military historians even attribute the reintroduction of light cavalry tactics in Western armies to the influence of the stradioti in Venetian armies.
1057:“Comrades, as you see we are in the extreme parts of the world, under the service of a King and a nation in the farthest north. And nothing we brought here from our country other than our courage and bravery. Thus, bravely we stand against our enemies, …. Because we are children of the Greeks and we are not afraid of the barbarian flock. …. Therefore, courageous and in order let us march to the enemy, … , and the famous since olden times virtue of the Greeks let us prove with our action.“
538:
only under the leadership of their own commanders. In the reports of the
Venetian commander of Nauplion, Bartolomeo Minio (1479–1483) stressed that the Albanian stratioti were unreliable contrary to the Greek units which he considered loyal. In other reports, attitudes towards Albanians are positive. As Venice lost territory to the Ottomans in the Morea, the numbers of Stratioti the administration employed lowered. By 1524, no more than 400-500 Stratioti remained in Venetian Argolis.
901:
570:
655:
581:
380:
887:
44:
452:
stradioti, this process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek
Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in the places they lived in Italy. On the other hand the military service in Italy and other European countries slowed and in some cases reversed the process of Hellenization. Those
1354:, p. 326: "the paper examines its recruitment firstly of the so-called stradiots (stradioti), mercenary light cavalry corps of Greek, Albanian, and Slav origin, as well as of the likewise mounted cappelletti, which are the development of the stradiots from the seventeenth century; and secondarily of the mercenary groups of ‘Greek’ infantry named compagnie or milizie greche."
329:
2951:
196:
2938:"Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: ‘Greek’ Mounted and Foot Troops in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)", in A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea: Aspects of War, Diplomacy and Military Elites, eds. Georgios Theotokis and Aysel Yildiz, Leiden: Brill, 2018, pp. 325–346.
1970:, p. 81: "Në Venecia quheshin edhe capelletti, për shkak të kësulave të vogla që mbanin. Në lidhje me formën e këtyre kësulave përshkrimet e autorëve përkojnë në atë që këto ishin shumë të ngjashme me kësulat e Labërisë shqiptare. Bëhet fjalë për kësulë në formë konike, me një zgjatje të vogël: “capelli aguzzi”."
1054:
Cramer's translation of A.Noukios' work stops exactly where the text starts referring to Thomas of Argos. A Greek historian, Andreas
Moustoxydes, published the missing part of the original Greek text, based on a manuscript kept in the Ambrosian Library (Milan). After Cramer's asterisks (end of his
537:
region, outside of the walls of the city. Relations between the two groups and relations between
Albanians, Greeks and the central Venetian administration varied. Some families intermarried with each other, while other times disputes erupted as in 1525 when both Greeks and Albanians asked to serve
560:
The presence of the
Albanian stradioti in Venetian territories for many decades had a significant impact in the way Venetians perceived what it meant to be Albanian. Although Stratioti units settled in western Europe and finally lost contact with their homelands, they were crucial in the spread of
1426:
Pappas, 1991, p. 7: "The stratioti continued the
Byzantine and Balkan traditions of cavalry warfare, which emphasized ambushes, hit-and-run assaults, feigned retreats, counterattacks and other tactics little known to western armies of the time. Indeed, when the Venetians introduced stradioti into
2931:
Stathis
Birtachas, «La memoria degli stradioti nella letteratura italiana del tardo Rinascimento», in Tempo, spazio e memoria nella letteratura italiana. Omaggio ad Antonio Tabucchi / Χρόνος, τόπος και μνήμη στην ιταλική λογοτεχνία. Τιμή στον Antonio Tabucchi, a cura di Z. Zografidou, Salonicco,
451:
and in some occasions even
Italianized. Hellenization was possibly underway prior to service abroad, since stradioti of Albanian origin had settled in Greek lands for two generations before their emigration to Italy. Moreover, since many served under Greek commanders and together with the Greek
2788:
The stratioti continued the Byzantine and Balkan traditions of cavalry warfare, which emphasized ambushes, hit-and-run assaults, feigned retreats, counterattacks and other tactics little known to western armies of the time. Indeed, when the Venetians introduced stradioti into Italy in the late
1443:, Albanian mercenaries who served throughout Western Europe (Millar 1976). We contend that the northern Albanian tribal system of feud and consequent emigration produced a ready pool of such mercenaries and was a flexible, adaptive strategy that encouraged resilience and long-term stability."
2897:
Katerina B. Korrè, Stradioti, mercenaries of Venice: military and social role (XV-XVI centuries), PhD Thesis, Ionian University 2018 / Κορρέ Κατερίνα Β., Μισθοφόροι stradioti της Βενετίας: πολεμική και κοινωνική λειτουργία (15ος-16ος αιώνας), Διδακτορική Διατριβή, Ιόνιο Πανεπιστήμιο 2018
865:, replaced by heavier armor in later eras. As mercenaries, the stradioti received wages only as long as their military services were needed. They wore helmets which were known as "chaska", from the Spanicsh word "casco". From the end of the 15th century they also used gunpowder weapons.
427:
holdings in southern and central Greece. The stradioti who moved with their families to Italy in the late 15th and early 16th centuries had been born in the Peloponnese, where their ancestors immigrated in the late 14th and early 15th century, after the request of the Byzantine
376:) and consequent emigration. The precise year when stratioti units began to be recruited in western armies is not known. However, under 1371 state decrees of the Venetian Republic those Greeks that lived in Venetian controlled territories were allowed to join the Venetian army.
2922:
1932:, p. 63: "Throughout Europe footmen replaced knights, that is, cavalry. They used new weapons and came with regionally varying skills: English archers and crossbowmen, Swiss pikemen, Flemish burgher forces, and, later, Italian gunfighters or exiled Albanian and Greek
1562:
Kondylis, 2006, p. 171: "Οι Αλβανοί του Ναυπλίου ήταν εγκατεστημένοι έξω από την πόλη, ανάμεσα στο ανατολικό τείχος και στο λόφο του Παλαμηδίου, περιοχή που ονομαζόταν «teraglio et sasso»" [The Albanians of Nauplion settled outside of the city...
1608:
Pappas, 1991, p. 34: "Although the stradioti who settled in the West gradually lost contact with the Levant , they were instrumental in founding and maintaining Greek Orthodox and Uniate communities in Venice and other Italian and Dalmatian
603:
The argoulets were armed with a sword, a mace (metal club) and a short arquebuse. They continued to exist under Charles IX and are noted at the battle of Dreux (1562). They were disbanded around 1600. The English chronicle writer
407:, Psendakis, Maniatis, Spyliotis, Alexopoulos, Psaris, Zacharopoulos, Klirakopoulos, and Kondomitis. A number of them, such as the Palaiologoi and Komnenoi, were members of Byzantine noble families. Others seemed to be of
517:(Confraternity of the Greeks), in a neighborhood where a Greek community still resides. Impressed by the unorthodox tactics of the stratioti, other European powers quickly began to hire mercenaries from the same region.
1599:, p. 59:Si tratta di un folto gruppo di mercenari che, per decenni e decenni presenti in suolo veneto, si distinsero per capacita e lealta e furono proprio loro ad imporre nell' immaginarion una identita "albanese"
1553:, p. 192: "Western armies employed stradioti, Greek mercenary companies, as did Henry VIII against the Scots in 1514, where Harris might have further explored the testimony of Nicander Nucius and of PRO records."
619:" was also used in France as well as in Spain denoting cavalry and infantry units similar to estradiots and argoulets (Daniel G.)(Bonaparte N.). Units of Carabins seem to exist at least till the early 18th century.
493:. Starting from that period, they began to almost entirely replace the Venetian light cavalry in the army. Apart from the Albanian stradioti, Greek and Italian ones were also deployed in the League of Venice at the
1452:
Kondylis, 2006, p. 152: "Δεν είναι γνωστό από πότε η Βενετία ενσωμάτωσε στο στρατό της αυτούς τους οπλοφόρους. Πάντως, ήδη από το 1371, διατάγματα επέτρεπαν τη στρατολόγηση Ελλήνων των κτήσεων στον τοπικό στρατό"
1108:
Stratiotët nuk mundën t'i shpëtonin varfërimit dhe me kohë filluan t'i shisnin tokat. Gjatë shek .X, perandorët bizantinë u përpoqën ta ndalonin shitjen e tokave stratiote që sillte dobësimin e fuqisë së tyre
1808:, p. 24: "In early September, the earl of Hertford simply marched into Scotland with 16,000 men, including 1000 heavily armoured knights and contingents of Albanian light cavalry and Spanish infantry."
528:
of the 15th and 16th century Stratioti units, both Albanian and Greeks served the Venetian forces in the Morea. In addition the Venetian authorities allowed the settlement of Albanians in Napoli di Romagna
2996:
736:
in 1546, as commander of a battalion of 550 Greeks and was injured in the battle. The King expressed his appreciation to Thomas for his leadership in Boulogne and rewarded him with a good sum of money.
2591:
Muhaj, Ardian (2016a). "Roli dhe prania e luftëtarëve shqiptarë në Europën veriore në shek. XVI" [The Role and Presence of the Albanian Light Cavalry in Northern Europe in the 16th Century].
2236:
Birtachas, Stathis (2018). "15 – Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: 'Greek' Mounted and Foot Mercenary Companies in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)".
387:
The precise definition of their ethnic identity was the subject of careful study, while modern scholarship concludes that they were Albanians and Greeks who mainly originated from the
1982:, p. 43: "Questo berretto è da intendersi come un cappello a punta, rinforzato all'interno da più fogli di carta incollati assieme, il che garantiva una sorprendente resistenza".
1902:
The tactics of most stradioti, whether Balkan or Byzantine, seem... perhaps this was a result of the overwhelmingly defensive character of Byzantine warfare by the fifteenth century
1796:, p. 171: "The cost of hiring German pikemen, Spanish arquebusiers, Albanian horsemen and Italians led Henry VIII to ransack the monasteries to find money to pay them."
670:("Gran Capitan") was sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon ("the Catholic") to support the kingdom of Naples against the French invasion in Calabria. Gonzalo had two hundred "
2076:
In any case, there is no evidence to disprove Barbarigo's testimony that Teodoro Paleologo, 54 perhaps the most famous Greek stradiot – captain ( outside of Mercurio Bua )
497:(1495). The mercenaries were recruited from the Balkans, mainly Christians but also some Muslims. In 1511, a group of stratioti petitioned for the construction of the
872:, with conical shape and a small extension, reinforced inside by several sheets of paper attached together, ensuring surprising resistance. Those caps were called
1384:
B. N. Floria, "Vykhodtsy iz Balkanakh stran na russkoi sluzhbe," Balkanskia issledovaniia. 3. Osloboditel'nye dvizheniia na Balkanakh (Moscow, 1978), pp. 57-63.
1153:, pp. 327–328: "From studies on the provenance of their names it is deduced that about 80% of the stradiots were of Albanian and very few of Slav origin (
1778:
521:
360:
and Balkan cavalry warfare. As such, they had previously served Byzantine and Albanian rulers, they then entered Venetian military service during the
817:
They were known for cutting off the heads of dead or captured enemies, and according to Commines they were paid by their leaders one ducat per head.
2991:
1104:
Historia e popullit shqiptar: Përgatitur nga një kolektiv punonjësish shkencorë të sektorëve të historisë së kohës së lashtë dhe të kohës së mesme
622:
Corps of light infantry mercenaries were periodically recruited from the Balkans or Italy mainly during the 15th to 17th centuries. In 1587, the
2933:
2610:
Muhaj, Ardian (2016b). "Le origini economiche e demografiche dell'insediamento degli arbëreshë in Italia. Dal medioevo alla prima età moderna".
447:
While the bulk of stratioti were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many of them had been
1919:"quinze cents estradiotes grecs ou albanais, "vaillans hommes" qui recevaient in ducat par tete d' ennemi qu'ils rapportaient a leurs chefs".
2619:
2581:
2560:
2501:
2396:
2375:
2251:
2039:
1895:
1732:
1251:
2928:Κορρέ Β. Κατερίνα,"Έλληνες στρατιώτες στο Bergamo. Οι πολιτικές προεκτάσεις ενός εκκλησιαστικού ζητήματος", Θησαυρίσματα 28 (2008), 289-336.
710:
592:
France under Louis XII recruited some 2,000 stradioti in 1497, two years after the battle of Fornovo. Among the French they were known as
912:, Greek captain of a battalion of 550 Greek stratioti who served in the English army in the era of Henry VIII. Thomas was injured in the
2355:
Floristán, José M. (2020). "Estradiotes albaneses al servicio de los Austrias españoles (II): familias Alambresi, Basta, Capuzzimadi".
1913:
DeCommines, Philippe, Lettres et Negotiations, with comments by Kervyn De Lettenhove, ed. 1868, V. Devaux et Cie. Bruxelles, vol. 2,
1064:
391:. Studies on the origin of their names indicate that around 80% of the stradioti were of Albanian origin, and very few of Slav origin (
2717:
2346:
Floristán, José M. (2019). "Stradioti albanesi al servizio degli Asburgo di Spagna (I): le famiglie albanesi Bua, Crescia e Renesi".
667:
2870:
2837:
2770:
2749:
2696:
2675:
2651:
2480:
2459:
2438:
2417:
2327:
2281:
2138:
1696:
913:
733:
2145:
Merkourios Bouas (Bua), a Greek-Albanian from. Nafplio and commander of a force of stradiots, a light cavalry in Venetian service.
1258:
Greek stratiotes , a general term for a soldier forming part of an army , at this period in the Venetian documents the word seems
957:
423:. The study on the names of the stradioti does not indicate that most of them came directly from Albania proper, rather from the
2265:. Vol. 32. Thesaurismata (Bulletin of the Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini di Venezia). pp. 81–94.
2919:
Documents inédits relatifs à l' histoire de la Grèce au Moyen Âge, publiés sous les auspices de la Chambre des députés de Grèce
553:
and locals who have no military experience". Venetian sources described them more as "farmers than stradioti" who spoke Greek (
542:
312:. From the 17th century Venice recruited light cavalry no longer from the Morea, but mainly from Dalmatia and Albania, and the
1640:
750:
453:
732:
whose "Courage, and prudence, and experience of wars" was lauded by the Corfiot traveller. Thomas was sent by Henry VIII to
478:
1630:
Daniel R.P.G. (1724) Histoire de la milice francoise, et des changemens qui s'y sont ... , Amsterdam, vol. 1, pp. 166-171.
1818:
Nicander Nucius, The second book of the travels of Nicander Nucius of Corcyra, ed. by Rev. J.A. Cramer, 1841, London, p.90
1681:
2796:
1940:: street). Mercenaries hired on for pay under "military enterprisers" received wages only as long as work was available."
1629:
1032:(1567–1624), Albanian stratioti in Dalmatia and Republic of Venice; active in anti-Ottoman espionage and military action
1005:
809:
than the sipahis, this occurred most probably as a result of the defensive character of 15th century Byzantine warfare.
3001:
1699:
A list of French captured by the British at the battle of Tasnieres (1709) includes an officer of the "Royal Carabins"
626:
recruited 500 Albanian cavalrymen, while from 1588 to 1591 five Albanian light cavalry captains were also recruited.
481:
between 1450 and 1460, Albanian and Greek stradioti increasingly found refuge and employment with the Venetians. The
2976:
1618:
1393:
Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 by David Nicolle, Angus McBride: "John Comnenus settled Serbs as
609:
525:
1775:
498:
2848:
411:
origin, such as Soimiris, Vlastimiris, and Voicha. Some renowned Albanian stratioti were the Alambresi, Basta,
357:
2934:
https://www.academia.edu/2770159/La_memoria_degli_stradioti_nella_letteratura_italiana_del_tardo_Rinascimento
2730:
The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus) ca. 1100–1460: A Genealogical and Prosopographical Study
2986:
868:
The stradioti wore particular caps, which were very similar to those of the Albanian ethnographic region of
437:
223:
as a general term for a soldier being part of an army. According to another hypothesis, it derives from the
137:
2217:
2237:
2118:
773:
in the European armies was principally remodeled after Albanian stradioti of the Venetian army, Hungarian
433:
429:
1993:
1817:
461:
789:, feigned retreats and other complex maneuvers. In some ways, these tactics echoed those of the Ottoman
699:
510:
361:
2955:
2932:
Università Aristotele di Salonicco – Aracne – University Studio Press, 2012, pp. 124–142. Online:
2319:
The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe
440:, who invited the Albanians to serve as military colonists in the Peloponnese in the attempt to resist
1887:
Cross and Crescent in the Balkans: The Ottoman Conquest of Southeastern Europe (14th – 15th Centuries)
1017:
969:
782:
703:
686:
561:
Greek-Orthodox and Uniate communities in Venice, as well as in other Italian and Dalmatian cities.
477:
With the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and the breakup of the Despotate of the Morea through
2185:
1994:"Restoration, Reconstruction and Union: memories of home in the stratiot poetry of Antonio Molino"
900:
2981:
2971:
2808:
1106:. Enti i teksteve dhe i mjeteve mësimore i Krahinës Socialiste Autonome të Kosovës. p. 150.
1029:
993:
981:
954:
939:
725:
482:
424:
49:
28:
2688:
The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans
612:
in 1513. They were equipped with short stirrups, small spears, beaver hats, and Turkish swords.
235:"wanderers" or "wayfarers", figuratively interpreted as errant cavalrymen. Italian variants are
2866:
2833:
2766:
2745:
2713:
2692:
2671:
2647:
2625:
2615:
2598:
2593:
2577:
2556:
2541:
2497:
2476:
2455:
2449:
2434:
2413:
2409:
Stradioti: alba, fortuna e tramonto dei mercenari greco-albanesi al servizio della Serenissima
2392:
2371:
2323:
2277:
2247:
2134:
2035:
1891:
1728:
1247:
1023:
1011:
950:
635:
623:
494:
240:
113:
53:
2571:
2491:
2921:. Tom. VI: Jacomo Barbarigo, Dispacci della guerra di Peloponneso (1465-6), Paris, 1880–90,
2522:
2304:
2292:
2243:
2239:
A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea – Aspects of War, Diplomacy, and Military Elites
2126:
2005:
1765:
Historia del Rey Don Fernando el Catolico: De las empresas y ligas de Italia, book V, p. 3.
1764:
854:
639:
569:
514:
502:
300:
was mainly used for light cavalry recruited from Dalmatia. A feature that distinguished the
271:
224:
184:
145:
121:
1829:
1782:
975:
946:
909:
834:
766:
729:
369:
256:
180:
157:
129:
1697:
Boyer Abel (1710) The history of the reign of Queen Anne, year the eight, London, p. 86.
916:(1546) fighting victoriously against a unit of more than 1,000 French (Moustoxydes, 1856)
2912:Σιγισμούνδος Πανδόλφος Μαλατέστας. Πόλεμος Ενετών και Τούρκων εν Πελοποννήσω κατά 1463-6
2829:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
2783:
Greeks in Russian Military Service in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
2552:
Frontiere aperte: Musulmani, ebrei e cristiani nella Repubblica di Venezia (XVII secolo)
654:
2823:
2537:Μισθοφόροι stradioti της Βενετίας: πολεμική και κοινωνική λειτουργία (15ος-16ος αιώνας)
2206:
1035:
999:
850:
486:
441:
263:
204:
161:
98:
1157:). The remainder were Greek and, for the most part, captains (capitani di stradioti)."
934:(son of Peter Bua), stratioti captain who participated in the important phases of the
2965:
2899:
2535:
943:
919:
894:
842:
798:
770:
746:
646:), a light infantry unit active in the 18th century. Spain also recruited this unit.
456:
who migrated to Italy have been able to maintain their identity more easily than the
448:
220:
177:
716:
An account of the presence of stratioti in Britain is given by Nikandros Noukios of
677:
Units of estradiotes served also in the Guard of King Ferdinand and, along with the
2661:
2637:
2388:
Light and Shadow: Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania
1914:
963:
935:
931:
890:
802:
663:
580:
576:
A detail of the French archers, Stradiots and Genoese to the right of the fortress.
416:
379:
248:
173:
1751:
Hellenism and the first Greek war of liberation (1821–1830): continuity and change
1269:
320:. However they had not the same success as light cavalry was gradually abandoned.
2860:
2827:
2817:
2781:
2760:
2739:
2728:
2707:
2686:
2665:
2641:
2550:
2470:
2428:
2407:
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2365:
2317:
2271:
2059:
2029:
1885:
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164:
from the 15th century until the middle of the 18th century. They were largely of
1998:
Radovi: Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest Filozofskoga Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu
886:
682:
605:
412:
408:
400:
388:
43:
27:"Stradioti" redirects here. For an island in Montenegro with the same name, see
2733:. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Trustees for Harvard University.
2119:"Byzantium after Byzantium? Two Greek Writers in Seventeenth-Century Wallachia"
1949:
Kondylis, 2006, p. 154: "οι stratioti φορούσαν στο κεφάλι περικεφαλαία 'casco'.
745:
In the middle of the 18th century, Albanian stratioti were employed by Empress
2800:
2526:
2308:
2130:
2064:
Thēsaurismata tou Hellēnikou Institoutou Vyzantinōn kai Metavyzantinōn Spoudōn
987:
869:
373:
328:
2629:
2602:
702:, employed units of Albanian and Greek stradioti during the battles with the
541:
By 1589, four Venetian Stratioti companies remained in Crete. Reports to the
2010:
1414:
925:
720:. In about 1545 Noukios followed as a non-combatant the English invasion of
457:
365:
165:
2060:"Andrea Gritti and the Greek Stradiots of Venice in the Early 16th Century"
2950:
2430:
Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government, and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604
2512:
2337:
Floria, B. N. (1978). "Vykhodtsy iz Balkanakh stran na russkoi sluzhbe".
2263:
Andrea Gritti and the Greek stradiots of Venice in the early 16th century
2089:
838:
826:
721:
530:
404:
345:
309:
17:
2797:"Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy"
1655:
La Grand Encyclopedie, Eole-Fanucci, Paris (undated), vol. 16, article "
662:
Stratioti were first employed by Spain in their Italian expedition (see
2709:
Migrazioni e integrazione: il caso degli Albanesi a Venezia (1479–1552)
2514:Το Ναύπλιο (1389–1540): μια ευρωπαϊκή πόλη στην ελληνο-βενετική Ανατολή
2293:"Shorter Notice. Greek Emigres in the West, 1400–1520. Jonathan Harris"
1026:(active 1568–1590), Albanian stratioti, served in the Kingdom of Naples
862:
774:
584:
French estradiot and his arms. Notice the short double-pointed spear ("
534:
396:
337:
216:
153:
2849:"Sul Tutto: Periodico della Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici, No. 3"
2273:
Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs Divergence
638:
hired Albanians, Greeks and Serbs into the Royal Macedonian Regiment (
195:
858:
846:
806:
794:
790:
786:
550:
506:
490:
420:
353:
349:
341:
169:
2090:"a produzione letteraria di Jacopo Trivolis, nobile veneto-corfiota"
1323:
1321:
2339:
Balkanskia Issledovaniia 3, Osloboditel'nye Dvizheniia Na Balkanakh
2882:
Bartolomeo Minio: Venetian Administration in 15th-century Nauplion
2643:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
1409:
Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural relations
1223:
899:
885:
830:
717:
653:
579:
568:
378:
327:
203:
One hypothesis proposes that the term is the Italian rendering of
194:
2046:
as the greek condottiere Mercurio Bua who was resident in Treviso
549:) unlike the Stratioti in Crete who were not "real Albanians but
2385:
Galaty, Michael; Lafe, Ols; Lee, Wayne; Tafilica, Zamir (2013).
1830:
Moustoxydes Andreas (1856) Nikandros Noukios, in the periodical
1645:, edition integrale, Champ Vallon, Seyssel, p. 988, footnote 3.
1417:. They were known as stradioti from the Greek word for soldier."
364:
in the 15th century. It has been suggested that a ready pool of
1439:, p. 12: "Historical documents record the exploits of the
280:
Since many stradioti wore a particular cap, in Venice the name
2472:
Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1411:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
1063:
in the original Greek text. This incident happened during the
1055:
translation) the text continues as follows: spoke to them so:
399:. Some of the officers' surnames who were of Greek origin are
984:, Greek horseman by the Venetian army and painter (1662–1729)
922:, Italian general, diplomat, and writer of Arbëreshë origin
2862:
Répertoire des emprunts du français aux langues étrangères
1486:, pp. 10–15, 15–28, 28–43, 233–236, 236–245, 245–252.
1308:
1306:
1243:
Venice and Thessalonica, 1423–1430: The Venetian documents
1119:
1117:
545:
warn him that the Stratioti should be "actual Albanians" (
2907:. "Archivio Veneto", 5 serie, 15 (1934), pp. 47–131.
1838:
Andreas Moustoxydes was a Greek historian and politician.
1550:
713:
used Albanian stradioti in his campaign against Scotland.
460:
who remained in Greece, hence constituting a part of the
237:
stradioti, stradiotti, stratioti, strathiotto, strathioti
126:
stradioti, stradiotti, stratioti, strathiotto, strathioti
1619:
Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise, vol. 1
978:, Albanian stratioti captain in Italy, Flanders, Germany
219:
fiefs in the late Byzantine period. It was also used in
2997:
Military units and formations of the Republic of Venice
48:
French engraving of c. 1500 depicting stradioti of the
2884:. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America.
2670:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
797:. They had some notable successes also against French
658:
Early 16th century illustration of a Stradiot horseman
1436:
2832:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
2573:
A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and its Dukes, 1477–1736
1097:
1095:
485:
first used stratioti in their campaigns against the
356:. Those units continued the military traditions of
76:
68:
60:
36:
2865:(in French). Québec: Les éditions du Septentrion.
2451:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History
2028:Zorzi, Renzo; Cini.", Fondazione "Giorgio (2002).
1102:Selim Islami; Kristo Frashëri; Aleks Buda (1969).
972:, Albanian stratioti captain in Flanders and Italy
2741:Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
2905:Il principio della guerra veneto-turca nel 1463
1684:Études sur le passé et l'avenir de l'artillerie
1297:
990:Albanian stratioti captain serving under Venice
395:). The remainder were Greek, most of whom were
215:(soldiers), which denoted cavalrymen who owned
2799:. Sam Houston State University. Archived from
2156:
1871:
1571:
1569:
1511:
1086:
1008:, Greek Renaissance scholar, poet and humanist
724:where the English forces included Greeks from
2759:Nicolle, David; Rothero, Christopher (1989).
2391:. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
1979:
1363:
1339:
1327:
1285:
1222:, "Stradioti": "dal basso greco στρατιώται";
849:. They traditionally dressed in a mixture of
8:
2667:The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500
873:
861:garb: the armor was initially a simple mail
2847:Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici (2005).
2786:. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 7.
2364:Folengo, Teofilo; Mullaney, Ann E. (2008).
1754:. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 72.
1413:"Young men recruited from among Greeks and
1146:
1144:
769:during this era. In the early 16th century
1535:
1523:
368:stradioti was the product of the northern
296:. In the 16th and 17th centuries the term
2646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2034:(in Italian). L.S. Olschki. p. 164.
2009:
1890:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 193.
1748:Modern Greek Studies Association (1976).
1546:
1544:
1483:
1462:
1351:
1312:
1150:
1123:
1038:, Albanian Stratioti captain and nobleman
928:, Albanian stratioti captain in the Morea
489:and, from c. 1475, as frontier troops in
1834:, vol. 7, No. 154, 15 Augh. 1856, p. 222
1727:. East European Monographs. p. 24.
1198:
1196:
1135:
685:), are considered the beginnings of the
2738:Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (1988).
2221:, 1856 edition, London, vol. 2, p. 201.
2105:al capitano greco-albanese Mercurio Bua
1929:
1859:
1224:Societa Italiana di Studi Araldici 2005
1079:
1047:
996:, Stratioti captain and military leader
2412:(in Italian). Soldiershop Publishing.
2270:Detrez, Raymond; Plas, Pieter (2005).
1967:
1847:
1805:
1793:
1708:
1507:
1495:
288:) was initially used as a synonym for
199:16th century illustration of Stradiots
33:
1596:
1584:
7:
805:. Their features resembled more the
777:and German mercenary cavalry units (
753:against Prussian and French troops.
2727:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1968).
2685:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (2002).
1643:Les oisivetes de monsieur de Vauban
168:origin (about 80%), others were of
2291:English Historical Review (2000).
2117:Vincent, Alfred (1 January 2017).
1202:
1183:
1002:(d. 1608), Greek stratioti captain
938:between 1489 and 1559 serving the
672:estradiotes Griegos, elite cavalry
608:described the "Stradiotes" at the
403:, Spandounios, Laskaris, Rhalles,
25:
2780:Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1991).
2303:(460). Oxford Journals: 192–193.
904:Theodoros Paleologos the Stradiot
172:(most of whom were captains) and
2949:
2880:Wright, Diana Gilliland (1999).
2521:(Thesis). University of Athens.
2123:Byzantine Culture in Translation
1240:Melville-Jones, John R. (2002).
588:"). Engraving, 1724 (G. Daniel).
574:The citizens of Genoa surrender.
336:The stradioti were recruited in
152:) were mercenary units from the
118:Stratiotë, Stratiotët, Stradiotë
42:
711:Duke Edward Seymour of Somerset
543:Provveditore generale di Candia
2992:Mercenary units and formations
2691:. Cambridge University Press.
2549:Minchella, Giuseppina (2015).
2454:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2406:Gramaticopolo, Andrea (2016).
2322:. Princeton University Press.
1551:English Historical Review 2000
1065:Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)
751:War of the Austrian Succession
308:was their increasing usage of
156:recruited mainly by states of
1:
2813:Hellenika Anekdota (Volume 1)
2762:The Venetian Empire 1200–1670
2540:(Thesis) (in Greek). Greece:
2297:The English Historical Review
2183:. Venetiis: Apud Aldi Filios.
1936:on light horse (from Italian
1686:, Paris, 1846, vol. 1, p. 161
2511:Kondylis, Athanaios (2006).
2448:Higham, Robin D. S. (1972).
2370:. Harvard University Press.
2261:Bugh, Glenn Richard (2002).
2205:De Commines, Philip (1901).
2058:Bugh, Glenn Richard (2002).
1724:Serbia's Historical Heritage
1538:, p. 134, Footnote #24.
1220:Grande Enciclopedia Italiana
1006:Michael Tarchaniota Marullus
966:, Albanian stratioti captain
668:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
419:, Capuzzimadi, Crescia, and
2570:Monter, E. William (2007).
2496:. Oxford University Press.
2427:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2003).
2031:Le metamorfosi del ritratto
1298:Folengo & Mullaney 2008
1020:, Greek stratioti commander
141:
3018:
2316:Downing, Brian M. (1992).
2157:Nicolle & Rothero 1989
1872:Nicolle & Rothero 1989
1512:Nicolle & Rothero 1989
1246:. Unipress. p. xxiv.
1087:Nicolle & McBride 1988
878:(Albanian hat) in French.
522:first Ottoman–Venetian war
444:expansion in the Balkans.
231:("street") which produced
183:in European armies in the
26:
2475:. Duke University Press.
2213:first published in 1524.
2131:10.1163/9789004349070_013
1721:Alex N. Dragnich (1994).
1407:Nicol, Donald M. (1988).
499:Greek community of Venice
102:
41:
2859:Tardivel, Louis (1991).
2534:Korre, Katerina (2018).
2490:Howard, Michael (2009).
1226:, p. 3: "dal greco
1014:, 16th century commander
728:under the leadership of
644:Reggimento Real Macedone
2795:Pappas, Nicholas C. J.
2493:War in European History
2309:10.1093/ehr/115.460.192
2011:10.17234/RadoviZHP.51.8
1884:Nicolle, David (2010).
438:Theodore II Palaiologos
316:gradually replaced the
176:origin. They pioneered
2469:Hoerder, Dirk (2002).
2433:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2192:Bembo, Pietro (1780).
2095:. Porphyra. p. 81
1992:Zečević, Nada (2019).
1958:Kondylis, 2006, p. 154
1575:Kondylis, 2006, p. 156
1536:Detrez & Plas 2005
1524:Detrez & Plas 2005
905:
897:
874:
659:
643:
589:
577:
524:(1463–1479) and later
384:
370:Albanian tribal system
333:
200:
149:
133:
125:
117:
103:στρατιώτες, στρατιώται
64:15th to 18th centuries
2910:Μομφερράτου, Αντ. Γ.
2765:. Osprey Publishing.
2744:. Osprey Publishing.
2706:Nadin, Lucia (2008).
2179:Bembi, Petri (1551).
960:and then Venice again
903:
889:
767:light cavalry tactics
700:Henry VIII of England
657:
583:
572:
526:Ottoman–Venetian wars
511:San Giorgio dei Greci
382:
362:Ottoman-Venetian wars
331:
198:
2958:at Wikimedia Commons
2809:Sathas, Konstantinos
2198:In Italian language.
1474:Nicolle, 2002: p. 16
1330:, pp. 8, 9, 56.
1018:Graitzas Palaiologos
970:Demetrio Capuzzimati
430:Despots of the Morea
268:stratioti, stradioti
142:stratioti, stradioti
2216:Battle of Fornovo:
1672:(1809), p. 543, 550
825:The stradioti used
783:hit-and-run tactics
704:Kingdom of Scotland
687:Spanish Royal Guard
610:battle of the Spurs
454:Albanians of Greece
383:Stradiot and Haiduk
3002:Combat occupations
2824:Setton, Kenneth M.
2576:. Librairie Droz.
2367:Baldo, Books 13-15
2357:Shêjzat – Pleiades
2348:Shêjzat – Pleiades
2188:in Latin language.
1980:Gramaticopolo 2016
1836:In Greek language.
1820:. See also Note 1.
1781:2010-11-28 at the
1437:Galaty et al. 2013
1364:Gramaticopolo 2016
1340:Gramaticopolo 2016
1328:Gramaticopolo 2016
1286:Gramaticopolo 2016
1030:Giovanni Renesi II
994:Krokodeilos Kladas
982:Panagiotis Doxaras
955:Holy Roman Emperor
940:Republic of Venice
906:
898:
781:). They employed
660:
590:
578:
483:Republic of Venice
473:Republic of Venice
385:
334:
201:
29:Sveti Marko Island
2977:Albanian diaspora
2954:Media related to
2621:978-88-98432-16-5
2594:Studime Historike
2583:978-2-600-01165-5
2562:978-88-6728-532-7
2542:Ionian University
2503:978-0-19-954619-0
2398:978-1-931745-71-0
2377:978-0-674-03124-1
2253:978-90-04-36204-8
2229:Secondary sources
2181:Historiae Venetae
2088:Romano, Roberto.
2041:978-88-222-5147-3
1897:978-1-84415-954-3
1734:978-0-88033-244-6
1342:, pp. 56–57.
1253:978-88-8098-176-3
1024:Giovanni Renesi I
1012:Emmanuel Mormoris
951:Kingdom of France
914:Siege of Boulogne
882:Notable Stratioti
765:were pioneers of
741:Holy Roman Empire
636:Kingdom of Naples
630:Kingdom of Naples
624:Duchy of Lorraine
547:veramene Albanesi
495:Battle of Fornovo
84:
83:
54:Battle of Fornovo
16:(Redirected from
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2953:
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2876:
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2843:
2818:Available online
2816:
2804:
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2755:
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2662:Nicol, Donald M.
2657:
2638:Nicol, Donald M.
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2341:. Moscow: 57–63.
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2196:. Venice, Italy.
2186:Available online
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875:chapeau albanois
515:Scuola dei Greci
503:Eastern Orthodox
462:Arbëreshë people
243:they are called
185:early modern era
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2359:(1–2): 232–260.
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1783:Wayback Machine
1776:LA GUARDIA REAL
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976:Teodoro Crescia
947:Ludovico Sforza
910:Thomas of Argos
884:
823:
815:
759:
743:
730:Thomas of Argos
695:
652:
632:
567:
555:parlavano greco
475:
470:
332:Stradiot Archer
326:
211:or στρατιώται,
193:
158:Southern Europe
87:
56:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Greek diaspora
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2944:External links
2942:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2917:Sathas, K. N.
2915:
2914:. Αθήνα, 1914.
2908:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2820:
2805:
2803:on 2015-09-24.
2792:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2724:
2719:978-8878703407
2718:
2703:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2658:
2652:
2634:
2620:
2607:
2597:(1–2): 81–98.
2588:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2546:
2531:
2519:Didaktorika.gr
2508:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2424:
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2403:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2288:
2282:
2276:. Peter Lang.
2267:
2258:
2252:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2139:
2109:
2080:
2050:
2040:
2020:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1922:
1906:
1896:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1768:
1757:
1740:
1733:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1682:Bonaparte N.
1674:
1668:Hall, Edward,
1661:
1648:
1633:
1622:
1611:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1555:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 134.
1516:
1500:
1488:
1484:Floristán 2020
1476:
1467:
1465:, p. 327.
1463:Birtachas 2018
1455:
1445:
1429:
1419:
1399:
1386:
1377:
1375:Nicolle, 1989.
1368:
1356:
1352:Birtachas 2018
1344:
1332:
1317:
1313:Minchella 2015
1302:
1300:, p. 491.
1290:
1278:
1262:
1252:
1232:
1211:
1192:
1159:
1151:Birtachas 2018
1140:
1138:, p. 134.
1128:
1126:, p. 232.
1124:Floristán 2020
1113:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:Demetrio Reres
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1000:Petros Lantzas
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
929:
923:
917:
883:
880:
822:
819:
814:
811:
758:
755:
742:
739:
738:
737:
714:
709:In the 1540s,
707:
694:
691:
651:
648:
631:
628:
566:
563:
487:Ottoman Empire
474:
471:
469:
466:
325:
322:
264:Serbo-Croatian
192:
189:
162:Central Europe
138:Serbo-Croatian
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
72:Mercenary unit
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
47:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2872:2-921114-51-8
2868:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2839:0-87169-114-0
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2772:0-85045-899-4
2768:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2751:0-85045-833-1
2747:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2698:0-521-89409-3
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2677:0-521-45531-6
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2653:0-521-34157-4
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2482:0-8223-2834-8
2478:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2461:0-7100-7251-1
2457:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2440:0-333-91942-4
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2419:9788893270489
2415:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:0-691-02475-8
2325:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2283:90-5201-297-0
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2194:Storia Veneta
2190:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:9789004349070
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2004:(1): 164–65.
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1874:, p. 36.
1873:
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 66.
1861:
1856:
1853:
1850:, p. 77.
1849:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1711:, p. 76.
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 16.
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:, p. 97.
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:, p. 42.
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:"cappellétto"
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Tardivel 1991
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:, p. 44.
1088:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
944:Duke of Milan
941:
937:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
920:Giorgio Basta
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
902:
896:
895:Lorenzo Lotto
892:
888:
881:
879:
876:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
818:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:heavy cavalry
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Schwarzreiter
776:
772:
771:light cavalry
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
747:Maria Theresa
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
696:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
611:
607:
601:
599:
595:
587:
582:
575:
571:
564:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Ancient Greek
218:
214:
210:
206:
197:
190:
188:
186:
182:
179:
178:light cavalry
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
96:
92:
86:Military unit
80:Light cavalry
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2881:
2861:
2828:
2812:
2801:the original
2787:
2782:
2761:
2740:
2729:
2708:
2687:
2666:
2642:
2611:
2592:
2572:
2551:
2536:
2518:
2513:
2492:
2471:
2450:
2429:
2408:
2387:
2366:
2356:
2350:(1–2): 3–46.
2347:
2338:
2318:
2300:
2296:
2272:
2262:
2238:
2218:
2207:
2193:
2180:
2167:Bibliography
2159:, p. 16
2152:
2144:
2122:
2112:
2104:
2097:. Retrieved
2083:
2075:
2068:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2045:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1930:Hoerder 2002
1925:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1860:Downing 1992
1855:
1843:
1831:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1771:
1760:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1558:
1531:
1519:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1470:
1458:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1366:, p. 9.
1359:
1347:
1335:
1293:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1187:
1154:
1131:
1107:
1103:
1082:
1060:
1050:
964:Theodore Bua
958:Maximilian I
936:Italian Wars
932:Mercurio Bua
891:Mercurio Bua
867:
824:
816:
803:Italian Wars
778:
762:
760:
744:
678:
676:
671:
664:Italian Wars
661:
633:
621:
616:
614:
602:
597:
593:
591:
585:
573:
559:
554:
546:
540:
519:
476:
446:
409:South Slavic
392:
386:
335:
317:
313:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
274:
267:
259:
252:
244:
236:
232:
228:
212:
208:
207:στρατιώτες,
202:
174:South Slavic
109:
105:
94:
90:
88:
52:Army at the
2815:(in Greek).
2712:. Bulzoni.
1968:Muhaj 2016a
1915:p. 200, 220
1848:Howard 2009
1806:Hammer 2003
1794:Higham 1972
1709:Monter 2007
1508:Setton 1976
1496:Muhaj 2016b
1274:treccani.it
801:during the
749:during the
683:halberdiers
679:alabarderos
606:Edward Hall
401:Palaiologos
389:Peloponnese
314:cappelletti
302:cappelletti
298:cappelletti
286:cappelletto
282:cappelletti
275:estradiotes
150:estradiotes
2966:Categories
2903:Lopez, R.
2612:Basiliskos
2555:. Viella.
1597:Nadin 2008
1585:Korre 2018
1109:ushtarake.
1074:References
988:Mark Gjini
615:The term "
594:estradiots
520:Since the
513:, and the
505:church in
464:of Italy.
449:Hellenized
434:Theodore I
374:Gjakmarrja
318:stradiotti
306:stradiotti
290:stradiotti
260:estradiots
253:stratiotët
213:stratiotai
209:stratiotes
134:estradiots
110:stratiotai
106:stratiotes
2982:Arvanites
2972:Stratioti
2956:Stratioti
2923:pp. 1-116
2630:2284-2047
2614:: 21–34.
2603:0563-5799
1934:stradioti
1670:Chronicle
1441:stradiots
1415:Albanians
1395:stratioti
1228:stratiòta
1207:Stradioti
1188:Stradioti
926:Peter Bua
855:Byzantine
839:crossbows
821:Equipment
813:Practices
763:stratioti
698:In 1514,
598:argoulets
533:) in the
479:civil war
458:Arvanites
372:of feud (
358:Byzantine
304:form the
245:stratiotë
233:stradioti
95:Stradioti
91:Stratioti
37:Stratioti
18:Stradioti
2826:(1976).
2811:(1867).
2664:(1994).
2640:(1988).
2099:19 April
2070:16 April
1779:Archived
1657:Argoulet
859:European
827:javelins
787:ambushes
734:Boulogne
722:Scotland
617:carabins
586:arzegaye
551:Cypriots
531:Nauplion
468:Activity
425:Venetian
405:Komnenos
397:captains
366:Albanian
346:Dalmatia
310:firearms
294:albanesi
249:definite
241:Albanian
166:Albanian
114:Albanian
50:Venetian
2219:Memoirs
2208:Memoirs
2125:: 230.
1832:Pandora
1609:cities.
1155:Crovati
1061:Έλληνες
870:Labëria
863:hauberk
851:Ottoman
847:daggers
807:akinjis
791:sipahis
775:hussars
757:Tactics
693:England
640:Italian
535:Argolis
442:Ottoman
393:Crovati
338:Albania
324:History
284:(sing.
272:Spanish
225:Italian
217:pronoia
181:tactics
154:Balkans
146:Spanish
122:Italian
2869:
2836:
2769:
2748:
2716:
2695:
2674:
2650:
2628:
2618:
2601:
2580:
2559:
2500:
2479:
2458:
2437:
2416:
2395:
2374:
2326:
2280:
2250:
2137:
2038:
1938:strada
1894:
1731:
1250:
1203:Pappas
1184:Pappas
953:, the
949:, the
942:, the
845:, and
831:swords
795:akinci
565:France
509:, the
507:Venice
491:Friuli
421:Renesi
354:Cyprus
350:Serbia
342:Greece
257:French
229:strada
130:French
61:Active
2852:(PDF)
2244:BRILL
2093:(PDF)
1043:Notes
835:maces
726:Argos
718:Corfu
650:Spain
417:Meksi
270:, in
262:, in
255:) in
239:. In
227:word
205:Greek
170:Greek
99:Greek
2867:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2648:ISBN
2626:ISSN
2616:ISBN
2599:ISSN
2578:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2372:ISBN
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